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Dissertation Master APOSTROPHE TO THE GODS IN OVID’S METAMORPHOSES, LUCAN’S PHARSALIA, AND STATIUS’ THEBAID By BRIAN SEBASTIAN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Brian Sebastian 2 To my students, for believing in me 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A great many people over a great many years made this possible, more than I could possibly list here. I must first thank my wonderful, ideal dissertation committee chair, Dr. Victoria Pagán, for her sage advice, careful reading, and steadfast encouragement throughout this project. When I grow up, I hope I can become half the scholar she is. For their guidance and input, I also thank the members of my dissertation committee, Drs. Jennifer Rea, Robert Wagman, and Mary Watt. I am very lucky indeed to teach at the Seven Hills School, where the administration has given me generous financial support and where my colleagues and students have cheered me on at every point in this degree program. For putting up with all the hours, days, and weeks that I needed to be away from home in order to indulge this folly, I am endebted to my wife, Kari Olson. I am grateful for the best new friend that I made on this journey, Generosa Sangco-Jackson, who encouraged my enthusiasm for being a Gator and made feel like I was one of the cool kids whenever I was in Gainesville. I thank my parents, Ray and Cindy Sebastian, for without the work ethic they modeled for me, none of the success I have had in my academic life would have been possible. I owe so much to the many teachers who have inspired me in my life, especially my high school Latin teacher, Fr. James Ryan, whose love of wisdom and respect for learning I have always striven to emulate, and Dr. Timothy Quinn, who taught me that scholarship matters and being a scholar is a worthy vocation. Finally, I thank my dear friend Dave Brott, without whose encouragement in 2006 I might never even have applied for the Ph.D. program. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 9 2 OVID, METAMORPHOSES ..................................................................................... 18 Book 1 ...................................................................................................................... 18 Book 2 ...................................................................................................................... 21 Book 4 ...................................................................................................................... 29 Book 6 ...................................................................................................................... 40 Book 8 ...................................................................................................................... 45 Book 9 ...................................................................................................................... 48 Book 10 .................................................................................................................... 51 Book 11 .................................................................................................................... 52 Book 13 .................................................................................................................... 54 Book 14 .................................................................................................................... 57 Book 15 .................................................................................................................... 60 3 LUCAN, PHARSALIA ............................................................................................... 70 Book 1 ...................................................................................................................... 71 Book 2 ...................................................................................................................... 86 Book 3 ...................................................................................................................... 96 Book 4 ...................................................................................................................... 98 Book 5 .................................................................................................................... 103 Book 6 .................................................................................................................... 110 Book 7 .................................................................................................................... 112 Book 8 .................................................................................................................... 120 Book 9 .................................................................................................................... 125 Book 10 .................................................................................................................. 126 4 STATIUS, THEBAID .............................................................................................. 128 Book 1 .................................................................................................................... 128 Book 2 .................................................................................................................... 134 Book 3 .................................................................................................................... 140 Book 4 .................................................................................................................... 144 Book 5 .................................................................................................................... 149 Book 6 .................................................................................................................... 153 Book 7 .................................................................................................................... 155 5 Book 8 .................................................................................................................... 158 Book 9 .................................................................................................................... 159 Book 10 .................................................................................................................. 162 Book 11 .................................................................................................................. 164 Book 12 .................................................................................................................. 168 5 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 171 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 183 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ........................................................................................... 196 6 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy APOSTROPHE TO THE GODS IN OVID’S METAMORPHOSES, LUCAN’S PHARSALIA, AND STATIUS’ THEBAID By Brian Sebastian May 2013 Chair: Victoria Pagán Major: Classical Studies This dissertation examines the significance of apostrophes to gods in three post- Vergilian epics: Ovid's Metamorphoses, Lucan's Pharsalia, and Statius' Thebaid. This work devotes one chapter each to the Metamorphoses, Pharsalia, and the Thebaid, with an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction establishes a working definition of apostrophe and postulates that apostrophe in post-Vergilian epic is a space in which the poet can add meaning. Apostrophes to gods during the early principate are places in which poets do not merely heighten the emotional tone of an episode, but comment on the role of political or religious power. In the chapters on Ovid, Lucan, and Statius, apostrophes to gods are treated by the episodes in which they occur, in the order in which they come in the epic, allowing the reader to follow trends and changes as they occur. Each apostrophe to a god is discussed, even those that exist for no greater purpose than variety. By comparison, then, one can better appreciate the function of those apostrophes that clearly do contribute to the meaning of particular passages or reveal sentiments that the poet did not express directly. 7 The conclusion discusses trends found in the use of apostrophe to the gods within each of the epics, then across the three works. Ovid uses apostrophes to gods to guide readers to the conclusion that mortals owe reverence to their rulers out of fear, no matter how cruel or unjust they might be. Apostrophes to many gods accompany the panegyric to Augustus that ends the work; by placing Caesar and Augustus in Book 15 alongside a pantheon Ovid has taken such pains to disgrace throughout the Metamorphoses, he colors the reader's impression of the new regime. Lucan uses apostrophes to gods mainly to establish his assertion that Fortuna is the real force behind the advancement of history, a capricious deity
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