Sejarah Sosial Kesultanan Langkat

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Sejarah Sosial Kesultanan Langkat SEJARAH SOSIAL KESULTANAN LANGKAT Pagar, dkk SEJARAH SOSIAL KESULTANAN LANGKAT Penulis: Pagar Fatimah Zuhrah Shiyamu Manurung Masmedia Pinem Dede Burhanudin Asep Saefullah Desain Cover & Layout Isi: TitianArt Diterbitkan oleh: LITBANGDIKLAT PRESS JL. M.H. Thamrin No. 6 Lantai 17 Jakarta Pusat Telepon: 021-3920688 Fax: 021-3920688 Website: balitbangdiklat.kemenag.go.id Anggota IKAPI No. 545/Anggota Luar Biasa/DKI/2017 Cetakan Pertama - September 2020 I S B N: 978-623-91689-9-5 ii KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah, segala puji dan syukur dipanjatkan kepada Allah Swt. Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, atas segala rahmat dan nikmatnya tercurahkan kepada kita. Atas berkat rahmat dan rida Allah jua, penulisan sejarah Kesultanan Langkat ini dapat diselesaikan, dan kini hasilnya diterbitkan menjadi buku oleh LitbangDiklat Press (LD Press) Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama. Sebagaimana diketahui Indonesia, dan Nusantara dalam konteks yang lebih luas, sungguh wilayah yang eksotis, subur makmur dan menarik perhatian banyak kalangan. Salah satu daya tariknya adakah keanekaragaman dalam berbagai hal, baik hayati maupun nabati, rasa, golongan, suku, maupun agama, serta warna-warni sosial budaya, seni, tradisi, dan lokalitasnya. Salah satu rekaman warna-warni sosial budaya dan lokalitasnya terdapat dalam sejarah lokal. Maka, dalam rangka melestarikan, memelihara, dan memanfaatkan warisan sejarah lokal tersebutlah digagas suatu kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan sejarah sosial keagamaan di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia. Salah satunya adalah Sejarah Kesultanan Langkat yang berada di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. iii Kesultanam Langkat adalah fakta sejarah dan meninggalkan banyak peninggalan artefaktual, khazanah kebudayaan, dan warisan-warisan nonmaterial lainnya berupa falsafah hidup dan semangat perjuangan memajukan dan mencerdaskan rakyat serta membangun peradaban dan karakter bangsa. Kesultanan Langkat merupakan salah satu kerajaan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan corak Islam. Kesultanan Langkat dikenal sebagai Kerajaan Melayu yang dahulu termasuk wilayah Sumatera Timur; bermula dari Kerajaan Aru sekitar tahun 1500 sampai dengan terjadinya revolusi sosial pada 1946, yang mengakhiri sejarah Kesultanan Langkat. Kesultanan Langkat memiliki kekayaan berupa ladang minyak, yang merupakan yang pertama di Indonesia, dan juga perkebunan yang luas, yang menjadikannya sebagai kesultanan terkaya di Asia Tenggara hingga masa kolonial Belanda. Saat ini, Langkat merupakan salah satu Kabupaten di Sumatera Utara. Dinamika sosial-keagamaan, politik, ekonomi, budaya, dan pendidikan dalam perjalanan panjang sejarah Kesultanan Langkat sesungguhnya telah memberikan pengaruh yang kuat pada masyarakat, khususnya masyarakat Melayu di Langkat. Sampai saat ini, perilaku keislaman dapat dijumpai di sana-sini di Kabupaten Langkat; aktivitas keagamaan sehari-hari, seperti salat berjamaah, mengaji di langgar, dan pengajian-pengajian agama, dapat dengan mudah dijumpai dan masih ada hingga kini. Selain itu, sumbangan kesultanan ini kepada Republik Indonesia cukup membanggakan; salah satu pujangga besar dan Pahlawan Nasional berasal dari Langkat, yakni Amir Hamzah, dan Wakil Presiden RI ketiga, juga berasal dari sini, yaitu Adam Malik. Sedikit uraian tersebut dapat memberikan gambaran betapa pentingnya sejarah ditulis dan dipublikasikan. Oleh karena itu, dalam rangka mengambil inspirasi, hikmah, dan pelajaran yang sangat berharga tersebut, buku ini disajikan ke hadapan para pembaca yang budiman. Buku ini berasal dari hasil penelitian tentang sejarah sosial-keagamaan Kesultanan Langkat, kerjasama antara Puslitbang Lektur, Khazanah Keagamaan, dan Manajemen Organisasi dengan Lembaga Penelitian UIN- SU, Medan pada tahun 2018. iv Selanjutnya, kepada LD Press diucapkan banyak terima kasih atas kesediaannya menerbitkan hasil penelitian ini. Semoga hasil usaha ini dapat memberikan manfaat seluas-luasnya bagi kepentingan ilmu pengetahuan dan juga untuk menggali warisan sejarah dan khazanah keagamaan di Indonesia. Kesemuanya diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam melestarikan, memelihara, dan memanfaatkan warisan dan nilai sejarah, serta dapat berguna bagi penguatan jati diri dan pembangunan karakter bangsa. Terakhir kami sampaikan permohonan maaf apabila masih terdapat kekurangan di sana sini. Saran, masukan, dan kritik membangun dapat disampaikan kepada kami untuk perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Demikian, semoga bermanfaat dan mendapat rida Allah Swt. Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Ãmîn Yâ Rabbal-‘âlamîn. Jakarta-Medan, Februari 2020 Tim Penulis v vi Daftar Isi KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................... iii DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................. vii BAGIAN PERTAMA..................................................................... 1 PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................... 1 BAGIAN KEDUA ........................................................................ 17 SEJARAH DAN KEJAYAAN KESULTANAN LANGKAT ..............................17 A. Sejarah Berdirinya Kesultanan Langkat ........................................17 B. Peralihan Kerajaan Langkat Menjadi Kesultanan Langkat ................25 C. Raja-Raja pada Kesultanan Langkat Sejak 1568-1927 ...................27 BAGIAN KETIGA ........................................................................ 41 MASA KEJAYAAN DAN KEMUNDURAN KESULTANAN LANGKAT ..............41 A. Masa Merintis Kejayaan: Masa Kepemimpinan Sultan Musa ...........41 B. Masa Puncak Kejayaan: Masa Kepemimpinan Sultan Abdul Aziz......45 C. Bukti Kejayaan Kesultanan Langkat ..............................................54 D. Masa Kemunduran Kesultanan Langkat ........................................73 BAGIAN KEEMPAT..................................................................... 79 KESULTANAN LANGKAT DALAM BERBAGAI DIMENSI ...........................79 A. Dimensi Keagamaan ..................................................................79 B. Dimensi Sosial dan Budaya .........................................................87 C. Dimensi Ekonomi .......................................................................90 vii D. Dimensi Politik ...........................................................................91 E. Dimensi Intelektual ....................................................................94 BAGIAN KELIMA ....................................................................... 99 FALSAFAH HIDUP MASYARAKAT MELAYU PADA MASA KESULTANAN LANGKAT ......................................................................................99 A. Falsafah Adat Orang Melayu .......................................................99 B. Falsafah Hidup Melayu Langkat .................................................. 105 C. Ciri-Ciri Budaya Melayu dalam Falsafah Hidup Melayu pada Masa Kesultanan Langkat ........................................................ 109 D. Falsafah-Falsafah dalam Kesultanan Langkat .............................. 111 BAGIAN KEENAM .................................................................... 117 REVOLUSI SOSIAL DI KESULTANAN LANGKAT DAN KONTRIBUSI KESULTANAN LANGKAT UNTUK NKRI .............................................. 117 A. Latar Belakang Revolusi Sosial .................................................. 117 B. Terjadinya Revolusi Sosial ........................................................ 121 C. Kontribusi Kesultanan Langkat dalam Penguatan Ke-Indonesia-an . 137 BAGIAN KETUJUH .................................................................... 159 PENUTUP .................................................................................... 159 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................... 163 INDEKS ....................................................................................... 169 BIODATA PENULIS ........................................................................ 175 viii BAGIAN PERTAMA PENDAHULUAN Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan berbagai cerita dan sejarahnya di kabupaten/kota di sana mengundang banyak kalangan, terutama sarjana dan pemerhati sejarah untuk mengkajinya. Ini merupakan sebuah upaya mengumpulkan informasi dan pelajaran berharga kepada generasi- generasi di masa mendatang. Informasi mengenai kerajaan-kerajaan dalam sejarah di Provinsi Sumatera Utara merupakan salah satu warisan budaya yang mengandung beragam dan berlimpah inspirasi sehingga keberadaannya perlu dipelihara, dilestarikan, dan didayagunakan oleh berbagai kalangan. Kabupaten Langkat sebagai salah satu kabupaten di Sumatera Utara memiliki sejarah kerajaan dengan corak ke-Islaman1 yang sangat kuat, yakni Kesultanan Langkat. Kesultanan ini dikenal masyarakat luas sebagai kerajaan Melayu terpandang serta masyhur ketika itu. Kesultanan Langkat, 1Ketika pada abad ke-13 Kerajaan Aru masih berdiri, terjadi proses peng-Islam-an ke daerah-daerah pedalaman, yaitu Karo, Simalungun, Padang Lawas. Sehingga sering disebut memeluk agama Islam sama dengan masuk Melayu. Lihat Bungaran Antonius Simanjuntak, Melayu Pesisir dan Batak Pengunungan: Orientasi Nilai Budaya (Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2010), h. 1 yang pada masa lalu dikenal sebagai wilayah Sumatera Timur2, dalam sejarahnya banyak menarik para pengkaji sejarah di kawasan Nusantara maupun manca negara dari berbagai aspek keilmuan, seperti sejarah, antropologi, sosiologi, linguistik, arkeologi, dan filologi.3 Oleh karena itu, mengkaji dan mengungkap dinamika kehidupan sosial- keagamaan Islam pada masa Kesultanan Langkat
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