Vipin Chandra Kalia Editor Biofuels, Waste Treatment: Volume 1
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Vipin Chandra Kalia Editor Microbial Factories Biofuels, Waste treatment: Volume 1 Microbial Factories Vipin Chandra Kalia Editor Microbial Factories Biofuels, Waste treatment: Volume 1 Editor Vipin Chandra Kalia Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Delhi University Campus Delhi , India ISBN 978-81-322-2597-3 ISBN 978-81-322-2598-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2598-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015958355 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media ( www.springer.com ) Dedicated to my family and friends Pref ace Human beings are an integral part of the environment. Biological activities have a strong infl uence on physical and chemical components of the ecosys- tem. Plants are the major contributors as producers of bioproducts, to be used by animals and microbes. In the animal kingdom, human beings are the most aggressive consumers, and their needs are increasing geometrically with time. Unlike animals, human needs extend beyond food and shelter. The innovative nature of man has led to discoveries and inventions, which appar- ently are for the benefi t of human beings. However, these developments are a big drain on the available natural resources with a cascade effect. At the base of this chain reaction, the most adversely affected is the energy sector. The demand for energy is increasing rapidly because of the needs and attitude of humans, who are thus transforming to a society of high-end consumers. Since fossil fuels are the major source of energy, their consumption is the root cause of irreparable damage to the environment. Another factor which adds to the ever-increasing environmental pollution is the unmanageable quantities of wastes. The conventional means of disposal of wastes and waste waters, adopted in most parts of the world, pollutes the land, atmosphere, and the water bodies. Here, we may need to approach the most effi cient organisms on the planet Earth. These effi cient organisms are the microbes, which can metabolize organic matter content of the biowastes, especially those pro- duced due to human activities. These bioproducts are eco-friendly, biode- gradable, and highly energy effi cient. Microbes can be exploited as factories for producing energy (biofuels), biopolymers (bioplastics), and bioactive molecules (antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidants, etc.). There has been a vigorous scientifi c pursuit to exploit microbes for the welfare of human beings. The most exciting are the possibilities of generating clean fuels (biohydrogen, biodiesel, etc.) and biodegradable plastics as an alterna- tive to nondegradable plastics. Apart from these, the most curiosity-driven activities have been to learn about those microbes which are yet to be cul- tured. During the last 2–3 decades, many scientifi c activities have been dem- onstrated and published in scientifi c journals of repute; however, it is yet to reach the curious young minds – the graduate and postgraduate students – of our future scientists. This compilation, contributed by the experts in these research domains, speaks a lot about the present status of microbial factories and their future potential for the welfare of human beings. In principle, experts exist in all domains; however, most of the times, they are too busy in their pursuits to spare time for such activities. The young, curious, and tender vii viii Preface minds are eager to learn, but those who know what and how to say do not get the right platform and access. I am extremely thankful to all those who read- ily agreed to share their expertise for the Ignited Minds , to whom the book is dedicated. Although it is impossible to acknowledge the reality and true worth of the efforts of the contributing authors, however, I am still indebted to their prompt responses and dedicated efforts. My inspiration to learn well and transmit the knowledge to the next generation burgeons from the tireless efforts and constant support of my close ones – Mrs. Kanta Kalia and Mr. R.B. Kalia (parents); Amita (wife); Sunita and Sangeeta (sisters); Ravi, Vinod, and Satyendra (brothers); Daksh and Bhrigu (sons); and my teachers and friends Rup, Hemant, Yogendra, Rakesh, Atya, Jyoti, Malabika, Neeru, and Ritushree – to write this book. I must also acknowledge the selfl ess and dedicated support of my next-generation colleagues – Prasun, Sanjay, Subhasree, Shikha, Anjali, and Jyotsana. Delhi, India Vipin Chandra Kalia Contents 1 Microbes: Factories for Bioproducts .......................................... 1 Vipin Chandra Kalia 2 Exploration of Microbial Cells: The Storehouse of Bio-wealth Through Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics ............................................................ 7 Ravi Ranjan , Asha Rani , and Rajesh Kumar 3 Ecobiotechnological Approaches: Enrichment Strategy for Improvement of H2 Production ............................. 29 Shantonu Roy and Debabrata Das 4 Megasphaera as Lactate-Utilizing Hydrogen-Producing Bacteria .................................................... 47 Akihiro Ohnishi 5 Integrative Approach for Biohydrogen and Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production ...................................... 73 Sanjay K. S. Patel , Prasun Kumar , Mamtesh Singh , Jung-Kul Lee , and Vipin Chandra Kalia 6 Recent Advances in Feedstocks and Enzyme-Immobilised Technology for Effective Transesterification of Lipids into Biodiesel ............................... 87 Madan L. Verma and Colin J. Barrow 7 Biotechnology in Aid of Biodiesel Industry Effluent (Glycerol): Biofuels and Bioplastics ............................ 105 Prasun Kumar , Sanjeet Mehariya , Subhasree Ray , Anjali Mishra , and Vipin Chandra Kalia 8 Recent Achievements in the Production of Biobased 1,3-Propanediol ............................................................................ 121 Noura Raddadi , Stefania De Giorgi , and Fabio Fava 9 Role of Microorganisms in Microbial Fuel Cells for Bioelectricity Production ............................................. 135 Ravinder Kumar , Lakhveer Singh , and Zularisam Ab. Wahid ix x Contents 10 Biological Electricity Production from Wastes and Wastewaters .................................................... 155 Jai Sankar Seelam , Deepak Pant , Sunil A. Patil , and Balasaheb P. Kapadnis 11 Regulation of Lignin Biosynthesis Through RNAi in Aid of Biofuel Production ............................................. 185 Archana Kumari , Vinod Kumar Nigam , and Dev Mani Pandey 12 Microbial Cellulose Synthesis ..................................................... 203 Nivedita Nagachar and John McManus 13 Technological Advances for Treating Municipal Waste ........................................................................... 217 Prabhakar Dattatray Pandit , Madhuri Kisanrao Gulhane , Anshuman A. Khardenavis , and Atul N. Vaidya 14 Waste Remediation Integrating with Value Addition: Biorefinery Approach Towards Sustainable Bio-based Technologies ........................................... 231 C. Nagendranatha Reddy , J. Annie Modestra , A. Naresh Kumar , and S. Venkata Mohan 15 Renewable Energy Derived from Food Waste and Co-digestion of Food Waste with Waste- Activated Sludge ...................................................... 257 Esra Uçkun Kiran and Yu Liu 16 Metabolism of Long-Chain Fatty Acids (LCFAs) in Methanogenesis ........................................................................ 279 Parinita Sharma , Anshuman A. Khardenavis , and Hemant J. Purohit 17 Bioremediation of Pesticide- Contaminated Soil: Emerging Options ........................................................................ 293 Pooja Bhardwaj and Atya Kapley 18 Biotransformation of Arsenic in Environment Mediated by Microorganisms ..................................................... 315 Supriya Kore 19 Bio-Methane Production from Wastes: Focus on Feedstock Sources and Microbial Communities ....................... 333 Luigi Chiarini and Silvia Tabacchioni About the Editor Vipin Chandra Kalia is presently working as chief scientist at Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi. He is a professor at the Academy of Scientifi c and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi. He obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in genetics from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi. He has been