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Lenzinger Berichte 94/2018 Lenzinger Berichte 94/2018 Scientific Reports on Wood, Pulp and Regenerated Cellulose www.lenzing.com LENZINGER BERICHTE Scientific Reports on Wood, Pulp and Regenerated Cellulose Dedicated to Univ.-Prof. Dr. Paul Kosma on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday „Älter werden ist wie einen Berg besteigen: Je höher man kommt, umso mühsamer wird der Weg, aber umso weiter wird der Blick.“ Ingmar Bergmann (1918 - 2007), schwedischer Drehbuchautor, Film- und Theaterregisseur AU-ISSN 0024-0907 Published by Lenzing AG 4860 Lenzing, Austria Phone +43 7672 701-0 Editorial Board Ao. Univ. Prof. Dr. Thomas Bechtold Universität Innsbruck, Research Institute of Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, Austria DDr. Haio Harms Kelheim Fibres GmbH, Germany (retired) Univ. Prof. Dr. Paul Kosma University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Vienna, Austria Univ. Prof. Dr. Herbert Sixta Aalto University, Department Chemical Pulping Technology, Espoo, Finland Univ. Prof. Dr. Dr. Thomas Rosenau University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Vienna, Austria The authors assume full responsibility for the contents. Editor: Dr. Thomas Röder Printed in Austria, September 2018 Front page: Copyright Lenzing AG Fotos: Copyright Lenzing AG Layout: MMS Werbeagentur Additional copies can be obtained by contacting the following address: Dr. Thomas Röder c/o Lenzing AG, R&D, 4860 Lenzing, Austria Phone: +43 7672 701-3082, Fax: +43 7672 918-3082 E-mail: [email protected] All papers are available online at: http://www.lenzing.com and http://www.lenzinger-berichte.com TABLE OF CONTENTS I FOREWORD SUSTAINABILITY AND BIOREFINERY 1 Basic Indicators for the Sustainability of European Forestry Peter Schwarzbauer and Fritz Wittmann 15 Development of an Organosolv Biorefinery Based on Nanolignin as Main Product Angela Miltner, Martin Miltner, Stefan Beisl, Walter Wukovits, Michael Harasek, Daniel Koch, Bettina Mihalyi, and Anton Friedl ANALYTICS 27 FTIR Micro-Spectroscopy for Characterisation of Radial Substituent Diffusion in Cellulose II-Beads Danuta Mozdyniewicz, Andreas Schwaighofer, Karin Wieland, Martin Häubl, and Bernhard Lendl CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY 33 Key Aspects of the Bleaching of Industrially Found Cellulosic Chromophores Nele Sophie Zwirchmayr, Ute Henniges, Thomas Röder, Antje Potthast, and Thomas Rosenau 43 Cellulose Carboxylate/Tosylate Mixed Esters: Dependence of their Physicochemical Properties on the Degree of Carboxylate Substitution Daniela C. Ferreira, Gustavo S. Bastos, Annett Pfeiffer, Denise F. S. Petri, Thomas Heinze, and Omar A. El Seoud 57 Kinetics of Cellulose Acylation with Carboxylic Anhydrides and N-acylimidazoles in Ionic Liquid/Molecular Solvent Mixtures: Relevance to the Synthesis of Mixed Cellulose Esters Thais A. Bioni, Naved I. Malek, and Omar A. El Seoud FIBERS 67 Lignocellulosic Multicomponent Fibers Spun from Superbase-Based Ionic Liquids Michael Hummel, Yibo Ma, Anne Michud, Shirin Asaadi, Annariikka Roselli, Agnes Stepan, Sanna Hellstén, and Herbert Sixta 77 Man-Made Cellulosic Fibers via the Viscose Process – New Opportunities by Cellulose Carbamate R. Protz, G. Weidel, and A. Lehmann 85 Influence of CarbonizationAids on the Manufacture of Carbon Fibers based on Cellulosic Precursors Johanna M. Spörl, Frank Hermanutz, and Michael R. Buchmeiser TEXTILE APPLICATIONS 95 Continuous Alkali Treatments of Lyocell. Effects of Alkali Concentration, Temperature and Fabric Construction. Ján Široký, Avinash P. Manian, Barbora Široká, Richard S. Blackburn, and Thomas Bechtold 105 Chitin Coated Cellulosic Textiles as Natural Barrier Materials Auriane Freyburger, Yaqing Duan, Cordt Zollfrank, Thomas Röder, and Werner Kunz 115 Improvement of Dyeing Performance of Cellulose Fibers by Pre-treatment with Amino Cellulose Thomas Heinze, Thomas Wellhöfer, Kerstin Jedvert, Andreas Koschella, and Hendryk Würfel RAW MATERIALS 123 Possibilities for Expansion of the Raw Materials Base in Lyocell Applications by Enzymatic Treatment Birgit Kosan and Frank Meister Foreword The authors of the study “The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the future of plastics“, which was presented at the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2016, rendered a great service to the society. The results of their work have gone around the world and made millions of people aware of environmental pollution caused by plastic waste. According to the study of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, without action there will be more plastic than fish in the oceans by 2050. Many of our major contemporary challenges – such as marine pollution – can only be solved with innovations, a core strength of the Lenzing Group. Regarding this problem, we are conscious of our corporate responsibility and are doing everything possible to make a positive contribution to mankind and to the environment by making sustainability a condition for every new development at Lenzing. In the 2017 financial year, we invested more than EUR 55 mn in R&D, a top result in the sector both in absolute figures and in relation to revenue. With their outstanding performance, our approx. 190 employees working in process and product development not only ensure the economic success of the Lenzing Group, but they also make a significant contribution to solving many social and ecological problems. The “Lenzinger Berichte” cover many important issues along the entire value chain, from wood to pulp up to the fiber and beyond. In this edition, you will find reports about sustainable forestry and the efficient use of resources, the further development of the biorefinery concept, the ecologically responsible production and further processing of wood-based fibers as well as new and innovative cellulose-based materials. In accordance of our new brand positioning “Innovative by nature”, I wish you sustainably inspiring reading. Dr. Stefan Doboczky, MBA Chief Executive Officer Lenzing AG Lenzing, September 2018 Vorwort Die Autoren der Studie „The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the future of plastics“, die 2016 auf dem Weltwirtschaftsforum in Davos vorgestellt wurde, haben der Gesellschaft einen großen Dienst erwiesen. Die Ergebnisse ihrer Arbeit sind um die Welt gegangen und haben Millionen Menschen für die Verschmutzung der Natur durch Plastikmüll sensibilisiert. Wenn nicht gehan- delt wird, so die Studie der Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation, wird es in den Ozeanen 2050 mehr Plastik geben als Fische. Viele der großen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit wie die der Meeresverschmutzung lassen sich nur mit Innovationen lösen, und diese sind eine zentrale Stärke der Lenzing Gruppe. Wir sind uns dabei unserer unternehmerischen Verantwortung bewusst und setzen alles daran, einen positiven Beitrag für Mensch und Umwelt zu leisten, indem wir Nachhaltigkeit zur Bedingung für jede neue Entwicklung bei Lenzing machen. Im Geschäftsjahr 2017 haben wir mehr als EUR 55 Mio. in die Forschung & Entwicklung investiert – sowohl in absoluten Zah- len als auch in Relation zum Umsatz ein Spitzenwert in der Branche. Mit ihren hervorragenden Leistungen sichern unsere rund 190 Mitarbeiter/innen in der Prozess- und Produktentwicklung nicht nur den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg der Lenzing Gruppe. Sie leisten eben auch einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Lösung vieler gesellschaftlicher und ökologischer Probleme. Die Lenzinger Berichte decken wichtige Fragestellungen entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette vom Holz über Faserzell- stoff bis zur Faser und darüber hinaus ab. In dieser Ausgabe finden Sie Berichte über nachhaltige Forstwirtschaft und die effizi- ente Nutzung von Ressourcen, die Weiterentwicklung des Bioraffinerie-Konzepts, die ökologisch verantwortungsbewusste Er- zeugung und Weiterverarbeitung von holzbasierten Fasern sowie innovative neue Materialien auf Cellulosebasis. Im Sinne unserer neuen Markenpositionierung „Innovative by nature“ wünsche ich Ihnen eine nachhaltig inspirierende Lektüre. Dr. Stefan Doboczky, MBA Vorstandsvorsitzender Lenzing AG Lenzing, September 2018 I Congratulation to Univ.Prof. Dr. Paul Kosma This fall, Univ.Prof. Dr. Paul Kosma from BOKU University Vienna, a longstanding co- operation partner of Lenzing AG, turns 65. His birthday is a welcome occasion for a short look back, sincere congratulation, and best wishes for the future. Paul Kosma studied Technical Chemistry at Vienna University of Technology, followed by a PhD study in Organic Chemistry at the same institution, concluding both educational phases “with excellence”. In 1980 he joined BOKU University as “Universitätsassistent” at the Institute of Chemistry, where he obtained the habilitation (venia docendi) in organic chemistry in 1988. In 1983 and 1999 he stayed as a visiting scientist at the N.D. Zelinsky Institute in Moscow, Russia, and at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Edin- burgh, UK, respectively. In 1990, he was appointed full professor at BOKU University Vienna, in which function he stayed until today. Between 1992-1998 and 2002-2013 Prof. Kosma acted as the head of the Department of Chemistry. He was scientific head of the ASPEX project (Antiviral Spot of Excellence Vienna, 2006-2009) and director of the “Christian Doppler Laboratory of Pulp Reactivity”, which was established and run in close cooperation with Lenzing AG. Since this time, long and fruitful cooperation has continued. This is also reflected by Prof. Kosma´s editorial board membership in “Lenzinger Berichte” – which makes this short retrospect the right place to say a big thank you also for that. Highlights of the “CD-lab” time were the
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