The Eternal Mercenary
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A History of Slavery in Virginia
The Basic Afro-American Reprint Library IMKIllfN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY Of CALIFORNIA^/ A HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN VIRGINIA BY JAMES CURTIS BALLAGH Associate in History, Johns Hopkins University BALTIMORE THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 1902 JOHNSON REPRINT CORPORATION JOHNSON REPRINT COMPANY LTD. 1 1 1 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003 Berkeley Square House, London, W. 1 #31 ]/, J y THE BASIC AFRO-AMERICAN REPRINT LIBRARY Books on the history, culture, and social environment of Afro-Americans Selected by Clarence L. Holte COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS. First reprinting, 1968, Johnson Reprint Corporation Printed in the United States of America //* TO THE MEMORY OF MY AUNTS SUSAN CATHERINE WITHROW AND PHOEBE CAROLINE PATTERSON CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE vii CHAPTER I. SLAVE TRADE AND SLAVE POPULATION. - Slavery as a Stage in Social Progress 1 Origin and Progress of the Modern Slave Trade 3 Importation of the Subjects of Slavery 6 Restrictive Duties and Petitions to the Crown 11 Prohibition Attempted and Realized 19 -Slave Population and the Domestic Slave Trade 24 CHAPTER II. DEVELOPMENT OF SLAVERY. Legal Status of the Slave. Origin of Status , 27 Status of the Early Negroes and Indians 28 Relation of Servitude to Slavery 31 Subjects and Principles of Enslavement 45 Mulattoes, Mestizos and Persons of Color 56 Incidents of Slavery; Rights and Duties , 62 Penal Legislation concerning Slaves 82 Social Status of the Slave. Regulation by Custom 96 Personality of the Slave and Customary Rights 97 Maintenance, Guardianship, Education and Liberty 102 Negro Preachers 110 CHAPTER III. MANUMISSION, EMANCIPATION AND THE FREE MAN. Withdrawal of Restrictions to Liberty 116 Public and Private Manumission 119 Suits for Freedom 123 - Transportation of Freedmen 125 Anti-Slavery Sentiment 127 Plans for Emancipation < 130 Slavery Polemics and Apologetics 142 Status of the Free Negro 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 V PREFACE. -
Cato, Roman Stoicism, and the American 'Revolution'
Cato, Roman Stoicism, and the American ‘Revolution’ Katherine Harper A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Arts Faculty, University of Sydney. March 27, 2014 For My Parents, To Whom I Owe Everything Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... i Abstract.......................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One - ‘Classical Conditioning’: The Classical Tradition in Colonial America ..................... 23 The Usefulness of Knowledge ................................................................................... 24 Grammar Schools and Colleges ................................................................................ 26 General Populace ...................................................................................................... 38 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 45 Chapter Two - Cato in the Colonies: Joseph Addison’s Cato: A Tragedy .......................................... 47 Joseph Addison’s Cato: A Tragedy .......................................................................... 49 The Universal Appeal of Virtue ........................................................................... -
VVMF Education Guide
FOUNDERS OF THE WALL ECHOES FROM THE WALL War will always have impacts on society and culture. Within the realm of popular culture, music of the Vietnam era reflected a range of public opinion about military conflict. IN THE CLASSROOM Songs from Vietnam and Today DISCUSSION GUIDE This lesson plan will involve a review of popular music of the Vietnam era, as well as Begin by asking students to create list of songs that deal with the subject matter of war and peace, or are more broadly either highly patriotic, or highly more recent popular music that depict deal critical of problems in the nation. Which of the list are their favorites, and why? How Does Music with the subject matter of war and peace. Students will examine the perspectives of In the early days of the war, songs like Sgt. Barry Sadler’s “Ballad of the Green Berets” received extensive radio play—“Ballad of the Green Berets” reached #1 on Reflect Perspectives these songs and how the range of the Billboard Hot 100 in 1966. Listen to the song as it plays through slides 1-3, and ask perspectives was reflected in broader students to answer the song analysis questions included in the pre-visit activity above. Sgt. on War? society during and following the war. Barry Sadler served in Vietnam and wrote the song to celebrate the Green Beret Special Forces. This song has a clear perspective that celebrates the contributions of soldiers, yet it does not explicitly discuss political concerns or more broadly interpret the war. (click here for lyrics) Three years before the Ballad of the Green Berets topped the charts in 1966, Peter, Paul and Mary’s cover of “Blowin’ in the Wind” topped the Billboard charts, reaching #2 in 1963. -
The Crimean Tatars and Their Russian-Captive Slaves an Aspect of Muscovite-Crimean Relations in the 16Th and 17Th Centuries
The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves An Aspect of Muscovite-Crimean Relations in the 16th and 17th Centuries Eizo MATSUKI The Law Code of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich (Ulozhenie), being formed of 25 chapters and divided into 976 articles, is the last and the most systematic codification of Muscovite Law in early modern Russia. It was compiled in 1649, that is more than one and a half centuries after Russia’s political “Independence” from Mongol-Tatar Rule. Chapter VIII of this Law Code, comprised of 7 articles and titled “The Redemption of Military Captives”, however, reveals that Muscovite Russia at the mid-17th century was yet suffering from frequent Tatar raids into its populated territory. The raids were to capture Russian people and sell them as slaves. Because of this situation, the Muscovite government was forced to create a special annual tax (poronianichnyi zbor) to prepare a financial fund needed for ransoming Russian captive-slaves from the Tatars.1 Chapter VIII, article 1 imposes an annual levy on the common people of all Russia: 8 dengi per household for town people as well as church peasants; 4 dengi for other peasants; and 2 dengi for lower service men. On the other hand, articles 2-7 of this chapter established norms for ransom-payment to the Tatars according to the rank of the Russian captives: for gentry (dvoriane) and lesser gentry (deti boiarskie) twenty rubles per 100 chetvert’ of their service land-estate (pomest’e); for lesser ranks such as Musketeers (strel’tsy),2 Cossacks, townspeople, and peasants a fixed payment from ten to forty rubles each. -
New Masses Index 1926 - 1933 New Masses Index 1934 - 1935 New Masses Index 1936
NEW MASSES INDEX 1936 NEW MASSES INDEX NEW MASSES INDEX 1936 By Theodore F. Watts Copyright 2007 ISBN 0-9610314-0-8 Phoenix Rising 601 Dale Drive Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-4215 Cover art: William Sanderson Regarding these indexes to New Masses: These indexes to New Masses were created by Theodore Watts, who is the owner of this intellectual property under US and International copyright law. Mr. Watts has given permission to the Riazanov Library and Marxists.org to freely distribute these three publications… New Masses Index 1926 - 1933 New Masses Index 1934 - 1935 New Masses Index 1936 … in a not for profit fashion. While it is my impression Mr. Watts wishes this material he created be as widely available as possible to scholars, researchers, and the workers movement in a not for profit fashion, I would urge others seeking to re-distribute this material to first obtain his consent. This would be mandatory, especially, if one wished to distribute this material in a for sale or for profit fashion. Martin H. Goodman Director, Riazanov Library digital archive projects January 2015 Patchen, Rebecca Pitts, Philip Rahv, Genevieve Taggart, Richard Wright, and Don West. The favorite artist during this two-year span was Russell T. Limbach with more than one a week for the run. Other artists included William Gropper, John Mackey, Phil Bard, Crockett Johnson, Gardner Rea, William Sanderson, A. Redfield, Louis Lozowick, and Adolph Dehn. Other names, familiar to modem readers, abound: Bernarda Bryson and Ben Shahn, Maxwell Bodenheim, Erskine Caldwell, Edward Dahlberg, Theodore Dreiser, Ilya Ehrenberg, Sergei Eisenstein, Hanns Eisler, James T. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
The Concept of Property in the Digital Era
ESSAV THE CONCEPT OF PROPERTY IN THE DIGITAL ERA Robert P. Merges** TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1240 II. DOES PROPERTY STILL MAKE SENSE?: A TOPOGRAPHY OF CURRENT IP SCHOLARSHIP ................ 1242 A. Problems with Property in the Digital R ealm ........................................................ 1247 1. The Fluid World of Digital Resources ................. 1247 2. Collectivity: The Essence of Digital Era Creativity? .................. ..................1248 III. CREATIVE PROFESSIONALS AND LEGAL INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................. 1249 A. Some History: A Pro-PropertyJefferson ..................... 1253 B. PrivilegingCertain Forms of Creative Expression .....1258 1. Some HistoricalEvidence .................................... 1263 2. A Creative E lite? .................................................. 1266 3. Does IP "DiscriminateAgainst"Amateurs? .......1267 IV. UPDATING-NOT ELIMINATING-PROPERTY ................... 1268 A. Legislating a "Right to Include"................................. 1272 * Essay: a form of legal writing where greater latitude regarding writing style and (especially) citation requirements is permitted. A more informal, but preferably informative, type of scholarly writing. Colloquially: the lazy or hurried person's article. ** Wilson Sonsini Professor of Law and Technology, UC Berkeley Law School. Thanks to Professor Craig Joyce, members of the Baker Botts law firm, and everyone who welcomed me -
Journey to Antioch, However, I Would Never Have Believed Such a Thing
Email me with your comments! Table of Contents (Click on the Title) Prologue The Gentile Heart iv Part I The Road North 1 Chapter One The Galilean Fort 2 Chapter Two On the Trail 14 Chapter Three The First Camp 27 Chapter Four Romans Versus Auxilia 37 Chapter Five The Imperial Way Station 48 Chapter Six Around the Campfire 54 Chapter Seven The Lucid Dream 63 Chapter Eight The Reluctant Hero 68 Chapter Nine The Falling Sickness 74 Chapter Ten Stopover In Tyre 82 Part II Dangerous Passage 97 Chapter Eleven Sudden Detour 98 Chapter Twelve Desert Attack 101 Chapter Thirteen The First Oasis 111 Chapter Fourteen The Men in Black 116 Chapter Fifteen The Second Oasis 121 Chapter Sixteen The Men in White 128 Chapter Seventeen Voice in the Desert 132 Chapter Eighteen Dark Domain 136 Chapter Nineteen One Last Battle 145 Chapter Twenty Bandits’ Booty 149 i Chapter Twenty-One Journey to Ecbatana 155 Chapter Twenty-Two The Nomad Mind 162 Chapter Twenty-Three The Slave Auction 165 Part III A New Beginning 180 Chapter Twenty-Four A Vision of Home 181 Chapter Twenty-Five Journey to Tarsus 189 Chapter Twenty-Six Young Saul 195 Chapter Twenty-Seven Fallen from Grace 210 Chapter Twenty-Eight The Roman Escorts 219 Chapter Twenty-Nine The Imperial Fort 229 Chapter Thirty Aurelian 238 Chapter Thirty-One Farewell to Antioch 246 Part IV The Road Home 250 Chapter Thirty-Two Reminiscence 251 Chapter Thirty-Three The Coastal Route 259 Chapter Thirty-Four Return to Nazareth 271 Chapter Thirty-Five Back to Normal 290 Chapter Thirty-Six Tabitha 294 Chapter Thirty-Seven Samuel’s Homecoming Feast 298 Chapter Thirty-Eight The Return of Uriah 306 Chapter Thirty-Nine The Bosom of Abraham 312 Chapter Forty The Call 318 Chapter Forty-One Another Adventure 323 Chapter Forty-Two Who is Jesus? 330 ii Prologue The Gentile Heart When Jesus commissioned me to learn the heart of the Gentiles, he was making the best of a bad situation. -
World Archaeology the Animals of the Arena: How and Why Could Their
This article was downloaded by: [Universitetsbiblioteket i Bergen] On: 26 April 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 907435713] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK World Archaeology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713699333 The animals of the arena: how and why could their destruction and death be endured and enjoyed? Torill Christine Lindstrøm a a Dept of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Online publication date: 23 April 2010 To cite this Article Lindstrøm, Torill Christine(2010) 'The animals of the arena: how and why could their destruction and death be endured and enjoyed?', World Archaeology, 42: 2, 310 — 323 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/00438241003673045 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438241003673045 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. -
Gladiators and Martyrs Icons in the Arena
Gladiators and Martyrs Icons in the Arena Susan M. (Elli) Elliott Shining Mountain Institute Red Lodge, Montana One of the questions before us for the 2015 spring meeting Christianity Seminar of the Westar Institute is: “Why did martyrdom stories explode in popularity even as Roman violence against early Christians subsided?”1 I propose that the association of Christian martyrs with the popular image of the gladiator, both as failed heroes, as proposed primarily in the work of Carlin A. Barton, is a starting point for addressing this question.2 The martyrs became icons for Christian identity in a Christian vision of the Empire much as the gladiators functioned as icons for the Roman identity in the Roman Empire. The first part of this paper will offer an overview of the Roman arena as both a projection of Roman imperial power and a setting for negotiation of social relations. The second section will focus on the gladiator as a central feature of the spectacle program for which the Roman arenas were constructed and as an icon of Roman identity. The final section will discuss how the presentation of Christian martyrs casts them as gladiators and some of the implications of seeing them in this role. 1 When I learned of the topic for the spring meeting at the fall Westar meeting, I offered to pursue a topic that first occurred to me several years ago while reading Judith Perkins’ ground- breaking work, The Suffering Self: Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era (London, New York: Routledge, 1995). This project has taken another direction. -
Environmental Methods Review: Retooling Impact Assessment for the New Century
Environmental Methods Review: Retooling Impact Assessment for the New Century Alan L. Porter and John J. Fittipaldi, Editors For information about this publication, contact Army Environmental Policy Institute, International Association for Impact Georgia Institute of Technology, Assessment, PO Box 5256, 430 Tenth Street NW, Suite S-206, Fargo, ND, 58105-5256 USA Atlanta, Georgia 30318-5768 Published: Fargo, North Dakota, USA: The Press Club, March 1998 This report reflects the views of its authors, who are solely responsible for its content. The findings of this report are not to be construed necessarily as the opinions or views of any organization cited, quoted, or mentioned in this document. The findings are not to be construed as an official position of the Department of the Army or the International Association for Impact Assessment, unless designated by other authorized documents. Reproduction and dissemination of the contents of this document for educational purposes are encouraged by AEPI and IAIA, with proper attribution of the material to the contributing authors, AEPI and IAIA. Environmental Methods Review: Retooling Impact Assessment for the New Century Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Alan L. Porter and John J. Fittipaldi PERSPECTIVES ON THE FIELD 1 Implementing Policy Through Procedure: Impact Assessment and the National Environmental Policy Act [Lynton K. Caldwell] 2 The Army’s Interest in Impact Assessment Methods Review: Relevance and Efficiency [Ron D. Webster and John J. Fittipaldi] OVERVIEWS 3 Ex-post Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment [Barry Sadler] 4 Improving the Quality of EISs [Ralf C. Buckley] 5 Progress of Environmental Impact Assessment and Its Methods in China [Wei Li, Huadong Wang, and Liu Dongxia] 6 Methods for Effective EIA Practice [Lawrence W. -
In but Not of the Revolution: Loyalty, Liberty, and the British Occupation of Philadelphia
IN BUT NOT OF THE REVOLUTION: LOYALTY, LIBERTY, AND THE BRITISH OCCUPATION OF PHILADELPHIA A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Aaron Sullivan May 2014 Examining Committee Members: David Waldstreicher, Advisory Chair, Department of History Susan Klepp, Department of History Gregory Urwin, Department of History Judith Van Buskirk, External Member, SUNY Cortland © Copyright 2014 by Aaron Sullivan All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT A significant number of Pennsylvanians were not, in any meaningful sense, either revolutionaries or loyalists during the American War for Independence. Rather, they were disaffected from both sides in the imperial dispute, preferring, when possible, to avoid engagement with the Revolution altogether. The British Occupation of Philadelphia in 1777 and 1778 laid bare the extent of this popular disengagement and disinterest, as well as the dire lengths to which the Patriots would go to maintain the appearance of popular unity. Driven by a republican ideology that relied on popular consent in order to legitimate their new governments, American Patriots grew increasingly hostile, intolerant, and coercive toward those who refused to express their support for independence. By eliminating the revolutionaries’ monopoly on military force in the region, the occupation triggered a crisis for the Patriots as they saw popular support evaporate. The result was a vicious cycle of increasing alienation as the revolutionaries embraced ever more brutal measures in attempts to secure the political acquiescence and material assistance of an increasingly disaffected population. The British withdrawal in 1778, by abandoning the region’s few true loyalists and leaving many convinced that American Independence was now inevitable, shattered what little loyalism remained in the region and left the revolutionaries secure in their control of the state.