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Essential Oil Production Under Public Sector, Private Partnershipmodel ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION UNDER PUBLIC SECTOR, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPMODEL - V.S. VENKATESHA GOWDA FORMER GENERAL MANAGER KARNATAKA SOAPS & DETERGENTS LTD., BANGALORE-55 1 INTRODUCTION: Definition of Essential Oil : The scented oil obtained from natural sources is called Essential oil. An essential oil may be defined as a volatile perfumery material derived from a single source of vegetable or animal origin, which has been separated from that source by a physical process. Natural Essential Oils Are The JEWELS OF NATURE – only Kings & Queens and rich persons were supposed to use these essential oils and barter with other valuables. 2 PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS: India is already world leader as far as production and export of essential oils and their value added products are concerned. Many factors go in favour of our country, 1) Biodiversity 2) Scientific manpower 3) Processing industry 4) Huge investment in trade Unless, all these four parameters are well addressed by any country, an industry cannot grow and achieve distinction. 3 The production of essential oils can be grouped in to five categories, 1) Essential oils for processing 2) Essential oils for fragrances 3) Essential oils for flavours 4) Essential oils for aromatherapy and natural medicines 5) Essential oils for pharma oils. 4 WORLD PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FOR PROCESSING (2011) Essential Oil Quantity (in MTonnes) Producing Countries Basil 500 India Cederwood 3000 China, USA, India Citrodora 1000 China, Brazil, India, S.Africa Citronella 1500 China, Indonesia, India Clove Leaf 4000 Madagascar, Indonesia, Zanzibar Eucalyptus 5000 China, India, Australia Lemongrass 400 India, China, Guatemala Litsea cubeba 1500 China M. Arvensis 30,000 India, China Sassafras 400 China, Brazil Staranise 400 China, Vietnam Orange 50,000 Brazil, USA, Israel, Argentina Others 2000 TOTAL 99,700 5 The following are the methods for separation of essential oils, Steam distillation : It is the method of purifying any substance by application of steam on them. Hydro distillation : in order to isolate essential oils by hydro distillation, the aromatic plant material is packed in a still and sufficient quantity of water is added and brought to a boil, alternatively, live steam is injected in to the plant charge. due to the influence of hot water and steam, the essential oil is separated from the oil glands in the plant tissue. 6 Dry distillation : It is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). The product are condensed and collected. This method usually requires higher temperatures than classical distillation. The method has been used to obtain liquid fuels from coal and wood. Supercritical fluid extraction : It is the process of separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. Carbon dioxide is the most commonly used supercritical fluid. (A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure 7 above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist). Perfume: The word ‘Perfume’ used today derives from the Latin per fumum, meaning "through smoke”. Perfume is used to signify a pleasant scent or smell or a substance which emits a pleasing odour. Fragrance: ‘Fragrance’ means sweetness of smell. Like Perfume it comes from the Latin and is akin to the Sanskrit root, ghra. It’s used as a synonym for perfume, in the concrete sense of a substance which emits a pleasant odour. 8 NEED FOR DIVERSIFICATION Change in global scenario in export/import of agricultural commodities Falling prices of agricultural commodities Decreasing profitability of agricultural crops Danger of loss of jobs Ecological damage Change in consumer perceptions 9 AROMATIC PLANTS – NEED FOR DIVERSIFICATION More profitable than many field crops Plants for intercropping – complementary not supplementary systems Scope for value addition Ecologically sustainable 10 IMPORTANT ESSENTIAL OIL PLANTS GROWN IN INDIA AND THEIR USES PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL PLANT BOTANICAL NAME CONSTITUENTS INDUSTRIAL USES JAVA CITRONELLA CYMBOPOGON WINTERIANUS CITRONELLAL, PERFUMERY, RAW JOWITT. CITRONELLOL, GERANIOL MATERIAL FOR VARIOUS AROMA CHEMICALS CORIANDER CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L. LINALOOL, LINALYL FLAVOURING FOOD AND ACETATE PHARMACEUTICALS, PERFUMERY DAVANA ARTEMISIA PALLENS WALL. DAVANONE, FLAVOURING CAKES, DAVANOFURANS PASTRIES, TOBACCO, BEVERAGES, HIGH GRADE PERFUMES EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA CITRONELLAL, ISO- PERFUMERY HOOK. PULEGOL, CITRONELLOL 11 SCENTED GERANIUM PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L-CITRONELLOL, PERFUMERY AND L. HER.EX AIT. GERANIOL, LINALOOL FLAVOURING JASMINE JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM LINALOOL, BENZYL PERFUMERY L. ACETATE, INDOLE, EUGENOL, BENZYL BENZOATE EAST INDIAN CYMBOPOGON FLEXUOSUS CITRAL FLAVOURS, COSMETICS, LEMONGRASS (STEUD.) WATS. PERFUMES, MANUFACTURE OF VITAMIN A LINALOE BURSERA DELPECHIANA LINALOOL, LINALYL COSMETICS, SOAPS POISSON EX ENGL. ACETATE PALMAROSA CYMBOPOGON MARTINII GERANIOL, GERANYL PERFUMERY (ROXB.) WATS. ACETATE, LINALOOL PATCHOULI POGOSTEMON CABLIN PATCHOULI ALCOHOL, PERFUMERY BENTH. SESQUITERPENE HYDROCARBONS ROSEMARY ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS L. 1, 8-CINEOLE, PERFUMERY LINALOOL, MYRCENE, CAMPHENE SANDALWOOD SANTALUM ALBUM L. -SANTALOL, - PERFUMERY SANTALOL, - & - SANTALENE 12 WORLD PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS Sl CATEGORY OF USE QUANTITY IN M. No TONNES 1 Essential oils for processing 93,500 2 Essential oils for fragrances 13,538 3 Essential oils for flavours 11,800 4 Essential oils for natural cosmetics / 5,200 personal care 5 Essential oils for natural medicines / 2,900 aromatherapy 6 Essential oils for pharma 2,900 TOTAL 1,29,838 13 PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN INDIA (YEAR-2011) Sl No Essential Oil Production Sl Essential Oil Production (M. Tonnes) No (M. Tonnes) 1 Ajowan 20 15 Fennel 05 2 B. Pepper 50 16 Geranium 10 3 Basil Exotic 02 17 Ginger 05 4 Basil Indian 500 18 Jamrosa 05 5 Cederwood 200 19 Juniper Berry 10 6 Cinnamon Leaf 05 20 K. Katchri 10 7 Citronella 100 21 Lavender 02 8 Cumin 10 22 Lemongrass 150 9 Cardamom 25 23 M.Arvensis 30,000 10 Coriander 05 24 M.Citrata 05 11 Davana 05 25 M.Longifolia 04 12 Dillseed 10 26 M.Piperita 1,200 13 E. Citrodora 10 27 Nutmeg 25 14 Eucalyptus 50 28 Nagarmotha 2514 Sl Essential Oil Production (M. No Tonnes) 29 Palmarosa 15 30 Patchouli 04 31 Rosemary 01 32 Rooh khas 02 33 Sandalwood 25 34 Spearmint 400 35 Turmeric 05 36 Thuja 04 37 Vetiver oil 20 38 Others 50 TOTAL 32,974 15 ESTIMATED AREA UNDER AROMATIC CROPS AND ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION IN SOUTH INDIA Aromatic Crop Area(ac) Essential oil production(t) Palmarosa 800-1000 32-40 Citronella 400 40 Lemon grass 600-700 60-70 Eucalyptus citriodora 900-1000 36-40 Patchouli 100 5 Geranium 50 0.5 Vetiver 300-400 3-4 16 OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMICS OF CULTIVATION OF AROMATIC CROPS (APPROX.) ESSENTIAL COST OF PRICE OF NET RETURN CROP OIL YIELD CULTIVATION OIL (RS./KG) (RS./HA) (KG/HA/YR) (RS./HA) JAVA CITRONELLA 240 34,000 350 50,000 LEMONGRASS 240 34,000 400 62,000 PATCHOULI 80 50,000 1500 70,000 ROSEMARY 120 46,000 1000 74,000 GERANIUM 24 46,000 4000 50,000 PALMROSA 120 65,000 2000 1,20,000 VETIVER 25 1,00,000 10,000 1,50,000 17 ECONOMICS OF AROMATIC CROPS CROP PURE CROPS INTERCROPPED IN PLANTATIONS NET PROFIT 50% INTER 25% INTER (RS/AC/YR) CROPPED CROPPED JAVA CITRONELLA 20,000 11,000 5,500 LEMONGRASS 25,000 14,000 7,500 PATCHOULI 52,000 27,000 14,000 18 IMPROVED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN AROMATIC CROPS Cropping System % improvement in land use efficiency Citronella + (cowpea – fingermillet) 46 Citronella + (greengram-fingermillet) 45 Citronella + (greengram-groundnut) 43 Citronella + (greengram-sorghum) 40 Palmarosa + blackgram 13 Geranium + cowpea 29 Geranium + blackgram 33 19 RETURNS FROM CROP SEQUENCES INVOLVING AGRICULTURAL AND AROMATIC CROPS IN SEMI-ARID TROPICS Cropping system Geranium oil yield equivalent (kg/ha) 1 Sorghum + Redgram – clusterbean/greengram 30.35 + geranium – greengram 2 Pearlmillet – clusterbean/greengram + 28.36 geranium – greengram 3 Sunflower + Redgram – cluster 30.55 bean/greengram + geranium – greengram 4 Maize – greengram + geranium – greengram 30.27 5 Palmarosa + clusterbean/greengram 16.82 6 Lemongrass + clusterbean/greengram 12.12 7 Java citronella + greengram 17.81 8 Geranium + clusterbean/greengram 42.07 20 AGRI-WASTE IMPROVES ECONOMICS OF RAINFED PALMAROSA Practice Palmarosa oil yield (kg/ha/6 harvests) Conventional 63.3 Incorporation of 76.2 spent material Additional benefit 12.9 21 USES OF VETIVER Environmental and soil Perennial nature, strong protection root system Use in phytoremediation Perfumery & flavours Vetiver oil is unique; there is no synthetic substitute Handicrafts Several articles of utility and decoration Shelter Thatching roofs; makeshift houses Other uses Traditional drinks, fodder etc. 22 TESTING OF ESSENTIAL OILS: Following are the testing methods for Essential Oils: 1. Colour & Appearance 2. Odour 3. Refractive Index 4. Specific Gravity 5. Optical rotation 6. Total Alcohols 7. Total Esters 8. Purity By GLC for reference purpose. 23 PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS The number species of living organisms on earth is estimated to be about 13.6Milion, which includes about 2,50,000 species of plants. Out of these, 35- 70,000 species of higher plants may have been used for medicinal purposes at one time or another in different traditional medical practices. About 5000 species of higher plants have been exhaustively studied by the pharmaceutical industries as a source of new drugs. More than 120 drugs of known chemical structure, which are extracted from 95 24 species of higher plants are globally in allopathic medicine. It is estimated that there are about 47000 species plants in India, out of which 17000 are Angiosperms, representing 6% of world’s known flowering plants. Nearly 8000 plants have recognized for medicinal use in value traditional systems of medicine in India. There are about 1300 plants in India which are known to be medicinal aromatic plant. Out of which 65 plant species have demand in the world market. India share the 3rd largest producer natural essential oils next to USA and Brazil.
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