HISTORICIZATIONS of the TRANSITORY: Architecture As a Sign of Modernity

HISTORICIZATIONS OF THE TRANSITORY: Architecture as a Sign of Modernity Transparency and the Muse W~thin: 3 Works by Franco Albini with Caterina Marcenaro Kay Bea Jones The Ohio State University A sometimes nihilistic, sometimes realistic wind blows through present-day architecture, sweeping away the gestures, the words, If any significance is left to the project in this world, it is linked to and the images that the architecture generated during the crisis the loss of the certainties of the plan, to the assumption of chance, climate of the 1950s could still posit. That moment was impermanence, and spontaneity; which means of openness and underpinned by the pathos of insecurity, of the horrors of war, risk.2 and of the contradictions of social life, and was accordingly -Gianni Vattirno cushioned by an architecture that promised an optimistic alternative.' There remains a body of modern design produced in the immediate -1gnasi de Sola-Morales post war period in Italy that has neither risen to cult status, nor been discarded for mute functionalism as perceived by a generation with virtual poststructuralist sensibilities. This paper examines the phe- ARCHITECTURE IN COMMUNICATION CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY IN BUILDING THE INFORMATION AGE nomenal work of Franco Albini, an overlooked member of the ltalian The crisis of values following WWII, which we are analyzing here, rationalists whose buildings, furniture and interiors parallel those of was responsible for the rejection of aesthetic systems based on Scarpa, Gardella, Quaroni, Ponti, de Carlo, Ridolfi, Michelucci, and the lgrhcentury idealist search for beauty. The visual was Rogers, when his architecture reached maturity in the late 1940s supplanted by total, synthetic, productive perception. With the through 1960s. This research is part of a larger project to reevaluate overthrow of general principles, the aesthetic was transformed the successes and failures of sites and buildings in post-war ltaly that from the imitation of a model to the subjective production of to date have been viewed only disparately and at a distance.They are elementary perceptual experiences, capable of generating not easily compressed into a list of principles or canonical images, signification through emotion. .Architecture acquired absolute categories of authority or style, yet provide many examples rich in freedom of perceptual experimentation, evidenced not only by modern expression, technology and materiality, and effectively rep- the abandonment of certain codified stylemes of the modern resent a democratic architecture despite their local formal legacy. tradition, but in the opening toward highly experimental position ltalian self-criticism of the time by architects faced with ideological in the matter of forms, materials, and spaces.' and professional crises failed to recognize their emerging pluralism -de Sola'-Morales over uniformity as representing desirable growth.These ltalian archi- In particular, the work of Franco Albini embodies this expressive tects had been shaped by ideology during fascism, albeit with pa- pluralism with a language of transparency all his own yet belonging lemic debate over the relationship between form and symbol. They to the ltalian tenden~a.~Variations among three museum projects in willfully appropriated advancements in technology to craft surfaces Genoa, realized within a ten-year span and within existing historic and produced publications establishing theoretical bases for their buildings to accommodate existing artifacts, offer particularly reveal- arguments and ideas. When ideologies were eroded and those archi- ing insight into his diverse body of work. In depth investigation re- tects were free to change, as pressures regarding fascist symbolism quires outlining those conditions of fascist and post-war ltaly for mounted, they capitalized on widely diverse inspiration and ample political, social and cultural implications to the contexts within which opportunity during the post-war reconstruction, a period defined by Albini's work is situated. Thorough analysis of the era and specifici- fertile political questioning and cultural regeneration. ties of differing sites is beyond the scope of this paper, yet mention of Several scholars have shed light on the importance of work pro- three conditions helps to frame the cultural circumstances in which duced at this time indicating the influence of realized constructions Albini worked. First, cinematic neorealism had a powerful impact on over theoretical or academic criticism. In 1954, G. E. Kidder Smith architectural production, including film sets located in new and old published L'ltalia Costruisce (Italy Builds) illustrating the eclectic urban spaces. Secondly, The rise of the Christian Democratic party, diversity of design emerging across the country and unique to Italy. kept on its toes by persistent opposition from a coalition of left lean- He categorized motives for what he witnessed as resulting from "fe- ing tendencies, supported primarily urban planning and housing pro- verish rebuilding; intellectual depth of leading architects; felicitous grams over cultural institutions, and was less focused on a search for mixture of new architecture with old;" knowledge of building types; new expression than was the previous regime. Finally, after the war freshness of new work with freedom from cliches and dogma; the there is renewed access to and influences from architecture beyond interactions of fashion, cinema, painting, sculpture, and all areas of the ltalian borders, especially the US, ClAM and northern European design; masonry construction and journal venues for communication progressive experiments. Still, ltalian characteristics of closed facades of new ideas.3During the last decade, renewed consideration of Ital- and urban mass, masonry construction, and vernacular building meth- ian architecture of the reconstruction years has come from outside ods continued to define much of the new work. ltaly and revived interest in complex coincident tendencies known as Albini began practicing architecture when he graduated from neorealism, organicism, and rationalism. the Milan Politechnic in 1929 and partnered with Giancarlo Palanti. A critical analysis of the debates concerning design theory and As a rationalist architect, but neither a member of the active Gruppo the constituent elements of architectural production in ltaly 7 nor particularly political, Albini's work in the 1930s consisted of between 1943 and 1968 reveals an architectural culture of competitions, installations, exhibition interiors, furniture, and hous- unusual sophistication and subtlety. it is possible to recognize ing projects. His roots were firmly planted in northern rationalism, that what was perceived by many Italians as a record of failures where he was heavily influenced by Edoardo Persico, the mythic fig- and frustrations was really one of the first sustained postwar ure who promoted progressive modern form and principles among challenges to the hegemony of Modernist model^.^ the resistance while consistently denying fascism. Albini was a pro- -Doordan lific designer. Leading up to and during the war, he produced corpo- 90THACSA ANNUAL MEETING NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA .APRIL 11-14,2002 rate, commercial, and residential interiors at the same time he was installing theoretically-informed exhibition spaces, wherein signifi- &ire 4 - radio cabinet 19.38-40 cant cross-fertilization is apparent. He taught under Samona' at the University Institute of Architecture of Venice from 1949-64 and at the transparency concerning its inability to secure privacy, contain arti- Faculty of Architecture in Turin from 1954.55.' His talents emerged facts, move beyond the status of the cult object, become monumen- when granted important public commissions for cultural institutions tal or escape nihilist or elitist expressi~n.~While his furniture and beginning in 1949, most produced with Franca Helg and his Milan interiors have been recognized as minor architecture, taken together office, that define his unique vision and from which the following with his sublime architectural interventions for historic revitalizations, observations about his work can be made: the compete body of work constitutes relational practices beyond 1. The persistence of progressive modern language of rationalist doctrinaire formalism and abstract functionalism by engaging exist- transparency represents continuity during a pluralist period when ing sites phenomenally and without nostalgia. Tafuri addressed these that which represented pre-warlfascist tendencies was ques- achievements of museology as high points that unleashed repres- tioned and often shunned. sion during this period, and specifically creditedAlbini1scontribution 2. The careful negotiation of radical form and modern materials to the renewal of museum design whose themes ranged "from the within historic structures. Tectonic and material investigations 'civil' role of form to the encounter between memory and innova- and realized spaces exhibit a confidence in his architectural ex- ti~n."~In addition to but beyond functionalist restraint and diagram- pression as witnessed by highly developed details and diagram- matic clarity, it is the complete realization in situ of Albini's museum matic clarity with site specific variation among projects. work that deserves recognition and requires careful study. An inside 3. Internalized transparency departs from Miesian exteriorlinterior examination of three museums he completed in

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