Ancient Rome Packet

Ancient Rome Name: .

Label everything on the Map (use 139,145,149) Outline all bodies of water in blue and trace rivers in blue. RIVERS LAND AREAS (shade areas diff. colors) Tiber River Spain Po River Britain Danube River Italy Rhine River Thrace Nile River Egypt Macedonia BODIES OF WATER Palestine or Judea Mediterranean Sea Gaul Adriatic Sea Arabia Black Sea Dacia Red Sea Asia Minor or Antolia Atlantic Ocean

CITIES/ISLANDS Rome Athens Shade the areas where the following Carthage groups were initially located. Read Jerusalem Byzantium pg. 141 to determine where these Alexandria groups settled in Italy. Corsica Sardinia Sicily Latins = Red

MOUNTAINS Etruscans = Yellow Alps Mountains Greeks = Green Pyrenees Mountains Caucasus 6

5

The Rise of Rome From City-State to Emerging Empire. 70-150 B.C.E. The Origins of Rome • According to Roman legend, Rome was founded in ____ B.C.E. by the twins, ______, sons of the war god, ______, and a Latin princess • They were supposedly raised by a she-wolf and established Rome on the banks of the ______River • According to the Roman poet, ______, Trojan refugees, led by Aeneas, founded Rome after escaping the destruction of Troy at the hands of the Mycenaean Greeks, as told in ______

Rome’s Geography • The ______established Rome around seven hills along the banks of the Tiber River • Rome’s central location on the Italian peninsula near the western coast enabled it to become a thriving ______, but it was also far enough inland to be protected from sea raiders • Rome’s central location in the ______later enabled the Romans to dominate the entire region militarily • “All ______lead to Rome”

Etruscan and Greek Influences • Etruscans to the ______and Greeks to the ______heavily influenced ______culture • The ______shared their alphabet, architecture, and religious rituals but also ruled over the Latins through a series of kings from about 600 to 509 B.C.E. • Greek colonists taught the Latins to cultivate ______and introduced their religion and legends (the Greek Zeus became the equivalent of the Latin ______)

The Birth of the Roman Republic • Roman ______(known as patricians) overthrew the last Etruscan king of Rome, ______the Proud, in 509 B.C.E. and established a republic • Republic = res publica (public affairs) • Power rested with the ______of Rome (free-born ______alone) • The Romans banned monarchy and threaten to kill anyone who sought to become a ______

The Republic People • ______– wealthy landowning aristocrats (held the most power) • ______– common farmers, artisans, merchants (majority of population, could vote) • ______– Two chief executives elected by Centuriate Assembly (1 year term) • ______– Plebian elected representatives who worked on behalf of the Plebian class • ______– judges chosen for 1 year (2 oversee civil and criminal courts others govern) Institutions/Laws • ______– 300. Chosen by aristocracy. Control foreign and financial policies. Consult Consuls • ______– citizen-soldiers. Life term. One vote. Elect consuls and make laws. • ______– Grouped by where you live. Life term. Elect Tribunes and approve laws. • ______– Military Unit of Roman Army. All landowning citizens are required to serve in Roman Army (10 years if you wanted certain public offices) • ______– 451 BCE. First written code of laws for Rome. Protected all citizens under the law. Seen as an important victory for Plebian class. The Republic’s Balance of Power

______(aristocratic landowners) controlled (commoners) demanded a greater role the Roman Senate of 300 members, in government and forced the creation which determined foreign and of a law code - the Twelve Tables (451 financial policy and advised the B.C.E.) and the Tribal Assembly, which consuls elected tribunes and eventually made laws

______served as chief judges and presided over civil and criminal courts, they were ______selected by the Centuriate Assembly _ defended the interests of the

plebeians against unfair acts

Two and were eventually able to gain wider powers ______served as chief ______executives ___ consisted of citizen-soldiers Roman ______and army and selected consuls (mostly consisted of about 5000 commanders patricians at first but later soldiers each, grouped into in place of a consisted of more plebeians) centuries single king

Comparing Republics Rome Powers United States of America

• Executive •

•

• •

Legislative • •

• Judicial •

• Legal Code •

Some of the problems facing the Roman Republic

1. Rome needed tax money to run the Republic. 2. Elected officials were using their positions to get rich 3. Rome did not have a police force.

1. Rome needed tax money. The government needed to pay the legions, and build roads, sewers, aqueducts, and arenas. They needed to pay for the welfare program put in place to help feed the growing number of poor in Rome. They needed a lot of money, and they needed more and more as Rome grew.

To get this money, Rome used tax farmers. To become a tax farmer, all you had to do was pay a flat fee to the Senate of the Roman Republic. That put you, the tax farmer, into business. Your business was the job of collecting taxes. This all sounds very nice, but there weren't any rules. Rome wanted as much money as possible. So they didn't set limits on what a tax farmer could collect. That was up to the individual tax farmer.

Everyone understood that tax farmers expected to make a profit. It cost a lot of money to become a tax farmer. The fee was high. It was also understood that all citizens had to pay taxes. But, since there were no rules on how much a tax farmer could charge, or even that the charges had to be fair, or based on income or earnings – there were no rules - you can imagine, under this system, how many abuses there were. It was horrible.

A tax collector had the legal right to charge one person almost nothing, and charge another person a great deal of tax, knowing that person could not pay. If you did not pay the taxes you owed, according to the amount set by the tax collector in your region, you could be sold into slavery.

2. Under the Republic, elected officials used their positions to get rich. Under the Republic, there was no law against buying votes. The poor were quite happy to sell their votes to the highest bidder. So, if you had enough money, you could get elected to government.

A great many people bought their way into office. Once there, the laws they created were not always very good laws. But, many were not there to create good government. They were there to get rich. People paid a lot of money to change the laws or to add new ones. Plus, elected officials whose fees to accept for various positions.

For example, elected officials decided whose fee would be accepted to become a tax farmer in a certain region. An elected official in a region might decide that the best person to get the job was a family member. They had the power to do this.

Under this system, it did not take long before Rome had very bad government.

3. Under the Republic, Rome did not have a police force. Rome's streets were not safe during the day. They were deadly after dark. Wealthy Romans hired guards to protect themselves and their families. Very wealthy Romans built private armies. These guards and armies often fought in the streets, sometimes over nothing. Added to this was crime committed by the desperate poor, trying to feed their families. The government recognized this problem, but they could not put a police force in place because they did not have enough money to pay them.

Between violence in the streets, unreasonable taxes, and a government unable or unwilling to do anything about Rome's problems, Rome was a mess. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

In 600 B.C.E. Rome was just one of many small city-states in Italy under the control of the Etruscan monarchy. But, by 133 B.C.E. the city-state had gained control of all Italy and had conquered foreign lands as well. Roman armies won victories in Spain, Gaul (today's France), Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor, and North Africa.

There were several reasons for the success of the Romans. First, Rome was located in the center of the Mediterranean world. This made it easy for its army and navy to mobilize quickly in any direction. Secondly, soldiers were courageous and well-trained, and battles were carefully planned ahead of time by able generals. Thirdly, the Romans had strong diplomatic skills that allowed them to make friends of their defeated enemies. Eventually, most conquered people accepted Roman rule and the peace and prosperity that it brought.

After the overthrow of the Etruscans in 509 B.C.E., the Roman aristocrats, called patricians, established a republic (thing of the people). Most of Rome's citizens, however, were plebeians. Both groups had rights and responsibilities such as voting, paying taxes, and serving in the military, but the plebeians were not allowed to hold public office. The government was organized into two branches - an executive branch and a bicameral legislature, comprised of the Assembly of Centuriesand the Senate. Members of the Assembly elected the consuls of the executive branch, voted on proposed laws, and declared war and approved treaties. The Senators served for life, advised the consuls, debated foreign policies, proposed laws, and approved contracts for constructing roads, temples, and defenses. The consuls served for one­ year terms, had the power to veto ("I forbid) one another, and oversaw the activities of judges and censors (tax/population records keepers). Only a dictator, who was chosen by the legislature, could overrule the consuls.

1.Instead of having a king, the Romans preferred having these at the head of their government.

2. A republic is a thing of the people. How do people participate in this type of government? Give two examples of modern-day republics. . 3.What does bicameral mean? Is the American legislature bicameral?

4. Aristocrats controlled the government of the early republic. What is an aristocrat? What were they called in Roman times?

5. Who were the majority of Roman citizens? 6. Which government body controlled the spending of money?

7. Which government body decided whether or not Rome should go to war?

8. Which two government bodies had a part in making laws?

9. Which government body do you believe was most powerful and why?

10. Under what circumstances do you think a dictator may have been chosen and why?

The plebeians were eventually resentful of their lack of political power. The plebeians represented all social classes in the republic, including wealthy townspeople, business owners, merchants, shopkeepers, small farmers and laborers, however they were denied access to public office. They clearly represented the majority of the population and believed they should have the power to serve in the government. Finally, in 494 B.C.E. the plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army unless the patricians yielded to their demands for change. The patricians agreed and acknowledged the power of the tribunes (the plebeian elected officials) by granting them legal protections and the right to veto government decisions. The Assembly of Tribes became the government body to elect the tribunes and they eventually won the right to make laws. The plebeians also helped bring an end to debt slavery, but their most significant political contribution was the creation of a written code of laws. In 451 B.C.E. the patricians engraved laws on 12 bronze tablets and set them in the forum (city center) for all to see. The Twelve Tables set the precedent that all free citizens had the right to the law's protection. The principles included in these Roma·n laws greatly influenced the development of modern laws in the western world.

1. If you were a patrician would you have granted the plebeians extended participation in the government? Why or why not?

2. Why are written laws so important?

3. Why were the bronze tablets placed in the forum? Roman Republic Government

Group Members: ______

Use the magazines provided to create a representation of what the government of the Roman Republic looked like on the poster paper provided. Be sure to include which type of people (Patricians, Plebeians, soldiers) made up each group (Consuls, Senate, Assemblies). What the major decisions each group controlled (i.e., declaring war, making laws) and who elected each group to its position. Use your text book as a reference point. Diagram will be graded based on accuracy, creativity and neatness. Label Everything for showing of understanding.

Rubric: Everything Labeled Correctly(decisions/powers)______/5 Consuls labeled w/pics(2)______/5 Senate labeled w/pics(7)______/5 Centuriate Assembly w/pics(4) ______/5 Tribunal Assembly labeled w/pics(3)______/5 Tribunes labeled w/pics(3) ______/5 Praetors labeled w/pics(4) ______/5 Plebeians/Patricians labeled w/pics(2 of each)______/5 Legions labeled w/pics (3) ______/4 Non Citizens labeled w/pics(3) ______/4 **Include a Picture of the Forum and the 12 Tables as well______/2 TOTAL 50/2 =______/25Points

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Consuls ------READ ALOUD: The Twelve Tables NAME: ______Directions: Read the text below ALOUD with a partner. Read the document segment by segment. After each segment, note what you thought as you read the text, what the author was trying to convey, and what the segment was about. Underline and note words/phrases you find significant/interesting.

The Twelve Tables NOTES:

Background: The earliest codification of Roman law is found in the Twelve Tables, it was a compilation of new laws and existing customs which was to be enforced impartially by the magistrates It was inscribed ultimately an twelve bronze tablets.

Excerpts Table I. 1. If anyone summons a man before the magistrate, he must go. If the man summoned does not go, let the one summoning him call the bystanders to witness and then take him by force. 2. If he shirks or runs away, let the summoner lay hands on him Table II. 2. He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls before his house every third day. Table III. 1. One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that forcible seizure of his person is allowed. The creditor shall bring him before the magistrate. Unless he pays the amount of the judgment or someone in the presence of the magistrate interferes in his behalf as protector the creditor so shall take him home and fasten him in stocks or fetters. Table IV. 1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. 2. If a father sell his son three times, the son shall be free from his father. 5. A child born after ten months since the father's death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance Table V. 1. Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority Table VI. 6. Any woman who does not wish to be subjected in this manner to the hand of her husband should be absent three nights in succession every year, and so interrupt the usucapio (property rights) of each year. Table VII. 1. Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive his team where he likes. 9. Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree. 10. A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man's farm. Table VIII. 3. If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain. 4. If a patron shall have devised any deceit against his client, let him be accursed. 23. A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock. Table IX. 4. The penalty shall be capital for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision. 5. Treason: he who shall have roused up a public enemy or handed over a citizen to a public enemy must suffer capital punishment. Table X. 1. None is to bury or burn a corpse in the city. Table XI. 1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. Table XII. 2. If a slave shall have committed theft or done damage with his master's knowledge, the action for damages is in the slave's name. Rome’s Expansion and the Punic Wars

Hero of the Republic: Cincinnatus • Even as plebeians pushed for more power, Romans valued ______in their leaders and were even willing to temporarily surrender absolute authority to a ______in time of crisis (almost always a patrician) • ______won fame as a consul who was appointed dictator twice (458 B.C & 439 B.C) to help Rome defeat both external and internal enemies; both times he immediately gave up his authority once the crisis was over and returned to his farm • His actions served as an ideal model for future Roman leaders

Conquer or Perish: Rome’s Expansion • To survive, the Romans had to stay organized in an almost constant state of warfare against other tribes in the Italian peninsula • Rome led the ______in a series of wars that eventually led to domination of central Italy by 396 B.C. and nearly all of the peninsula by ______*All Latins received Roman ______*Conquered peoples were given citizenship but not the______*Allies were not interfered with as long as they ______to the Roman army • Though fearsome in battle, the Romans practiced leniency with their defeated enemies and gained their trust and support

The Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.) • Rome’s growing commercial network in the Mediterranean brought it into conflict with the other great power of the region – the ______(descendants of the Phoenicians) • ______(264-241 B.C.) led to Rome’s conquest of the island of Sicily (its first overseas province) and Rome’s rise as a naval power • ______(218-202 B.C.) nearly witnessed Rome’s downfall at the hands of the Carthaginian general, ______, who crossed the ______from Gaul, France, with over 50,000 troops (and even some elephants) to wreak havoc in Italy for a decade; he was eventually defeated by ______, who led a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa • ______(149-146 B.C.) resulted in Carthage’s complete ______– over 50,000 Carthaginians were sold into slavery and Rome acquired North Africa

Punic Wars map: Carthage rule Roman Rule Roman Territory Hannibal’s Route Scipio’s Route Battles (Page 145 )

Republic- Rise and Collapse = Empire Emerges (Pages 144-148) People/Events Definition Picture

War with Carthage (Three Punic Wars)

Hannibal-

Hannibal and Scipio

Scipio-

What were their Roles in the Republic collapsing?

Tiberius and Gaius

Republic- Rise and Collapse = Empire Emerges (Pages 144-148)

People/Events Definition Picture

Julius Caesar

1st –

Triumvirate 2nd -

Absolute Ruler

Pax Romana

The Birth of the Roman Empire The Republic Collapses • Republic expanded, but it caused ______• Major problems included; – Widening gap between the ______and ______– ______coming home with no jobs or land/homes – Corruption growing in the ______– ______captured in battle were also unhappy Attempts to Save Rome • Two brothers try to solve Rome’s problems – Suggest that land should be split up – Both ______and ______are killed • Rome falls in ______war – rich v. poor • ______start creating armies themselves – No longer care about ______as a whole • Power begins to change to the most powerful instead of the ones chosen Julius Caesar Comes • Comes to power with the help of two other people – ______and ______– Creates the 1st ______- Rule by _____ people • Caesar takes control of ______(France) • He then turns his army on Rome to take power from Pompey- Pompey flees Rome • Caesar gains the support of the Romans – Named himself ______for life in ______BCE Julius’ Changes

• Increases ______to more Romans • Creates ______for the ______• Expanded ______positions; filled w/ friends • All these things make Caesar very popular

• Senators begin to worry about his popularity – Feel they will be losing power/ influence • Julius Caesar is killed on ______– Stabbed by friend Marcus Brutus and others “E tu Brute” Life After the Death of Julius Caesar • Civil war breaks out again – Destroys what is left of the Roman ______• ______is quick to come into power – Was Julius’ grand-nephew and adopted ______• Comes to power with two others-2nd Triumvirate – ______, ______, and ______• The 2nd Triumvirate will end much like the first

Breakdown of the 2nd Triumvirate • They took power in 43 BC but quickly ______– ______forced to retire from service by Octavian – Marc Antony and Octavian begin to fight • Marc Antony goes to fight in ______– While there he meets ______- Queen of ______• Falls in love with her and travels back to Egypt – Octavian accuses him of trying to rule ______from ______• The Battle of Actium (31BC) – ______battles ______and ______for control • Octavian ______; Cleopatra and Anthony ______Octavian Controls the Empire Alone • The Roman Empire was now Octavian’s – He promises to bring back parts of the ______• He kept the ______– Later he accepted to title of ______or “exalted one” – Also took title of imperator or ______• Octavian’s rule starts the Roman ______– Different from the Roman Republic – only ______ruler – He takes ______alone in 27 BC • A new period of peace and prosperity begins – ______– means “Roman peace” • Lasts from 27 BC – 180 AD Life During the Pax Romana • Contained ______wonderful years for Rome – Had excellent leaders/emperors – Plenty of ______, jobs and ______– Trade increased as well as the size of the empire – Had ______million people in the empire • City of Rome grew to over 1 ______people • Trading becomes a major part of the Empire – Traded by land to ______, ______and the Middle East • Used the ______roads to reach Russia as well • Roads were built for ______, but also for trade (53,000 miles of road) – Traded by sea with the protection of the Roman ______Protecting and Glorifying the Empire • Defending such a large area was difficult – Over 10,000 miles of ______to ______• Roman Legion had to depend on ______armies – Armies trained by the Romans • Got to become ______when their service was up

• Octavian glorified the empire by… – New buildings (Colosseum – Gladiator fights, Circus Maximus – Chariot races) – Using ______servants to collect ______, mail, and______– Stabilizing the empire (keeping it together and running well!) – Creating a ______coin to use as currency (Denarius)

Emperors that followed Octavian • 5 great emperor follow Octavian – Gave them the great years of the Pax Romana – There were also some crazy/weird emperors – such as ______and ______(hated the ______) • Emperors had a plan for when they died – If they didn’t a ______war could start again – They picked and ______(or successor) before they died to take over • ______was the last great emperor – He did not choose and heir before death – This leads to the ______of the ______of Rome Life in the Roman Empire • Many people filled the ______of Rome daily – Few lived in the ______, many lived in the countryside • Romans valued certain personal qualities – ______, strength, and ______• Life was focused around the ______– Eldest ______ran the home, had complete control • Could ______family members or sell them into ______– ______were favored over ______- they could not ______• Also held family traditions and got original names • Daughter got the ______version of their fathers name • Education was usually for the ______. – Women taught at home; married at ______to older men Women and Slaves In Rome • As the empire came to power, women were close to equals socially in Rome – Given more ______that women of ______– Allowed to own ______and testify in ______– Were not allowed to vote or be educated outside the home – Attended fairs, ______, and public baths • Slavery very important to Roman society – Romans use ______more that any other ______– Slaves were ______, could be ______, sold, ______– Some forced to be ______for entertainment Religion

• Romans were polytheistic (believed in ______gods) • Worship of the ______also part of the religion Entertainment – GLADIATOR FIGHTS – colosseum AND CHARIOT RACES- circus maximus Julius Caesar, 44 BC

In January of 49 BC, Julius Caesar led his army across the Rubicon River in Northern Italy and plunged the Roman Republic into civil war. Caesar's rival, Pompey, fled to Greece. Within three months Caesar controlled the entire Italian peninsula and in Spain had defeated the legions loyal to Pompey.

Caesar now pursued Pompey to Greece. Although outnumbered, Caesar crushed the forces of his enemy but not before Pompey escaped to Egypt. Following Pompey to Egypt, Caesar was presented with his rival's severed head as a token of friendship. Before leaving the region, Caesar established Cleopatra as his surrogate ruler of Egypt. Caesar defeated his remaining rivals in North Africa in 47 BC and returned to Rome with his authority firmly established.

Caesar continued to consolidate his power and in February 44 BC, he declared himself dictator for life. This act, along with his continual effort to adorn himself with the trappings of power, turned many in the Senate against him. Sixty members of the Senate concluded that the only resolution to the problem was to assassinate Caesar.

Death of a Dictator

Nicolaus of Damascus wrote his account of the murder of Caesar a few years after The Assassination of Caesar the event. He was not actually present when the assassination occurred but had the opportunity to speak with those who were. He was a friend of Herod the Great and gathered his information during a visit to Rome. His account is thought to be reliable.

The Plan:

"The conspirators never met openly, but they assembled a few at a time in each others' homes. There were many discussions and proposals, as might be expected, while they investigated how and where to execute their design. Some suggested that they should make the attempt as he was going along the Sacred Way, which was one of his favorite walks. Another idea was for it to be done at the elections during which he bad to cross a bridge to appoint the magistrates in the Campus Martius; they should draw lots for some to push him from the bridge and for others to run up and kill him. A third plan was to wait for a coming gladiatorial show. The advantage of that would be that, because of the show, no suspicion would be aroused if arms were seen prepared for the attempt. But the majority opinion favored killing him while he sat in the Senate, where he would be by himself since non-Senators would not be admitted, and where the many conspirators could hide their daggers beneath their togas. This plan won the day."

Brutus Persuades Caesar to Ignore his Apprehensions:

"...his friends were alarmed at certain rumors and tried to stop him going to the Senate-house, as did his doctors, for he was suffering from one of his occasional dizzy spells. His wife, Calpurnia, especially, who was frightened by some visions in her dreams, clung to him and said that she would not let him go out that day. But Brutus, one of the conspirators who was then thought of as a firm friend, came up and said, 'What is this, Caesar? Are you a man to pay attention to a woman's dreams and the idle gossip of stupid men, and to insult the Senate by not going out, although it has honored you and has been specially summoned by you? But listen to me, cast aside the forebodings of all these people, and come. The Senate has been in session waiting for you since early this morning.' This swayed Caesar and he left."

Bad Omens:

"Before he entered the chamber, the priests brought up the victims for him to make what was to be his last sacrifice. The omens were clearly unfavorable. After this unsuccessful sacrifice, the priests made repeated other ones, to see if anything more propitious might appear than what had already been revealed to them. In the end they said that they could not clearly see the divine intent, for there was some transparent, malignant spirit hidden in the victims. Caesar was annoyed and abandoned divination till sunset, though the priests continued all the more with their efforts.

Those of the murderers present were delighted at all this, though Caesar's friends asked him to put off the meeting of the Senate for that day because of what the priests had said, and he agreed to do this. But some attendants came up, calling him and saying that the Senate was full. He glanced at his friends, but Brutus approached him again and said, 'Come, good sir, pay no attention to the babblings of these men, and do not postpone what Caesar and his mighty power has seen fit to arrange. Make your own courage your favorable omen.' He convinced Caesar with these words, took him by the right hand, and led him to the Senate which was quite near. Caesar followed in silence."

The Attack:

"The Senate rose in respect for his position when they saw him entering. Those who were to have part in the plot stood near him. Right next to him went Tillius Cimber, whose brother had been exiled by Caesar. Under pretext of a humble request on behalf of this brother, Cimber approached and grasped the mantle of his toga, seeming to want to make a more positive move with his hands upon Caesar. Caesar wanted to get up and use his hands, but was prevented by Cimber and became exceedingly annoyed.

That was the moment for the men to set to work. All quickly unsheathed their daggers and rushed at him. First Servilius Casca struck him with the point of the blade on the left shoulder a little above the collar-bone. He had been aiming for that, but in the excitement he missed. Caesar rose to defend himself, and in the uproar Casca shouted out in Greek to his brother. The latter heard him and drove his sword into the ribs. After a moment, Cassius made a slash at his face, and Decimus Brutus pierced him in the side. While Cassius Longinus was trying to give him another blow he missed and struck Marcus Brutus on the hand. Minucius also hit out at Caesar and hit Rubrius in the thigh. They were just like men doing battle against him.

Under the mass of wounds, he fell at the foot of Pompey's statue. Everyone wanted to seem to have had some part in the murder, and there was not one of them who failed to strike his body as it lay there, until, wounded thirty-five times, he breathed his last. "

References: Nicolaus of Damascus' account appears in Workman, B.K. They Saw it Happen in Classical Times (1964); Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars (Penguin Classics), translated by Robert Graves (1957).

Roman Republic/Empire Timeline

265 BCE 133 & 121 BCE 509 BCE 43 BCE 14 AD 60 BCE 31 BCE

0 adddsd

70 BCE 44 BCE 27 BCE 451 BCE 264-146 BCE 180 AD

V Republic/empire Timeline events

Below is a list of 13 major events that led Rome from a republic to an Empire. Your task is to figure of the dates for each event then place them on the timeline in DO NOT GLUE IN!!!!!!!!!! chronological order. Each event should include a visual as well to go along with it. Make sure you include whether it’s BC/BCE or AD/CE. Those events marked with *** will include more than one date - USE PAGES 142-150 Dates for the Timeline – You need to figure

DATE EVENT out what event they match with

Rome and Carthage fight three wars, resulting in destruction of Carthage **** 509 BCE Mark Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide Marcus Aurelius dies marking the end of 451 BCE the Pax Romana Caesar is declared dictator for life and later 265 BCE that year stabbed to death on floor of the Senate 264-146 BCE Rome’s empire stretched from Anatolia to Spain making it the most powerful in the 133 & 121 BCE world Augustus Caesar dies and his son takes over Julius Caesar joins forces with Crassus and 70 BCE Pompey creating the 1st Triumvirate The last Etruscan King, Tarquin the Proud, 60 BCE is Driven from power . Rome promises no more kings! 44 BCE Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus create the 2nd Triumvirate 43 BCE Ten officials begin writing Rome’s Laws (12 tables) They were hung in the Forum. All 31 BCE citizens have protection under the law Beginning of Augustus Caesar’s rule and the Pax Romana 27 BCE Tiberius and Gaius are Killed leading to Civil War*** 14 AD (CE) The Romans were masters of all of Italy except the Po Valley 180 AD (CE)

Life in Imperial Rome Directions: Please read your assigned sections on pages 150 to 152, and answer the corresponding questions.

Men and Women 1. What three values did Rome emphasize?

2. If a person has these values, than they have the virtue of ______.

3. Romans honored ______more than beauty, power more than ______, and ______more than elegance.

4. The eldest man known as the ______, or “father of the______” had the power to rule the ______

5. List the things that a paterfamilias controlled or could do (there are 5).

6. Were the women of Rome equal in status to men?

7. What was the role of women: a. What could they do?

b. What were they not allowed to do?

Children and Education 1. Why do Romans favor boys?

2. What were girls were not given their own ______but given ______forms of their ______name.

3. Who went to school and how long did they go until?

4. Girls from upper class families often were educated at ______and were ______for ______and ______. 5. What age did girls usually marry?

6. What happened to poor children?

Slaves and Captivity 1. Slavery was ______and important to the ______.

2. Who made use of more slaves than any other previous civilization?

3. Where did the Romans get their slaves?

4. Children born to ______also became ______.

5. What could a master do to their slaves as they saw fit? (there are 4)

6. How were slaves treated?

7. Who were gladiators?

Gods and Goddesses 1. What is numina?

2. What were Lares?

3. Romans gave their gods and goddesses names and honored these ______gods and goddesses through various ______, hoping to gain ______and avoid ______.

4. What two things were linked in Rome?

5. Who is the father of the Gods and who is his wife?

6. By A.D. 100, why did Romans become interested in Asian religions?

“Bread and Circuses” – Food and Entertainment 1. What made a huge difference in how peopled of Rome lived in the new empire?

2. Explain the lifestyle of the rich.

3. During the time of the empire, much of the cities’ population was ______.

4. How did the government support the unemployed?

5. What did the Roman government provide to distract the masses?

6. There were ______holidays a year by A.D. 250 and on these days they celebrated in the ______which was a huge arena that could hold ______people.

7. What did people watch in the Colosseum?

8. What new religion developed during this time? Directions: Please read pages 153 – 157 and answer the following questions.

1. Where did Roman power spread to around 63 B.C?

2. There were two groups in Judea, one of them were the Zealots. What did the Zealots want?

3. What did the other religious group believe?

a. What did God promise?

4. Who was Jesus?

A. At what age did he begin public ministry?

B. For the next 3 years what did he do?

1. 2. 3.

C. Jesus taught Monotheism. What does this mean?

D. Where is the main source of information about Jesus’ life and teachings found?

E. What concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders?

F. How did he die?

5. Who was Paul and what did he spend his life doing?

6. What made travel and exchange of ideas fairly safe?

7. Rome had an excellent Roman road system which made what easy?

8. In his teachings what did Paul stress?

9. What is Diaspora?

10. Why were Christians persecuted? What were they blamed for?

11. Tell me the 5 reasons why Christianity was easily accepted and liked?

1. ______

______

2. ______

______

3. ______

______

4. ______

______

5. ______

______

12. Who was Constantine and in A.D. 313 what did he announce?

13. What was the Edict of Milan?

14. What is Heresy? The Fall of the Roman Empire

The Golden Age (100-180AD)

• Life in the ______– Rome was ______in the ancient world – Extravagant entertainment – Prosperity through ______and ______expansion • After the Golden Age – Series of bad ______• Unsuited for governance • Many______emperors Beginnings of Decline • Trade -______• Economy - ______• Inflation- ______• Agriculture- ______Military • ______began invading from the ______and were overrunning Roman Legions • Armies became loyal to ______and not ______• Mercenaries were paid ______to defend Rome, but felt little ______to the Empire Diocletian • 284-305 AD • Ruled by decree – Strong ______with army support – Imposed will on governmental agencies Unity • Worship of ______as a mark of ______• Persecution of the ______– About ______and______– Not about ______• Divided the empire for better administration • Diocletian ______, forced ______to retire • Chaos followed, ______to determine leader

Constantine • ______• Succeeded his father as______- Fought______to decide emperor - ______• New Roman ______• Built on ______site - Acceptance of ______• Edict of ______

Post-Constantine Period • ______– Central base in Hungary – Warriors feared by ______and ______– ______—last leader • Invaded Gaul (______) – Advanced against ______– Weakened by ______and ______– Pope Leo I ______Barbarian Invasions

The End of Antiquity

• The fall of the Roman empire traditionally marks the end of the period of ______• Upcoming time periods – Byzantine empire – Muslim empire – Middle Ages/Renaissance DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Directions: As you read the given pages complete the table below with information about the fall of Rome. A.D. 180 (pg.150-151) A.D. 284 (pg. 159) A.D. 330 (pg. 160) A.D. 410-444 (pg. 162)

Define the following terms:

INFLATION – ______

MERCENARY- ______

DIOCLETIAN – ______

CONSTANTINOPLE – ______

ALARIC- ______

ATTILA - ______

Multiple Causes: Fall of the Western Roman Empire (page 160) Contributing Factors Political Social Economic Military

Immediate Causes

FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE!

Art/ Technology Science Medicine Architecture

• Pantheon • Roads – • Ptolemy – • Focused on –

• •Colosseum – •Aqueducts – •

• Forum - • Roman Arches - •

Language Literature Religion Law

• Latin • Virgil - • Mythology adapted • Innocent until ______from ______• Romance languages: • • Twelve tables – •Christianity - •

• Fall of the Western Roman Empire – DBQ

In the third century A.D. Rome encountered many problems. In addition to facing internal (inside) problems, the invasion by Germanic tribes seemed to deliver a devastating blow to the Western Roman Empire. Historians have examined both internal and external (outside) conditions/factors that weakened the empire and have presented a variety of explanations for its fall.

Directions for reading and interpreting the documents: The following question is based on the included documents. As you read and analyze the documents, be sure to take into account the source and the author’s point of view. Be sure to: • Read the excerpts carefully • Underline any unfamiliar words • Discuss the unfamiliar words with your group and be sure you have an understanding of what the words mean • Make comments in the margins (code the reading) • Answer the questions that follow the excerpts.

Question ~ What caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

Document 1 The basic trouble was that very few inhabitants of the empire believed that the old civilization was worth saving… the overwhelming majority of the population had been systematically excluded from political responsibilities. They could not organize to protect themselves; they could not serve in the army… Their economic plight was hopeless. Most of them were serfs bound to the soil, and the small urban groups saw their cities slipping into uninterrupted decline. This excerpt is from a textbook, The Course of Civilization by Strayer, Gatzke, Harbison (Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1961).

What were the basic problems facing the Western Roman Empire according to these authors? ______

Document 2 The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness [large size] … The introduction … of Christianity, had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman empire. The clergy successfully preached the doctrine of patience; the active virtues of society were discouraged; and the last remains of military spirit were buried in the cloister; a large portion of public and private wealth was consecrated to the …demands of charity and devotion… This excerpt is from The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon.

According to this excerpt from Gibbon, what were two causes for the fall of Rome? Explain both. ______Document 3 First the economic factor… While the empire was expanding, its prosperity was fed by plundered wealth and by new markets in the semi-barbaric provinces. When the empire ceased to expand, however, economic progress soon ceased…

The abundance of slaves led to the growth of the latifundia, the great estates that…came to dominate agriculture and ruin the free coloni [farmers] who drifted to the cities, to add to the unemployment there. The abundance of slaves likewise kept wages low. This excerpt is from the Uses of the Past by Herbert J. Muller

What economic issues does Muller identify as causes for decline? Explain. ______

How was slavery a cause for the decline of the Roman Empire? ______

Document 4 …Part of the money went into…the maintenance of the army and of the vast bureaucracy required by a centralized government…the expense led to the strangling taxation … The heart was taken out of enterprising men … tenants fled from their farms and businessmen and workmen from their occupations. Private enterprise was crushed and the state was forced to take over many kinds of business to keep the machine running. People learned to expect something for nothing. The old Roman virtues of self-reliance and initiative were lost in that part of the population on relief [welfare] … The central government undertook such a far-reaching responsibility in affairs that the fiber of the citizens weakened. This excerpt is from The New Deal in Old Rome by Henry Haskell, and blames the decline on the heavy taxation required to support government expenses.

Why did the Roman government have such large expenses? ______

What was the effect of high taxation on the people? ______

What effect did the establishment of a governmental welfare system have on the people? ______

Document 5 Rome, like all great empires, was not overthrown by external enemies but undermined by internal decay … The military crisis was the result of … proud old aristocracy’s … shortage of children. [Consequently] foreigners poured into this …void [lack of soldiers]. The Roman army [was] composed entirely of Germans. This excerpt is from Romans Without Laurels by Indro Montanelli and blames the fall on “internal decay” specifically that of the military.

What does this author identify as the cause of the problems in the military? ______

Document 6

According to the map, what was the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire? Was this a unified attack?

Document #7

Every reader of a volume devoted to the Roman Empire will expect the author to express his opinion on what is generally, since Gibbon, called the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. . . In the sphere of politics we witness a gradual barbarization of the Empire from within, especially in the West. The foreign, German, elements play the leading part both in the government and in the army, and settling in masses, displace the Roman population . . . the ruling classes were replaced.. by Germans. The cities ... gradually decayed, and the majority of them practically disappeared from the face of the earth. Only small islands of civilized life are left, . . . but . . . are gradually swallowed up by the advancing tide of barbarism. Another aspect . . . is the development of a new mentality among the masses of the population. It was the mentality of the lower classes, based exclusively on religion (Christianity) and not only indifferent but hostile to the intellectual achievements of the higher classes.

SECONDARY SOURCE: Michael Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Of the Clarendon Press, Oxford.1957, 1, 532-34, 541.

How does Rostovtzeff explain the fall of the Western Roman Empire as a process of decay?

______

Document #8 The expenses of running the Empire continued to increase. As taxes failed to produce the needed revenue, the government resorted to devaluation of the currency, . . Prices shot up as they did in twentieth- century inflations in Europe. A pall settled over the population. People felt they were being swept downward by forces beyond their power to control. In the face of overwhelming evils they were helpless. . .(Emperor)Diocletian, with army backing, became dictator, reorganized the administration, and stabilized the currency . . . Unfortunately, like some modern rulers facing a similar problem, he overvalued his new monetary unit. Prices promptly responded with another violent rise. Diocletian recognized the suffering that resulted, but naturally did not understand the cause. The trouble, he thought, lay in greedy profiteering. In 301 A.D. he issued his famous edict setting maximum prices and wages... But this early attempt at price- fixing failed. It is recorded that business men closed their shops, that many articles of commerce disappeared, and that food riots resulted...The heart was taken out of enterprising men.. Private enterprise was crushed and the state was forced to take over many kinds of business to keep the [state] machine running. People were schooled to expect some thing for nothing. This failure of the of Roman virtues of self-reliance and initiative was conspicuously shown in that pall of the population that was on relief The central government undertook such far-reaching responsibility in affairs that the fiber of the citizens weakened...The most disastrous policy . . . was extravagant spending by the government. Part of the money went into. . . the maintenance of the army and of the vast bureaucracy required by a centralized government . . . the expense led to strangling taxation.

SECONDARY SOURCE: Henry J. Haskell, The New Deal in Old Rome. New York. Knopf, 1947, 214-231.

How does Haskell explain the shortcomings of Diocletian’s reforms?

______

Ancient Rome Exam Review Sheet Please be comfortable in your understanding of the following: (Test Next Week!!!)

Terms to Know:

Apostles Diaspora Jesus Circus Maximus Republic First Triumvirate Caligula and Nero Julius Caesar Patrician & Plebian Cleopatra & Marc Antony Aqueduct Augustus Gladiators Romulus & Remus Hannibal & Scipio Carthage Consul Tiberius and Gaius Theodosius Attila the Hun Paul Twelve Tables Christianity Peter Etruscans Second Triumvirate Edict of Milan Legions Pax Romana The Colosseum Mercenaries Diocletian Inflation Punic Wars Pontius Pilate Constantine

Concepts to Know:

1. Why was the geography important to the formation of Rome?

2. Name the three main parts of government under the Roman Republic. Explain?

3. How did Rome get so big? What was the affect on Rome of conquering foreign lands?

4. Explain the Punic Wars.

1st-

2nd-

3rd-

5. How did Julius Caesar take power in Rome? What were some of Caesar's reforms?

6. Why did Caesar's rivals feel they had to kill him?

7. Explain Augustus’ rise to power. Was he a good or bad emperor of Rome? Explain.

8. Why do you think the Roman leaders saw Christianity as a threat to the empire?

9. What factors enabled Christianity to spread so quickly throughout the Roman Empire? What was its "appeal?"

10. What role did Paul & the Apostles play in expanding Christianity?

How did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?

11. What were some of the causes of the weakening of the Roman economy in the 3rd Century C.E.?

12. Why did the Roman government begin recruiting foreign mercenaries in the 3rd Century?

13. Why was loyalty to Rome and the pride of its citizens in the Empire declining by the 3rd Century?

14. How did the Emperor Diocletian attempt to reform Rome? How successful was he?

15. How did the Germanic Invaders and the Huns impact Rome?

Roman contributions to western Civilization Description

Sculptures

Art

Literature

Language

Architecture and Engineering

Law

Make sure you know the following locations: Rome Hannibal’s route to Rome Constantinople Gaul Hun invasion route Christianity’s beginning Alexandria Carthage