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An Introduction to the Maithili Dialect of the Bihari Language As

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An Introduction to the Maithili Dialect of the Bihari Language As .^ v \ # <# X # <Ml <%£ <^'' ^ *•£*/•„ y^ V J? <fc 4* <&£&£& '*. 1 X %-f ¥ r e£ <fc '%> f %% f , AN INTRODUCTION TO THK M AIT HI LI DIALECT OK THE BIHARI LANGUAGE AS SPOKEN IN NORTH BIHAR BY GEORGE A. GRIERSON, C.I.E., Ph.D., D.Litt., Honorary Member of tlie Asiatic Society of Bengal, of the American Oriental Society, of the Nugari Pracdritii Sabhd, and of the Soci4t4 Finno- Ougrienne ; Foreign Associate Member of the Society Asiatique de Paris ; Corresponding Member of the Eoniglichc Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen formerly of His Majesty' s Indian Civil Service. SECOND EDITION. PART I. GRAMMAR. Calcutta PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS AND PUBLISHED BY THE ASIATIC SOCIETY, 57. PARK STREET. 1909. tf mi In compliance with current copyright law, U. C. Library Bindery produced this replacement volume on paper that meets ANSI Standard Z39.48- 1984 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original 1998 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. When I undertook the preparation of this second edition of my Maithili Grammar, my intention was to do little more than to arrange a corrected reprint of the first edition published in 1881. I soon found that the necessary corrections were so heavy and so important that the whole work had to be recast. It has, in fact, been rewritten. When the first edition was prepared, the only specimens of literary Maithili available were those then in my possession, and subsequently published in my Maithili Chrestomathy. Since then more literary materials have been discovered and have been made available to students. These have all been carefully worked through by me, and, as a result, I have been able to give in the present edition of the Grammar a fairly complete set of examples of the manner in which the various forms are employed. The examples are not absolutely complete, for I have rigidly confined myself to passages taken from actually existing literature. With the exception of a few reproduced from the first edition, not a single example has been made up for the purpose of illustration. The second edition has been prepared in England, and I have not had the advantage of further native assistance ; but, on the other hand, I have fully utilized my notes which have been accu- mulating during the past twenty-five years. As compared with the former edition, the book represents a quarter of a century's progress in the study of an interesting and by no means easy dialect. George A. Grierson. Camberley, June 11th, 1906. 6fc5o CONTENTS. Page iii Preface to the Second Edition Introduction PART I. Alphabet and Vocabulary. 1 Chapter I.—The Alphabet 1 § 1 —4. Alphabets 2 § 5—27. Pronunciation 2 § 5 ff. Vowels ... 9 § 20 ff. Consonants 14 § 28—31. Accentuation Antepenultimate ... ... I 5 § 32—35. Rule of the Short 17 Chapter II.—Vocabulary PART II. Declension. , Chapter I.—Formation of Nouns ... 20 §4,1—50. Equivalent Forms of Nouns ... •• ••• 24 ... ... •- ;••• §51—73. Nominal Suffixes . ••• 43 Chapter II.— Gender, Number and Case ... ••• § 7-4. Gender ... ••• 43 §75—77. Number.. ... ... ••• -.. •• — 44 § 78. Organic Cases ... •• ••• ••• 45 § 79. Inorganic Cases ... ••• 45 § 80—84. Oblique Form ... ... — 52 85—93. Formation of Cases ... ••• ••• 5U Chapter III.—Declension of Nouns ... — ••• ••• 56 § 94—96. Preliminary ... ... — I ... ••• ••• 57 §97,98. Declension of Class . ••• 60 § 99. „ Class II ... ••• ••• 61 § 100-103. „ Class III ... ... CONTENTS. Page Chapter IV.—Adjectives and Gender generally 63 § 104-106. Preliminary 63 § 107-119. Special Rules 64 § 120-122. Comparison of Adjectives 70 § 123-126. Numerals 70 Chapter V.— Pronouns ... 73 §127,128. Preliminary 73 §129. Old Oblique Form ... 73 § 130. Modern Oblique Form 74 § 131. Plural ... 75 § 132. Honorific Forms of Second Person 76 § 133. Use of Old Oblique Form 76 § 134. Use of Genitives ... ... 76 § 135. General Rules of Declension ... 78 § 136-139. Personal Pronouns... 79 § 140. The Reflexive Pronoun 83 § 141-150. Demonstrative Pronouns and Pronoun of the Third Person 84 § 151-160. Relative and Correlative Pronouns 91 § 161-164. Interrogative Pronouns 99 § 165-172. Indefinite Pronouns 102 § 173. Derivative Pronominal Forms ... 106 PART III. Conjugation. Chapter I. — Preliminary 108 § 174-176. General Remarks ... 108 § 177-185. Root, Verbal Nouns, and Participles 109 § 186—End of Chapter. Finite Tenses 114 § 186. Gender ... 114 § 187. Long and Redundant Forms 115 § 188,189. Number. Non-honorific and Honorific Forms 116 § 190. Person ... 120 § 191, 192. Rule of Attraction ... 120 § 193. Other Personal Terminations 122 § 194. Tenses ... 125 § 197. Old Present 127 § 198. Present Conditional 130 Vll CONTENTS. Page 132 199. Imperative § 13 § 200. Respectful Forms ... 136~~ 201-204. Future... ••• - § 3 205, 206. Past Conditional § 146 Imperfect Indicative § 207. Present and ... 146 208-211. Past Indicative § 158 Indicative § 212. Perfect and Pluperfect 158 Chapter II.—Verbs Substantive and Auxiliary... 158 § 213. Preliminary 158 § 214-218. .v/^pr ach 164 §219. v/^nh 164 § 220-222. -v/ftn* thik 168 §223,224. </V% rah 171 § 225. Summary as an Auxili- a Verb Substantive and § 226. The v/ft ho, as 172 ary Verb 173 Chapter III.— Periphrastic Tenses ... ... 173 ••• ••• § 227. Preliminary § 228-230. Present Indicative... §231-233. Imperfect Indicative •• "' §234-237. Perfect Indicative ... ••• Indicative § 238-240. Pluperfect 192 §241. The */Tt ho, as an Auxiliary ... 193 Chapter IV.— Conjugation of the Regular Verb 193 §242. Preliminary dekh 194 of the Transitive § 243-263. Paradigms vT^ 209 of the Intransitive \S&ft $*'*„ § 264-268. Paradigms 214 Chapter V.—Vocalic Roots 214 § 269. Preliminary 214 * and ah § 270-284. Roots in WT WR 232 in i and I § 285-294. Roots ?; f 243 in e § 295. Roots TJ 243 ft and 5 § 296-304. Roots in ^i ^T '250 Chapter VI.—Irregular Verbs 25C § 305. Preliminary via CONTENTS. Page §306,307. The bar and x/wx i/qx dhar... .,. 251 § 308, 309. The v/»nc mar ... ... ... w 254 §310,311. The ja ... */m ... ... ... 255 § 312, 313. The db ... ^t* ... ... ... 2 57 § 314-321. The de and K ^ v^ ... ... ... 259 322-330. § The fo ... • t/TT ... ... ... 273 Chapter VII The Passive — Voice ... 283 §331. The Regular Passive 283 332. § Passive with \/^ par 283 § 333. Potential Passive ... 284 Chapter VIII.—The Formation of Transitive and Causal Verbs ... 284 §334-339. Rules of Formation ... ... ; ..- 284 Chapter IX.— Compound Verbs ... ... ... 289 §340,341. Preliminary ... ... ... 289 342-344. § Intensives 290 345. § Potentials 293 346. § Completives 293 347. § Permissives 294 348. § Acquisitives 294 349. § Inceptives 294 350. § Desideratives 295 351. § Continuatives 296 §352-354. Staticals and qnasi-Staticals ... ... ... 296 PART IV. Indeclinables. 355. Adverbs § 299 §362. Postpositions 302 363. § Conjunctions 302 364. § Interjections 303 Errata 304 Appendix. Table showing the various alphabets used in Mithila ... , end - Specimens of the Alphabets ... ... ;..-> — INTRODUCTION. full grammar of the In submitting the following somewhat Bengal.! wish to explain Maithili dialect to the Asiatic Society of the sources of my information. They may be divided into two classes Maithili. 1st—Forma obtained by translating into 2nd—Forms obtained by translating from Maithili. all I printed paradigms of The first I obtained as follows: and circulated them as the forms in Hindi and Sanskrit Grammar pandits, village school masters, and widely as possible amongst the Northern Mithila, with directions educated native gentlemen of in their own of each of these forms to give the exact translation native language. useful to collect some fifty most I was enabled, in this way, representatives of all classes of society, books of forms, supplied by herd-boys little more than the from the village guru, who knew glad to pandits of Mithila. 1 am he taught, to the most learned was taken in my design, for the say that the utmost interest and were pleased at the idea people are proud of their language by obtaining the honour of print. of its being made.a polite one the basis of this grammar. These books of paradigms formed and where one was found They were compared with each other ; At the same time, it deficiency. wanting, another supplied the showed many mutual discrepan- must not be imagined that they varied sources from contrary, considering the many cies : on the unanimity was wonderful and which they were derived, their be found what I here publish will justifies me in hoping that fairly accurate. by translating from With regard to the forms obtained 1 various ways. In cutcherry Maithili. they were obtained in of the of words from the mouths collected myself a large number These I found very witnesses who came in from a distance. — INTRODUCTION. useful in checking the books of forms above referred to. I also collected a number of country songs, -which afforded invaluable materials when properly sifted. From these two sources, aided by the practical knowledge possessed by myself and one or two native friends, the following grammar has been compiled. I wish I could believe that it is thoroughly accurate ; all I can say is that we have done our best to make it as accurate as possible. The above was what I said about the first editiou. During the twenty-five years which have since elapsed, I have had frequent opportunities of checking my statements on the spot, and, when necessary, of correcting them. A large mass of notes on the lan- guage has also accumulated, and the results of all these have been incorporated in the present edition. The Ghrestoviathy, published in Part II of the first edition, con- tained all the Maithili literature then known to me. Its most im- portant contents were the So?ig of Salhes, the Song of the Famine, a collection of poems attributed to Vidyapati Thakkura, and another of poems by Harsa Xatha. Since then the following Mai- thili works have been published : Twenty -one Vaishnava Hymns, Manbodh's Haribans, the Git Bind Bhadrik and the Git Nebarak, all edited by the present writer.
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