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Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome Perturbation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome Perturbation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder DOI: 10.15171/mejdd.2018.112 Review Article 205 Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome Perturbation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Ashraf Mohamadkhani 1,* ABSTRACT 1. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases The brain-intestinal axis concept describes the communication between the intestinal Research Center, Digestive Disease microbiota as an ecosystem of a number of dynamic microorganisms and the brain. The Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, composition of the microbial community of the human gut is important for human health Tehran University of Medical Sciences, by influencing the total metabolomic profile. In children with autism spectrum disorder Tehran, Iran (ASD), the composition of the fecal microbiota and their metabolic products has a different configuration of the healthy child. An imbalance in the metabolite derived from the microbiota in children with ASD affect brain development and social behavior. In this article, we review recent discoveries about intestinal metabolites derived from microbiota based on high-yield molecular studies in children with ASD as part of the “intestinal brain axis”. KEYWORDS: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Intestinal microbiota, Fecal metabolites, ASD children Please cite this paper as: Mohamadkhani A. Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome Perturbation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Middle East J Dig Dis 2018;10:205-212. doi: 10.15171/ mejdd.2018.112. INTRODUCTION The development of intestinal microflora begins at birth and subse- quently the colonization of bacterial composition in the human colon can be reached to more than 70 genera with about 95% belonging to four main phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Protecteobacteria.1 The arrangement of gut microbiota in the first years of life is an important occasion in the development of the immune responses and in the production of vitamins.2,3 Low microbial diversity in the early stages of life leads to the onset of allergic diseases and defects in innate immune responses in older age.4 In the same way, the study of germ-free mice has shown that there must be a continuous association between the immune system and intestinal microbiota metabolites to * Corresponding Author: keep the normal population of microglial in their brains.5 Among the Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Ph.D non-communicable diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders are increas- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease ing worldwide.6 Intestinal dysbiosis is known as a risk factor for a se- Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ries of neurodevelopmental disorders and psychological diseases such Tel: + 98 21 8241 5780 as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia.7,8 Individuals Fax: + 98 21 8241 5400 Email: [email protected] with ASD show a wide range of characterizing repetitive behaviors and difficulties in social communication. Children with ASD show Received: 05 Mar. 2018 Accepted: 18 Jul. 2018 gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as abdominal pain, gaseousness, diarrhea, constipation, and flatulence, which are associated with the © 2018 The Author(s). This work is published by Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseaes as an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited. Middle East J Dig Dis/ Vol.10/ No.4/ October 2018 206 Microbiota Derived Metabolites in ASD severity of ASD.6,8,9 Although the exact aetiology However, the pattern of gut microbiota in children and pathology of ASD are not yet clear, the in- delivered by cesarean section (CS) differs from those volvement of the microbiota and its metabolites in that have been delivered vaginally.17,19 Intestinal mi- the pathophysiology of ASD received considerable crobiota scheme of children delivered through CS is attention. Genetic, environmental, and biological accompanied by a delay or absence of Bacteroides factors play a fundamental role in behavioral devel- in the first year of life, whereas children delivered opment during the mother’s pregnancy and immedi- vaginally (VD) showed diversity in Actinobacteria ately after birth.10,11 Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) phylum.20,21 In about two years of life, the profiles of produced by the intestinal microflora act as histone the children’s intestinal microbiota are established deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC), which modulate cel- to be similar to adults, although, the diet and factors lular gene expression related to neurotransmission such as exposure to antibiotics modify the charac- systems.12 It has been shown that the treatment of teristics of the intestinal microbiome.20,22 Human stress-induced mice with beneficial bacteria such as microorganisms reside in the GI tract in early life Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri are essential modulators of the host’s behavior.11 improved the poor social and cognitive behaviors by The intestinal microbiota is essential for human reducing stress-induced corticosterone and restored health to play a key role in bi-directional commu- oxytocin.13,14 However, functional analysis such as nication concerning the GI tract and the central metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabo- nervous system. If the friendly bacteria in the gut lomics should follow studies of microbial composi- are unbalanced, homeostasis related to bacterial tion. Metabolomics has the advantage of providing by-products is disturbing and hypothetically leads information on the final products of microbial func- to inappropriate mental health outcomes in the fu- tions, although most metabolomics studies focus ture life.23,24 Therefore, understanding the dynamics on urine and blood metabolites.15,16 of behavior-gut associations in early childhood is Metabolomics of fecal samples may provide clues important because numerous states of physical and to the intestinal microbial metabolism. In this article mental health are implicated in the intestinal micro- we recap on some of the recent studies on intestinal biome that is more flexible at infantile in contrast to microbiota metabolites in early childhood with ASD. the subsequent life.24 Colonization of intestinal microbiota in early life Gut microbiota in the presence of ASD A typical human intestinal microbiota contains Recent findings show that the intestinal microbiota an unimaginable complexity of hundreds of phylo- by involving metabolic pathways and employing types, with a great compositional diversity among immune system are responsible for ASD symptoms individuals.2 Infants are born without gut microbiota, in children.25 GI symptoms, including constipation however, soon after birth, the gut is hosting with and diarrhea, are common in children with ASD, bacteria coming from the mother and the adjacent which are connected to behavioral terms, such as environment commonly belong to two main groups anxiety, self-injury, and aggression.9,26 Dysbiosis, of anaerobic bacteria of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes changes in the proportion of primary bacterial phyla, phyla. The dominant bacteria of the intestine are is the manifestation of children with ASD.8 The strictly anaerobic and highly sensitive to oxygen, intestinal microbiota of children with ASD are less and therefore the creation of extremely resistant different with the lowest level of Firmicutes.27 spores during colonization allows them to spread Using the next-generation sequencing technology, in the host and in environmental diffusion. During it has been shown that potentially useful phylotypes the first year of life in response to the alteration of related to Prevotella, Coprococco, and unclassified diet and environmental exposures, the composition of Veillonellaceae in autism children with GI symptoms the microbiota contributes significant changes.8,17,18 are failed.8,28 The amounts of Faecalibacterium with Middle East J Dig Dis/ Vol.10/ No.4/ October 2018 Mohamadkhani 207 Table 1: Gut microbiota with lower quantity in children with ASD Genus/species Characteristics Bacteria Classification Function Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidetes; Oral and vaginal flora, its anaerobic Prevotella, Gram-negative bacteria Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; qualities allows it to grow successfully Coprococcus Prevotella in the human intestines Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria; Inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, Gram-positive, non-motile, often Bifidobacterium Actinobacteridae; Bifidobacteriales; vagina, and mouth - Some branched anaerobic bacteria Bifidobacteriaceae; Bifidobacterium bifidobacteria are used as probiotics Firmicutes; Clostridia;Clostridiales; Commensal bacteria of gut microbiota- Faecalibacterium Clostridiaceae; Faecalibacterium produce butyrate and other SCFAs anaerobic, gram-positive, slightly Firmicutes; Clostridia; a saccharolytic, butyrate-producing Roseburia intestinalis curved rod-shaped and motile by Clostridiales; Lachnospiraceae; bacterium first isolated means of multiple subterminal flagella Roseburia; R. intestinalis from human faeces anti-inflammatory effect as well as ability to SCFAs are present at life-threatening number in children synthesis and Roseburia intestinalis and Roseburia with ASD.37,38 faecis with ability to starch degradation and carbo- Candida (in particular Candida Albicans) is hydrate fermentation to synthesize the SCFAs, are more abundant in the fecal samples of children with also defined at the lowest
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