Essential Oil Production Under Public Sector, Private Partnershipmodel

ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION UNDER PUBLIC SECTOR, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPMODEL

 - V.S. VENKATESHA GOWDA FORMER GENERAL MANAGER KARNATAKA SOAPS & DETERGENTS LTD., BANGALORE-55

INTRODUCTION:

 Definition of Essential Oil : The scented oil obtained from natural sources is called Essential oil. An essential oil may be defined as a volatile perfumery material derived from a single source of vegetable or animal origin, which has been separated from that source by a physical process.

 Natural Essential Oils Are The JEWELS OF NATURE – only Kings & Queens and rich persons were supposed to use these essential oils and barter with other valuables.

2 PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS:

 India is already world leader as far as production and export of essential oils and their value added products are concerned.  Many factors go in favour of our country,  1) Biodiversity  2) Scientific manpower  3) Processing industry  4) Huge investment in trade  Unless, all these four parameters are well addressed by any country, an industry cannot grow and achieve distinction.

3  The production of essential oils can be grouped in to five categories,

 1) Essential oils for processing  2) Essential oils for fragrances  3) Essential oils for flavours  4) Essential oils for aromatherapy and natural  medicines  5) Essential oils for pharma oils.

4 WORLD PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FOR PROCESSING (2011)

Essential Oil Quantity (in MTonnes) Producing Countries Basil 500 India Cederwood 3000 China, USA, India Citrodora 1000 China, Brazil, India, S.Africa Citronella 1500 China, Indonesia, India Clove Leaf 4000 Madagascar, Indonesia, Zanzibar

Eucalyptus 5000 China, India, Australia Lemongrass 400 India, China, Guatemala Litsea cubeba 1500 China M. Arvensis 30,000 India, China Sassafras 400 China, Brazil Staranise 400 China, Vietnam Orange 50,000 Brazil, USA, Israel, Argentina

Others 2000 TOTAL 99,700 5 The following are the methods for separation of essential oils,

 Steam distillation : It is the method of purifying any substance by application of steam on them.

 Hydro distillation : in order to isolate essential oils by hydro distillation, the aromatic plant material is packed in a still and sufficient quantity of water is added and brought to a boil, alternatively, live steam is injected in to the plant charge. due to the influence of hot water and steam, the essential oil is separated from the oil glands in the plant tissue.

6  Dry distillation : It is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). The product are condensed and collected. This method usually requires higher temperatures than classical distillation. The method has been used to obtain liquid fuels from coal and wood.  Supercritical fluid extraction : It is the process of separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. Carbon dioxide is the most commonly used supercritical fluid. (A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure

7 above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist).

Perfume: The word ‘Perfume’ used today derives from the Latin per fumum, meaning "through smoke”. Perfume is used to signify a pleasant scent or smell or a substance which emits a pleasing odour.

Fragrance: ‘Fragrance’ means sweetness of smell. Like Perfume it comes from the Latin and is akin to the Sanskrit root, ghra. It’s used as a synonym for perfume, in the concrete sense of a substance which emits a pleasant odour.

8 NEED FOR DIVERSIFICATION

 Change in global scenario in export/import of agricultural commodities  Falling prices of agricultural commodities  Decreasing profitability of agricultural crops  Danger of loss of jobs  Ecological damage  Change in consumer perceptions

9 AROMATIC PLANTS – NEED FOR DIVERSIFICATION

 More profitable than many field crops

 Plants for intercropping – complementary not supplementary systems

 Scope for value addition

 Ecologically sustainable

IMPORTANT ESSENTIAL OIL PLANTS GROWN IN INDIA AND THEIR USES

PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL PLANT BOTANICAL NAME CONSTITUENTS INDUSTRIAL USES

JAVA CITRONELLA CYMBOPOGON WINTERIANUS CITRONELLAL, PERFUMERY, RAW JOWITT. CITRONELLOL, GERANIOL MATERIAL FOR VARIOUS AROMA CHEMICALS

CORIANDER CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L. LINALOOL, LINALYL FLAVOURING FOOD AND ACETATE PHARMACEUTICALS, PERFUMERY

DAVANA ARTEMISIA PALLENS WALL. DAVANONE, FLAVOURING CAKES, DAVANOFURANS PASTRIES, TOBACCO, BEVERAGES, HIGH GRADE PERFUMES

EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA CITRONELLAL, ISO- PERFUMERY HOOK. PULEGOL, CITRONELLOL

11 SCENTED GERANIUM PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L-CITRONELLOL, PERFUMERY AND L. HER.EX AIT. GERANIOL, LINALOOL FLAVOURING

JASMINE JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM LINALOOL, BENZYL PERFUMERY L. ACETATE, INDOLE, EUGENOL, BENZYL BENZOATE EAST INDIAN CYMBOPOGON FLEXUOSUS CITRAL FLAVOURS, COSMETICS, LEMONGRASS (STEUD.) WATS. PERFUMES, MANUFACTURE OF VITAMIN A LINALOE BURSERA DELPECHIANA LINALOOL, LINALYL COSMETICS, SOAPS POISSON EX ENGL. ACETATE

PALMAROSA CYMBOPOGON MARTINII GERANIOL, GERANYL PERFUMERY (ROXB.) WATS. ACETATE, LINALOOL

PATCHOULI POGOSTEMON CABLIN PATCHOULI ALCOHOL, PERFUMERY BENTH. SESQUITERPENE HYDROCARBONS ROSEMARY ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS L. 1, 8-CINEOLE, PERFUMERY LINALOOL, MYRCENE, CAMPHENE SANDALWOOD SANTALUM ALBUM L. -SANTALOL, - PERFUMERY SANTALOL, - &  - SANTALENE 12 WORLD PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS

Sl CATEGORY OF USE QUANTITY IN M. No TONNES 1 Essential oils for processing 93,500

2 Essential oils for fragrances 13,538

3 Essential oils for flavours 11,800

4 Essential oils for natural cosmetics / 5,200 personal care 5 Essential oils for natural medicines / 2,900 aromatherapy 6 Essential oils for pharma 2,900

TOTAL 1,29,838

13 PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN INDIA (YEAR-2011)

Sl No Essential Oil Production Sl Essential Oil Production (M. Tonnes) No (M. Tonnes) 1 Ajowan 20 15 Fennel 05 2 B. Pepper 50 16 Geranium 10 3 Basil Exotic 02 17 Ginger 05 4 Basil Indian 500 18 Jamrosa 05 5 Cederwood 200 19 Juniper Berry 10 6 Cinnamon Leaf 05 20 K. Katchri 10 7 Citronella 100 21 Lavender 02 8 Cumin 10 22 Lemongrass 150 9 Cardamom 25 23 M.Arvensis 30,000 10 Coriander 05 24 M.Citrata 05 11 Davana 05 25 M.Longifolia 04 12 Dillseed 10 26 M.Piperita 1,200 13 E. Citrodora 10 27 Nutmeg 25 14 Eucalyptus 50 28 Nagarmotha 2514 Sl Essential Oil Production (M. No Tonnes) 29 Palmarosa 15 30 Patchouli 04 31 Rosemary 01 32 Rooh khas 02 33 Sandalwood 25 34 Spearmint 400 35 Turmeric 05 36 Thuja 04 37 Vetiver oil 20 38 Others 50 TOTAL 32,974

ESTIMATED AREA UNDER AROMATIC CROPS AND ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION IN SOUTH INDIA

Aromatic Crop Area(ac) Essential oil production(t) Palmarosa 800-1000 32-40

Citronella 400 40

Lemon grass 600-700 60-70

Eucalyptus citriodora 900-1000 36-40

Patchouli 100 5

Geranium 50 0.5

Vetiver 300-400 3-4

OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMICS OF CULTIVATION OF AROMATIC CROPS (APPROX.)

ESSENTIAL COST OF PRICE OF NET RETURN CROP OIL YIELD CULTIVATION OIL (RS./KG) (RS./HA) (KG/HA/YR) (RS./HA)

JAVA CITRONELLA 240 34,000 350 50,000 LEMONGRASS 240 34,000 400 62,000 PATCHOULI 80 50,000 1500 70,000 ROSEMARY 120 46,000 1000 74,000 GERANIUM 24 46,000 4000 50,000 PALMROSA 120 65,000 2000 1,20,000 VETIVER 25 1,00,000 10,000 1,50,000

17 ECONOMICS OF AROMATIC CROPS

CROP PURE CROPS INTERCROPPED IN PLANTATIONS

NET PROFIT 50% INTER 25% INTER (RS/AC/YR) CROPPED CROPPED

JAVA CITRONELLA 20,000 11,000 5,500

LEMONGRASS 25,000 14,000 7,500

PATCHOULI 52,000 27,000 14,000

IMPROVED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN AROMATIC CROPS

Cropping System % improvement in land use efficiency

Citronella + (cowpea – fingermillet) 46

Citronella + (greengram-fingermillet) 45

Citronella + (greengram-groundnut) 43

Citronella + (greengram-sorghum) 40

Palmarosa + blackgram 13

Geranium + cowpea 29

Geranium + blackgram 33

19 RETURNS FROM CROP SEQUENCES INVOLVING AGRICULTURAL AND AROMATIC CROPS IN SEMI-ARID TROPICS Cropping system Geranium oil yield equivalent (kg/ha) 1 Sorghum + Redgram – clusterbean/greengram 30.35 + geranium – greengram 2 Pearlmillet – clusterbean/greengram + 28.36 geranium – greengram 3 Sunflower + Redgram – cluster 30.55 bean/greengram + geranium – greengram 4 Maize – greengram + geranium – greengram 30.27 5 Palmarosa + clusterbean/greengram 16.82 6 Lemongrass + clusterbean/greengram 12.12 7 Java citronella + greengram 17.81 8 Geranium + clusterbean/greengram 42.07

20 AGRI-WASTE IMPROVES ECONOMICS OF RAINFED PALMAROSA

Practice Palmarosa oil yield (kg/ha/6 harvests) Conventional 63.3

Incorporation of 76.2 spent material Additional benefit 12.9

21 USES OF VETIVER

Environmental and soil Perennial nature, strong protection root system Use in phytoremediation Perfumery & flavours Vetiver oil is unique; there is no synthetic substitute Handicrafts Several articles of utility and decoration Shelter Thatching roofs; makeshift houses Other uses Traditional drinks, fodder etc.

22 TESTING OF ESSENTIAL OILS:

Following are the testing methods for Essential Oils: 1. Colour & Appearance 2. Odour 3. Refractive Index 4. Specific Gravity 5. Optical rotation 6. Total Alcohols 7. Total Esters 8. Purity By GLC for reference purpose.

PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

 The number species of living organisms on earth is estimated to be about 13.6Milion, which includes about 2,50,000 species of plants. Out of these, 35- 70,000 species of higher plants may have been used for medicinal purposes at one time or another in different traditional medical practices. About 5000 species of higher plants have been exhaustively studied by the pharmaceutical industries as a source of new drugs. More than 120 drugs of known chemical structure, which are extracted from 95

24  species of higher plants are globally in allopathic medicine.  It is estimated that there are about 47000 species plants in India, out of which 17000 are Angiosperms, representing 6% of world’s known flowering plants. Nearly 8000 plants have recognized for medicinal use in value traditional systems of medicine in India.  There are about 1300 plants in India which are known to be medicinal aromatic plant. Out of which 65 plant species have demand in the world market.  India share the 3rd largest producer natural essential oils next to USA and Brazil.

25  Total Indian exports about 2800tonns of essential valued at Rs.327.44 lakhs, with mentha mint oil accounting for about 70% and 60% of the quantity and value, respectively, of the total essential oils export.  Further, 4th largest economy after USA, China & Japan and second fastest growing economy. Hence there is a demand for the mass consumption items.  In the context of rising affluence, the country expected to grow at 20% in FMCG, Wellness and Lifestyle segments and it will become 4th largest consumer economy by 2025.

26  Emerging demand for the Natural product World wide: There is an enormous opportunity for cultivation of medicinal plants as against the current collection form the wild cultivation. The commercial cultivation can ensure stability in Quantity and Quality of the material including conservation of the valuable natural plant genetic sources. For commercial cultivation there is a good scope in waste lands along with the inter-plantation methods.  The Medicinal Aromatic Plants though they are similar morphologically they differ in quality & quantity which needs to be assed with sophisticated equipments. Therefore standardization of cultivation practices under local conditions on adoptability for the wide range of agro climatic conditions.

27  Essential oils from aromatic plants are low volume and of high value. They have a longer shelf life at room temp. than horticultural plants. Some of them can be grown in marginal lands through contract farming.

28 ORGANIC FARMING & SANDALWOOD FARMING

 What is Organic Farming .. ?

 “Nature and man are interdependent; protection of the environment will be in the interest of man himself”  – Mahatma Gandhi

 Organic Farming is an approach that promotes this interdependence between nature and man in a sustainable way. Its in a way going back to the traditional methods of farming.

 Organic Farming is a holistic production management system which promotes and enhances:-

. Agro-ecosystem health . Biodiversity . Natural biological cycles . Natural soil biological activity

FEATURES OF ORGANIC FARMING  Organic Farming as a production system has the following features:-

 Avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides , growth regulators and livestock feed additives

 To the maximum extent feasible it relies upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks

 Uses aspects of biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and tilth to supply plant nutrients and to control insects, weeds and other pests

 Capable of maintaining their productivity & usefulness to society indefinitely. Must be resource-conserving, socially supportive, commercially competitive and environmentally sound.

ORGANIC FARMING & SANDALWOOD CULTIVATION

 Sandalwood cultivation is a good candidate and a natural choice for Organic Farming

 The focus is not on yearly yields, but rather over an extended period of time – ranging from15 years

 It is not to a large extent dependent on fertilizers and pesticides

 It is not to a large extent dependent on intensive irrigation facilities

31 INTRODUCTION TO SANDALWOOD FARMING

Sandalwood is the fragrant heartwood of some of the species of genus Santalum of family Santalaceae. The most notable members of this group are Santalum album, Indian Sandalwood & Santalum spicatum, (Australian Sandalwood).

Sandalwood has been valued for centuries for its fragrance, wood working and various purported medicinal qualities. In India the genus is represented by Santalum album and the wood is commercially known as East Indian Sandalwood and the essential oil from it is East Indian Sandalwood oil. East Indian Sandalwood & Sandalwood Oil are amongst the oldest perfumery material used since time immemorial

AGRO TECHNOLOGY FOR SANDALWOOD CULTIVATION

 Sandalwood can be grown in variety of soil with pH ranging from 7 to 8.5, with area temperature ranging from 5 to 50C.

 It is not region specific and can adapt to different environmental conditions.

 The plantation-grown trees with irrigation and fertilization perform exceedingly well compared to natural forest conditions.

 In natural conditions Sandalwood tree takes more than 7 years to produce scented heartwood and its growth is restricted due to climatic factors, soil, vegetation, fire, grazing and human interventions. Under these stress conditions fully developed tree requires about 30 to 35 years for harvesting.

 Plantation grown trees produce heartwood formation in about 3 to 4 years and develop good heartwood ranging in diameter from 15 cm to 25 cm in about 15 years. Harvesting at this age is much more economical and commercially viable.

33 IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR SANDALWOOD

 Sandalwood tree is partial root parasite, requires another host tree by its side, through which it draws nutrient for its good growth.

 Providing good host plants is an important criteria for the good growth of Sandalwood.

 Timely Irrigation, fertilization, soil working and pruning are required.

CULTIVATION PROCESS

 Seeds are available in two seasons April - May and September – October. Both the seeds perform alike with respect to germination.

 Some seed producing areas have been identified for collection.

 Fresh fruits collected are de-pulped and dried seeds are kept for two months due to dormancy before sowing.

 If the seeds are soaked in 0.05% gibberllic acid for 16 hours prior to sowing, good and uniform germination could be achieved.

 Well-developed healthy seedling of 6 to 8 months old is ideal for planting in the field. host and other intermediate plants.

INTERPLANTING WITH FRUIT CROPS

 Different configuration models can be adapted in the field depending on the sustenance of the grower. If one needs regular income returns from the plantation, interplanting with fruit crops of small canopy can be made.

 Some of the trees identified for intercrops:-

. Grafted Amla or gooseberry (Phylanthus emblika or Emblika officinalis)

. Grafted Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

. Grafted Pomegranate (Punica granatum)

. Pongamia, Neem, Drumstick, Silver oak, Dalbergia latifolia

PURE SANDALWOOD PLANTATION WITH HOST PLANTS

 Farmers who can sustain longer periods of investment, can adopt pure Sandalwood plantation.

 Planting Sandalwood trees are much more economical and the expenditure required for planting and maintenance up to a period of 15 years for a hectare would be about Rs.10 lakhs, where as the economic returns shall be phenomenal.

 On an average about 500 trees planted in one hectare and the average yield per tree is about 15 to 20 kg of scented heartwood at the end of 15 years.

 Discounting 20 percent towards the causality of trees, the total production of scented heartwood would be approximately 9.0 Metric tonnes. Lucrative returns can be calculated from sandalwood, apart from other benefits from host and other intermediate plants.

ECONOMIC MODEL WORKED OUT BY KS&DL UNDER PUBLIC SECTOR, PRIVATE, PARTNERSHIP P3 FOR COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION OF SANDALWOOD IN INDIA UNDER BUY BACK ARRANGEMENT:

Sl. Particulars Per Hectare (2.5 Acre) Quantity / Price No. 01 Requirement of Sandal Seedlings / Hosts

No of Sandal plants required per hectare 500 Nos.

No of pot hosts required per hectare 500 Nos.

No of Intermediate host plants required 500 Nos

No of long term host plants required 500 Nos

02 Cost of Sandalwood Seedlings / Hosts

Cost of production of sandalwood seedling Rs.12 x 500 Rs. 6,000-00

Cost of production of seedling primary host Rs.2 x 500 Rs. 1,000-00

Cost of production of Intermediate host Rs.10 x 500 Rs. 5,000-00

Cost of production of long term host Rs.10 x 500 Rs. 5,000-00

Cost for pit formation, soil work, planting, watering etc., Rs. 20,000-00

Cost of Drip Irrigation Rs.1,00,000-00

38 03 Recurring Expenditure till Harvesting

Security &Vigilance for 15 years Rs.36,000/- pa Rs.5,40,000-00

Annual Weeding & Soil working for 15 years Rs. 2,000/- pa Rs. 30,000-00

Irrigation for 15 years Rs. 2,000/-pa Rs. 30,000-00

Fertilizer/Manure for 15 years Rs. 5,000/-pa Rs. 75,000-00

Miscellaneous expenses ( Management of Pests Rs.25,000/-pa Rs.3,75,000-00 & Diseases, Supervision etc.,) for 15 years Expenditure on Land & other Infrastructure Rs.10,00,000-00

Total approximate expenditure ( After reckoning Rs.48,00,000-00 the Investment, Inflation @ 5% & Interest @ 12% on Investment )

04 Expected Heartwood yield at the age of 15 yr. Per Hectare after taking 10% as mortalities, thefts etc., No. of Sandalwood Trees eligible for extraction 450 Nos.

Approx. quantity of Heartwood expected per tree Min. 20 kgs. x 450 9000 Kgs.

39 Approx. quantity of Heartwood expected per tree 20 kgs. x 450 9000 Kgs.

Approx. quantity of Sapwood expected per tree 30 kgs x 450 13500 Kgs.

Average Price of Sandalwood Heartwood class Rs.3,500 per kg x 9000 kgs Rs.3,15,00,000-00

Cost of Sapwood Rs.65 per kg x 13500 kgs Rs.8,77,500-00

Bark & Waste 3 Kg per tree x 450 Rs 13.50 per kg Rs 18,225-00

Estimated profit from Inter crops for Rs 13.50 Kg Rs.12,000/- pa x 15 years Rs,3,75,000-00 spread over 15 years @ Rs 25,000/-. TOTAL Rs,3,27,70,725-00

5 NET ESTIMATED PROFIT AFTER RECONING Per Hectare Rs.2,79,70,725-00 EXPENDITURE OF Rs.48,00,000/-

LEGAL ASPECT OF SANDALWOOD

 Sandalwood plants are widely distributed in the southern Indian states like, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, hence, defined sandalwood as a “Forest produce”, where as “Indian Forest Act” does not have any special provisions for sandalwood.

 In the meanwhile Govt. of India notified Chandana is also one of the notified medicinal plant among 32 plants. The legal hassle faced by the Sandalwood trade regulation is that there is no comprehensive regulation applicable to the entire country in India. Hence, the clandestine trade is flourishing and Sandalwood population declining which is in the verge of extinction and Sandalwood is classified as one of the endangered plant species in India.

DISTILLATION AND EXTRACTION OF OIL

 DISTILLATION AND EXTRACTION

. Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Ltd are the pioneers in distilling quality sandalwood oil. . Distillers follow different methods for obtaining oil from wood. . Steam distillation is a simple and efficient method and is widely accepted. . Sandalwood is powdered and sieved to get mesh size of 12 to 36 and then charged into copper or stainless steel stills. . Steam is bubbled up at the base under pressure 30 to 40 Psi (low pressure steam) for 100 to 120 hours. . The crude oil floating on the surface of distillate is skimmed off and filtered. . Moisture present in the oil is removed by vacuum process. . On an average good kind of Sandalwood yields about 5 to 6 percent of oil upon distillation. . The exhausted powder is used in incense stick manufacture and a resin is also extracted from it.

 COLOUR OF HEARTWOOD AND OIL CONTENT

 The superiority of wood is generally judged based on colour and from the portions of the tree from which it is taken. Weight of wood is also one of the criteria for selecting quality wood for higher yield of oil. 42

USES OF SANDALWOOD OIL

 Some of the major industries depending on sandalwood oil:

 Attar industry

 Perfumery

 Soaps and toiletries

 Chewing scented tobacco

 Pan Masala

  Pharmaceutical applications

 The production of Attars has occurred in India for centuries, it is a blend of sandalwood oil and flower oil, such as rose petal, jasmine, kewda etc. The quality of attar depends on the concentration of flower effervescence with in sandalwood oil. Numerous types of attar products are made in India and it forms an important constituent for the manufacture of incense sticks and Scented tobacco, Pan Masala, Pan Parag, Zarada, Gutka etc.

DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OF SANDAL WOOD & OIL

PHARMACEUTICAL USES OF SANDALWOOD OIL

 Treatment of Skin diseases

 Treatment for Acne, Dysentery, Gonorrhea,.

 Ayurvedic preparations for various treatments.

 Preparation of various beauty aids

 Use of oil as bitter, cooling, sedative, astringent, disinfectant and anti bacterial applications

STATUS OF SANDALWOOD INDUSTRY

 Indian sandalwood industry is very large compared to any perfume industry in the world. More than 85 percent of world’s production of wood and oil is contributed from India.

 Tamil Nadu contributes more than 80 percent of the countries production. Karnataka was contributing more than 50 percent of the wood and oil to the market, presently negligible.

 It is estimated that the present annual production of sandalwood exceeds 300 to 400 tonnes and oil production exceeds 3 to 5 tonnes.

 However, these figures do not match with the official production. Domestic industries consume about 80,000 kg of sandalwood oil each year.

 Handicrafts industries consume about 15 to 20 percent of the total wood production. Sandalwood trade is a very tricky business and one cannot get the true statistics, either on production or on the quantity of oil used due to official restriction imposed on it.

GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF SANDALWOOD OIL

 In view of the Indian sandalwood supply being limited and expensive, industries dependent on sandalwood are on the look out for alternates, such as:- . Western Australian sandalwood oil . Fiji oil . New Caledonia sandalwood and oil . South African sandalwood oil

 Australian sandalwood oil derived from Santalum spicatum is not identical to Indian sandalwood; its odour and chemical constituents are different. It has only 25 to 30% of santalol.  Fuji and New Caledonian oil is fairly superior which can be used as alternate because it is less expensive.  African (Tanzanian) sandalwood is a different plant species, Osyris tenifolia, and has very little affinity towards Indian sandalwood oil, is also used as an alternate.  These natural alternates are preferred to many synthetics substitutes, available in the market. Prolonged use of the components containing synthetic substitutes is harmful to human consumption and may bring incurable disease. It is also true that the synthetic substitutes are not identical to the natural sandal wood oil and differ in properties. 47 VISION OF KS&DL

 Our vision is to produce the best quality natural Sandalwood and Oil from “Soil to Oil” from the legal and ethical sources on sustainable basis towards National Prosperity through commercial cultivation of natural Sandalwood to produce the best quality natural Sandalwood oil based soaps, cosmetics, Beauty aids, perfumes through continuous revolutionize innovations for both new and existing product lines to meet the global standards.  Our Mission is to Grow More Sandalwood, empower the growers, conserve nature under buy back arrangement.

48 BIBILIOGRAPHY

 Indian Perfumers- Sept’2012  CIMAP – BANGALORE  E-mail – [email protected] / [email protected]

49 ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

 I am thankful to the management of KS&DL and staff members, FFDC for having given me the opportunity to share my experience.