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Diploma in Management of Non-Wood Forest Products

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Diploma in Management of Non-Wood Forest Products Diploma in Management of Non-Wood Forest Products (DMNWFP-16) Course Title: NWFP Basics (NWFP 01) Department of Forestry and Environmental Science School of Earth and Environmental Science UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Haldwani, Nainital, Uttarakhand Expert Committee Dr. V.K. Pathak Prof . S.P. Singh. Ex- Vice Chancellor Vice Chancellor HNB Garhwal University Uttarakhand Open University Srinagar Mr. I.D. Pande Prof. Uma Melkania Ex-Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, G.B. Pant University of Agri. & Tech. Uttarakhand Pantnagar Dr. G.C.S. Negi Dr. Jeet Ram G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Department of Forestry Development Kumaun University Kosi Almora Nainital Dr. Ashish Tewari Mr. Mukund Kumaiyan Department of Forestry Central Himalayan Environmental Kumaun University Association(CHEA) Nainital Nainital Course Writing and Compilation Team Prof. Uma Melkania Dr. Jeet Ram Depaertment of Environmental Science Department of Forestry G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Kumaun University Pantnagar Nainital Dr. N.P. Melkania Dr. G.C.S. Negi Department of Envioronmental Sciences G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & APEX Institute of Technology Development Rudrapur, Uttarakhand Kosi Almora Dr. Ashish Tewari Mr. Mukund Kumaiyan Department of Forestry Central Himalayan Environmental Kumaun University Association(CHEA) Nainital Nainital Dr. Beena Joshi Dr. H.C. Joshi Department of Forestry, School of Sciences Department of Forestry, School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani Haldwani © All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form without prior permission in writing from the Uttarakhand Open University CONTENTS Page No. Block 1 Definition and Classification of NWFPs Unit 1. Status of non- wood forest products 01 Unit 2. Types of NWFPs 24 Block2 Important NWFPs in India & Himalayan region Unit 3. Livelihood Implications 35 Unit 4. Valuation, value addition and enterprise development 49 Block 3 Distribution and Utilization of NWFP Unit 5. Fibres and flosses 70 Unit 6. Tannins and dyes 84 Unit 7. Oil seeds 100 Unit 8. Gums, resin and oleo-resin 119 Unit 9. Edible fruit plants 134 NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS: BASICS NWFP 01 Unit 1: Status of Non Wood Forest Products Unit Structure 1.1 Learning Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Status of Non-Wood Forest Products 1.4 Regeneration Status and Production of Various Categories of NWFPs 1.4.1 Leaves 1.4.2. Bamboos 1.4.3. Gums and Resins 1.4.4. Oil seed 1.4.5. Essential oils 1.4.6 Fibers and Flosses 1.4.7 Grasses 1.4.8 Tannin and dyes 1.4.9 Drugs and Spices 1.4.9 Spices 1.4.10 Animal products 1.4.11 Edible plant products 1.4.12 Challenges associated with increased exploitation 1.4.13 Policy and institutional challenges 1.4.14 Tenure and ownership issues 1.4.15 The size of enterprise development 1.4.16 Requirements for sustainable management 1.5 SUMMARY 1.1 Learning Objectives After you have studied this unit you should be able to: To understand the importance of Non–wood forest products (NWFPs) in India and World. To develop knowledge about policy and institutional challenges of NWFPs. To assess the regeneration status of various Non-wood forest products. To develop basic understanding on status of NWFPs in our forest policies. 1.2 Introduction The forest is a plant community composed of trees and other vegetation which contains not only a great quantity of timber reserves, but also abundant non-wood plant and animal UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS: BASICS NWFP 01 resources. In China the development of non- wood forest products (NWFPs) resources has been given high priority over a decade. NWFPs constitute a large proportion of total exports of forest products in China and several other countries of the world and they have become essential means of livelihood for the people. It is estimated that 60 percent of the total production of NWFP is consumed locally. The contribution of some of the NWFP, through sales comes to nearly 50 percent of the total revenue from the forestry sector in India. Nearly 400 million people living in and around forests depend on non-wood forest products for their sustenance and supplemental income. NWFPs provide as much as 50 percent of the income to about 30 percent of rural people. The high potential of NWFPs in India should be rationally used through scientific approaches aided by research, acquisition of technology and people’s participation. Intellectual property rights over knowledge about the uses and properties of NWFPs need to be suitably protected. 1.3 Status of Non-Wood Forest Products Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) deserve special mention because of their grant potential to support an economic development consistent with the principles of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM). Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) cover a wide range of products (goods & services) from thatching materials to medicinal plants. These products are essential needs of local communities. Some NWFPs, such as latex, gums, resins, essential oils, flavours, fragrances and aroma chemicals help to promote value added processing, niche marketing and export trade. Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) can provide increased employment opportunities and income earning capabilities. Deriving the full benefits of some of the high value NWFPs, requires specialized/ sophisticated skills ranging from bio prospecting, at the resource end to quality control, storage and packaging at the market end. Management of NWFPs will decide the sustainability of forestry in future. Nearly 400 million people living in and around forests depend on NWFPs for their sustenance and supplemental income. Non-wood forest products (NWFPs ) provide as much as 50 percent of the income to about 30 percent of rural people. It is heartening to note that, in this context, there is a growing realization now that NWFP have a tremendous potential in meeting the subsistence needs of local people on the one hand while alleviating their abysmal poverty on the other. Another striking feature of minor forest products (MFPs) and non-wood forest products (NWFPSs) is that they can be used UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS: BASICS NWFP 01 on a sustainable basis under scientific manner without adversely affecting the resource base. In this respect they differ considerably from ’Major Forest Produce’. Non- Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) is an umbrella term used for a vast array of goods of biological origin other than timber derived from the forests. However, considering many conservations, cultural and ethical issues related to wild animals and their derivatives, these have been excluded from being considered as NWFPs. These are a wealth of useful goods with significant potential to ensure livelihood security at community level. Based on origin, NWFPs may be arranged in different classes viz., plant fruits, seeds and nuts; plant exudes- latex, resin, and nectar; plant parts-stem, leaf, roots, bark, apical buds, flowers, mushrooms and orchids and non plant products such as lac and silk. Commonly collected NWFPs in the Himalaya include a variety of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), pine resin, lichens, moss, wild mushrooms, berries and honey. The values of NWFPs in poverty alleviation of marginalized forest-dependent communities has for long been acknowledged. The focus of interest is now on whether sustainable harvest from wild, cultivation on private farmland and commercialization of NWFPs can support local people to achieve sustainable livelihood in changed socio-economic scenario. The contribution of non- wood forest products (NWFPs) to the forestry sector in most countries is significant, and studies are showing that they have been undervalued in the past. A recent valuation undertaken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in India estimates that 220 million tonnes of fuelwood, 250 million tonnes of grass and green fodder and 12 million m³ of timber are removed from India's forests annually. These products are estimated to be worth US$ 10 billion (Mukherjee, 1994). In India, NWFPs provide about 40 percent of total official forest revenues and 55 percent of forest-based employment. Nearly 500 million people living in and around forests in India rely on NWFPs as a critical component for their sustenance (World Resources Institute, 1990). In Madhya Pradesh, the NWFPs which are primarily collected by tribal (i.e. members of local indigenous groups) women are worth more than Rs 21 billion (US$ 700 million) annually (Worldwatch Institute, 1991). Based on a study of ten forest protection committees under the Joint Forest Management programme, it was found that the income from NWFPs ranges from Rs 234 to Rs 5569 (US $8-$186) per hectare per year with a mean of Rs 2299 (US $79) (Malhotra et al., 1991). UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3 NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS: BASICS NWFP 01 Furthermore, revenues from NWFPs have been growing faster than revenues from timber in the past. For example, compound growth rates in revenue from NWFPs in India during the 1968/69 to 1976/77 period were 40 percent higher than those for timber. Export earnings from NWFPs on average account for about 60 to 70 percent of total export earnings from forest products, and this proportion has been rising. Moreover, there is considerable scope for increasing exports further by exploiting untapped resources as the current production of most NWFPs is estimated to be about 60 percent of the potential production. In the case of non-edible fibres and flowers, production is only 7 and 12 percent, respectively, of the potential production (Gupta, Banerji and Guleria, 1982). It is now felt increasingly that management and development of NWFP resources is essential for various reasons. First, forest management focused on the production of NWFPs may be ecologically and economically sustainable provided that extraction rates do not exceed the maximum sustainable yield.
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