Information Structure in Spoken Japanese
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Information structure in spoken Japanese Particles, word order, and intonation Natsuko Nakagawa language Topics at the GrammarDiscourse science press Interface 8 Topics at the GrammarDiscourse Interface Editors: Philippa Cook (University of Potsdam), Anke Holler (University of Göttingen), Cathrine FabriciusHansen (University of Oslo) In this series: 1. Song, Sanghoun. Modeling information structure in a crosslinguistic perspective. 2. Müller, Sonja. Distribution und Interpretation von ModalpartikelKombinationen. 3. Bueno Holle, Juan José. Information structure in Isthmus Zapotec narrative and conversation. 4. Parikh, Prashant. Communication and content. 5. Balogh, Kata, Anja Latrouite & Robert D. Van Valin‚ Jr. (eds.) Nominal anchoring: Specificity, definiteness and article systems across languages. 6. Næss, Åshild, Anna Margetts & Yvonne Treis (eds.). Demonstratives in discourse. 7. Gergel, Remus & Jonathan Watkins (eds.). Quantification and scales in change. 8. Nakagawa, Natsuko. Information structure in spoken Japanese. Particles, word order, and intonation. ISSN: 25673335 Information structure in spoken Japanese Particles, word order, and intonation Natsuko Nakagawa language science press Nakagawa, Natsuko. 2020. Information structure in spoken Japanese: Particles, word order, and intonation (Topics at the Grammar-Discourse Interface 8). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/178 © 2020, Natsuko Nakagawa Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-138-2 (Digital) 978-3-96110-139-9 (Hardcover) ISSN: 2567-3335 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4291753 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/178 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=178 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Natusko Nakagawa, Sebastian Nordhoff Proofreading: Brett Reynolds, Carla Bombi, Claudia Marzi, Eran Asoulin, Katja Politt, Marina Frank, Mykel Brinkerhoff, Jean Nitzke, Matthew Weber, Piklu Gupta Fonts: Libertinus, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press xHain Grünberger Str. 16 10243 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Contents Acknowledgments v Abstract vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aims of the study .......................... 1 1.2 Background ............................. 3 1.3 Methodology ............................. 4 1.4 Overview ............................... 5 2 Background 7 2.1 Introduction ............................. 7 2.2 Topic ................................. 7 2.2.1 The definition of topic in this study ............ 8 2.2.2 Aboutness .......................... 9 2.2.3 Evokedness ......................... 12 2.2.4 Subject ............................ 13 2.2.5 Sentence-initial elements .................. 14 2.3 Focus ................................. 14 2.3.1 The definition of focus in this study ........... 14 2.3.2 Newness ........................... 16 2.3.3 Contrastiveness ....................... 17 2.3.4 Pitch peak .......................... 18 2.4 Characteristics of Japanese ..................... 19 2.4.1 General characteristics ................... 19 2.4.2 Particles ........................... 21 2.4.3 Word order ......................... 46 2.4.4 Intonation .......................... 57 2.5 Summary ............................... 65 3 Framework 67 3.1 Introduction ............................. 67 Contents 3.2 Conceptual space and semantic maps ............... 68 3.3 Topic, focus, and correlating features ............... 70 3.3.1 Topic ............................. 70 3.3.2 Focus ............................. 73 3.3.3 Information structure in the sentence ........... 74 3.3.4 Other features correlating with topic/focus ....... 76 3.4 Methodology ............................. 82 3.4.1 Topic and focus in acceptability judgements ....... 82 3.4.2 Assumptions in experiments ................ 84 3.4.3 Corpus annotation and analysis .............. 84 3.5 Summary ............................... 89 4 Particles 91 4.1 Introduction ............................. 91 4.2 So-called topic particles ....................... 92 4.2.1 Toiuno-wa .......................... 99 4.2.2 Wa .............................. 106 4.2.3 The copula followed by ga or kedo ............ 113 4.2.4 Ø푡 .............................. 118 4.2.5 Summary of topic markers ................. 123 4.3 Case markers ............................. 125 4.3.1 Ga .............................. 127 4.3.2 O ............................... 132 4.3.3 Ø푓 .............................. 132 4.3.4 Summary of case markers ................. 133 4.4 So-called subjects .......................... 133 4.4.1 Subject and topic ...................... 133 4.4.2 Hierarchy of topic coding ................. 136 4.4.3 Ex or detached NPs ..................... 137 4.5 Discussion .............................. 142 4.5.1 Distribution of markers and semantic space ....... 142 4.5.2 Distribution of markers and markedness ......... 144 4.6 Summary ............................... 145 4.6.1 Summary of this chapter .................. 145 4.6.2 Remaining issues ...................... 146 5 Word Order 147 5.1 Introduction ............................. 147 ii Contents 5.2 Clause-initial elements ....................... 149 5.2.1 Shared elements tend to appear clause-initially ..... 150 5.2.2 Persistent elements tend to appear clause-initially .... 167 5.2.3 Motivations for topics to appear clause-initially ..... 168 5.2.4 Summary of clause-initial elements ............ 180 5.3 Post-predicate elements ....................... 180 5.3.1 Strongly evoked elements appear after the predicate .. 180 5.3.2 Motivations for topics to appear post-predicatively ... 187 5.3.3 Summary of post-predicate elements ........... 195 5.4 Pre-predicate elements ....................... 195 5.4.1 New elements appear right before the predicate ..... 195 5.4.2 Motivations for a focus to appear close to the predicate . 199 5.4.3 Summary of pre-predicate elements ............ 201 5.5 Discussion .............................. 202 5.5.1 Possible confounding effects ................ 202 5.5.2 Givón’s topicality hierarchy and word order ....... 205 5.5.3 Information structure and word order typology ..... 207 5.6 Summary ............................... 211 5.6.1 Summary of this chapter .................. 211 5.6.2 Remaining issues ...................... 211 6 Intonation 213 6.1 Introduction ............................. 213 6.2 Intonation unit and unit of information structure: corpus study 214 6.2.1 Topics tend to be uttered in phrasal IUs ......... 217 6.2.2 Foci tend to be uttered in clausal IUs ........... 230 6.2.3 Summary of the corpus study ............... 238 6.3 Intonation unit and unit of information structure: experimental study ................................. 240 6.3.1 Method ........................... 241 6.3.2 Results ............................ 242 6.3.3 Summary of the experimental study ........... 247 6.4 Discussion .............................. 247 6.4.1 Principles of intonation units, information structure, and activation cost ..................... 247 6.4.2 Principle of the separation of reference and role ..... 249 6.5 Summary ............................... 250 6.5.1 Summary of this chapter .................. 250 6.5.2 Remaining issues ...................... 251 iii Contents 7 Discussion: Multi-dimensionality of linguistic forms 253 7.1 Summary of findings ........................ 253 7.2 Competing motivations ....................... 256 7.3 Languages with hard constraints .................. 259 7.3.1 Elements glued to the predicate .............. 260 7.3.2 Elements separated from the predicate .......... 266 7.4 Summary ............................... 268 8 Conclusion 269 8.1 Summary ............................... 269 8.2 Theoretical and methodological implications ........... 269 8.3 Remaining issues .......................... 270 8.3.1 Predication or judgement types .............. 270 8.3.2 Genres ............................ 272 References 273 Index 295 Name index ................................. 295 Language index .............................. 299 Subject index ................................ 301 iv Acknowledgments This work is based on my PhD thesis, Information Structure in Spoken Japanese: Particles, Word Order, and Intonation, submitted in 2016 to the Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University. In 2005, I started as a graduate student of linguistics in Kyoto University, and more than 10 years have passed since then. I cannot believe that I concentrated on a single topic for this long time, and, on top of that, I cannot believe that so many people patiently and kindly encouraged and helped me to finish the thesis. First, I am most grateful to my advisor, Yuji Togo. Since I started my graduate education, he taught me a lot of important things, suggested interesting issues related to my interests, gave me precise advice, and showed me how a scientist should be through his research and his lectures. Without him, I could not have even imagined finishing the thesis. He encouraged me to do things that seemed impossible for me to achieve. Also, I thank Yukinori Takubo and Koji Fujita, who refereed my dissertation. Their detailed questions and comments shed light on new issues of my thesis from different perspectives. In my early career in the graduate school in Kyoto University, I met many professors and colleagues