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History Module Level II Volume 2

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Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education History Module Level II Volume 2 Lifelong and Continuing Education 2020 INTRODUCTION This module has been made possible by the Department of Non Formal Education with the assistance from teachers from the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (MoPSE) and members of staff from Curriculum Development Technical Services (CDTS). The Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (MoPSE) remains committed to fulfilling the needs of Open Distance Learning (ODL) through introducing interactive ODL materials. Emphasis is given to providing improved access and quality Education to every non formal learner bridging the gap between time and space as guided by the learning areas’ syllabus. This will subsequently contribute to bringing about meaningful transformation in the lives of many Zimbabwean learners. We hope that this module will inspire you to study and develop lifelong skills which will make you imbued with values, ethics and a sense of national identity as a Zimbabwean. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education wishes to acknowledge the following for their valued contribution in the production of this Non Formal Education Level 2 History Module. · Mr. Tagara Curriculum Development and Technical Services Coordinator · Mrs. Msengezi- Mashango V( MPO History ) Curriculum Development and Technical Services · Mr Nyawasha Teacher St Pauls Musami High · Mrs. J Chinhavi Teacher Chinorumba High · Mrs. G Masiyiwa Teacher Dzivarasekwa 1 High · Zimbabwe School Examinations Council (ZIMSEC) · United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) II How to use this module? As you start this journey of acquiring a qualification in Ordinary Level History through open distance learning, it is critical that you understand the need to manage your study time and balance it with your day-to-day activities. This module will provide you with the basic material to assist you towards your public examinations in History. This module has been subdivided into two volumes, that is, Volume 1 Volume 2. You are advised to study Volume 1 first before going to Volume 2. Wish you the best! III TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction i Acknowledgements ii How to use this module iii UNIT 13: DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY (1919-1945) 1 13.1 Problems faced by Italy after The First World War 2 13.2 Mussolini’s background 5 13.3 Features of Fascism 5 13.4 Mussolini’s rise to power 6 13.5 Mussolini’s domestic policy 9 13.6 Mussolini’s foreign policy 14 UNIT 14: DICTATORSHIP IN GERMANY (1919-1945) 24 14.1 Hitler’s early life 26 14.2 Factors to his rise 28 14.3 Hitler’s consolidation of power (Domestic policies) 32 14.4 Foreign Policies Aims 40 14.5 Hitler’s foreign policies 40 UNIT 15: THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1939-1945) 50 15.1 Causes of the Second World War 51 15.2 Events of the Second World War 59 15.3 Results of the Second World War 68 UNIT 16: THE COLD WAR (1948-1991) 80 16.1 Concept of the Cold War 82 16.2 Reasons for the Cold War 84 16.3 Manifestations of the Cold War 88 16.4 Détente period of the Cold War 93 16.5 End of the Cold War 96 16.6 Effects of the Cold War 97 IV UNIT 17: THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1905-1940) 109 17.1 Background to the Russian Revolution 110 17.2 Causes of the Russian Revolution 112 17.3 Stages of the Russian Revolution 116 17.4 USSR Economic and Social Transformation 120 17.5 Effects of the Russian Revolution 125 UNIT 18: C0MMUNISM IN CHINA (1949-1976) AND CUBA 135 18.1 Background to the Chinese Revolution 136 18.2 Events of the Chinese Revolution 137 18.3 Results of the Chinese Revolution 145 18.4 Background to the Cuban Revolution 145 18.5 Reasons for the Cuban Revolution 145 18.6 Events of the Cuban Revolution 146 18.7 Results of the Cuban Revolution 147 UNIT 19: REGIONAL COOPERATION 157 19.1 The Frontline States 158 19.2 Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC 1980) 165 19.3 Southern African Development Community (SADC 1992) 169 19.4 The Organisation of African Unity (OAU 1963) 178 19.5 African Union (AU 2002) 187 UNIT 20: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 205 20.1 Commonwealth of Nations 207 20.2 Non-Aligned Movement 213 20.3 United Nations (1945-) 217 20.4 World Conference Summit 230 V UNIT 13: DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY (1919- 1945) 13:1 Problems faced by Italy after the First World War 13.2 Mussolini’s background 13.3 Features of Fascism 13.4 Mussolini’s rise to power 13.5 Mussolini’s domestic policy 13.6 Mussolini’s foreign policy Introduction We hope that you still recall that Italy fought in the First World War on the side of the victorious allies. However, she was greatly disappointed in the peace that followed when she did not get the territories that she had been promised by the allies when she joined the war. The war had left Italy in many problems and there was chaos in Italy. Benito Mussolini and his Fascist party took advantage of the chaotic situation in Italy to rise to popularity. In this unit we shall look at the rise of Mussolini and the Fascist party to power in Italy. We shall discuss the main features of Fascism and outline Mussolini’s steps to power. We shall also evaluate Mussolini’s domestic reforms and examine his foreign policies and how they benefited the Italians. Objectives After going through this unit, you should be able to: • Explain the concept of Fascism • Outline the inter war problems that led to the rise of dictatorship in Italy • Describe the domestic and foreign policies of Mussolini 1 Key words As you study this unit you would come across new words such as dictator, totalitarianism, Duce, fascism, democracy and propaganda whose meanings are as follows: • Dictator - a ruler who has complete power over a country. • Totalitarianism - a dictatorial system of government in which the leader or ruling political party is in charge of everything in the state and does not allow other parties to exist. • Duce - the Italian term referring to a Fascist leader. • Fascism - a unique sort of capitalism, in which all industrial and political activities are controlled by the state. • Democracy - a form of government for the people, by the people and of the people. The government is elected by the people to represent their wishes. • Propaganda - a political lie. Time You are supposed to spend 10 hours on this unit. Study skills You are advised to read thoroughly every aspect on this unit and attempt all activities given. Refer to provided answers upon challenges and research further on the topic. 13.1 Problems faced by Italy after World War 1 We hope you noted that Italy was involved in the First World War from your previous topics in this module. You may also have noted that Italy faced a lot of problems after the First World War and these are classified into political, social and economic problems. Now let us focus on the problems Italy faced after the First World War in detail. 2 13.1.1 Political problems Italy faced after the First World War Political problems refer to the problems which have to do with the system of government. Let us discuss them in detail. There were too many political parties in Italy and this caused confusion in parliament for example Fascist party, Communist party, Socialists, Liberals, Catholic Centre Party and Nationalists. Brigandage and lawlessness also characterised life of Italians. In Italy there were also strikes which were rampant. Demonstrations continued and weak governments were formed. There was also fear of communism, so the government depended on the Fascists to end this. The country was also characterised by misunderstandings between the church and the state. Italy also experienced high rate of disorder and the government was unpopular because the country had gained very little territories after the First World War. Italians also had disgruntlements over the Treaty of Versailles. There were also too many changes of governments and prime ministers. Existence of many governments led to the formation of private armies by political parties for example black shirts, red shirts, and blue shirts. Italy was also characterised by street fights especially during elections. 13.1.2 Social problems Now let us focus on the problems that had to do with the way people lived and interacted, that is social problems. There was extreme poverty and hunger in Italy. Another social problem was of starvation which affected many Italians. In Italy there were also fierce riots due to hunger especially in the south. Land seizure by the peasants in the south was another problem burdening the Italians. Low living standards and shortage of land was another challenge faced by Italy. There was brigandage in most parts of Italy. Many Italian people were illiterate-78%. Prostitution was rampant in towns like Milan and Rome. There was an outbreak of diseases for example TB, malaria, typhoid and influenza. Many women were widows and also many children were orphaned .There were also poor medical facilities. Street fights were also witnessed during elections for example between the Black shirts (fascists) and Redshirts (communists). 3 13.1.3 Economic problems Now let us focus on the economic problems Italy faced after the First World War. Economy refers to the way a state runs its finances and investments. Therefore economic problems refer to problems associated with the state’s finances and investments. There were strikes and high rate of unemployment .Italians also faced high rate of inflation as the lira lost its value leading to rise of prices.
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