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Race and America's Immigrant Press Zecker, Robert M. "Notes." Race and America’s Immigrant Press: How the Slovaks were Taught to Think Like White People. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. 253–308. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 24 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781628928273.0005>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 24 September 2021, 10:05 UTC. Copyright © Robert M. Zecker 2011. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. Notes Chapter 1 1 Robert M. Zecker, Streetcar Parishes: Slovaks Build Their Non-Local Communities, 1890–1945 (Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 2010). 2 David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness (New York: Verso, 1991); James Barrett and David Roediger, “Whiteness and the Inbetween Peoples of Europe,” Journal of American Ethnic History 16, no. 3 (Summer 1997): 3–44; Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color (Cambridge, MA, 1998); Michael Rogin, Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic (New York: Verso, 1990); George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998). 3 New Yorkský denník, June 4, 1921, 6. 4 Works Progress Administration interviews of Polish immigrants in Pittsfi eld, MA, with Polish textile workers. Conducted 1938–1939. Adam Laboda interview. 5 Ellis Island Oral History Project, Anna Kikta interview. Similar assertions that immigrants said certain blacks were devils or monkeys are expressed in Ellis Island Oral History Project, Katherine Sladek Stefunek interview. These recollections may have projected later racial ideas onto an incident now decades in the past, but even if such incidents never occurred these oral histories nevertheless reveal something about learned racial attitudes. 6 Rose S. interview by author, July 16, 1996, Browns Mills, New Jersey. Tapes and transcripts in author’s possession. 7 Robert Orsi, “The Religious Boundaries of an Inbetween People: Street Feste and the Problem of the Dark-Skinned Other in Italian Harlem, 1920–1990,” American Quarterly 44, no. 2 (September 1992): 313–347. 8 Orsi, “The Religious Boundaries of an Inbetween People”; Catherine Eagan, “I Did Imagine . We Had Ceased to Be Whitewashed Negroes (unpublished dissertation, Boston College, 2000); Konštantín Čulen, Dejiny Slovákov v Amerike (History of the Slovaks in America), vol. 1 (Bratislava: Slovak League of Bratislava, 1942), 27–28; Thomas Čapek, The Slovaks of Hungary: Slavs and Pan-Slavism (New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1906), 161–162; Katharina Kekelyova, Drotárstvo (Wireworks) (Žilina: Povazske Museum, 1992), 7–8. Emily Greene Balch, Our Slavic Fellow Citizens (New York: Charities Publication Committee, 1910), 49; Manó Somogyi, A Hazai Vándoripar és Vándorkereskedés (Wandering Dealers and Workers) (Budapest, 1905); Ľudový kalendár na rok 1950, Adam Kosinec, “Zo Života Drotárov” (“On the Life of the Wireworkers”), 61–68; Suzanne Slesin, Daniel Rozensztroch, Jean Louis Menard, Stafford Cliff and Gilles De Chabaneix, Every- day Things From Wire (New York: C. Potter, 1994), 16–19; Karel Prochazka, Kolárovicti Dratenici: Národsopisna Studie (The Wireworkers of Kolárovice: An Ethnographical Study) (Prague: Cyrillo-Methodejska Knihtiskarna a Nakladatelstvi v Kotrba, 1905), 8, 22–23. 99781441134127_Notes_Finals_txt_Print.indd781441134127_Notes_Finals_txt_Print.indd 225353 55/31/2011/31/2011 22:41:09:41:09 PPMM 254 Notes to pages 4–8 9 Thomas Guglielmo, White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color and Power in Chicago, 1890–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Edward Alsworth Ross, The Old World in the New (New York: Century, 1914); Lothrop Stoddard, The Revolt Against Civilization, The Menace of the Under Man (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1922); Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (New York: Scribner, 1920); Alfred P. Schultz, Race or Mongrel, A Brief History of the Rise and Fall of the Ancient Races of Earth; a Theory that the Fall of a Nation is Due to Intermarriage with Alien Stocks; a Demonstration that a Nation’s Strength is Due to Racial Purity; a Prophecy that America Will Sink to Early Decay Unless Immigration is Rigorously Restricted (Boston: L. C. Page and Company, 1908). 10 Thomas Bell, Out of This Furnace (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1976; originally published in 1941), 327–333; Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996); Thomas Philpott, The Slum and the Ghetto: Neighborhood Deterioration and Middle-Class Reform, Chicago, 1880–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Arnold Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Hous- ing in Chicago, 1940–1960 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). 11 Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color, 57–58; Dominic A. Pacyga, “To Live Among Oth- ers: Poles and Their Neighbors in Industrial Chicago, 1865–1930,” Journal of American Ethnic History 16, no. 1 (Fall 1996): 55–73. The concept of “inbetween peoples” is from Barrett and Roediger, “Whiteness and the Inbetween Peoples of Europe.” 12 June Granatir Alexander, Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism: Slovaks and Other New Immi- grants in the Interwar Era (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004). 13 Matthew Frye Jacobson, Roots Too: White Ethnic Revival in Post-Civil Rights America ( Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006). 14 John Bodnar, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), xv; Ewa Morawska, For Bread With Butter: The Life Worlds of East Central Europeans in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 1890–1940 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 22–39; Mark Wyman, Round Trip to America: The Immigrants Return to Europe, 1880–1930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), 9–12; M. Mark Stolarik, Immigration and Industrialization: The Slovak Experience, 1870–1918 (New York: AMS Press, 1989), 25, 36; Caroline Golab, Immigrant Destinations (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977), 34. 15 Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998); Leon F. Litwack, “Hellhounds,” in James Allen, Hilton Als, John Lewis and Leon F. Litwack, Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America (Santa Fe, NM: Twin Palms, 2000), 8–37. 16 Barrett and Roediger, “Whiteness and the Inbetween Peoples of Europe.” 17 Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); David Nasaw, Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements (New York: Basic Books, 1993); Michael Rogin, “The Sword Became a Flashing Vision,” in Rogin, Ronald Reagan the Movie and Other Episodes in Politi- cal Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Rogin, Blackface, White Noise, 8, 14–15, 76–79, 105, 108, 159–164, 172–173. 18 M. Mark Stolarik, “The Slovak-American Press,” in Sally M. Miller, ed., The Ethnic Press in the United States (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987); Stolarik, Immigration and Urbanization, 79; R. Vladimir Baumgarten and Joseph Stefka, The National Slovak Society: 100 Year History, 1890–1990 (Pittsburgh: National Slovak Society, 1990), 80–85. 19 Paul R. Magocsi, “The Carpatho-Rusyn Press,” in Sally M. Miller, ed., The Ethnic Press in the United States (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987). 20 Stolarik, Immigration and Urbanization, 79; Jednota, January 2, 1918: 1. The Greek Catholic Union Lodge 160, Holy Ghost Greek Catholic Church, Philadelphia, minutes, May 26, 1907, shows a “milodar” (offering) was made by the lodge to both the Greek Catholic 99781441134127_Notes_Finals_txt_Print.indd781441134127_Notes_Finals_txt_Print.indd 225454 55/31/2011/31/2011 22:41:10:41:10 PPMM Notes for Pages 8–13 255 Church and St. John Nepomucene, the Slovak Roman Catholic parish. The GCU Lodge 160 minutes on January 10, 1909 and August 9, 1925, show the lodge accepting Roman Catholic Slovaks as members. Ján Brodnan of Camden, New Jersey, was simul- taneously an offi cer of the GCU Lodge 160 in Philadelphia and a National Slovak Soci- ety lodge in Camden. GCU Lodge 160, minutes, December 10, 1910, December 14, 1913; Národné noviny, February 9, 1911, February 16, 1911. On those days the paper listed the names and addresses of every lodge and its offi cers, among them Brodnan in Camden. Although Brodnan served as an offi cer in the Holy Ghost GCU lodge from 1904 until his death in December 1921, he chose to belong to the NSS in his home city of Camden, even though Holy Ghost had its own NSS lodge named after Anton Bernolak, a Slovak linguist, and had Greek Catholic offi cers who lived in both Camden and Philadelphia. GCU Lodge 160 minutes books housed at the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies, Philadelphia. 21 Zecker, Streetcar Parishes, 179, 193–194; Slovak Gymnastic Union Sokol Lodge 56, Philadelphia, minutes, June 4, 1916; Svatopluk Slovak Club, Philadelphia, minutes, May 28, 1910, November 1910, January 1911, May 3, 1914, July 5, 1914, July 1, 1917, June 1918, August 6, 1921, March 3, 1924, January 4, 1925, for records of newspaper subscriptions. SGUS Lodge 56 and Svatopluk Slovak Club minute books housed at the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies. Leechburg, Pennsylvania, National Slovak Society Lodge 168, minutes and ledger of income and expenses, April 1937, March 1938, April 1939, May 24, 1942, August 1942, September 1942. University of Pittsburgh, Archives of Industrial Society, AIS 79: 27. 22 Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic, especially 95–108. 23 For reports of lynch mobs as stepping in when authorities proved ineffective, see, for example, Slovák v Amerike, July 7, 1903, 2; July 21, 1905, 2; September 6, 1910, 4; August 29, 1911, 2; October 26, 1911, 1; January 21, 1913, 2. For offi cial leniency as the sup- posed cause of lynching, see Michael J. Pfeifer, “Lynching and Criminal Justice in South Louisiana, 1878–1930,” Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 40, no. 2 (Spring 1999): 155–177; James W.
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