Thesis Submitted to Fulfill the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor in Social Sciences: Political Science
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Thesis submitted to fulfill the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Social Sciences: Political Science. CONCEPTUALISING ‘CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT’ IN DEVELOPMENT POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF THE DRC-UNICEF ‘VILLAGE ASSAINI’ PROGRAMME IN KONGO CENTRAL, DRC Pascal SUNDI MBAMBI Promoter: Prof. Dr. Gert VERSCHRAEGEN, Faculty of Social Sciences Co-Promoter: Prof. Dr. Koen DE FEYTER, Law Faculty Members of the Jury: Prof. Dr. Dirk De BIÈVRE, Faculty of Social Sciences (University of Antwerp) Prof. Dr. Ellen DESMET, Faculty of Law and Criminology (Ghent University) Prof. Dr. Fons Coomans, Faculty of Law (Maastricht University) Prof. Dr. Sylvie Ayimpan, Aix-Marseille Université Prof. Dr. Wouter Vandenhole, Law Faculty (University of Antwerp) Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science Antwerp, September 2020 “Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium will be of great interest to students and scholars of human rights, development studies, political science and economics.” - Paul GREADY & Wouter VANDENHOLE Page 2 of 188 To Lisa and Anwel KAMBALA, you departed so early, I will forever remember both of you. I dedicate this thesis to your memory! To my boys Ivan LUZOLO MBAMBI and Fred-Nelson MADIBA MBAMBI, my inspiration and the reason why I aim to do better! TABLE OF CONTENT 0. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 2 0.1. THESIS BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE .................................................................................. 2 0.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................. 8 PART I: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS ...................................................................................... 9 1.1. Understanding state’s failure of development ................................................................................. 9 1.2. Trajectory of development theories: From development to inclusive sustainable development ... 15 1.3. (Human) rights-based approaches to development and the localising human rights conceptual framework ..................................................................................................................................... 23 1.3.1. Defining Human Rights-based Approaches (HRBAs) to Development (HRBAD) ........................ 25 1.3.2. Approaches to change .............................................................................................................. 27 1.3.3. Discussing core principles of the HRBAD ................................................................................... 31 1.3.3.1. Accountability ............................................................................................................................ 31 1.3.3.2. Empowerment ............................................................................................................................ 33 1.3.3.3. Participation ............................................................................................................................... 34 1.3.4. Operating modalities of HRBAs ................................................................................................ 36 1.3.4.1. Global compliance approaches ................................................................................................... 36 1.3.4.2. Programming approaches ........................................................................................................... 37 1.3.4.3. Legal mobilisation approaches .................................................................................................... 37 1.3.4.4. Rights talk approaches ................................................................................................................ 38 1.3.5. The localising human rights framework ................................................................................... 40 1.4. Capacity development in development policy ............................................................................... 45 1.4.1. Capacity building Vs capacity development.............................................................................. 45 1.4.2. Understanding capacity development ...................................................................................... 49 1.4.3. Capacity development and the rights-based approach to development ................................... 53 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH PROCESS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ..................................................... 55 2.1. Overview of the research process .................................................................................................. 55 2.2. Research methodology .................................................................................................................. 56 2.2.1. Justification of the case study: The Village Assaini Programme in the DRC ............................... 56 2.2.2. Selection of villages .................................................................................................................. 57 2.2.3. Data collection methods ........................................................................................................... 58 2.2.3.1. Semi-structured interviews ......................................................................................................... 58 2.2.3.2. Focus group discussions .............................................................................................................. 60 2.2.3.3. Participant observation .............................................................................................................. 61 2.2.3.4. Document analysis ..................................................................................................................... 62 2.2.4. Limitations ............................................................................................................................... 63 2.3. Key features of the research ‘ecology’ ........................................................................................... 64 2.3.1. Key administrative features of the research environment: Public institutions engaged with ensuring access to drinking water ............................................................................................ 64 2.3.1.1. The relationship between the territories and the zones de santé ................................................ 64 2.3.1.2. Socio-political structure of the yombe ethnic group ................................................................................ 68 2.3.2. Key features of the territories and the zones de santé .............................................................. 69 2.3.2.1. The Territory of Tshela ................................................................................................................ 69 2.3.2.1.1. The zone de santé of Kinkonzi ..................................................................................................... 71 2.3.2.1.2. The zone de santé of Vaku .......................................................................................................... 72 2.3.2.2. The territory of Lukula ................................................................................................................ 73 2.3.2.2.1. The zone de santé of Lukula ........................................................................................................ 74 2.3.2.2.2. The zone de santé of Kangu ........................................................................................................ 75 2.3.2.3. The territory of Seke Banza ......................................................................................................... 75 2.3.2.3.1. The zone de santé of Seke Banza ................................................................................................ 76 2.3.3. Key features of the UNICEF and Village Assaini Programme ..................................................... 77 2.3.4. Selection and description of selected villages for fieldwork ...................................................... 81 2.3.4.1. Village 1 (V1) .............................................................................................................................. 83 2.3.4.2. Village 2 (V2) .............................................................................................................................. 85 2.3.4.3. Village 3 (V3) .............................................................................................................................. 86 2.3.4.4. Village 4 (V4) .............................................................................................................................. 88 2.3.4.5. Village 5 (V5) .............................................................................................................................. 89 2.3.5. Fieldwork process and challenges ............................................................................................ 90 2.3.5.1. Characteristics of the research participants ................................................................................ 90 2.3.5.2. Access to the field and related challenges ................................................................................... 90 2.3.5.3. The interview process: challenges and ethical considerations ....................................................