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Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology Volume 2 Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology Volume 2 Pulping Chemistry and Technology Edited by Monica Ek, Göran Gellerstedt, Gunnar Henriksson Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology Volume 2 This project was supported by a generous grant by the Ljungberg Foundation (Stiftelsen Erik Johan Ljungbergs Utbildningsfond) and originally published by the KTH Royal Institute of Technology as the “Ljungberg Textbook”. Pulping Chemistry and Technology Edited by Monica Ek, Göran Gellerstedt, Gunnar Henriksson Editors Dr. Monica Ek Professor (em.) Dr. Göran Gellerstedt Professor Dr. Gunnar Henriksson Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology Fibre and Polymer Technology School of Chemical Science and Engineering KTH Ϫ Royal Institute of Technology 100 44 Stockholm Sweden ISBN 978-3-11-021341-6 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ” Copyright 2009 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanic, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany. Typesetting: WGV Verlagsdienstleistungen GmbH, Weinheim, Germany. Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen, Germany. Cover design: Martin Zech, Bremen, Germany. Foreword The production of pulp and paper is of major importance in Sweden and the forestry industry has a profound influence on the economy of the country. The technical development of the industry and its ability to compete globally is closely connected with the combination of high-class education, research and development that has taken place at universities, institutes and industry over many years. In many cases, Swedish companies have been regarded as the initiator of new technology which has started here and successively found a general world-wide acceptance. This leadership in knowledge and technology must continue and be developed around the globe in order for the pulp and paper industry to compete with high value-added forestry products adopted to a modern sustainable society. The production of forestry products is based on a complex chain of knowledge in which the biologi- cal material wood with all its natural variability is converted into a variety of fibre-based products, each one with its detailed and specific quality requirements. In order to make such products, knowl- edge about the starting material, as well as the processes and products including the market demands must constitute an integrated base. The possibilities of satisfying the demand of knowledge require- ments from the industry are intimately associated with the ability of the universities to attract students and to provide them with a modern and progressive education of high quality. In 2000, a generous grant was awarded the Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology at KTH Royal Institute of Technology from the Ljungberg Foundation (Stiftelsen Erik Johan Ljungbergs Utbildningsfond), located at StoraEnso in Falun. A major share of the grant was devoted to the development of a series of modern books covering the whole knowledge-chain from tree to paper and converted products. This challenge has been accomplished as a national four-year project in- volving a total of 30 authors from universities, Innventia and industry and resulting in a four volume set covering wood chemistry and biotechnology, pulping and paper chemistry and paper physics. The target reader is a graduate level university student or researcher in chemistry / renew- able resources / biotechnology with no prior knowledge in the fields of pulp and paper. For the benefit of pulp and paper engineers and other people with an interest in this fascinating industry, we hope that the availability of this material as printed books will provide an understanding of all the fundamentals involved in pulp and paper-making. For continuous and encouraging support during the course of this project, we are much indebted to Yngve Stade, Sr Ex Vice President StoraEnso, and to Börje Steen and Jan Moritz, Stiftelsen Erik Johan Ljungbergs Utbildningsfond. Stockholm, August 2009 Göran Gellerstedt, Monica Ek, Gunnar Henriksson List of Contributing Authors Göran Annergren Hans Höglund Granbacken 14 Mid Sweden University 85634 Sundsvall, Sweden Fibre Science and Communication Network [email protected] 851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden [email protected] Birgit Backlund Innventia AB Björn Johansson Drottning Kristinas väg 61 Cleanosol AB Stockholm, Sweden Industriegatan 33 Box 160 [email protected] 29 122 Kristianstad, Sweden [email protected] Elisabet Brännvall KTH Royal Institute of Technology Lars Miliander Chemical Science and Engineering Trekantsgatan 7 Fibre and Polymer Technology 65220 Karlstad, Sweden 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] Ants Teder Per Engstrand KTH Royal Institute of Technology Mid Sweden University Chemical Science and Engineering Fibre Science and Communication Network Fibre and Polymer Technology 851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden 100 44 Stockholm [email protected] Sweden [email protected] Göran Gellerstedt KTH Royal Institute of Technology Hans Theliander Chemical Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Fibre and Polymer Technology Forest Products and Chemical Engineering 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] Ulf Germga˚rd Karlstad University Department of Chemistry Universitetsg. 2 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden [email protected] ix `çåíÉåíë 1 Overview of Pulp and Paper Processes . 1 Elisabet Brännvall 2 Wood Handling. 13 Elisabet Brännvall 3 Mechanical Pulping Chemistry . 35 Göran Gellerstedt 4 Mechanical Pulping . 57 Hans Höglund 5 Chemistry of Chemical Pulping . 91 Göran Gellerstedt 6 Pulping Technology . 121 Elisabet Brännvall 7 Kinetics of Chemical Pulping and Adaptation to Modified Processes. 149 Ants Teder 8 Pulp Washing . 165 Lars Miliander 9 Chemistry of Bleaching of Chemical Pulp. 201 Göran Gellerstedt 10 Bleaching of Pulp . 239 Ulf Germgård 11 Production of Bleaching Chemicals at the Mill . 277 Ulf Germgård 12 Recovery of Cooking Chemicals: the Treatment and Burning of Black Liquor . 297 Hans Theliander 13 The Recovery of Cooking Chemicals: the White Liquor Preparation Plant . 335 Hans Theliander 14 Towards Increased Closure and Energy Efficiency . 363 Birgit Backlund 15 Paper Recycling . 391 Per Engstrand and Björn Johansson 16 Pulp Characterisation . 429 Elisabet Brännvall and Göran Annergren Index . 461 100 1 N==lîÉêîáÉï=çÑ=mìäé=~åÇ=m~éÉê=mêçÅÉëëÉë Elisabet Brännvall Royal Institute of Technology, KTH 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Pulping Processes 2 1.2.1 Mechanical Pulping 2 1.2.2 Chemical Pulping 3 1.3 Recovery Cycle in Kraft Pulping 5 1.4 Bleaching 6 1.5 Papermaking 6 1.5.1 Stock Preparation 6 1.5.2 Paper Machine 7 1.6 Paper Properties 8 1.7 Distribution of Different Pulping Methods 9 1.8 Consumption of Different Paper Grades 9 NKN==fåíêçÇìÅíáçå Pulp technology deals with the liberation of fibres fixed in the wood or plant matrix. Paper tech- nology is the knowledge of how to unify the fibres to form the paper web. pulp technology paper technology 03 milk Windows system Figure 1.1. The making of paper products from wood includes two main technological fields. Pulp can be converted to a number of different products with a variety of applications and there- by with a variety of product demands. Paper, as a conveyor of information is perhaps the first 2 thing that comes to mind. Newspapers, magazines, and books require a paper suitable for print- ing text and pictures on, strong enough to endure browsing and folding and in many cases pref- erably able to last for generations to come so they can take part of the information. In the production of diapers and tissue paper, the preservation for future generations is not an issue, neither the strength. For these grades, the most important property is the pulp’s ability to absorb fluids. Strength, however, is the main feature when it comes to paper products aimed to keep and protect other commodities, dry or liquid. Paper has many advantages compared to other ma- terials competing with paper for package purposes. It is obtained from a renewable raw material (wood or other plants), the pulping and papermaking processes have low effluents to the recipi- ent and the paper packages are easy to recycle. NKO==mìäéáåÖ=mêçÅÉëëÉë Pulp consists of fibres, usually acquired from wood. The pulping processes aim first and fore- most to liberate the fibres from the wood matrix. In principal, this can be achieved in two ways, either mechanically or chemically. Mechanical methods demand a lot of electric power, but on the other hand they make use of practically the whole wood material, i.e. the yield of the pro- cess is high. In chemical pulping, only approximately half of the wood becomes pulp, the other half is dissolved. In a modern chemical pulp mill, however, there is no demand of external ener- gy. For a chemical process to be economically feasible, it has to consist of an efficient recovery system. Spent cooking chemicals and the energy in the dissolved organic material is recovered. The pulp obtained is coloured, the degree of colouring depending on the pulping process. For certain paper grades, the dark pulp has to be bleached. Bleaching leads to brighter (whiter) pa- per, this gives better contrast between the print and the paper. Other reasons for bleaching is cleanliness, as bleaching removes impurities that otherwise turn up in the paper as dots, and age-preservation, as bleaching can remove chemical structures in the pulp material that other- wise would in time make the paper yellow. NKOKN==jÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=mìäéáåÖ By grinding wood or wood chips, the fibres in the wood are released and a mechanical pulp is obtained.
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