DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2012-020

®

The Deaf People of

Holly Williams Elizabeth Parks

The Deaf People of Venezuela

Holly Williams and Elizabeth Parks

SIL International ® 2012

SIL Electronic Survey Report 2012-020, June 2012 Copyright © 2012 Holly Williams, Elizabeth Parks, and SIL International ® All rights reserved Abstract:

Venezuelan (LSV) emerged with the founding of the first deaf school in 1935 and is used by a national deaf community that appears to have significant contact with each other due to high degrees of mobility. The Venezuelan signing deaf community, with an estimated 15,000 to 52,000 members, appears to be growing in strength and vitality. As a unique ethnolinguistic culture, they are fighting for their linguistic and social needs. Progress is being made by the efforts of the Venezuelan government, deaf associations, and supportive organizations through bilingual education, increase of interpreters and interpreter training, unified national and regional deaf associations, the recognition of LSV’s importance by the government, and the growing body of LSV linguistic publications and resources.

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Table of Contents 1 The Venezuelan context 2 Venezuelan deaf community 2.1 Deaf meeting places 2.2 Deaf education 3 Venezuelan Sign Language 3.1 Language access 3.2 LSV research and development 4 Conclusion Appendix: List of publications about LSV References

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1 The Venezuelan context Venezuela is located in South America, bordered by Colombia to the west, the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean to the north, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. It has a total area of 912,050 square kilometers (566,722 square miles) and is divided into 23 states, a capital district, and a federal dependency (72 islands that are federally controlled). (CIA World Factbook 2010) See Figure 1 for Venezuela in its global context (Worldatlas.com 2010).

Figure 1: Venezuela map

Venezuela gained their independence from Spain on July 5, 1811, and now has a population of approximately 26.8 million, 93% of whom live in urban areas. Venezuela’s main source of income is oil. Roughly 89% of the employable population has work but 38% live below the poverty line. The foremost in Venezuela is , with 96% of the population adhering to Roman Catholicism. Spanish is the official language and 93% of the population over the age of 14 is literate. (CIA World Factbook 2010)

Information about disabled is maintained by CONAPI, the National Council for the Integration of Disabled People (IDEAnet 2004). There were 53 petitions by persons with disabilities reporting discrimination in 2004, the same year that Venezuela and many other Latin American countries signed a treaty to eliminate discrimination of persons with disabilities and to fully incorporate them into mainstream society (OAS 2006 and US Department of State 2006). Mather (2006) reports that the Venezuelan National Assembly passed a law in 2006 that requires companies with more than 50 employees to have at least 5% of their workforce be people with disabilities. Although many employers are unaware of this law, some private initiatives have led to the hiring of people with disabilities such as the “Integration Car Wash”, founded by a family of a deaf child (IDEAnet 2004). According to Goodwill Industries International (2010), Venezuela has not yet signed United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. 2 Venezuelan deaf community According to the National Statistics Institute (INE), there were 33,996 Venezuelans who were labeled as having complete auditory dysfunction in 2001 (Montenegro 2009). Wikipedia (2010) indicates that the deaf population is probably around 15 thousand, based on adding the number of deaf students in the school system in 2004 (an estimated 3,000), the number of members in the deaf associations in 1997, and

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0.2% of the total population as suggested by international health organizations. Although no specific statistics were found about the number of deaf and hard of hearing people who may use a sign language, Soper (2008) estimates that there may be around 52 thousand Venezuelan deaf signers. 2.1 Deaf meeting places Founded in 1950, the Asociación de Sordomudos de is the first established deaf association in Venezuela. Many other deaf associations followed, leading to the founding of the Federación Venezolana de Sordos (FEVENSOR) in June 1989. FEVENSOR members serve as advisors and representatives at various events and governmental proceedings for all the deaf associations and deaf institutions in Venezuela. There are 12 associations affiliated with FEVENSOR, located in the following areas: Caracas, Lara, Carabobo, Yaracuy, Falcon, Anzoategui, Turmero, Anaco, Sucre, Altos Mirandinos, Tachira, and the Asociacion de Ex Alumnos y Amigos de IECO (Asociation of Former students and friends of IECO). FEVENSOR made the first Venezuelan Sign Language dictionary and now pursue various goals such as hosting deaf youth camps, LSV classes, interpreter training in cooperation with the Universidad de Los Andes, deaf education research, vocational training, raising deaf awareness and combating discrimination. (FEVENSOR n.d.)

In 1997, there were approximately 9000 deaf members of various deaf associations throughout Venezuela (Wikipedia 2010). In May 2009, around 60 people gathered for the Primer Encuentro Nacional de Jóvenes de Sordos de Venezuela (First National Meeting of Deaf Venezuelan Youth). Three representatives were chosen from various states to discuss topics concerning the deaf youth of Venezuela. In July 2009, FEVENSOR and other organizations participated in the First National Encounter of Deaf People to discuss the progress of deaf people on a national and global level. Among the participants were leaders from the World Federation of the Deaf, World Association of Sign Language Interpreters, and the European Union of the Deaf Youth. (WFD 2009) The Asociación de Trabajadores Sordos de Los Altos Mirandinos (ASTAM) was founded in December 1991 to assist in the development of the workforce, culture and society of deaf people, and provide support to families with deaf members. Their objectives include training deaf people in work ethic and craftsmanship, offering interpreter training, and defending deaf rights. (ASTAM 2006)

Camps have become a major activity among the deaf community in Venezuela. In January 2010, Venezuelan deaf youth were involved in the II National Deaf Youth Camp for ages of 18-30 and the First International Deaf Camp for ages 14–35. Both of these camps were hosted by Chilean deaf organizations ASOCH and CRESOR. (Jovenes Sordos Venezuela 2009) The 2nd WFDYS (World Federation of the Deaf Youth Section) Children’s Camp (ages 10–12) will be held in Portofino, Venezuela, August 1-8, 2010. Deaf children from all over the world are invited to attend this free camp with Language as the language of communication. Space is limited to 200 participants and each country is allowed two children and one adult leader. (Sanchez 2009)

Deaf Venezuelans have also been involved in a variety of deaf sporting events around the world. The Organización Deportiva Silenciosa de Venezuela (ODSV) was founded in 1966, changing its name in 1977 to Federación Venezolana Polideportiva de Sordos (FEPOSOR), and organizes deaf sports for the Venezuelan deaf community. There are approximately 2600 deaf athletes from 13 of the deaf sports associations in different . Jesús Garcia won the gold medal in the javelin throw at the 1st Campeonato Mundial de Atletismo de Sordos (First World Deaf Athlete Championship) which was held in Turkey (FEPOSOR n.d.). The Pan American Deaf Games are popular among many deaf people and participation requires that the athlete have at least 55db hearing loss in both ears. No athlete is allowed to wear any hearing assistive device during competition. The first and fourth Pan American Deaf Games were held in Venezuela in 1975 and 2007. Since 1999, the Pan American Deaf Games have been

5 held every four years. The second Pan American Deaf Youth Games was also held in Venezuela. (USA Deaf Sports Federation n.d.) See Table 1 for a list of Venezuelan deaf associations and organizations.

Table 1: Associations and organizations of and for deaf people Name Contact Information Asociación de Sordos del Estado de Avda. Miranda Nº 5 - Cumana, Edo. Sucre; (093) Sucre 333401324264; President - Rogerst Maray Asociación de Sordos de Turmero Calle Negro Primero N 2.1 A, Turmero Edo. Asociación de Trabajadores Sordos Av. La Hoyada, Los Teques, Edo. Miranda; President - de los Altos Mirandinos (ASTAM) Francisco Pérez; http://astam2007.spaces.live.com/ Consejo Nacional para las Personas http://www.conapdis.gob.ve/ con Discapacidad (CONAPDIS) Consejo Regional para las Personas Miranda con Discapacidad (CORIPDIS) http://200.44.156.147/coripdis/ Fabricante y distribuidor de Av. Francisco De Miranda 0 Piso, Caracas; 212-266-3065 Audífonos para Sordos Federación Latino-Americana de Apartado de Chacao 60.209, Caracas 1060 Sociedades de Foniatría Logopedia y Audiologia (FLASFLA) Federación Venezolana de Sordos 3ª. Transversal Norte de Guaicaipuro, Qta. Fray Ponce de León, (FEVENSOR) Guaicaipuro. Sede de la Asociación de Sordos de Caracas. Apartado 50063, Sabana Grande. Caracas 1050 – Venezuela; fevensor@cantv. net; http://www.fevensor.20m.com/Page2.htm Federación Venezolana Polideportiva Apartado 76.840, Caracas - 1070-A; (58 2) 9770423; de Sordos [email protected], [email protected]; http://www.feposor.com.ve Fundación Nacional al Proyecto de [email protected] or [email protected] Accesibilidad a la Lengua de Señas http://www.proyectolsv.es.tl/ Venezolana (FUNAPRALSV) Fundación Nacional de Sordos del [email protected] Estado Mérida (FNSEM) http://www.fundacionsem2009-fundacionsem.blogspot.com/ Grupo de Interpretes de Lengua de (416) 726-49.64 or (212) 361-9291, [email protected] Señas Venezolana (ILSV) http://interpreteslsv.tripod.com/ contains contact information for interpreters listed by state Instituto Auditivo Widex S.A. Edificio Centre Seguros La Paz, Piso 5, Of. Norte -51-E, Avda. Francisco de Miranda, La California Norte Caracas; 212-238- 6362, 238-4161; [email protected]; http://www.widex.com/ve Instituto Venezolano de Audición y Urbanización el Marqués Av araure, con calle Cuchivero Lenguaje (IVAL – private) Instituto Venezolano de Lengua de Av. Avila con calle Coello, Edif. OASIS XIV piso 9 - Apto 92 Signos La Florida, Caracas; TTY: (582) 7316774 - Fax: (582) 7316774; [email protected] Jovenes Sordos de Venezuela http://jovenesordosdevenezuela.blogspot.com/ NeoEssentia http://www.neoessentia.org/ Pan American Deaf Games http://www.panamdes.org Sordociegos de Venezuela Avenida Jalisco, Edificio La Colina, Piso 3, Oficina 3-B (SOCIEVEN) Urb. Las Mercedes. Telefax: 0058-212-9911725; [email protected]; http://www.socieven.org/

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There are a number of religious services and ministries for deaf Venezuelans, including Baptist, Assembly of God, Seventh Day Adventist, and Latter-Day Saint groups. In 1986, Bob Bell, a missionary with the Voice for the Deaf ministry in , started the first known deaf ministry in Caracas and hosted several Christian deaf camps in Venezuela. Also in 1986, the Browders and Perdomos formed a deaf ministry at Central Baptist Church which had over 75 deaf regular attendees in the 1990s. (Speidel 1990) The Ministerio Nacional Bautista de Sordos provides training for deaf and hearing people on various topics such as the culture and language of the deaf community. They also offer annual camps and support programs for deaf Venezuelans, assist deaf street children, established a deaf Christian school, and created a manual of religious signs. (MINABASOR 2010) Pastor Rafael Ramirez was trained by Efata, an Independent Baptist ministry in Lima, Peru and is now working in Venezuela (Efata n.d.).

Founded in 2003, the Ministerio de Iglesias de Sordos (Ministry of Deaf Churches) is an Assembly of God church-planting ministry. It appears to be the most widespread deaf ministry in Venezuela with at least 12 ministers to the Venezuelan deaf community, five deaf churches and five churches with interpreted services. In 2006, they founded a national deaf Bible institute and they continue to be involved with deaf Assemblies of God around the globe. (SADVEN 2009) On average, 70-80 deaf people attend the Assemblies of God church in Caracas alone (Smith 2008).

The deaf ministry at the Paraiso Seventh Day Adventist church has five interpreters and five assistants. They focus on evangelism and offering sign language courses, hoping to construct a church for deaf members in the future (Gospel Ministries International 2009). According to Deaflds.org (2009), there were Latter-Day Saints (LDS) missionaries from the United States who worked alongside deaf Venezuelans in the early 2000s to create an LSV church lexicon but left due to Visa complications. See Table 2 for further contact information of a few deaf ministries.

Table 2: Deaf ministries Name Contact Information Iglesia Evangélica Cristiana de Sordos, Rev. Apartado No. 89673-El Hatillo, Caracas 1083-A; 212- Eduardo Perdomo Poleo 963-4142; [email protected], www.sadven.org.ve (lists names of people and places of deaf Assembly of God churches across Venezuela) Ministerio Nacional Bautista de Sordos Calle Urdaneta N177 La Castellana. En el templo, de la (MINABASOR) Iglesia Bautista Emanuel, 1060 Caracas, Distrito Federal; 212-9868569, 416-7026794 Venezuela Baptist Strategy Center of the Started working with the Venezuelan deaf community in IMB; David and Jerry Browder 1986; [email protected] 2.2 Deaf education The first school for deaf and blind children in Venezuela was established in 1935: Instituto Venezolano de Ciegos y Sordomudos (Venezuelan Blind and Deaf Institute). It later offered separate instruction for deaf children through the creation of the Escuela Taller de Sordomudos (Workshop School for the Deaf). The Instituto de Estimulación de la Comunicación Oral (IECO) was founded in 1977 and has given workshops on technical tools used to improve hearing and speech acquisition in keeping with their aural-oral communication focus. (IECO 2009) In 1985, the Ministry of Education replaced strict oral education with a bilingual education model but there were at least 50 public schools for deaf children during Venezuela’s oral education phase. Oviedo (1996) believes that the now instituted bilingual educational method includes many teachers who are not fluent in LSV but instead use a contact code that mixes grammatical aspects of both Spanish and LSV. In addition, as of July 2009, there are standard LSV teaching materials or deaf-specific curricula being used in the classroom (Eslared 2009). In some locations, however, deaf teacher assistants have been hired to provide an LSV environment to deaf children. In 2004, over three

7 thousand deaf children were reported to attend school in Venezuela (Wikipedia 2010). Although the population of deaf youth is probably greater than this, it is probable that many deaf children, especially in more rural areas, may not have the opportunity to access much education. In recent years, a variety of new educational opportunities have opened for the Venezuelan deaf community. In 2006, a vocational training and counseling project for deaf Venezuelans was started by Excelencia Humana y Productividad (Embassy of Finland 2009). Deaf students are also given the opportunity to study music and be a part of the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela (Schwartz 2008). An independent non-profit project, “Gastronomia en Señas” (Gastronomy in Signs), provides culinary education to deaf students and all chefs and cooks are required to learn LSV. In collaboration with professional interpreters they have created specific culinary signs for the purpose of culinary education. (Silvestre 2010) Some deaf Venezuelans attend the Universidad de Los Andes, with an interpreter providing communication access through LSV. The Universidad de Los Andes suggests that providing deaf students with a sign language environment that allows for normal language development while encouraging Spanish literacy and spoken Spanish as a second language will help more deaf students succeed in higher education (Anzola et al. 2006). In 2009, an Information Technology (IT) course was offered to a group of six deaf people through Escuela Latinoamericana de Redes (EsLaRed) at Universidad de Los Andes (Pietrosemoli 2009). Three weeks into the course the hired interpreter left and one of the deaf students with more residual hearing and good lipreading skills became the interpreter. Four of the six deaf students received their certification and plan to give basic IT training to other deaf people in their community. See Table 3 for more information about various Venezuelan deaf educational opportunities.

Table 3: Educational centers School Name and Contact Information Centro de Asistencia Integral al Sordociego en Calle Mucuchíes, Qta Sonrisa Las mercedes Venezuela Caisve Caracas Escuela Básica Tulio Viera Portillo la unidad vecinal San Cristóbal Estado Tachira Instituto de Educación Especial "Aplicada" 3° calle El Caribe Qta Rio caura Alta Vista, (private) Caracas Instituto de Estimulación de la Comunicación Avenida Oriente No 13, Bernardino, Caracas, Oral (IECO) Venezuela; (0212) 551-4734; ieco.oral@gmail. com; http://ieco.com.ve/ Unidad Educativa de Educación Especial "Ann Calle Luxemburgo, Qta Consuelo. La California Sullivan” Norte Unidad Educativa de Educación Especial "Hellen U.B. , Av Roosevelt Los Rosales. Keller" Anexo U.E. Gran Colombia. Caracas Unidad Educativa de Educación Especial " Urbanización La Paz , Calle 4 Qt Checo El Paraíso Miram Ohep de Velez" Caracas Unidad Educativa de Educación Especial N°2 Av Licenciado Aranda Cruce con Av Humbolt Qta, N° 3 san Bernardino. Caracas Unidad Educativa de Educación Especial Módulo N° 29 , Bloques 28 y 30, Urb Menca de "Rosendo Armas” Leoni, Guarenas Edo Miranda Unidad Educativa de Educación Especial "Simón Calle Teresita, Qta Musoy Corapal. Caraballeda Bolívar” Dpto vargas - verificar existencia ante la sede del Ministerio de Educación Unidad Educativa de educación Especial "Simón Urb Luis Tovar detras del bloque 17 Santa Teresa Rodríguez" del Tuy, Estado Miranda Unidad Educativa especial "David Pascoe” Anexo a E.B Miguel Antoni Caro Av Sucre Gato Negro catia (actualmente en conflicto)

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3 Venezuelan Sign Language References to Venezuelan Sign Language began in the 1930s. LSV developed with the establishment of the first deaf school in 1935. As a boarding school, the environment allowed the deaf children to interact in signs outside of the classroom (although speech was stressed inside of class). LSV is believed to have developed from a combination of home signs (brought by the deaf students) and (brought by hearing instructors from Spain). José Arquero Urbano is often credited with the creation of LSV. He was a leader in the deaf community in Madrid, Spain and directed the initial founding of the Asociación de Sordomudos de Caracas (Deaf Association of Caracas) in 1950. (Wikipedia 2010) However with over 75 years of language shift since the founding of the first deaf school, it is likely that LSV is quite distinct from Spanish Sign Language as used today.

Venezuelan Sign Language has had various names but, in 1989, one of the first LSV research papers led to the adoption of “Lengua de Señas Venezolana”. According to Article 9, although deaf people have the right to use LSV, it is not considered an official Venezuelan language. (Wikipedia 2010) 3.1 Language access In 1999, Article 81 recognized the right for deaf people to use sign language as a means of communication (Election Access n.d. and Handspeak.com 2010). Article 101 states that deaf people have the right to public and private television through their language. Teletypewriters (TTYs) are not available in case of emergencies, however there are LSV classes offered to police officers, firefighters and traffic officers. In 2004, the National Assembly planned on creating a law requiring television stations to provide closed captions or LSV interpreters (IDEAnet 2004). According to WFD (2006), the Venezuelan government approved TV captioning and LSV interpreting in 2006. In the same year LSV interpreter evaluations were conducted by FEVENSOR, ASOIVE and the Asociación de Sordos de Caracas to certify interpreters for Television (Jaimes 2006).

There are few interpreters available at the national level in Venezuela. Usually, the deaf person desiring an interpreter is responsible for securing one. According to IDEAnet (2004), Guayos City Hall in Valencia has made plans to fund the use of LSV interpreters. The Canadian Association of the Deaf and Gallaudet University have been involved in training Venezuelan interpreters and helping with curriculum development (Shettle 2002). In 2006, a degree in LSV interpretation was offered at the Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela. There is now a national interpreter association called Asociación de Intérpretes de Venezuela de LSV y Guías-Intérpretes (ASOIVE). (Cultura Sorda 2006)

Some deaf people choose to utilize their remaining hearing instead of or in addition to the use of sign language. The Council for the Integration of Disabled People (CONAPI) offers free hearing aids to deaf and hard of hearing Venezuelans (IDEAnet 2004). The Simón Bolívar Foundation, in partnership with Petroleos de Venezuela (national oil company), provides funding for many deaf children to receive hearing aids and cochlear implants including their first year of therapy (CITGO n.d.). 3.2 LSV research and development A number of initiatives have focused on the research and development of LSV and many publications are available about the Venezuelan deaf community and their language use (see Appendix for a list of resources). The Universidad de Los Andes has carried out study of LSV since 1986 (Anzola et al. 2006). The Venezuelan government is also providing funding to the University of Bolivar in Caracas to document LSV throughout the country as there is reported regional lexical variation in LSV. Despite this variation, Venezuelan states are still believed to have high intelligibility of each others’ LSV variety

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(Anzola et al. 2006). In 2008, Duilia Andrade was part of a project to create a university degree in LSV. LSV classes can also be taken through various deaf associations and deaf ministries. (Andrade 2008)

La Fundación Neo Essentia created the first two volumes of LSV on video, free for distribution provided that they are used for educational and social inclusion purposes and that credit is given to the author. The video can be found on YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, and their website www.neossentia.org. (Sordored.com 2009) In 2003, a group of deaf high school students and an interpreter, who also taught them mathematics, began to create LSV signs for mathematical concepts (Movilio-Chacon n.d.). A national project to develop Venezuelan signs for specific scientific and technological concepts and ideas began in 2004 by the Centro de Investigaciones de Astonomia (CIDA). Various other institutions and individuals share a similar goal of increasing accessibility of science and technology to all Venezuelans (CIDA n.d.). A ten day course on deaf culture and Venezuelan Sign Language was offered through the Asociación Católica de Sordos de Venezuela (ACSV) (Granado 2008) and a description in Spanish and LSV of the first LSV dictionary can be found online deaftv.com (2010). 4 Conclusion Venezuelan Sign Language (LSV) emerged with the founding of the first deaf school in 1935 and, because of the high degree of mobility within the country and interconnectedness of the community, is possibly quite standardized. The Venezuelan signing deaf community, with an estimated 15 thousand to 52 thousand members, appears to be growing in strength and vitality. As a unique ethnolinguistic culture, they are fighting for their linguistic and social needs. Progress is being made by the efforts of the Venezuelan government, deaf associations, and supportive organizations through bilingual education, increase of interpreters and interpreter training, unified national and regional deaf associations, the recognition of LSV by the government (although not yet officially), and the growing body of LSV linguistic publications and resources. Appendix: List of publications about LSV Biasi, Edith Vilela. 2003. Court Interpreters as Social Actors: Venezuela a Case Study. In: Brunette, Louise et al. (eds). The Critical Link 3: Interpreters in the Community. Philadelphia: Benjamins Translation Library. pp. 239–245.

Cova, J. et al. 2009. Sign Language in Astronomy and Space Sciences. In RevMexAA (Serie de Conferencias). Vol. 35. pp. 273–274.

Covis, N. and E. Rivero. 1996. Estrategias para optimizar la enseñanza de la Lengua de Señas Venezolana en el docente especialista en la mención Deficiencias Auditivas. Caracas, IPC (trabajo de grado inédito).

DeafTV. 2010. Dictionary Venezuelan Sign Language. http://www.deaftv.com/film/dictionary- venezuelan-sign-language/.

Domínguez, Maria Eugenia. 1996. Los verbos de la LSV. Fundamentos para comprender la morfología verbal de una lengua de señas. pp. 301–351.

Domínguez, Maria Eugenia. 1998. Aproximación a una topología de los verbos de la lengua de señas venezolana. In Lengua y Habla. 3:1. pp. 37–51.

Domínguez, M. E. 2003. Pide permiso, maleducado! Sobre una diferencia de cortesía entre sordos y oyentes venezolanos. In Educere: la revista Venezolana de Educacion. 6:21. pp. 19 –25.

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Eslared. 2010. TICs and minorities. Deaf students inclusion in the IT Essentials program in Mérida, Venezuela. www.eslared.org.ve/.../IT%20Essentials%20for%20the%20deaf_English.doc.

Farfán, M. y Y. Castro. 2003. Caracterización del Alfabeto Manual y del Sistema Numérico en la LSV. Mérida, Universidad de Los Andes (tesis de licenciatura en letras, inédita).

Federación Venezolana de Sordos (FEVENSOR): Manual de lengua de señas venezolana. Caracas: FEVENSOR 1999. 84 p.

Freites, F., F. J. Perez (eds). 2004. El estudio de la Lengua de Señas Venezolana. Maracaibo: Universidad Catolica Cecilio Acosta.

Gámez, A. 1997. La codificación del número en la LSV. Ponencia presentada ante el IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Educación Bilingüe para Sordos. Santafé de Bogotá. October 1997.

Garcia, Ana Maria Morales. 2003. “Pide permiso, maleducado!” Sobre una diferencia de cortesia entre sordos y oyentes venezolanos. In Educere: la revista Venezolana de Educacion 6:21. pp. 19–25.

Garcia, Ana Maria Morales. 2006. Consideraciones para la implementación de políticas educativas para personas sordas en Venezuela. http://www.cultura ‐sorda.eu.

Garcia, Ana Maria Morales. 2006. Planificación lingüística y comunidad sorda: una relación necesaria. 21 p. Manuscript.

González, Z. and C. Jaimes 1999. Aporte didáctico audiovisual al curso de Lengua de Señas Venezolana II: una experiencia bilingüe ‐bicultural. Caracas, IPC (trabajo de grado inédito).

Linares, Y. 1997. El niño sordo y la lengua escrita. Tesis de Maestría en Lectura de la Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida, Venezuela.

Luque, B. 1992. Evaluación de la comprensión de la lectura de niños sordos en la Primera Etapa de Educación Básica. Caracas, IPC. (informe de investigación inédito)

Luque, B. 1994. Estrategias para facilitar la lectura en niños sordos. Caracas, IPC, (tesis inédita de maestría en lingüística).

Luque, B. 1998. Lengua de Señas Venezolana como segunda lengua para los estudiantes de la especialidad de Deficiencias Auditivas. In Clave, Vol. 9. Caracas.

Luian, Myriam. n.d. The early intervention program for deaf children: a bilingual experience. In The Deaf Way. pp. 567–573.

Mancilla, Eduardo. 2008. Introduccion para padres oyentes en la cultura sorda venezolana. Universidad de Los Andes. http://www.cultura ‐sorda.eu.

Martinez, Nancy Leon. 2003. Experiencia de caries dental en niños con deficiencias auditivas en dos escuelas del area metropolitana de Caracas, Venezuela 2001. In Acta Odontologica Venezolana. 41:1. pp. 4–8.

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Martinez, Sergio Serron. 2003. La lengua de señas venezolana en el panorama lingüistico nacional. Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador. 15 p. manuscript. http://www.cultura- sorda.eu/resources/Serron.pdf.

Martinez, Sergio Serron. 2007. Bilinguismo, interculturalidad y educacion, las comunidades indigenas y sorda en Venezuela, una aproximación. In Opcion. Maracaibo, Venezuela. 23:53. pp. 52–71.

Morales, A. M. and B. Valles. 1997. La iconicidad de los sustantivos en la LSV. (informe de investigación inédito)

Morales, Ana María. 2001. El Bilingüismo de los sordos: Análisis del caso venezolano. In Revista Candidus. 2:13 pp. 22–27.

Morales, A.M. 2001. Hacia una política educativa para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la lengua escrita en sordos, Caracas, IPC. (tesis inédita de maestría en lingüística)

Morales, Ana María. 2008. Programas de estudio de la lengua de señas venezolana para sordos. In Educere. 12:41. pp. 257–268.

Morales Garcia, Ana María: Planificación lingüística y comunidad Sorda: una relación necesaria. 2006 - 21 p. Manuscript http://www.cultura-sorda.eu/9.html http://www.cultura- sorda.eu/resources/Morales_Planificacion.pdf.

Movilio-Chacon, Virginia. 2008. Mathematics for Students with Special Educational Needs: Touching and Shaping Mathematics with Deaf Students. 11th International Congress on Mathematical Education.

Oviedo, A. 1990. Ser o no ser en lengua de señas venezolana: estructura de las oraciones con verbos estativos en la LSV. Ponencia leída ante el II Congreso Latinoamericano de Educación Bilingüe para Sordos, Mérida.

Oviedo, A. 1991. La interacción lingüística en las escuelas de sordos de Venezuela. Informe de investigación inédito, leído ante el III Curso de Actualización Lingüística, Mérida.

Oviedo, A. 1994. Corpus de la LSV. Mérida, ULA. (materiales filmados y sus transcripciones. Inéditos)

Oviedo, A. 1996. Contando cuentos en Lengua de Señas Venezolana. Mérida, Consejo de Publicaciones ‐CDCHT de la Universidad de Los Andes.

Oviedo, A. 1996. El uso del rasgo C+ en la Lengua de Señas Venezolana. In Lengua y habla 1:1. Mérida, pp. 69 –77.

Oviedo, Alejandro. 1997. Sobre la descripción de la postura de los dedos en las configuraciones manuales de la Lengua de Señas Venezolana. In Lengua y Habla 2:1. pp. 78–86.

Oviedo, A. 1998. Diccionarios de lenguas de señas: ¿para qué? El bilingüismo de los sordos. Actas de IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Educación Bilingüe para Sordos. 1:3. Santafé de Bogotá.

Oviedo, Alejandro. 1998. La flexión independiente de la falange distal en las configuraciones manuales de la Lengua de Señas Venezolana. In Lenguaje, Vol 26. Cali, Colombia. pp. 38–58.

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Oviedo, A.2000. ¿Cómo clasificar los clasificadores? El problema de describir las señas con configuración manual clasificadora. Letras (61). Caracas, IPC. pp. 9–37

Oviedo, A. 2000. Una propuesta para tipologizar las señas en la LSV. Ponencia leída ante las II Jornadas de Educación Bilingüe ‐Bicultural para Sordos Universidad Experimental Libertador. Caracas, March 29–31, 2000.

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