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STATIUS and EARLY MODERNITY Dustin Larry Mengelkoch A CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Carolina Digital Repository PAPINIAN MUTABILITY: STATIUS AND EARLY MODERNITY Dustin Larry Mengelkoch A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Jessica Wolfe Marsha Collins Reid Barbour Diskin Clay Charles Fantazzi © 2010 Dustin Larry Mengelkoch ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT DUSTIN LARRY MENGELKOCH: Papinian Mutability: Statius and Early Modernity (Under the direction of Jessica Wolfe) This dissertation examines the reception of the epic and lyric works of the Roman poet Statius in the early modern period. Although the study of Statius is now relegated to only the most dedicated of classics departments, early modern readers from Dante and Petrarch to Shakespeare and Milton enthusiastically read Statius alongside other classical Latin poets such as Virgil and Ovid. While Statius’s reputation during the period is well established, what is not as well known is how Renaissance readers interpreted Statius – how they made sense of his relationship to other ancient poets, how they understood his political sympathies, and above all how they labored to understand poems notorious for their opacity and difficulty. Whereas other classical poets were perceived clearly to state their poetic (and even political) ends, and thus to guide the reader, Statius offered no such guidance. The compressed nature of his poetry, in form and content alike, forced readers to fill in, rebuild, and expand wherever necessary. This process yielded a uniquely participatory form of reading that came to be associated specifically with Statius. iii For Natalie …etenim tua, nempe benigna quam mihi sorte Venus iunctam florentibus annis servat et in senium… iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have more people to thank in seeing my graduate career through – not the least of which has been this project – than I have space to acknowledge them in. In particular, I owe a great thanks to Jessica Wolfe whose course on Tudor Humanism so many years ago opened my eyes to the work and thoughts I cherish today and whose persistence has no doubt augmented anything I did more than I know. If I wore a hat regularly I would tip it to Reid Barbour and Marsha Collins whose enthusiasm for Statius has been a great buoy in the troughs of self-doubt which occur regularly during a project like this. maximas gratias ago to Charles Fantazzi and Diskin Clay for keeping my invigorating my vetustas with Latin, not to mention Greek. I am indebted to the Scaliger Institute at the University of Leiden and in particular to Kasper van Ommen and Harm Beukers for a research fellowship. My thanks to Jeanine de Landtsheer for making me into an honorary Dutchman, I’m proud to be so – Leiden in the spring is the best of places. I must thank Alan Cottrell as well who has allowed me the opportunity to think about Angelo Poliziano in a much broader and more sustained way than I ever could have on my own. I should also thank MEMS, the Graduate School, and the Department of English and Comparative Literature for the numerous awards and fellowships I received these past five years, without them I am sure this project would not have been able to be carried out to completion. I would like to thank Bill Russell, Nathan Stogdill, Joe “M.R.” Wallace, and Robert Erle Barnham for their willingness to listen to my thoughts about Statius. Someday I hope to repay this debt, since you have made me feel smarter than I am. I’d like to add that I am glad I had the v chance to come to Chapel Hill if for no other reason than to have become your good friend. I am the better for it. Lastly yet firstly, I would like to thank Natalie Smusz-Mengelkoch. At this point I would like to write something profound to show how grateful I am, how much your support has meant during the past couple of years and from the beginning of our relationship. But I do not think I can express what more than fifteen years together means to me: it means everything. And with the birth of our daughter Lillian and her soon-to-be-sibling: it means everything and then some. Thank you. I love you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 Chapter Two ...................................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter Three ................................................................................................................................................... 114 Chapter Four .................................................................................................................................................... 149 Chapter Five ...................................................................................................................................................... 212 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 247 Bibliography and Works Consulted ........................................................................................................... 251 vii INTRODUCTION Epic Reception and Interpretation: Statius and Early Modernity The subject of this dissertation is the reception of Roman poet Statius, and in it I investigate the social and intellectual interpretation of his works, the Thebaid and Silvae, in the early modern period. Though he has largely been displaced in favor of Vergil, Horace, Ovid and Lucan (in the Roman corpus), Statius demands attention in the early modern period, for it was precisely because of his difference from the other great Latin poets that he received such a remarkably warm treatment. In this study I have tried to show only some of the instances of Statius’s reception. I make no attempt to cover Statius’s reception in its entirety. In the main, I have focused on points which I think show Statius at his broadest appeal, points which display just how rich and varied his interpretation actually was. In fact, it is precisely Statius’s variability which has been most striking to observe, and the theme of mutability is underscored throughout. Readers of Statius run the gamut from pedants to sophisticated statesmen, and they are all worth considering. You may rightly ask yourself, So, just what does Statius have to offer that these others do not? That is a fair question. Statius, unlike those authors mentioned above used the matière de Thebes and everything that that entailed to draw a vivid picture of Roman reality and humanity at the end of the first century AD. Of course, Ovid describes Thebes in books three and four of the Metamorphoses, but he is concerned with mythology as most early moderns understood him – Statius is not. So, what about the Greeks? A fair question as well. Greek literature on the whole was only available to a select few until the early- seventeenth century, and there were only a handful of truly good readers of it until then. Thus, by and large the imaginative interpretation about Thebes’s role in western civilization came from Statius. Additionally, Statius’s appeal was heightened by the rediscovery of his Sylvae and the kind of poetic heritage that connected him to both Roman and Greek literary traditions. As a result, publications of Statius’s works rival all his Latin fratres, with no less than fifty-five printings from 1472 to 1594 and one hundred and thirty-three from 1595 to 1700. *** Revival of interest in the works of Statius in the early modern period had what was certainly an unlucky start. In the heady days of the early fifteenth century, book- hunting had become a popular sport for northern Italian humanists, and the best among them was Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459), a Florentine humanist and perennial combatant with Lorenzo Valla. Poggio is the figure most responsible for rediscovering many of the classical texts we have today, from Quintilian to Lucretius, and one may legitimately wonder about the arc of the early modern period without his efforts. In his letters to Niccolo Niccoli, a fellow Florentine bibliophile, he describes travelling throughout Europe on a quest for lost manuscripts. As much excitement as he recreates when describing the discovery of some new codex, Poggio is also as crotchety and pedantic towards those whose help he needs to make those discoveries. Such is the case in 1418 when he discovers Statius’s Sylvae, a text that had been unknown for nearly 1100 years. According to Poggio, the most dimwitted scribe in all of Europe copied the Sylvae 2 for him afterwards, and because of his blundering (he) caused a great delay in sending the text back to Italy. Of course, this is not the whole story. Poggio himself bears as much culpability as his obtuse servant for this misfortune, since he refused to transmit this copy to the broader scholarly community until 1452 when he finally allowed five (or six) copies to be made. The reception of these copies of the Sylvae immediately ignites interest in Statius among would-be poets and scholars, provoking various
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