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South American Problems Aven Jda Central, Rjo De Janeiro ; Opened Through the City in 1904 South American Problems

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South American Problems Aven Jda Central, Rjo De Janeiro ; Opened Through the City in 1904 South American Problems SOUTH AMERICAN PROBLEMS AVEN JDA CENTRAL, RJO DE JANEIRO ; OPENED THROUGH THE CITY IN 1904 SOUTH AMERICAN PROBLEMS BY ROBERT E. SPEER NEW YORK STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS COPYRIGHT, r9u, BT STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS PREFACE · We call the South American people a Latin peo­ ple. In part they are. The foreign blood that is in them is for the most part Latin blood. The upper class is dominantly and sometimes purely of Latin blood. But a great proportion of South Amer­ ican blood is not Latin but Indian. Nevertheless, the charm of the Latin inheritance is over the whole continent and no one can visit it and not come away without grateful memories of a warm-hearted, quick-minded, high-spirited people, citizens of a mighty land and forerunners of a mighty future. And the easy course for one who is asked to pre­ sent his impressions is to picture the surface life of these nations and pass by the great political and in­ tellectual and moral problems which they are facing. This easy course is not the course which can secure much help for South America and it cannot carry us very far toward a worthy understanding of our own duty. The only things of real interest are, first, the facts as they are, and second, what the facts can and ought to be. We make no real headway by evasion and concealment, by rosy deception and smooth flat­ teries. We need first of all to look squarely at the V vi PREFACE truth. That is what is attempted here. It is not attempted in any Pharisaical spirit. It is attempted with full acceptance of the principle, " With what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged." No hon­ est American can flincl- from the straightest and sternest judgment of his nation and he will not for a moment dodge the reaction upon himself of the contention of this book. That contention is that where such need exists as exists in South America, there is a call for every agency which can do anything to meet it. The in­ evitable corollary is that if such need or any need exists in North America which South America or Europe can help us meet, it is their duty to give and it will be our pleasure to ha.ve their help. The difficulty in analyzing the South American situation lies in the need of discriminating between the responsibility of the South American religious system and the burden of the racial inheritance. Some lay the full load upon one, some upon the other. IIt belongs to both. Any Church would have found the problem difficult. Any race would have been depressed and retarded by the South American ecclesiastical institutions. Some students deprecate all such judgments as harsh and intolerant. They say that we must judge men and institutions by their conditions and their age, that a just sense of the relativity of moral prin­ ciples will lead us to overlook facts which in another PREFACE vii age or in other lands would appall us. On the other hand, we are content to take the view of the great­ est Roman Catholic historian of the last generation, Lord Acton.· It had become, "almost a trick of style," say the editors of his famous volume on " The History of Freedom and Other Essays," " to talk of judging men by the standard of their day and to allege the spirit of the age in excuse for the Albigensian Crusade or the burning of Hus. Acton felt that this was to destroy the very bases of moral judgment and to open the way to a boundless scep­ ticism. Anxious as he was to uphold the doctrine of growth in theology, he allowed nothing for it in the realm of morals, at any rate in the Christian era, since the thirteenth century. He demanded a code of moral judgment independent of place and time, and not merely relative to a particular civiliza­ tion. It is this preaching in season and out of season against the reality of wickedness, and against every interference with the conscience, that is the real inspiration both of Acton's life and of his writ­ ings. " It is related of Frederick Robertson of Brigh­ ton, that during one of his periods of intellectual perplexity he found that the only rope to hold fast by was the conviction, ' it must be right to do right.' The whole of Lord' Acton's career might be summed up in a counterphrase, ' it must be wrong to do wrong.'" viii PREFACE :And as it is always wrong to do wrong, so also it is always right to do right. That is why it is both the right and the duty of true Christians of every Church and of none more than of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States to give sym­ pathy and help to the aspiring people of South America who are wrestling with great problems and who deserve in their wrestling the good-will and practical aid of all friendly men. No publications on South America are richer in information than those of the Pan-American Union in Washington, formerly known as The Interna­ tional Bureau of the American Republics. Readers wishing the latest statistics and reports from the South American nations should write to the office of the Union. RE. S. CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE GREAT PAST The early peoples-The discoverers and explorers-The governors-Gains and losses from the Latin conquest-The liberators-Causes of movements toward independence-­ Struggle for liberty in various states-The republics-Their inheritance-Frequency of South American revolutions. Page 3 CHAPTER II THE SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS OF TO-DAY General aspects-The more advanced nations-Argentina­ Brazil-Chile-Uruguay-The less advanced nations-Para­ guay-Bolivia-Peru-Ecuador-Colombia-Venezuela-Pana­ ma-South American cities-Taxation-Foreign trade-Im­ migration-Causes of South America's backwardness. Page 33 CHAPTER III THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION Education in colonial times-Present conditions-The more advanced nations-Argentina-Chile-Brazil-Uruguay-The less advanced natiolls-Peru-Colombia-Ecuador-Venezuela -Bolivia-Paraguay-Weakness of South American educa­ tion-Lack of solidity-Unadaptiveness-Want of trained teachers-Neglect of education of women-Neglect of primary education and consequent illiteracy ................. Page 82 is CONTENTS CHAPTER IV THE ROMAN CHURCH AND THE PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY The founding and development of the Roman Church in South America-Pioneer priests-Priestly orders-The Jesu­ its-Results of Church's work in colonial days-The problem of religious liberty-Gradual assertion of the spirit of free­ dom-Church and State not yet separate-Alternations in the movement towards liberty ........................ Page II3 CHAPTER V PRESENT RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS Present religious conditions-South America claimed as a Roman Catholic continent-Conditions for which re~ponsi­ bility is assumed-Social immorality-Illiteracy and igno­ rance-Practical prohibition of Bible to people-Character of priesthood-Note on alleged correspondence between the Vatican and the Archbisoph of Santiago in 18g7 . Page 141 CHAPTER VI PRESENT RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS ( continued) Christianity not really given to people-Citations from " The Glories of Mary "-Religion encumbered with pagan super­ stition-Confusion of religion -with politics-Strength and weakness of Roman Church in South America-Two testi­ monies from within ...........................••. Page 16g CHAPTER VII THE INDIANS The Indian blood in the South Americans-Effects on the· Indians of the Latin occupation of the continent-The pure CONTENTS xi Indians-Argentina-Paraguay-Patagonia-Chile-Brazil­ Bolivia-Peru-Colombia and Ecuador-Summary-Probable Indian population-Depth of their need ......... Page 196 CHAPTER VIII PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA Sketch of history and extent of Protestant missions-Four questions involved-Are such missions in South America warranted?-Evidence already presented-Additional consid­ erations-Can Protestant missions avoid Roman opposition? -If not, should they be continued?-How may they secure adequate recognition and support? ............... Page 217 Bll!LIOGRAPHY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • Page 257 INDEX ............................................ •Page 263 ILLUSTRATIONS Avenida Central, Rio de Janeiro; Opened Through the City in 1904 Frontispiece J'ACING PAGE A Group of Alcaldes of Peru; Village Presidents, De- scendants of the Incas 6 Cuzco, Peru; Ancient Inca Capital 14 Docks and Grain Elevators at Buenos Aires, Argentina 36 Gathering Coffee, Sao Paulo, Brazil 42 Immigrant Station, Sao Paulo; the "Ellis Island" of Brazil . 72 Methodist School for Boys, Concepcion, Chile 88 Modem Public School, Sao Paulo, Brazil . 92 The Old Jesuit Church in Cuzco, Peru. n6 Statue of General Bolivar, and Senate Building, Lima, Peru 122 Santa Lucia, a Pleasure Ground of Santiago, Chile • 122 Office of Leading Newspaper, El Mercurio, Santiago, Chile 152 Avenue of Palm Trees in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 186 Arequipa, Peru; Mount Misti in the Distance • 186 Fountain in Buenos Aires, Argentina 190 Loads of Sugar Cane, Bahia, Brazil 2o6 Indians in Bolivia 2o6 Harbor, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . 220 Mackenzie College, Sao Paulo, Brazil • 246 Map End of book SOUTH AMERICAN PROBLEMS CHAPTER I THE GREAT PAST I. The early peoples. The origin and character of the earliest South American civilization are com­ pletely hidden from view. The most ancient traces of man on the continent are the " kitchen-midden " found on the coast of Peru, consisting of sea shells and refuse, mixed with fragments of earthen pots and ashes and occasionally the implements used by these primitive people. A:tter these men, who lived on sea-food, there came more advanced tribes of whom we know nothing except what may be inferred from their pottery and textures found in the deepest layers of the soil. This development, such as it was, was confined to the sea coast.
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