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Sentence-Final Expressions in the Japanese Popular Mediascape

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Sentence-Final Expressions in the Japanese Popular Mediascape Social Meaning in Virtual Space: Sentence-final expressions in the Japanese popular mediascape DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hannah Elizabeth Dahlberg-Dodd, M.A. Graduate Program in East Asian Languages and Literatures The Ohio State University 2019 Dissertation Committee Charles Quinn, Advisor Mineharu Nakayama Anna Babel Mie Hiramoto Copyright by Hannah Elizabeth Dahlberg-Dodd 2019 Abstract Often cited as one of the most salient indices of sociocultural meaning, “sentence-final expressions” (bunmatsu hyōgen) have long been a subject of analysis in Japanese linguistics. These units are a kind of what Bolinger and Sear (1981) more broadly refer to as an “audible gesture,” or a linguistic unit that conveys paralinguistic meanings, i.e. meaning that includes neither denotational nor propositional content. Named for their frequent and typical appearance at the end of utterances, in Japanese an immense number are deployed to a wide variety of sociocultural ends. Because of the large number of available expressions, however, previous research has struggled to develop a method of sociolinguistic analysis that is capable of capturing their multivalent nature. This is a difficulty that has been compounded by an array of different degrees of use, resulting in highly skewed levels of academic attention being given to certain expressions and nearly none to others. In this dissertation, I explore alternate means of addressing the intersection of sentence- final expressions and sociocultural meaning through a hybrid approach that utilizes statistical methods informed by cultural analysis. Drawing on frameworks developed for understanding “role language” (Kinsui 2003) and “character language” (Sadanobu 2011, Kinsui and Yamakido 2015), the series of studies presented in this dissertation approach these expressions from the perspective of their role in the performance of characterological figures and the history of use that these expressions have within mass media genres. By utilizing mass media genres, in i particular popular entertainment media, I focus not simply on the use of these expressions, but the sociocultural ideologies that inform their use with regard to both creator and audience. Moreover, careful study of these expressions in popular media sheds light on the boundaries of their potential meanings, since we find them at work in such a variety of situations, ranging from the mundane to the fantastical. After recounting research on language in media and the history of metalinguistic commentary on sentence-final expressions, Chapters 4 through 6 engage with three different popular media genres: manga (‘comics’), popular music, and anime (‘animation’). With a focus on audience design (Bell 1984), Chapter 4 examines the use of stylistic features associated with ‘young lady speech’ in yuri manga and the ways and degree to which their usage is associated with gender of the author, gender of the imagined target audience, and the role of a character within a narrative. Chapter 5, on the other hand, engages lyrics in popular music and the way that personae are constructed through sentence-final expression usage observed in lyrics performed by female ‘idol’ performers and singer-songwriters. Finally, in Chapter 6, I analyze ongoing indexical change in the sentence-final particle wa by taking a sociophonetic look at its usage among different character types of various genders and roles as they manifest in recent anime. Each of these studies presents a close examination of the phenomenon it focuses on in a particular medium of popular culture. Taken together, these studies propose a more broad-based, holistic approach to sociocultural meaning in mass media genres as it is constructed through the multivalent indexical possibilities of sentence-final expressions. The linguistic units and usages that contribute to the construction of a persona, fictionalized or otherwise, are many, and in Japanese, sentence-final expressions provide a wide variety of options to that end. Analyzing not ii only their use, but in the process exploring alternative means of researching their utilization in a variety of contexts will help establish and clarify the value of better understanding mass media discourse both as a target for linguistic inquiry and as a key part of our language socialization. iii Acknowledgements There are a number of people who have contributed to the completion of this dissertation through their guidance, input, and knowledge. First of all, I am indebted to my committee members, Dr. Charles Quinn, Dr. Mineharu Nakayama, Dr. Anna Babel, and Dr. Mie Hiramoto, each of whom has been generous with their time and expertise. In particular, thanks to the wide variety of linguistic training represented by this group of scholars, they have kept me honest in my writing, reminding me to accommodate for both a non-sociolinguistic and non-Japanese-speaking reader where necessary. Second, I owe my gratitude to the community of scholars I came to know at the Inter- University Center for Japanese Studies in the 2014-2015. Being able to interact with such a wide variety of Japanese-speaking scholars forever shaped my perspective on what it means to be an academic. I began that program committed to one linguistic subfield, but through my academic and research-oriented (mis-)adventures with other students in linguistics and media studies, I emerged in sociocultural linguistics. I would be somewhere and someone completely different (and much less interesting) without you all. I would also like to thank the community of the Department of East Asian Languages & Literatures here at Ohio State, including faculty, staff, and fellow graduate students. The supportive research environment created by our faculty, not to mention the tireless work of academic program coordinator Debbie Knicely, has enabled me to pursue my areas of academic iv interest with relative freedom, an opportunity I may not have gotten elsewhere. Moreover, being able to work around my colleagues in the graduate student lounge, ranging from those who were my senior when I began to those who are just now beginning, has been an invaluable experience in not only communicating across field boundaries, but in sharing both academic and broader life experiences. Finally, I want to express my eternal gratitude to my spouse and partner-in-crime Bobby, whose constant encouragement and love, especially in the form of food, has been immeasurably important in sustaining me through the duration of this project (not to mention in life in general). Plus, having a second academic in the house has done wonders for helping me recall words on the tip of my tongue (in either language!). And last but not least, a “thank you” to our cat Toshi, who has never failed to show me the value of a restorative nap in the middle of the afternoon, and a “thank you” to our daughter Astrid, who showed up just in time to help me push the “submit” button. v Vita 2013 ................................................... B.A. Linguistics & Honors Interdisciplinary Studies (in East Asian Languages), University of Georgia 2014-2015 .......................................... Inter-University Center for Japanese Language Studies 2016 ................................................... M.A. East Asian Languages & Literatures, The Ohio State University 2013-2019 .......................................... Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2019-2020 .......................................... Research Fellow, Hosei University Publications Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (forthcoming 2020). O-jōsama kotoba and a stylistics of same-sex desire in Japanese yuri narratives. In J. Welker (ed.), Mechademia: Second Arc 13(1): Queer(ing). Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (forthcoming 2020). Script variation as audience design: Imagining readership and community in Japanese yuri comics. Language in Society 49(2). Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2019). The author in the postinternet age: Fan works, authorial function, and the archive. Transformative Works and Cultures 30. Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2018). Voices of the Hero: Dominant masculine ideologies through the speech of shōnen protagonists. Gender and Language 12(3): 346-371. Conference Proceedings Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2018). Talking like a Shōnen Hero: Reframing masculinity in post-bubble era Japan through the lens of boku and ore. Buckeye East Asian Linguistics vol. 3. Columbus: Ohio State University Libraries. vi [Dahlberg-]Dodd, H. E. (2016). 「ぼく」の世界、「わたし」の世界—ポップ音楽における日本人 女性歌手のアイデンティティ流動性—[‘My’ World, ‘My’ World: The Identity Fluidity of Female Pop Singers in Japanese Pop Music’]. In 役割語とキャラクター言 語研究国際ワークショップ報告論集 2015 [‘Papers from the International Workshop on Role Language and Character Language in 2015’], 165-176. Osaka, Japan: Osaka University. Book Reviews Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2019). Review of the book Japanese at Work: Politeness, Power, and Personae in Japanese Workplace Discourse, edited by Haruko Minegishi Cook and Janet S. Shibamoto-Smith. Language in Society 48(1): 151-152. Fields of Study Major Field: East Asian Languages & Literatures Area of Specialization: Japanese Sociolinguistics vii Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................
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