Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung

Widya Fatriasari, Riksfardini A Ermawar, Faizatul Falah, Dede HY Yanto, Deddy TN Adi, Sita H Anita, Euis Hermiati R&D Unit for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46 Cibinong 16911. Corresponding author: [email protected] (Widya Fatriasari)

Abstract This research was conducted to study the effects of pre-treatment with white-rot fungi on properties of betung bamboo. Inoculum stocks of white-rot fungi (25 ml) were injected into polybags contained barkless fresh bamboo chips. Each polybag contained 214.9–286.8 g oven dry weight of chips. Bamboo chips in the polybags were inoculated by Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor. Both of them were then incubated for 30 and 45 days at room temperature. Bamboo chips were cooked using soda and Kraft processes. The cooked bamboo chips were then defiberize using disc refiner for 3 times. Pulp yield, and degree of freeness of the pulp were then analyzed. The treatment of two white rot fungi, gave different effects on the characteristic of betung bamboo pulp. The effects of fungi treatment on kappa number and degree of freeness can be seen only at samples cooked using . Incubation time did not affect pulp yield of bamboo treated with both fungi, but it affected kappa number and degree of freeness of bamboo pulp cooked using kraft process. Bamboo treated with T. versicolor incubated for 45 days and cooked using kraft process produced the best pulp quality with high pulp yield. Key words: betung bamboo, biopulping, degree of freeness, kappa number, pulp yield.

Introduction andong, ampel and black bamboo to be Bamboo belongs to the family of grasses utilized for pulp and (Fatriasari & and it is the most widely used non wood Hermiati 2008). raw materials or the production of Kraft pulping is generally preferred to , in Asia and feedstock soda pulping when preparing chemical of textile, food, construction, reinforcing pulp of bamboo (Casey 1979, Vu et al. fiber, biomass energy (Tsuda et al. 1998, 2004).The kraft process provides Scurlock et al. 2000, Lee et al. 2001, satisfactory delignification as well as high Kobayashi et al. 2004, Vu et al. 2004). yield and viscosity. The main reason is the Bamboo produces 2-6 times fiber dimensions and main chemical more than pine does (Herliyana et al. constituents of bamboo typically bear a 2005). Its biomass increased by 10-30% close resemblance to those of woods (Vu daily, while wood biomass increased by et al. 2004). 2.5% daily. Bamboo can be harvested after The effect of on bioavailability of 4 years, while we have to wait for 8-20 other cell wall components is thought to years to harvest fast growing trees be largely a physical restriction, with (Herliyana et al. 2005). Based on fibres lignin molecules reducing the surface area morphology and physical and chemical available to enzymatic penetration and properties, betung and yellow activity (Haug 1993, Richard 2000, Zainol were better raw materials than tali,

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& Abdul-Rahman 2008). The structural production processes. Most research on complexity of lignin, high molecular white-rot fungi application in pulping weight and insolubility make its process were applied to wood chips degradation is very difficult (Perez et al. (Akhtar et al. 1992 & 1993, Scott et al. 2002). Pretreatment of lignocelluloses 1995 & 1998, Mosai et al.1999, Behrendt materials to remove lignin and et al. 2000, Hunt et al. 2004, Shukla et al. hemicellulose can enhance the hydrolysis 2004). Biopulping processes were also of cellulose (Sun & Cheng 2002). reported for other materials, e.g. According to Fatriasari et al. (2007a), the (Akhtar et al.1998, Ramos et al. 2001, optimum conditions of betung and yellow Bjapai et al. 2004), and corn cob bamboo pulp productions by atmospheric (Akhtar et al.1999), and rice straw (Akhtar soda pulping were 20% of NaOH, et al.1999, Bjapai et al. 2004). A few fibrillated for 90 min by beater Hollander studies reported the advantages of and then fibrillated once in stone refiner. biopulping i.e. energy consumption The utilized saving, increasing of sheet strength, mechanical and chemical pulping increasing in acid groups of wood, and processes or its combination to produce reduce environmental pollution (Messner pulps with desired characteristics. These & Srebotnik 1994, Behrendt et al. 2000, processes have their own disadvantages. Ferraz et al. 2002, Hunt et al. 2004, Mechanical processes are electrical energy Idarraga et al. 2005, Islam et al. 2007, intensive and produce paper with higher Yang et al. 2007, Zhang et al. 2007, Sing color reversion rate (tendency to turn et al. 2010, Yadav et al. 2010). yellow with time) as a result of high lignin Perez et al. (2002), also reported that content in raw materials. Chemical biological treatment removed the wood pulping involves the use of excessive extractives and reduce pitch and toxic chemicals to degrade and dissolve lignin effect. However, Akhtar et al. (1992), and releasing high strength-cellulose fibres Leathman et al. (1990), and Yang et al. from wood cell walls; however this (2007) showed that the fungi treatment on processes are low yield (Akhtar et al. wood reduce the pulp strength. Setliff et 1998). The Kraft process provides al. 1990 suspected this contradiction was satisfactory delignification as well as high caused by the use of different type of fungi yield and viscosity, but it also needs more and different process conditions. The bleaching agent due to darker pulp biological treatment of wood, prior to produced (Sjostrom 1981, Siagian et al. chemical pulping has not been 2003, Afrida et al. 2009). The cooking investigated to the same extent as condition advised is at 16% of active biomechanical pulping (Messner & alkaline, 22% of sulfidity, 2.5 hours of Srebotnik 1994) and biokraft pulping has cooking time at maximum 165°C and been investigated for hardwood (Bajpai et liquor to wood ratio of 1:4.5 (Krisdianto et al. 2001) and softwood (Messner & al. 2007). Thus, it is important to apply or Srebotnik 1994, Wolfaardt et al. 2004), combine several methods in order to although kraft pulping accounts for more reduce lignin content in biomass more than 80% of the world’s annual pulp economically and produce better quality of production (Sjostrom 1981, Haroen 2006). pulp (Ermawar et al. 2006). Therefore, biopulping is also potential in Biopulping is a pretreatment methods for non wood pulp productions (Akhtar et al. lignocellulosic materials prior to pulping 1998).

Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo 43 Widya Fatriasari, Riksfardini A Ermawar, Faizatul Falah, Dede HY Yanto, Deddy TN Adi, Sita H Anita, Euis Hermiati White-rot fungi are defined as the a hammermil to obtain ± 1,6 cm bamboo microorganisms that most efficiently chips. The chips were then stored in a degrade lignin from wood (Perez et al. refrigerator to avoid microorganisms 2002, Liew et al. 2010). White-rot fungi contamination. They were then kept for 24 are the most effective basidiomycetes for hours at room temperature continued by biological pretreatment of lignocelluloses sterilization in an autoclave for 45 minutes materials (Sun & Cheng 2002, Zhang et at 121 oC before fungi application. al. 2007). Beside produces ligninolysis enzymes, it also penetrated the enzymes Inoculum stock preparation into material such as wood chips The fungi of T. versicolor and P. ostreatus (Messner & Srebotnik 1994). Therefore, inoculum cultured on Malt Extract Agar the environmentally friendly, effective (MEA) Slant (10.65 g MEA was diluted in cost biopulping process is a recent 300 ml aquadest) for 7-14 days. Five alternative of pulp production. mililiter of the JIS Broth medium was Fatriasari et al. (2007b) reported that 45 injected in each slants, and the fungi was days of incubation with T. versicolor then scratched by ose. The suspension was application by atmospheric soda process then poured into 95 ml of JIS Broth resulted in relatively better pulp compared medium (3 g KH2PO4, 2 g MgSO4.7H2O, with other fungi appplication. Ermawar et 25 g glucose, 5 g pepton, and 10 g malt al. (2006) reported that T. versicolor and extract were added into 1000 ml aquadest) P. ostreatus have better activity in lignin and incubated stationery for 7-8 days. A and holocelluloses degradation in rice 10 g of corn steep liquor was then poured straw compared with four other species of into 100 ml of inoculum. The inoculum white rot fungi. The optimum incubation was then homogenized by a high speed time was 4 weeks, while the lignin waring blender twice each for 20 s. The contents were insignificantly different in 4 solution obtained was used as inoculum and 6 weeks of incubation. Fitria et al. stock. (2007) also reported that the optimum application of white-rot fungi were 4 Preparation of bamboo pulp weeks of incubation, 15 ml of T. The bamboo chips (214.9-286.8 g of oven versicolor inoculums with the lignin loss dried weight) was put into heat resistant was 22.29% and alphacellulose loss was plastic bag and injected by 25 ml of P. 3.75%. Therefore, it is interesting and ostreatus or T. versicolor inoculum stocks. important to know the effect of T. The bamboo chips were then incubated in versicolor and P. ostreatus application in a room temperature (29-30 oC) for 30 and kraft and soda pulping of betung bamboo 45 days. The chips were analysis by SEM on the pulp yield, kappa number, degree of after the incubation time was finished. freeness, and selectivity of delignification. The incubated bamboo chips were cooked by soda and Kraft process with the following cooking conditions. Soda Materials and Methods pulping was carried out using effective Sample preparation alkali of 20%, liquor to wood ratio of 10:1, 3 h time of cooking, 170 oC cooking Fresh, and barkless 2 years old bamboo temperature. After cooking process, the betung (Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.f.)), chips was washed to determine residual from Nanggewer, Cibinong was cut using alkali, followed by 3 times of fibrillation

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with disk refiner. Kraft process was process. The higher screen yields of pulp, carried out using effective alkali of 20%, the more selective the pulping process. 15% sulfidity, liquor to wood ratio of 5:1, Because the lignin degradation rate is 3 h of cooking time, 170 oC cooking higher than that of carbohydrate There are temperature. After cooking, the chips was several process stages that starting from soaked in cool water for 24 hours to cooking processes to refining using disk optimalize the residue of cooking solution. refiner. Each pulping process stages The chips was then washed to remove results in pulp yield lost. residual alkali, followed by 3 times of Chemical pulp yield in commercial scale pulp defiberation with disk refiner. Excess commonly is ranging from 40-50% of water was then removed, and the (Akhtar et al.1998, Karlsson et al. 2006). screened yield of the pulp was determined. Pulp yield of kraft process without fungi treatment was much lower than that of Pulp analysis commercial scale pulping, while pulp The pulp was analyzed for its kappa yield of soda process without fungi number (TAPPI T236 cm-85), degree of treatment was much lower than pulp yield freeness (TAPPI T227 om-92 1992). reported previously (Vu et al. 2004). Determination of pulp yield according to However, it is still in the range of TAPPI T210 cm-93 by gravimetric commercial pulp yield. There were great measurements. Delignification selectivity pulp yield differences between the two (comparison between carbohydrates and chemical pulping processes. Screened lignin in the pulp) was then determined. yield of soda process was higher than that of kraft process. This might be caused by Experimental design and statistical the differences of chemicals used in both analyses cooking processes as well as chemicals Factorial design was used in this study. penetration into the bamboo. In kraft There were three factors studied, species process sodium sulfide was also used of fungi (T. versicolor and P. ostreatus), besides , so that there pulp cooking methods (kraft and soda was more lignin loss from the fiber. The pulping), and incubation time (30 and 45 chemicals penetration into bamboo chips days). Data obtained were statistically in kraft process might be more intensive as analyzed by Analysis of Variance well. Even though the pulp yield was still (ANOVA). Besides that, each pulp quality in the range of commercial pulping yield, was compared to each other using scoring this yield was lower than that reported by system. The score ranges from 1 (lowest Wolfaardt et al. (2004), which were using quality) to 4 (higest quality). The scores of pine wood with kraft process. each treatment were sum up and were used Figure 1 shows soda and kraft pulping for ranking the treatments and choosing yield from white rot fungi pretreated chips the best method of treatment. The highest of betung bamboo. In kraft process pulp score was considered the best method. yield of pretreated samples was higher than that of none pretreated, while in soda Results and Discussion process it was vice versa Pulp yield Pulping yield is one of criteria to determine the selectivity of pulping

Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo 45 Widya Fatriasari, Riksfardini A Ermawar, Faizatul Falah, Dede HY Yanto, Deddy TN Adi, Sita H Anita, Euis Hermiati

Figure 1 Screened yield of betung bamboo pulp pretreated with white rot fungi (P. ostreatus and T. versicolor).

.According to Perez et al. (2002), in the pretreatment with T. versicolor, while bio-pulping process, fungi pretreatment kraft pulp yield was vice versa (Fig. 1). will improve chemical penetration and Degradation activity of T. versicolor minimize chemical consumption that fungus was more intensive. Ermawar et al. brought about the improvement of bio- (2006) and Fitria et al. (2007) reported kraft pulping yield. Our experiment that coincide with the loss of lignin, and showed that this was not always happened, holocellulose (alpha-cellulose and since pulp yield also depends on the hemicellulose) was happened. The longer cooking process. In this case, fungi the fungi incubation times, the higher treatment with kraft process increased the holocellulose loss. The combination screened yield, while fungi treatment with between this fungus and kraft process, soda process decreased the yield. This is which involved more severe conditions, in agreement with the previous result by caused more yield loss. Also, in kraft Perez et al. (2002). Thus, fungi process, the longer the incubation time, the pretreatment has improved penetrations of higher the pulp yield, while in soda sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide into process the effect of incubation time was bamboo chips in kraft cooking, while it seen. This shows that degradation of did not help improving penetration of lignin in bamboo was greater at the longer sodium hydroxide alone in soda cooking. incubation time, and the degraded lignin Statistical analysis also shows that species was further removed by chemicals used in of fungi and interaction between fungi kraft process. Statistical analysis showed species and cooking process conditions that only the fungi kinds and the affected pulp yield significantly. interaction between the fungi kinds and Interestingly, where soda pulp yield cooking process conditions influenced pulp yield significantly. resulted from pretreatment with P. ostreatus was higher than that from

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In pretreatment by P. ostreatus with kraft produces manganese peroxidase (MnP) pulping, the screened yield was higher and laccase, hemicellulase, and cellulase than that of control sample not pretreated (Yang et al. 2007). These enzymes use with the fungus. This phenomenon low molecular weight mediator to attack indicates that there is an improvement lignin (Perez et al. 2002). Lobos et al. condition, since fungi secrete enzyme to (2001) and Hossain and Anantharaman facilitate chemical penetration on the (2006) mentioned that P. ostreatus and T. substrate, which was suggested by Perez et versicolor produce 3 kind of ligninolytics al. (2002). Basically, sodium hydroxide is i.e. laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP), and used to soften lignin for facilitating the manganase peroxidase (MnP). Lignin fiber separation. Sodium hydroxide peroxidase (LiP) has the structural solution can absorb into amorphous and difference from manganase peroxidase crystalline structure of the cell wall, it (MnP) in that it shows the ability to caused swelling of the fiber both in oxidize chemical bonds in lignin. On the diameter cross section and in lumen cell other hand, MnP degrade lignin indirectly (Roliadi & Fatriasari 2005). Because of by providing H2O2 for reaction of lignin white rot is less selective, a part of peroxidase (Hossain & Anantharaman hemicelluloses and cellulose were also 2006). dissolved during the softening process. This agreed with our research on Thus, it affected the pulp yield. The pretreatment of rice straw (Ermawar et al. decrease of pulp yield was observed in 2006) and sugarcane bagasse (Fitria et al. samples pretreated with T. versicolor and 2007) by the same fungi. However, it was cooked using soda process. interesting to note that kappa number was Kappa number higher in pulp treated with P. ostreatus Kappa number of pulp related to the and cooked using soda process than degree of delignification of the pulp. This untreated pulp. The possible cause of this number could be used for the comparison strange phenomenon was not yet found. of lignin content among treatments. Pulp Theoretically, kraft process could produce with good delignification degree will give pulp with lower kappa number than soda lower kappa number. Figure 2 shows that process. In the kraft pulping, the presence in general fungi pretreatment reduce kappa of hydrogen sulfide ion and sulfide ion number, except in those treated with P. accelerate the delignification process, which was caused by attacking β-aryl ostreatus and cooked with soda process. Therefore, it was clear that white rot fungi ether bond (Sjostrom 1981, Fengel & treatment could degraded lignin in Wegener 1989). However, the kappa bamboo, thus reduce kappa number of the number of pulp produced from kraft pulp produced (Mosai et al.1999, Bjapai et process was higher than that from soda al. 2004). White rot fungi produce process if the bamboo was not previously ligninolytic enzymes. T. versicolor pretreated by white rot fungi.

Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo 47 Widya Fatriasari, Riksfardini A Ermawar, Faizatul Falah, Dede HY Yanto, Deddy TN Adi, Sita H Anita, Euis Hermiati

Figure 2 Kappa number of betung bamboo pulp pretreated with white rot fungi (P. ostreatus and T. versicolor) for 30 and 45 days.

Figure 2 also shows that the longer the reported that kappa number of the pulp fungi incubation times the lower the kappa resulted from soda process using 20% EA number; especially those cooked using (effective alkali) was 33.1, while kappa kraft process. This was in accordance with number of unbleached kraft pulp was the greater ligninolytic activities of the ranging from 18 to 30 (Bhargava 1987, in fungi at the longer incubation time. In Vu et al. 2004). soda process there was no effect of incubation time of the two fungi on kappa Degree of freeness number. Thus, it seems that fungi showed Fiber modification (i.e. any changes in the greater effects than did incubation time. surface and development of fiber) as a However, a reasonable cause of this result of milling is measured by degree of phenomenon needs further study. freeness. Freeness shows a flow of Statistical analysis (α=0.05) shows that releasing water carried by the pulp species of fungi, incubation time and suspension, or in other word, shows the cooking methods significantly affected ability of the pulp to hold the water. A kappa number of the pulp, and so did the common measurement of freeness is by interaction between species of fungi and using Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) cooking methods as well as interaction (Tappi T 227 om-92 1992). Degree of pulp between incubation time and cooking freeness is measured by volume of water methods. which trapped in a side-patch of freeness Kappa number of betung bamboo pulp tester. The more the water flow into the without fungi pretreatment was higher side-patch, the higher the freeness; or the than that of Bambusa procera pulp as lower the ability of pulp to hold the water reported by Vu et al. (2004). They flow (Wistara 2000).

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Figure 3 Freeness of betung bamboo pulp pretreated with white-rot fungi (P. ostreatus and T. versicolor) for 30 and 45 days.

The degree of freeness of bamboo pulp by 29.47% and 26.65% with the treatment treated with P. ostreatus and T. versicolor of P. ostreatus and T. versicolor is shown in Figure 3. In the pulp cooked respectively. On the other hand, in pulp using kraft process, the freeness decreased resulted from soda process, compare with in line with the incubation time of T. the control, the treatment of fungi was versicolor treatment. However, compared slightly (but not significantly) decreased with the control, only the 45 days the degree of freeness. incubation treatment significantly Physically, fungi treatment with T. decreased the degree of freeness (42.79%). versicolor has softened the bamboo chips. In contrast, the degree of freeness However, physical modification seems did increased in line with the incubation time not give any effects on the degree of of P. ostreatus treatment. These results freeness. Statistical analysis (α=0.05) may be as a result of the variability of shows that only cooking process had fiber type that arranged the pulp sheet. If significant effect on the degree of pulp contained high amount of fines then freeness. The degree of freeness of the pulp sheet would become more bamboo pulp without fungi treatment and assembled (Wistara 2000) cooked using Kraft process was lower than The result suggested that there was the one produced using soda process. inconsistency of the effect of incubation These may be a result of greater time treatment on the degree of freeness. penetration of kraft chemical compounds Regardless the inconsistency of the (iNaOH and Na2S) into the cell wall and incubation time effect, the fungi treatment delignified the lignin. The result also decreased the degree of freeness by suggested that fibrillation process, instead 34.73% with P. ostreatus treatment and/or of the fungi treatment, was more likely otherwise increased the degree of freeness affect the degree of freeness.

Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo 49 Widya Fatriasari, Riksfardini A Ermawar, Faizatul Falah, Dede HY Yanto, Deddy TN Adi, Sita H Anita, Euis Hermiati

Figure 4 Delignification selectivity of betung bamboo pulp pretreated by white-rot fungi (P. ostreatus and T. versicolor) for 30 and 45 days.

increased the selectivity. The result also Selectivity of delignification shows that the longer the time of Selectivity of delignification is a incubation the higher the selectivity. measurement of pulping process effectiveness which involves fungi SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) performance. High value of selectivity Figures 5 show bamboo with fungi means that fungi selectively attack lignin pretreatment compared to bamboo without to give a high content of carbohydrate and fungi pretreatment. It can be showed low content of lignin in pulp. White-rot clearly that white rot fungi activity caused fungi are expected to give real decay on bamboo cell wall. But, the decay contribution to gain the selectivity. rate among each white rot fungi kind Statistical analysis (α=0.05) shows that all could not be determined clearly. For each factors have independently significant fungi kinds, the longer incubation time, effect on the delignification selectivity. the greater damage rate of bamboo.Further There were significant effects due to examination at the level of ultra structure interaction between fungi and cooking fiber is necessary to observe any changes process, and also between cooking process of the cell walls due to penetration of and time of incubation. fungi activity. The degradation of cell wall The delignification selectivity of both was possible and the mechanism of this fungi to bamboo pulp is shown in Figure process stated by Akhar et al.(1998). The 4. Generally, fungi treatment with T. fungi might be colonized the xylem in all versicolor and cooked using Kraft process planes, first via vessels and ray showed the best performance compare to parenchyma. The decay captured the that resulted from the treatment with P. nutrient that was reserved within ray ostreatus. In kraft process, both fungi parenchyma and then colonize the treatment have significantly increased the parenchyma to distribute the fungal selectivity. Meanwhile, in soda process, mycelium throughout the sapwood. only T. versicolor has significantly

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C

A B C

E

D E

Figure 5 SEM image of bamboo (PO 30 days (A),PO 45 days (B), TV 30 days (C), TV 45 days (D), and control (E)).

Scoring value T. versicolor for 45 days incubation has significantly affected the betung bamboo Scoring value of pulp characteristic as a result of Kraft and soda cooking is pulp characteristics (shows by a large presented in Table 1 and 2. For every best difference of value compared with the value in each parameter, the scoring value value of other treatment combinations). is 4. The result shows that treatment with

Table 1 Kraft pulp properties of betung bamboo with fungi pretreatment Incubation Kappa Degree of Delignification Treatments Pulp Yield (%) Score Rank time (days) Number Freeness (ml) Selectivity (%)

1 1 3 1 30 54.8 ±11.84 30.60 ±1.06 347 ±6.98 13.59 ±0.41 6 4 Pleurotus 3 3 2 3 ostreatus 45 33.8 ±0.22 35.75 ±0.94 688 ±6.98 22.88 ±1.70 11 2 2 2 1 2 30 49.4 ±5.95 32.54 ±0.45 673 ±9.43 14.74 ±1.44 7 3 Trametes 4 4 4 4 versicolor 45 27.2 ±1.96 40.22 ±1.47 304 ±12.62 25.03 ±3.53 16 1

Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo 51 Widya Fatriasari, Riksfardini A Ermawar, Faizatul Falah, Dede HY Yanto, Deddy TN Adi, Sita H Anita, Euis Hermiati Table 2 Soda pulp properties of betung bamboo with fungi pretreatment

Incubation Kappa Pulp Yield Degree of Delignification Treatments Score Rank time (days) Number (%) Freeness (ml) Selectivity (%)

2 4 2 2 30 97.88 ±3.97 41.37 ±1.57 734.17 ±3.54 6.83 ±0.30 10 2 Pleurotus 1 3 3 1 ostreatus 45 99.50 ±5.26 41.28 ±3.41 733.13 ±3.65 6.74 ±0.25 8 4 3 2 1 3 30 48.64 ±20.21 30.42 ±7.18 735.00 ±2.36 17.35 ±8.04 9 3 Trametes 4 1 4 4 versicolor 45 44.37 ±2.49 28.2 ±4.22 731.88 ±0.00 17.72 ±6.51 13 1

Conclusions white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis The treatment of white rot fungi, i.e. P. subvermispora. Tappi J :105-109 ostreatus and T. versicolor, gave different Akhtar M, Atridge MC, Myers GC, effects on the characteristic of betung Blanchette RA. 1993. Biomechanical bamboo pulp. The effects of fungi pulping of labolly pine chips with treatment on kappa number and degree of selected white rot fungi. freeness can be seen only at samples Holzforschung 47:36-40 cooked using Kraft process. Incubation Bajpai P, Mishra SP, Mishra OP, Kumar time did not affect pulp yield of bamboo S, Bajpai PK, Sing S. 2004. treated with both fungi, but it affected Biochemical pulping of Bagasse. kappa number and degree of freeness of Biotechnol. Progress 20(4):1270-1272 bamboo pulp cooked using Kraft process. Bamboo treated with T. versicolor Behrendt CJ, Blanchette RA, Akhtar M, incubated for 45 days and cooked using Enebak SA, Iverson S, Williams DP. kraft process produced the best pulp 2000. Biomechenichal pulping with quality with high pulp yield. Phlebiopsis gigantea reduced energy consumption and increased paper References strength. Tappi J 83(9):1-8 Akhtar M, Horn EG, Lentz MJ, Scott GM, Bjapai P, Bajpai PK, Akhtar M, Jauhari Sykes MS, Myers GC, Kirk TK, MB. 2001. Biokraft pulping of Swaney RE. 1999. Toward eucalyptus with selected lignin Commercialization of Biopulping. degrading fungi. J Pulp and Paper Sci. Paper Age. 27(7):235-239 Akhtar M, Scott GM, Swaney RE, Kirk Casey JP. 1979. Pulp and Paper TK. 1998. Overview of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Biomechanichal and Biochemichal NewYork: John Wiley and Son. Pulping Research. In: Eriksson K, Ermawar RA, Yanto DHY, Fitria, Paulo ECA, editors. Enzyme Hermiati E. 2006. Lignin degradation Applications in Fiber Processing. content in rice straw pre-treated by Washington DC: American Chemichal white-rot fungi. J Widya Riset Society. 9(3):197-202 Akhtar M, Atridge MC, Myers GC, Kirk Fatriasari W, Hermiati E. 2008. Analisis TK.1992. Biomechanical pulping of morfologi serat dan sifat fisis-kimia labolly pine with different strains of

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Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo 55 Widya Fatriasari, Riksfardini A Ermawar, Faizatul Falah, Dede HY Yanto, Deddy TN Adi, Sita H Anita, Euis Hermiati