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Home , Alta (dye), Birch syrup, Buchanania lanzan, Desmostachya bipinnata, Diospyros melanoxylon, Eurycoma

RAPA PUBLICATION 1994/281994/28

Non- Products in AsiaAsia

REGIONAL OFFICE FORFOR ASIAASIA AND THETHE PACIFICPACIFIC (RAPA)(RAPA) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OFOF THE UNITED NATIONS BANGKOK 1994

RAPA PUBLICATION 1994/28 1994/28

Non-Wood ForestForest Products in AsiaAsia

EDITORS

Patrick B. Durst Ward UlrichUlrich M. KashioKashio

REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIAASIA ANDAND THETHE PACIFICPACIFIC (RAPA) FOOD AND AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OFOF THETHE UNITED NTIONSNTIONS BANGKOK 19941994 The designationsdesignations andand the presentationpresentation ofof material in thisthis publication dodo not implyimply thethe expressionexpression ofof anyany opinionopinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,country, territory, citycity or areaarea oror ofof its its authorities,authorities, oror concerningconcerning thethe delimitation of its frontiersfrontiers oror boundaries.boundaries.

The opinionsopinions expressed in this publicationpublication are those of thethe authors alone and do not implyimply any opinionopinion whatsoever on the part ofof FAO.FAO.

COVER PHOTO CREDIT: Mr. K. J. JosephJoseph

PHOTO CREDITS:CREDITS: Pages 8,8, 17,72,80:17, 72, 80: Mr.Mr. MohammadMohammad Iqbal SialSial Page 18: Mr. A.L. Rao Pages 54, 65, 116, 126: Mr.Mr. Urbito OndeoOncleo Pages 95, 148, 160: Mr.Mr. Michael Jensen Page 122: Mr.Mr. K. J. JosephJoseph

EDITED BY:BY: Mr. Patrick B. Durst Mr. WardWard UlrichUlrich Mr. M. KashioKashio

TYPE SETTINGSETTING AND LAYOUT OF PUBLICATION: Helene Praneet Guna-TilakaGuna-

FOR COPIESCOPIES WRITE TO:TO: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the PacificPacific 39 Phra AtitAtit RoadRoad Bangkok 1020010200 FOREWORD

Non-wood forest productsproducts (NWFPs)(NWFPs) havehave beenbeen vitallyvitally importantimportant toto forest-dwellersforest-dwellers andand rural communitiescommunities forfor centuries.centuries. Local people collect, processprocess andand marketmarket ,bamboo, , beedibeedi (() ,leaves, ,resins, gums,gums, ,lac, oil seeds, essential oils, medicinal ,herbs, and materials.materials. RuralRural communitiescommunities also draw upon for food such as ,honey, ,mushrooms, , nuts, tubers,tubers, leaves, leaves, bushbush meat,meat, andand numerousnumerous other forestforest foods.foods.

Although never completelycompletely ignored NWFPs, for decadesdecades theirtheir managementmanagement received only secondarysecondary or tertiary attention relative to timber management. IncreasedIncreased concern over the degradationdegradation and loss of forests in recent years, however,however, hashas broughtbrought new attentionattention toto NWFPs.NWFPs. NWFPs are increasinglyincreasingly being seen asas offeringoffering newnew alternatives to timber extraction, forest conversion, and more destructive forms of forest exploitation.

Recognizing that successfulsuccessful conservation of forests willwill depend on developing alternatives or complementscomplements to timbertimber harvestingharvesting in manymany areas,areas, conservation-mindedconservation-minded foresters andand scientists are "rediscovering""rediscovering" the non-timber productsproducts ofof thethe forest.forest. RenewedRenewed emphasisemphasis is being placed onon managingmanaging forests for aa multitudemultitude ofof productsproducts toto directlydirectly benefitbenefit thosethose people whosewhose actionsactions mightmight otherwiseotherwise destroydestroy thethe forest.forest. Multi-purpose forestforest management is being complemented with improvements in the processing,processing, marketing,marketing, andand commercialization of of NAATFPs. NWFPs. New forestforest policiespolicies andand strategiesstrategies areare likewiselikewise beingbeing promulgated to enhance the development ofof NWFPs.

FAO has recentlyrecently steppedstepped up its supportsupport forfor thethe developmentdevelopment of NWFPsNWFPs byby improvingimproving data collection,collection, compilingcompiling case studiesstudies on thethe successfulsuccessful managementmanagement ofof NWFPs,NWFPs, facilitating information dissemination, organizing workshops and consultations,consultations, andand formulating newnew projectsprojects relatedrelated toto NWFPNWFP development.development. This publication isis a product of FAO's enhancedenhanced attentionattention toto thisthis long-neglectedlong-neglected area of . It containscontains reportsreports describing the status, management,management, and importance of NWFPs in eleveneleven Asian countries. These reports should be useful in supportingsupporting thethe effortsefforts ofof foresters,foresters, conservationists,conservationists, and rural developmentdevelopment workers inin helpinghelping locallocal communitiescommunities increase their benefits from nearby forests.

2 'j'. 6()-t~~ / A)A.~.M....M. Obaidullah Khan ~ Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative of FAOF AO

TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTS

Pages

BANGLADESH 1

CHINA 9

INDIA 19

INDONESIA 49

MALAYSIA 55

NEPAL 73

PAKISTAN 81

PHILIPPINES 97

SRI LANKALANKA 117

THAILAND 127

VIETNAM 151

Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products

ShaflqueShafique A. Khan Deputy Conservator of Forests Forest UtilizationUtilization DivisionDivision

INTRODUCTION

In a developing country like Bangladesh, the coffincoffin inin partsparts ofof Bangladesh Bangladesh andand non-wood forest products (NWFPs) play other developingdeveloping countries.countries. a vitalvital rolerole inin thethe economiceconomic andand socio-socio­ political arenas of thethe country.country. ThoughThough branded as "minor"minor forestforest products"products" inin Table I, Production, or bamboo old forestryforestry literatureliterature andand departmentaldepartmental in Bangladesh records, they areare certainlycertainly notnot "minor""minor" Year Quantay products inin thethe contextcontext ofof thethe feeblefeeble (1,000 cuing) Bangladeshi economy.economy. TheyThey deservedeserve to 1975-76 47,268 be given due attentionattention in their own right. 197647 62,$79 1977-78 73,586 MAJORMAJORNWFPs NVVFPs 197849 60,135 1979-80 78,115 Bamboo (Melocanna bacc(era,bacci/era, 1980-81 74,028 1981-82 77,865 tulda, etc.)etc.) isis oftenoften calledcalled thethe 1982.8a 92,335 "poor man'sman's timber"timber" inin BangladeshBangladesh andand 1983-84 92,061 in other Southeast Asian countries. 198445 76,989 Although officially grouped asas a minorminor 1985-86 75,786 , it playsplays aa crucialcrucial rolerole inin 198647 92,616 the ruralrural economyeconomy ofof Bangladesh. Bangladesh. It earns a handsome revenue for thethe Forest Source: SlallslladSlall.lIaal YearV",r Book Book of 0( Bangladesh Bangladeth 19891989 Directorate atat homehome andand abroad,abroad, butbut alsoalso Sungrass (Imperata(lmperata spp.) is thethe mostmost is anan essentialessential materialmaterial forfor constructionconstruction common roofing andand thatchingthatching materialmaterial of temporarytemporary housinghousing for the ruralrural for temporarytemporary low-costlow-cost housing in thethe people, especially the hill tribetribe people. villages and forests ofof Bangladesh.Bangladesh.

The qualitiesqualities of bamboobamboo can not bebe Sungrass grows naturally,naturally, especiallyespecially inin over-emphasized. BambooBamboo is thethe fastestfastest the forests of low-lying areas, oror aroundaround growing in thethe world,world, andand growsgrows the denuded andand barren hills unfit forfor well on aa varietyvariety ofof sites. sites. Over 2020 growing high-quality timber . Table of bamboo grow in Bangladesh's 2 summarizes the production of sungrasssungrass natural forestsforests andand villagevillage homesteads.homesteads. in BangladeshBangladesh during thethe yearsyears 1975-761975-76 BambooBaml;oo is used for hundreds of to 1986-87.1986-87. purposes. It cancan honestlyhonestly be saidsaid thatthat bamboo is required-required from the cradle to Stone is oneone ofof the the most most important important NWFPs, availableavailable only in some areas of

1 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Bangladesh

reserved forests.forests. CanesCanes areare usedused forfor Table 2. Production of domestic purposes by the rural sungrass in Bangladesh population, and for sophisticated Year Quantity furniture and luxuryluxury souvenirssouvenirs suitablesuitable (1!000 bundles) for export.export. Recently, attemptsattempts havehave 1975-76 1,772 been made to growgrow thesethese speciesspecies fromfrom 1976-77 6,831 seed imported fromfrom Malaysia.Malaysia. In somesome 1977-78 1,784 areas of Sylhet,Sylhet, ChittagongChittagong HillHill TractsTracts 1978-79 1,534 and Chittagong,Chittagong, domestic domestic varieties of 1979-80 3,795 canes are grown.grown. 1980-81 6,706 1981-82 2,432 198243 1,390 Pati pata or MurtaMurta (Clinogynae 1983-84 1,279 dichotoma) grows naturally in thethe low-low­ 1984-85 1,295 lying areas of Sylhet and also inin ruralrural 1985-86 859 areas of TagailTagail andand DhakaDhaka districts.districts. It 1986-87 1,710 can be growngrown artificiallyartificially in otherother areasareas

Source:Sou""" StallelkalSIaUslk:aJ YearV ...r BookBook of 0( Bangladesh Banllad.. h 1989.1989. of thethe countrycountry usingusing suitablesuitable plantingplanting material. Pati-pata is an excellent Bangladesh, such as Sylhet, Hill Tracts, material for floor mats, and is and Dinajpur.Dinajpur. StoneStone isis required for extensively used byby rich and poor alike.alike. construction of highways,highways, buildingsbuildings andand Finished products are commonly other infrastructural needs.needs. exported.

In Dinajpur alone, there is said to be a Honey occupies an important position as deposit ofof 115115 millionmillion cubic feet ofof a foreign exchange earner. It is hardstone. The Government of internationally knownlcnown and and isis used asas Bangladesh earnsearns substantial revenuerevenue food, drink, andand medicinemedicine in manymany parts from thethe salesale ofof stone.stone. of thethe. world.world. Honey isis produced naturally in thethe beehives of the Sand isis also also an an essentialessential materialmaterial forfor allall forest where it isis collectedcollected inin major construction, found in large large quantities every year (Table(Table 3).3). quantities in forestforest areas.areas. Honey isis also growngrown inin the forest Medicinal :plants: The leaves,leaves, ,bark, regions of Chittagong,-Chittagong, Sylhet,Sylhet, Cox'sCox's and ofof manymany plantsplants areare commonlycommonly Bazar, andand Mymensingh.Mymensingh. used as medicines in Bangladesh. Among the mostmost commoncommon are: kuruskurus Recently, apiculture (artificial bee-bee­ pata (Holarrhene antidysonberica)antidysonberica),, keeping) has been introducedintroduced in somesome horitaka (Terminalia(Tenninalia chebula),chebula), amlaldamlaki areas of NorthNorth BengalBengal andand MymensinghMymensingh (Phyllauthus emblica) and bohera district with considerable success. (Tenninalia(Terminalia belerica).belerica). Honey is probablyprobably thethe mostmost promisingpromising NWFP in Bangladesh inin terms of export Cane (Calamus(Clflamus viminalis,viminalis, C. guruba) is potential, provided its production can be a climbing plant, mostly growngrown in better organized. homesteads andand the low-lying areasareas of

2 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Bangladesh

Table 3. Honey prOduction in Table 4. rroduction of Gol- atta Bangladesh in Bangladesh Year Quantity Year Quantity (1,000 tons) (1,000 tons)

1975-76 156.02 1975-16 75.29 1976-77 239.78 1976-77 70,59 1877-78 228.47 1977-78 67,49 1978-79 176.33 1978-79 83.72 1979-80 213.36 1979-80 69.87 1980-81 310.93 1980-81 67.97 1981-82 225.26 1981-82 68.61 1982-83 232.65 1982-83 64.05 1983-84 260.35 1983-84 6338. 1984-85 255.80 1984-85 61.44 1985-86 224.52 1985-86 61.96 1986-87 229.11 1986-87 70.77

Shells, Conch Shells, Oysters, etc. are Fish resources: InIn rivers rivers withinwithin forestforest collected in large numbersnumbers in thethe coastalcoastal areas (Sundarbans, Chittagong Hill forest belts of Cox'sCox's Bazar,Bazar, Teknaf,Teknaf, Tracts, and Sylhet), asas well asas in thethe Moheskhali, Barisal, Patuakhali, andand coastal belts and off-shore islands under Sundarbans. This activity provides the jurisdiction of the Forest income to locallocal inhabitantsinhabitants whowho sellsell Department, a a large quantityquantity of fishfish them to tourists asas souvenirs. SomeSome are (both fresh-water andand saline fish), areare also exported.exported. Although the ForestForest collected byby local fishermen, for whichwhich Department has nono effectiveeffective controlcontrol onon the Forest Department earns a good deal processing and export of thesethese products,products, of revenue. it is indirectly supporting thethe growth and expansion of this cottage industry. If the Recently, shrimp cultivation has beenbeen Government promotespromotes itit withwith properproper initiated in thethe coastal belts and off-shore incentives, thisthis industry hashas considerableconsiderable islands of Bangladesh. Although export potential. No statistics are offering attractive export potential, suchsuch available for these products.products. shrimp production causes severe damage to the mangrovemangrove andand coastalcoastal forest Gol-patta (Nipa(Nipa fruticans) isis oneone ofof thethe , whichwhich have been felled toto most abundant NWFPsNWFPs inin Bangladesh,Bangladesh, accommodate ponds. growing naturally throughout the Sundarbans forestforest andand in otherother coastalcoastal Wildlife resources: Bangladesh has areas. Made from the ,leavesleaves ofof l'lipa,tipa, tretl'lendaustremendous potentialpotential forfor breeding and gol-patta andand roofing is veryvery export of aa numbernumber ofof wildlife wildlife speciesspecies common inin Khulna, Bagerhat, and and wildlife products. Sarkhira districts. It provides considerable revenuerevenue for the ForestForest About 20 years ago, largelarge numbernumber of Department. Production figures are Rhesus monkeysmonkeys were exportedexported fromfrom shown inin Table 4. Bangladesh inin toto the UnitedUnited StatesStates for

3 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products BanAdult

medical research.research. Similarly,Similarly, lizardlizard skinsskins (bawalis) underunder thethe issuance of were exported to different countries until Forest DepartmentDepartment permitspermits andand recently. However, becausebecause ofof poachingpoaching supervision ofof thethe SundarbansSundarbans of valuablevaluable wildlife species, all exportsexports Forest Division staff. of wildlife are now banned. If regulations were changed,changed, however, Collection, extraction and trans-trans­ good prospectsprospects exist for exportsexports of portation of bamboobamboo fromfrom largelarge captive-bred deer,deer, crocodile, snakes, bamboo brakes (mohals), lizards, andand otherother animals.animals. especially inin the SylhetSylhet ForestForest Division and, to aa lesserlesser extent,extent, Famous for RoyalRoyal BengalBengal tigers,tigers, thethe in ChittagongChittagong Hill Tract, Cox'sCox's Sundarbans forestforest offers highhigh potentialpotential Bazar andand Chittagong Forest for tourismtourism andand organizedorganized safaris for Division. incoming visitors, provided thethe wildlifewildlife can bebe significantlysignificantly increasedincreased throughthrough Collection ofof canecane and pati pata scientific management. (murta) by local people on payment of royalties, mainlymainly to COLLECTION ANDAND PROCESSINGPROCESSING the Forest Department.Department. OFNWFPsOF NVVFPs A look intointo thethe naturenature ofof departmental departmental Collection and processing are the and governmental efforts for the weakest linkslinks inin the NWFPsNWFPs sectorsector in collection of NWFPs indicates that:that: Bangladesh, needing specialspecial attentionattention from thethe concernedconcerned authorities.authorities. TheThe i) There is no specialized or collection and processingprocessing arrangementsarrangements professional body for this are primarily carried out by two purpose. sectors-thesectorsthe Government, Government, throughthrough thethe Forest Department, and small-scale ii) Governmental action aims entrepreneurs. primarily at the collectioncollection of revenue and policing the The Forest Department has no resource. Planned efforts specialized divisiondivision forfor processingprocessing or development havehave yet to be collecting NWFPs. It is donedone asas anan carried out. additional responsibility. iii) Management andand monitoring of Some major departmental initiatives for NWFP are carried outout inin additionaddition collecting andand processingprocessing of NWFPsNWFPs to routine departmental functions. include: iv) NWFP management lacks • Collection of of honey from thethe professionalism and high Sundarbans byby thethe SundarbanSundarban technical standards. Forest Division. v) The countrycountry lacks a detaileddetailed • Collection of golgol patta/thatchingpatta/thatching inventory of NWFP resources.resources. material by local cutters

4 Non-WoodNOIl-Wood ForestForest Products Bangladesh

Some steps areare beingbeing takentaken byby thethe cultural dignity ofof thethe nation.nation. private sector on aa veryvery smallsmall scalescale andand on purely commercial basis. For Micro-Level Economic Benefits example, there are aa numbernumber of cane and bamboo processing units in SylhetSylhet andand The collection, processing, and Chittagong which are engaged in marketing of NWFPs provides furniture and souvenirs toto employment to thousands of rural be offered in thethe locallocal market.market. ThoughThough Bangladeshis. this has the potentialpotential to becomebecome aa booming industry,industry, it remains suppressedsuppressed NWFP homestead or minimini industries use because of thethe lacklack ofof professionalism professionalism local labor and raw materials, which are and technicallytechnically soundsound project planning.planning. crucial importanceimportance to the otherwise Similarly, the collectioncollection andand processingprocessing rather stagnant rural economy of of shellsshells in thethe coastalcoastal beltsbelts of Cox'sCox's Bangladesh. Bazar andand Chittagong hashas become aa cottage industry that has attractedattracted manymany Socio-Psychological Benefits private entrepreneurs. SoSo far,far, however,however, hardly any scientifically trainedtrained With thethe employmentemployment generatorsgenerators andand professional bodybody has emerged to dealdeal security of regularregular earningearning (through(through with the collection, processing and NWFPs), therethere isis aa recognizablerecognizable growthgrowth export of NWFPs. in the quality of socio-psychologicalsocio-psychologicallife life of the involved population. Though there ECONOMIC ANDAND SOCIALSOCIAL is virtually nono study on thisthis social BENEFITS FROM NWFPsNWFPs aspect, this becomesbecomes evident from thethe behavior patternspatterns ofof the people.people. TheThe Though describeddescribed as "minor" forest Chakmas (bamboo(bamboo collectorscollectors of thethe products, NWFPs havehave mademade majormajor Chittagong HillHill Tracts regions),regions), honeyhoney contributions to the Bangladesh agrarian collectors of the Sundarbans, stone mer-mer­ economy. A criticalcritical reviewreview of thethe chants and murtamurta workersworkers ofof SylhetSylhet contributions ofof NWFPs wouldwould revealreveal forests areare a fewfew ofof thesethese groupsgroups whowho numerous economic and socio­socio- are in close contact with the foresters. It psychological benefits. has been observed thatthat aa distinctdistinct changechange has emerged in their sense of values and Macro-Economic Benefits views of thethe world.world. TheyThey havehave growngrown more conscious ofof theirtheir rights,rights, moremore The GovernmentGovernment ofof BangladeshBangladesh collectscollects abiding of state laws pertaining to forest significant earningsearnings from thethe royalties,royalties, resources, andand moremore cooperativecooperative withwith taxes, and otherother chargescharges onon NWFPs.NWFPs. officials ofof the Forestry Department, the Modest export earnings are derived from police andand locallocal civilcivil administrations. administrations. the sale of bamboobamboo andand shells.shells. This phenomenon needs to be addressedaddressed more thoroughly by socialsocial scientists.scientists. Sophisticated finished articles and souvenirs made fromfrom NWFPs are majormajor exportable itemsitems of thethe countrycountry whichwhich often carry withwith themthem thethe aesthetic

5 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products Bangkkiesit

PROMOTING NWFPs developed for dealing withwith NWNW FP collection,collection, processing andand Recent Strategies forfor Promotion:Promotion: export.

On the face of thethe utterutter degradationdegradation of Good marketingmarketing facilitiesfacilities havehave state forests, renewed emphasis has been not been developed mainly due to attached to NWFPs.NWFPs. SomeSome significantsignificant lack of awareness atat thethe levellevel ofof steps have been taken by thethe ForestForest the entrepreneurs asas well as thethe Directorate toto conserve,conserve, regenerateregenerate andand buyers. propagate some of thethe majormajor NWFPs.NWFPs. These stepssteps include:include: Incentives andand inputs from thethe Government privateprivate and entre-entre­ • Artificial planting of bamboobamboo preneurs for promotingpromoting NWFPNWFP using improved planting development are lacking. materials (offset,(offset, branch-cuttingbranch-cutting and tissuetissue culture)culture) at selectedselected Infrastructure, institutional sites byby thethe ForestForest DepartmentDepartment support and logistics for and the Bangladesh Forest collection, processing and Research Institute (BFRI).(BFRI). transport of NWFPs are lacking.lacking.

Regeneration of canecane throughthrough Technical know-low is lacking at improved high-qualityhigh-quality importedimported every level.level. seeds in the statestate forests, andand inin homestead areas. Looking Ahead:

• Promotion and improvementimprovement of NWFP developmentdevelopment Inin Bangladesh pati pata/murta in Sylhet byby should bebe dealtdealt withwith onon twotwo broadbroad restricting indiscriminateindiscriminate cuttingcutting levels. and by enforcing rules for regeneration. Policy Issues: Bottlenecks: • A clear-cutclear-cut nationalnational policy onon NWFP promotionpromotion andand develop-develop­ In spite of all limitations, cottage ment has toto bebe establishedestablished now.now. industries malcingmaking productsproducts of bamboo,bamboo, The policypolicy shouldshould contributecontribute to cane, shells, oysters honey,honey, beesbees ,wax, the harmonious functioning of all lemon grassgrass etc. havehave mademade notablenotable public and private sectors progress in recentrecent years.years. concerned. The statusstatus ofof NWFPsNWFPs inin BangladeshBangladesh is • A broad-rangebroad-range inventory has to far fromfrom satisfactory. However,However, the be mademade regardingregarding thethe avail-avail­ following are the primary bottlenecks:bottlenecks: ability of NWFPsNWFPs andand their potential used.used. • Trained personnelpersonnel andand efficientefficient management havehave not yetyet beenbeen

6 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products Bangladesh • To raiseraise thethe technicaltechnical standardsstandards investors are fully established of the public andand private workers and the marketsmarkets havehave matured.matured. (related to collection and processing of NWFP) a • Coordination among the different condensed technical or vocational public and private agencies training package should be de-de­ involved inin the collectioncollection andand vised. There are a numbernumber of processingprocessmg ofof NWFPs isis badlybadly forestry andand agriculturalagricultural researchresearch needed. institutions in thethe countrycountry whichwhich are capable ofof developingdeveloping suchsuch a • An incentiveincentive welfare schemescheme programme. should be launched for the forest staff workingworking in remoteremote areasareas • With the inceptioninception ofof a newnew (associated with NWFPs),NWFPs), until a democratic regime inin thethe coun-coun­ separate professional bodybody forfor try, a strong political handling the mattersmatters relatingrelating to commitment atat the macromacro levellevel NWFPs is introduced.introduced. for the promotionpromotion andand harvestingharvesting of NWFPsNWFPs isIS optimistically • A Government Government sponsoredsponsored pro-pro­ expected. gramme shouldshould immexliatelyimmediately bebe taken up forfor thethe developmentdevelopment of • Private entrepreneursentrepreneurs should be modemmodern apicultural techniques to encouraged by sufficient improve honey production in the incentives and policypolicy protectionprotection country, especiallyespecially in the Sundar-Sundar­ to taketake upup NWFPsNWFPs development,development, bans and Chittagong areas,areas, where as the Government is over-over­ the potential for producing high-high­ burdened withwith its otherother majormajor quality Sundarbans honey is obligations. Moreover, if there is greatest. a liberal policy on NWFPNWFP development, it might attract the • NWFP developmentdevelopment should be attention of foreignforeign investors.investors. linked up withwith thethe country'scountry's Participatory Forestry projectsprojects • Government couldcould also link thethe which have achieved notable trade and processingprocessing of NWFPsNWFPs success in motivating and with the flourishing Export mobilizing local inhabitantsinhabitants andand Processing Zone nownow established resources. in the country.

Functional Issues:Issues:

• The potential of NWFPs can not be fullyfully realizedrealized because of the lack of a sound marketing policy. The governmentgovernment shouldshould initiallyinitially organize marketsmarkets for NWFPsNWFPs until such time asas thethe privateprivate

7 Non-WoodNOli· Wood Forest Products Bangbdesh

REFERENCES

Asian Wetlands Bureau and BCAS.BCAS. 1991.1991. BangladeshBangladesh ForestryForestry IIIIII Project: Project: EnvironmentEnvironment Component. ProjectProject PreparationPreparation Report.Report.

Forest Directorate, 1991.1991. TheThe managementmanagement planplan ofof SylhetSylhet ForestForest Division.Division. Government of Bangladesh, Forest Directorate,Directorate, InventoryInventory Division.Division.

Forest Directorate. 1991.1991. TheThe managementmanagement plan of Sundarbans Forest Division. Government of Bangladesh, Forest Directorate,Directorate, InventoryInventory Division.Division.

Government of Bangladesh. 1982.1982. Proceedings of 2nd NationalNational Forestry Conference.Conference.

Khan, N. A.A. 1991.1991. Education Education andand training training in ill forest forest sector: sector: Bangladesh. Bangladesh. (Unpublished(Unpublished dissertation).dissertation) .

Khan, N.A. DemocracyDemocracy andand bureaucraticbureaucratic behaviorbehavior: : aa questquest forfor concerns:concerns: WeeklyWeekly Deshkal.Deshkal. June, 1991.1991.

Khan, S.A.S.A. 1980.1980. WorlcingWorking plansplans forfor thethe forestsforests ofof ChittagongChittagong Division forfor thethe periodperiod ofof 1978- 1978- 79 toto 1987-88,1987-88, GovernmentGovernment ofof Bangladesh. Bangladesh.

Khan, S.A. 1969.1969. TheThe forest resourcesresources ofof East East .Pakistan. GovernmentGovernment of Pakistan.Pakistan.

Khan, S.A. 1984.1984. ProblemsProblems ofof bamboo bamboo seedsseeds inin Bangladesh.Bangladesh. SeminarSeminar PaperPaper ASEAN/IDRC,ASEAN/IDRC, .

Mango, V.C.V.C. 1986.1986. CommunityCommunity forestryforestry handhand book.book. FAO/UNDPFAO/UNDP FieldField document-1.document-I.

Mushrooms are prized forest foods withwith increasing commercial value.value .

8 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products CHINACIllNA

Shi Kunshan Institute of Scien-Tech Scien-Tech InformationInfonnation Chinese Academy of Forestry

INTRODUCTION

The forest is a plant community previous records. According to the composed ofof trees and otherother vegetationvegetation preliminary estimate, the output valuevalue ofof which contains not only a great quantityquantity NWFPs exceededexceeded 4 billion yuan, of timbertimber reserves,reserves, butbut alsoalso abundantabundant accounting forfor one-fourth ofof the totaltotal non-wood plantplant andand animalanimal resources.resources. output value of forestry in thethe country.country. According to incomplete statistics, there Foreign exchange earnings from thethe sale are over 1,9001,900 speciesspecies ofof woodywoody plantsplants of NWFPsNWFPs reachedreached US$340US$340 million.million. in thethe forestedforested areasareas ofof China.China. There NWFPs constitute aa large proportion of are over 340340 speciesspecies ofof aromaticaromatic plants;plants; total exports of forest products in China, more than 120120 speciesspecies ofof edibleedible plants;plants; and they have become essential means ofof about 400 speciesspecies ofof medicinalmedicinal plants;plants; livelihood for the people. over 100100 species ofof economiceconomic plants and 80 speciesspecies ofof nectariferousnectariferous plant.plant. In PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION addition, therethere are over 500 species of OF NON-WOODNON-WOOD FORESTFOREST wildlife. PRODUCTS

In China,China, thethe so-calledso-called "non-wood"non-wood plantplant In China, non-woodnon-wood forest products are resources" in forestforest areasareas include leaves, roughly classifiedclassified according toto their bark, fruit,fruit, seedseed andand ,flowers, as well as uses, as describeddescribed below:below: other non-woodynon-woody plants. ByBy rationalrational exploitation and integrated utilization of Woody Food and Oil these resources a greatgreat quantityquantity of food,food, clothing and daily necessities are Food treestrees andand oiloil treestrees havehave commoncommon provided for thethe peoplepeople andand remarkableremarkable characteristics: strong resistance to economic values can bebe generated.generated. natural disaster, stable yields and lessless manpower input compared with Over the last 1010 years,years, thethe developmentdevelopment agricultural crops.crops. These ldndskinds of treestrees of NWFP resources hashas been given high can be used to green thethe mountainsmountains and priority in China.China. TheThe areaarea devoteddevoted toto landscape, toto beautifybeautify thethe environment,environment, NWFP production now totals 14 million to conserveconserve waterwater andand soil, and toto hectares and will increase at anan annualannual produce a variety of forestforest by-productsby-products planting raterate ofof moremore thanthan 600,000600,000 such as timber,timber, forageforage andand medicinalmedicinal hectares. InIn 1990,1990, thethe outputoutput ofof mainmain materials. Therefore, broadbroad prospectsprospects non-wood forest products such as exist in thethe developmentdevelopment andand integratedintegrated , redred jujube, , tea oil,oil, utilization of food and oil trees.trees. , hawthorn and ginkgo, topped all

9 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products China

Chestnut (Castanea(Castanea spp)spp) isis aa nutritious,nutritious, total inin the country. China exports about fragrant andand tastytasty forest-derivedforest-derived food,food, 4,700 tonstons of drydry jujube,jujube, earningearning US$5US$5 and anan importantimportant exportexport product.product. It million in foreign exchange each year. grows in 2323 provincesprovinces southsouth ofof LiaoningLiaoning Province, covering a total area of Gingko (Ginkgo)(Ginkgo) is a rarerare speciesspe,cies 300,000 hectares. TheThe annualannual production peculiar to China. It contains richiich , of averages about 33,000 tons, fat, protein and a variety of vitamins and accounting forfor one-tenth of thethe worldworld can bebe usedused asas foodfood andand medicine. medicine. total. There areare 5151 countiescounties thatthat produce Progesterone cancan be extracted from the at least 250 tons.tons. TheThe outputoutput ofof Qianxi,Qianxi, fruits of gingko, used to treat Xinglong and Zunhua counties inin Hebei cerebrovascular disease, cerebrum Province tops 500 tons perper year in each functional failure, coronary heart county. China exports 25,000 tons of disease, and angina pectoris. Oral andand chestnuts annually (most of which go to injection liquidsliquids have also beenbeen extracted ),japan), earningearning foreignforeign exchangeexchange totaling from the leavesleaves ofof gingkogingko inin recentrecent about US$50 million each year. years. Gingko is distributeddistributed over moremore than 20 provincesprovinces inin ChinaChina withwith anan Walnut (Jugfans( L.) isis aa traditional traditional annual outputoutput of of 5,0005,000 tons, most of commodity of China which is exportedexported which isis exported. The foreign exchange in largelarge quantities.quantities. The total area of earnings top US$7 millionmillion each year.year. walnut inin the country is over 11 millionmillion hectares, and annualannual outputoutput averagesaverages Tea-oil (Camellia oleigera) is aa specialspecial about 100,000 tons. ChineseChinese are product in China, growing in 15 delicious andand of goodgood quality. The provinces overover anan area of moremore thanthan 4 calorific value of walnutwalnut nucleolusnucleolus is sixsix million hectares.hectares. TheThe annual output of times that of beef.beef. ItIt contains contains proteinprotein tea oil isis 500500 tons,tons, accountingaccounting for 8.68.6 and fat whichwhich areare easyeasy absorbedabsorbed by thethe percent of thethe edibleedible plantplant oiloil producedproduced human body. NucleolusNucleolus is alsoalso aa goodgood in thethe country.country. solvent which can be used in extractionextraction of rose oil,oil, violet,violet, essentialessential oil ofof fish,fish, In HunanHunan and JiangxiJiangxi provinces, whichwhich and pelargonium. ItIt is alsoalso valuablevaluable toto are the central production areas of teatea oil the perfumeryperfumery industry.industry. The annualannual in China,China, over half of thethe edibleedible oiloil export quantity of walnutswalnuts from ChinaChina isis consumed inin thethe ruralrural areas is teatea oil.oil. about 47,000 tons,tons, withwith anan annual export The unsaturatedunsaturated containedcontained in value of US$30-50 million. Walnuts are tea oil is asas highhigh asas 9898 percentpercent andand isis exported mainly to , CanadaCanada andand easily absorbed byby thethe humanhuman body.body. other countries in Asia.Asia. Integrated utilizationutilization of of teatea oil andand itsits residues produces goodgood effects.effects. For Jujube (Zizyphus(Zizyphus spp) is alsoalso a majormajor example, China hashas extractedextracted saponinsaponin forest-based foodfood inin China with a totaltotal from tea dregs, which can be usedused toto area ofof aboutabout 240,000240,000 hectares.hectares. TheThe manufacture cleansers, detergents, annual output of fresh jujube is 400,000 foaming agents and insecticides. It alsoalso tons. The outputoutput in fivefive provinces-provinces­ acts as medicinemedicine to decreasedecrease cholesterolcholesterol Hebei, Shandong,Shandong, Henan,Henan, ShanxiShanxi andand and prevent heart disease.disease. Shaanxi-Shaanxi makesmakes upup 9090 percentpercent ofof thethe

10 NOIl-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products ChillaChina

Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia)sorbifolia) isis Tung OilOil TreeTree (Aleurites(Aleurites Jordh)fordit) isis oneone an important oil species in Northeast of the majormajor industrial oil tree speciesspecies in China, NorthNorth ChinaChina andand NorthwestNorthwest China, occurring inin thethe 1616 southernsouthern China. It has been introduced and provinces, with a total area of aboutabout 1.81.8 cultivated inin 14 provinces over a totaltotal million hectares planted and an annualannual area ofof aboutabout 50,00050,000 hectares.hectares. TheThe output of 105,000105,000 tonstons (1989).(1989). annual outputoutput is about 3,7503,750 tons.tons. Yellowhorn is very high in , Tung oil has been exported by China for thus good forfor health. Yellowhorn alsoalso many years. TheThe annualannual exportexport volumevolume yields an important material used inin the is aboutabout 12,00012,000 tonstons andand thethe foreignforeign manufacturing ofof liquid crystals used in exchange earnedearned is about US$US$ 1515 color televisions and calculators.calculators. million. In recent years, Japan hashas beenbeen the biggest importer of tung oil, Woody Fat,Fat, and WaxWax accounting forfor about 7575 percent of thethe total exported.exported. This categorycategory includesincludes traditionaltraditional forestforest by-products and special products such as Raw LacquerLacquer isis mademade fromfrom thethe leafleaf tung oil, tallow treetree oil, whitewhite waxwax andand liquid of thethe lacquerlacquer tree (Toxico­(Toxico- raw lacquer as wellwell as otherother woodywoody oils. dendron vernicifluum)vernicifluum) and has strongstrong absorptive and anti-corrosiveanti-corrosive qualities.qualities. Tallow Tree (Sapium(Sapium sebiferum)sebiferum) isis anan In additionaddition toto coatingcoating materialsmaterials usedused important woodywoody oiloil plantplant inin China,China, widely for buildingbuilding construction it cancan found in 1515 provinces.provinces. ItIt coverscovers moremore also be widely used in defence, than 200,000 hectares with annual output machinery, petroleum, andand thethe chemicalchemical of aboutabout 85,000 tons. The oil is industries, mmmg,mining, brewing, ship extracted from the seedseed ofof tallowtallow tree.tree. building, arts andand ,crafts, andand printingprinting Its fatfat andand pulppulp areare importantimportant chemicalchemical and . materials which are widelywidely used in , wax candles, paint, printingprinting ink, waxwax The lacquer tree is distributeddistributed over thethe , skin-protecting lotions, metal-metal­ five provincesprovinces ofof Shaanxi,Shaanxi, Guizhou,Guizhou, painting agentsagents andand others. The leafleaf Hubei, YunnanYunnan and Hunan, covering an contains much which can be used area ofof aboutabout 500,000500,000 hectares.hectares. TheThe in the manufacture ofof blackblack pigmentpigment andand annual output ofof raw lacquerlacquer is 2,7502,750 pesticides. TheThe leafleaf andand rootroot cancan bebe usedused tons. Raw lacquer is a traditionaltraditional export as medicinal materials and for of China.China. detumescence, toxification, diuresis and pain relief. TheThe barkbark isis aa materialmaterial forfor Between 19801980 andand 1986,1986, thethe annualannual tanning extractsextracts and and thethe isis a exports of rawraw lacquerlacquer averagedaveraged 300300 source. ChinaChina hashas mademade certaincertain tons. Japan, Hong Kong, Macao and the achievements inin the utilization of tallow United Kingdom are the main importingimporting tree fatfat andand thethe exploitationexploitation ofof newnew countries. Foreign exchangeexchange earned isis woody oiloil plants in recent years. There about US$4 million per year.year. is aa smallsmall quantityquantity exported,exported, mainlymainly to~o Europe andand America.America. and TurpentineTurpentine areare importantimportant earners of foreignforeign exchangeexchange for China.China.

11 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products China

The annual output of rosin and distillation. ItsIts oil contains lemon alde-alde­ areare 400,000 tonstons andand 46,00046,000 hyde, aromadendrolaromadendrol and terpene. It cancan tons, respectively. The annual export of be used directly as fragrantfragrant materialsmaterials in rosin is about 200,000200,000 tons,tons, which soda drinks andand , and indirectly for represents 4040 to 50 percent of thethe totaltotal , medicine,medicine, plastics,plastics, syntheticsynthetic trade of rosinrosin throughoutthroughout thethe world.world. rubber, printing and food. It hashas beenbeen The foreign exchange earned for ChinaChina proved that cubeba oil can removeremove thethe from rosin isis aboutabout US$100US$100 millionmillion a carcinogenic substances from grain. year. Over 550,000550,000 tons of resinresin areare produced inin SouthSouth ChinaChina eacheach year,year, A considerable benefit has been obtainedobtained which has createdcreated 300,000300,000 jobs andand from the secondary processing of increased personal incomeincome by 2,0002,000 cubeba. For example, the Yiyang yuan per person per yearyear onon average.average. Chemical Factory, Hunan Provinces hashas produced aa varietyvariety ofof productsproducts fromfrom Secondary processingprocessing ofof rosin produces nucleotus oil with an annual output value added value and benefits.benefits. TheThe Central-Central­ of 8.58.5 millionmillion yuan. As thethe contentcontent of South Forestry College, inin cooperationcooperation nucleolus oil isis similar to that of with Shaoyang Forest Chemical Factory, oil, it hashas been used in Hunan to replace for example,example, earnsearns 10,00010,000 yuanyuan profitprofit the latter. This has savedsaved a large amountamount per tonton forfor ketoneketone producedproduced fromfrom rosin.rosin. of foreign exchange.exchange. The Dequing Forest ChemicalChemical Factory, Guangdong Province,Province, producesproduces aa fullfull Eucalypts werewere introducedintroduced intointo ChinaChina line ofof secondarysecondary productsproducts mademade fromfrom more than a hundredhundred years ago.ago. NowNow rosin including high-quality rosin, they are cultivatedon over 670,000670,000 turpentine, and synthetic . hectares distributed over 1616 provinces.provinces. Exports earn US$3.6US$3. 6 millionmillion in foreignforeign The output of eucalypt oil, which can be exchange each year. extracted from the leaves is aboutabout 3,0003,000 tons for an average year, ofof whichwhich one-one­ Forest Perfume Products third is exported, mainly to FranceFrance andand . Eucalypt oil is mainly used in An important aspect inin thethe exploitationexploitation medicine, perfumery and industrial and utilization of non-woodnon-wood forest production. At present,present, good good economiceconomic products in China is the use of residuesresidues benefits have been achievedachieved in manymany from the finalfinal cuttingcutting andand thinningthinning of eucalypt oil-producing factories in fragrant plants to produce oils or China. For example,example, thethe annualannual outputoutput extracts. of in thethe KunmingKunming PerfumePerfume Factory, YunnanYunnan Province, is aboutabout 500 Mountain Spicy Spicy TreeTree (Litsea ()cubeba) isis tons, includingincluding the "Yilan""Yilan" BrandBrand whichwhich an importantimportant aromatic oil plantplant widelywidely contains 80 percentpercent eucalypt oil andand distributed in almost all provinces. Most enjoys high prestige in thethe internationalinternational parts of thethe plant,plant, includingincluding thethe ,root, markets. Eucalyptus citriodora oil stem, , bark andand fruit, contain produced in the Baihua Perfume aromatic oil.oil. EspeciallyEspecially useful is thethe Factory, Guangzhou, asas well as purepure fruit, fromfrom whichwhich aromaticaromatic oiloil (cubeba(cubeba citronellal, citronellol and rhodinol oil) can be obtained after simple extracted from crude oil in thethe FuzhouFuzhou

12 Non-WoodNOll-Wood Forest Products China

Perfume Factory, andand thethe ZhangzhouZhangzhou honey peach, and othersothers producedproduced Perfume Factory have been put on thethe by thethe ForestForest DrinkDrink FactoryFactory ofof DailingDailing market, resulting in high economiceconomic Forestry Bureau, Heilongjiang Province, benefits. represents an annualannual value of 2.942.94 million yuan.yuan. More thanthan aa hundredhundred Forest Drinks people have been employed since production beganbegan inin 1986.1986. The ForestForest Forest drinks are naturalnatural drinksdrinks whichwhich Research Institute of KoreaKorea AutonomousAutonomous are producedproduced or extractedextracted fromfrom treetree Prefecture and Wangqing Forestry juice, wild , fruit, leaves andand Bureau, Jilin Province, inin collaborationcollaboration flowers of plants, as wellwell asas thethe pollenpollen with research organizations, have trial-trial­ of nectariferousnectariferous plants.plants. ThisThis kind of produced "Senhua Champagne,Champagne," " drink is enjoyedenjoyed byby consumersconsumers becausebecause "Senhuabao" andand "Birch Haw Drink."Drink." of itsits nutritionalnutritional andand medicinalmedicinal values.values. These birch products areare alsoalso exportedexported There areare abundantabundant materialsmaterials forfor maldngmaking to South Korea and HongHong Kong.Kong. forest drinks fromfrom birch,birch, seabuckthornseabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides),rhamnoides), yangtao Seabuckthorn (Hippophae (Hippophae rhomnoides)rhomnoides) (Actinidia chinensis), burejabureja gooseberrygooseberry is a wildwild shrubshrub growinggrowing inin 2020 provincesprovinces (Ribes burejense),burejense), raspberryraspberry (Rubus),(Rubus), in NorthNorth China,China, NortheastNortheast ChinaChina andand amur (Vitis amurensis)amurensis),, wild rose, Northwest China,China, covering anan area of cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), black over 11 million hectares.hectares. InIn the past,past, currant (Ribes(Ribes nigrun),nigrun), SiberiaSiberia nitarianitaria seabuckthorn was mainly used to (Nitraria sibirica) and needle establish soil andand waterwater conservationconservation powder. Some ofof thesethese areare discusseddiscussed forests and fuelwood forests. The below. exploitation andand utilization ofof this rare resource dates from onlyonly thethe mid-1980s,mid-1980s, Birch Juice isis aa popularpopular softsoft drinkdrink in but hashas developeddeveloped rapidly,rapidly, producingproducing China. China has abundant birch remarkable economic and social benefits. resources, with 3434 speciesspecies coveringcovering aa Seabuckthorn contains rich nutritionalnutritional total area ofof 1010 millionmillion hectares.hectares. TheseThese and medicinalmedicinal qualities.qualities. SeabuckthornSeabuckthorn resources are mainly distributed in JUlcejuice is a healthy drink, and North, Northeast, Northwest and seabuckthorn winewine is anti-pyreticanti-pyretic andand Southwest China, includingincluding HeilogjiangHeilogjiang good for thethe mind.mind. TheThe oiloil reducesreduces Province (1.5 millionmillion hectares),hectares), InnerInner radiation, fatigue,fatigue, andand blood fat, andand Mongolia AutonomousAutonomous RegionRegion (3.96 strengthens vitality. million hectares) and Jilin Province (290,000 hectares). The drinkdrink mademade In 1990, there were over 150 from birch juicejuice isis widelywidely enjoyedenjoyed byby seabuckthorn processing factories in consumers. GoodGood quality birch juice soft China, with an annual production drink produced by thethe ChifengChifeng ForestForest capacity ofof about 150,000150,000 tons. TheThe Research Institute, Inner Mongolia,Mongolia, in variety of products made from cooperation with Ningcheng County Tin seabuckthorn has evolved fromfrom the Factory, hashas beenbeen displayeddisplayed and sold in original crudecrude juicejuice andand soft drinks, to many national exhibitions. AA series of over 200 finished productsproducts inin 8 different products suchsuch as birch , birchbirch cola,cola, categories, including soft drinks, food,food,

13 Non-WoodNOII-Wood Forest ProductsProducts ChillaChina

, daily-use chemicals,chemicals, medicine, actinidia development. YangtaoYang tao actinidia health protection, forageforage andand additives.additives. products such as softsoft drinks,drinks, winewine andand Over 50 products havehave wonwon highhigh awardsawards jamjam producedproduced in XixiaXixia CountyCounty areare soldsold at nationalnational andand provincialprovincial levels.levels. TheThe both in domestic and international products ofof seabuckthornseabuckthorn producedproduced byby markets. The yangtaoyang tao actinidiaactinidia winewine Hualin SeabuckthornSeabuckthorn Factory, ShanxiShanxi produced by GuanxianGuanxian CountyCounty YangtaoYangtao Province, areare ofof particularly particularly highhigh quali-quali­ Actinidia Wine Factory, Sichuan ty. ThisThis factoryfactory isis thethe mostmost advancedadvanced Province, hashas wonwon awardsawards andand widewide and biggest ofof itsits lcindkind in ChinaChina andand hashas recognition. production lines with advanced technology using a high degree of Black Currant (Ribes(Ribes nigrum) isis aa automation. perennial berryberry shrub whose fruits are rich in nutrients and a variety of Great benefits will result fromfrom the vitamins, organic acids, tracetrace elementselements exploitation ofof seabuckthorn.seabuckthorn. Fifteen , and others. BlackBlack currantcurrant cancan bebe tons of juicejuice cancan bebe obtainedobtained from from 11 processed intointo wine, , fruit juice hectare ofof wildwild seabuckthorn seabuckthorn forest, and jam. As oneone ofof thethe majormajor non-woodnon-wood yielding a net profit of 10,000 yuan. The forest products in Heilongjiang Province, Seabuckthorn Beverage Factory of the cultiVationcultivation areaarea of blackblack currantcurrant Youyu County, Shanxi Province, has anan covers 14,00014,000 hectareshectares supplyingsupplying moremore annual productionproduction capacity of 4,0004,000 than 70 processingprocessing factories.factories. tons,tons, with output ofof 1,6401,640 tonstons ofof

condensed seabuckthorn juice,juice, powderpowder "Huanle"II Huanle" Brand high-gradehigh-grade beverage,beverage, and lightlight sparklingsparkling wine, valued at 55 jointly produced by AchengAcheng Black million yuan. The total value of Currant Products Factory,Factory, HeilongjiangHeilongjiang seabuckthorn products in the 7 provinces Province, and aa factoryfactory inin Chengde,Chengde, in middlemiddle andand upperupper reachesreaches of thethe Hebei Province, was assigned to produce Changjiang River exceededexceeded 100100 millionmillion for state banquets by the State Council in yuan inin 1988. In recentrecent years,years, jointjoint 1985, and has won broad acceptanceacceptance in ventures have been setset upup between international markets. China and thethe UnitedUnited States,States, JapanJapan andand Switzerland to develop seabuckthornseabuckthorn Edible products. Several hundred species of edibleedible fungifungi Yangtao ActinidiaActinidia (Actinidia(Actinidia chinesis)chinesis) are foundfound in forestforest areas in China.China. InIn is an important wild fruit, growinggrowing inin 2424 Yunnan ProvinceProvince therethere are moremore thanthan provinces, with an annualannual outputoutput ofof 300, and in the Changbaishan forest area about 300,000300,000 tons. Xixia County, in Northeast China there are 140 Henan Province, hashas abundantabundant yangtaoyang tao species. The mostmost valuablevaluable fungifungi are:are: actinidia with an averageaverage annualannual outputoutput Dictyophora duplicata, Hericium of 2,500 tons.tons. TheThe biggestbiggest plantations of erinaceus,elinaceus, PiePleurotus u rotus citlinopileatus,cittinopileatus, yangtaoyang tao actinidia in ChinaChina are situatedsituated inin Boletus spp., esculenta, the province, with a totaltotal areaarea ofof 672672 AuriculariaAuliculalia auticula,aulicula, GanodennaGanoderma hectares. A researchresearch instituteinstitute hashas beenbeen lucidum, GlifolaGnfola umbellata, and set upup specificallyspecifically toto supportsupport yangtaoyangtao Cordyceps sinensis.sinensis. Many of thethe fungifungi

14 NOIl-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products ChinaChilla have substantial medicinal value. In thethe produce quick meals, with thethe abundantabundant last 1010 years,years, edibleedible fungusfungus hashas becomebecome local edibleedible herbsherbs asas rawraw materials.materials. a staple forest by-product along with the Annual sales account for 11 millionmillion yuan.yuan. development ofof a diversifieddiversified economyeconomy The Soft-Packed EdibleEdible Tin Food and the emergence of modernized Factory, LangxiangLangxiang ForestryForestry Bureau,Bureau, production of edibleedible fungusfungus factories.factories. Heilongjiang Province,Province, produces 1 ton ofof According to incompleteincomplete statistics,statistics, thethe tinned products each day, withwith annualannual total output of edibleedible fungusfungus in thethe value of 25 millionmillion yuan.yuan. country is 540,000 tons (including agricultural areas), withwith anan annualannual valuevalue Chinese MedicinalMedicinal MaterialsMaterials in Forest of 1.6 billionbillion yuan,yuan, andand exportexport quantitiesquantities Areas (including processed products) over 180,000 tons. The annual foreign Forest areas are thethe importantimportant bases in exchange earned isis US$200US$200 million.million. China for production of Chinese medicinal materials. These include: The forestry departmentsdepartments in ChinaChina havehave , American ginseng, pilose their own personnel and special bases to antler, fruitfruit ofof common common macrocarpiummacrocarpium produce edible fungus. They havehave paid (Macrocarpium officinalis),officinalis), tall attention to quality control and gastrodia (Gastrodia elata)elata), , bezoar, management, with remarkableremarkable results.results. fulling (Poris(Pons cocos), eucommia The Hebei Forestry Bureau, (Eucommia ulmoides), root ofof commoncommon Heilongjiang Province, for exampleexample hashas baphicacanthus (Baphicacanthus(Baphicacanthus cusia), set up 66 productionproduction basesbases andand producedproduced (Glycyrrhiza(Glycyrrhiza uralensis),uralensis), lily 95 tons of edibleedible fungifungi inin 1989.1989. magnolia (Magnolia liliflora), lilijlora), ChineseChinese thorowax (Bupleurum chinense)chinense),, Mountain-Grown EdibleEdible WildWild Herbs officinal magnolia (Magnolia officinalis), ChineseChinese wolfberrywoltberry (Lycium(Lycium clzinense),chinense), cinchona (Cinchona), There are abundant mountain-grownmountain-grown Chinese magnoliavine (Schisandra edible wild herb resources in China. InIn chinensis)chinensis),, manypricklemanyprickle acanthopanaxacanthopanax Heilongjiang Province,Province, for example, the (Acanthopanax senticosus),senticosus), common reserves of brakes (Pleridium stone crop (Hylotelephium aquilinum) amountamount toto over 100,000100,000 erythrostictum)erythrostictum),, amur corktree tons, with thethe annualannual outputoutput of 2,0002,000 (phellodendron amurense)amurense),, andand glossyglossy tons. Mountain-grown edible wild herbs ganoderma (Ganodenna(Ganodermalucidum). lucidum). SomeSome are rich in nutrition and contain a variety of thesethese areare brieflybriefly describeddescribed below.below. of amino acids which are essential to the human body. High economiceconomic benefit has Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is one of thethe been achievedachieved byby exploitingexploiting mountain-mountain­ key medicinal productsproducts from NorthNorth grown edible wild herbs in thethe forestryforestry China. Jilin Province, aa majormajor ginseng-ginseng­ departments ofof China. The TinTin FoodFood producing area,are,a, produces about 80 Factory of Dongfanghong Forestry percent of thethe ginsengginseng ofof thethe country,country, Bureau, Heilongjiang Province, for making up 40 percent of the world total.total. example, hashas introducedintroduced anan advancedadvanced Output values for the Baishishan domestic automatic production line toto Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province, reached

15 Non-Non-WoodWood Forest Products China

Forestry Bureau, of this province, Pilose Deer Antler productionproduction goes back developed anan areaarea of 2020 HectaresHectares ofof a long time inin China. The price of pilose ginseng with an output of 175175 tonstons andand antler per lcilogramkilogram isis 1,300 to 1,4001,400 a valuevalue ofof 55 millionmillion yuanyuan duringduring thethe yuan, with the price for first classclass pilose period of TheThe SeventhSeventh Five-YearFive-Year Plan.Plan. antler produced in Jilin Province The forestry departments in the province reaching 2,260 yuanyuan perper kilogram.kilogram. are engagedengaged inin researchresearch andand extensionextension Being a high-grade tonic medicine, the work onon techniques of cultivation, pilose antler is of highhigh medicinalmedicinal value.value. processing and storage, establishment of Pilose antler processed using the a scientificscientific quality-controlquality-control system,system, andand microwave techniquetechnique inin thethe state-runstate-run the exploitation of a seriesseries ofof products.products. Dunhua Deer Farm,Farm, YanbianYanbian KoreanKorean Autonomous Prefecture,Prefecture, Jilin Province is American ginseng (Panax of exceptional quality.quality. OverOver 3030 tons of quinquefollius) waswas introducedintroduced to China pilose antler were producedproduced in JilinJilin in 19751975 andand isis beingbeing plantedplanted in moremore Province inin 1987, yet thethe supplysupply fallsfalls than 10 provinces withwith anan annualannual outputoutput short of thethe demand.demand. of overover 5050 tons. Muling Forestry Bureau, Heilongjiang Province, thethe Forest-based Forage biggest production base in China, has anan area of 47,000 square meters of Forest-based forage includes tree leaves,leaves, American ginseng. TheThe totaltotal annualannual salessales shoots, bark, and various non-tree forage exceed 3.5 millionmillion yuan. The bureau has plants. experienced good economic results from the management of ginseng and Pine needleneedle powderpowder is is aa supplementary supplementary American ginseng, employingemploying moremore thanthan forage for fowl and livestocklivestock developeddeveloped 8,000 in itsits operations.operations. by thethe ResearchResearch InstituteInstitute ofof ChemicalChemical Processing andand UtilizationUtilization of ForestForest Common MacrocarpiumMacrocarpium Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry. (Macro(Macrocarpium carpium officinalis)officinalis) occurs inin It hashas beenbeen shownshown thatthat withwith 55 percentpercent many provinces,provinces, including Zhejiang,Zhejiang, pine needle inin the daily forage of hens,hens, Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, production ofof eggs is increasedincreased moremore Shaanxi and Sichuan. Its fruitfruit containscontains than 13 percent. IfIf 2.5 toto 4.54.5 percentpercent glucoside, organic acids,acids, vitamin A,A, pine needle powderpowder isis added to pigpig sugar and minerals. ItIt is goodgood for thethe forage, thethe growthgrowth ratesrates increaseincrease byby 1515 liver and kidneys,kidneys, goodgood forfor thethe stomachstomach to 30 percent and thethe percentage ofof leanlean and eyes, diuresis, and the blood and for meat is increased.increased. IfIf 1010 percentpercent pinepine reducing blood pressure. The country'scountry's needle powderpowder isis added to the forage of annual outputoutput fluctuatesfluctuates betweenbetween 600600 cows,cows, thethe output ofof milk can be and 900 tons. Under normal increased byby 7.47.4 percent. The cost of management, the output of fresh fruit isis processing pinepine needle powder is aboutabout 30 to 5050 kilogramskilograms perper hectare,hectare, valuedvalued 2 yuanyuan perper kilogram.kilogram. As of 1987,1987, 1919 at 230 to 300 yuan. AsAs of 1987,1987, the total provinces producedproduced andand usedused needleneedle area plantedplanted reachedreached 1,3331,333 hectares,hectares, powder forage. Sixty pine needle powder with an annualannual outputoutput of 160160 tons,tons, factories have been established, withwith anan producing anan incomeincome ofof 8282 millionmillion yuan.yuan. annual output of 15,00015,000 tons.tons.

16 NOIl-Non-WoodWood Forest Products China

Pine needleneedle ointmentointment hashas alsoalso beenbeen EffectiEffectiveve development plansplans for forestforest developed by thethe ResearchResearch InstituteInstitute of areas must be drawn up and m~T1agementmanagement Chemical Processing and UtilizationUtilization of capacity must be strengthened. Forest Products. It hashas beenbeen foundfound thatthat MeanwhileMeanwhile,, China must alsoalso strengthenstrengthen .02 toto .04.04 percentpercent pinepine needleneedle ointmentointment technical training; train moremore technicaltechnical added to fowl forage increases egg personnel and workers, carry out output by 1010 percentpercent andand increasesincreases thethe international technical cooperationcooperat;.on andand weight of youngyoung ducksducks byby 13.713.7 percent.percent. exchanges, and draw additionaladditional foreignforeign If used to feed rabbits, thethe lengthlength of hair capital. The overall objective mustmust be toto can increase by 165165 percent;percent; thethe rabbitrabbit contribute toto the economieseconomies of forestforest enjoys good health and aa luminousluminous coat.coat. areas and improveimprove thethe livingliving standardsstandards Pine needleneedle ointmentointment hashas also beenbeen of the people in ruralrural areas.areas. shown to cure diseasesdiseases ofof thethe mouthmouth andand chilblains. A factory has been set up inin Xugou ForestryForestry Bureau,Bureau, Lianyungang,Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province to produce pine needle ointment.

PROSPECTS FORFOR NWFPNWFP DEVELOPMENT IN CHINACHINA

Under China's reformsreforms andand opening-upopening-up policy, thethe productionproduction and utilizationutilization of non-wood forest productsproducts hashas developeddeveloped rapidly over the lastlast 1010 years.years. ChinaChina must now focusfocus onon improvingimproving productsproducts quality and developingdeveloping new productsproducts to improve environenvironmental, mental, economiceconomic andand social benefits. ChinaChina plansplans toto developdevelop 45 crop tree speciesspecies and establish, by the year 2000, aa productionproduction basebase forfor specialspecial NWFPs ofof 530,000530,000 hectareshectares in 459459 counties throughout the country. Advanced seedseed selection, cultivation, management, collection, processing, storage and transportation will be applied.

It will bebe necessarynecessary toto developdevelop programs for non-wood forest products thatthat adhereadhere to thethe principleprinciple ofof "three "three dimensional dimensional forestry" linkinglinking exploitation, integratedintegrated utilization and all-roundall-round development.development. Resins areare importantimportant NWF-PsNWFPs nearly everywhere areare grown.grown . Such exploitation and utilization must be combined with protection of thethe forest.forest.

17 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products

Beedi (Diospyros(Diospyros melanoxylon) leafleaf collection inin .India.

Manufacturing cigarettes from tobacco and beedi leavesleaves providesprovides employmentemployment forfor moremore than 3 million people inin rural India.India .

1818 NOIl-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products India INDIA

B.N. GuptaGupta Director Institute of Deciduous Deciduous Forests (ICFRE)(ICFRE) Jabalpur

INTRODUCTION

India is a countrycountry ofof vastvast diversitydiversity lyinglying atat waste because of insufficient knowledge ofof the juncturejuncture of thethe bio-geographiebio-geographic provinces their use or because they occur in of Afro-Eurasia and the Orient. BecauseBecause of inaccessible locations.locations. the country's diversified climatic and physiographic factors, India is blessedblessed withwith The basic objectives of the NationalNational Forest all types of vegetation:vegetation: tropical, sub­sub- Policy ofof 19881988 includeinclude conservingconserving the tropical, temperate, and alpine. Due toto itsits national flora and fauna, meetingmeeting thethe needsneeds wide-ranging environmental regimes andand of rural and tribal populations, and diverse biological communities, the country encouraging efficient utilization of all forest is one of the world's toptop 1212 "megadiversity""megadiversity" produce. TheThe policypolicy states thatthat NWFPsNWFPs nations. which provide sustenance to local communities should be protected and Of thethe nearlynearly 425425 familiesfamilies ofof flowering flowering improved. It provides for researchresearch intointo thethe plants in the world,world, 328328 familiesfamilies withwith conservation andand managementmanagement ofof forestforest 21,000 species occuroccur in India.India. FromFrom thisthis resources and forfor increasingincreasing productivityproductivity varied emporium, non-wood forest products through the application of modemmodern scientificscientific (NWFPs) are derived from over 3,0003,000 spe-spe­ and technologicaltechnological methods. The surveysurvey of cies. For convenience,convenience, thesethese products are forest resources is toto bebe givengiven highhigh priority.priority. classified as:as: (i) leaves;leaves; (ii)(ii) ;bamboos; (iii)(iii) gums, resins andand oleoresins;oleoresins; (iv)(iv) oiloil seeds;seeds; STATUS OF VARIOUSVARIOUS CATEGORIESCATEGORIES (v) essential oils, including oil-yielding OF NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS grasses; (vi) andand flosses;flosses; (vii)(vii) grassesgrasses other thanthan oil-yieldingoil-yielding grasses;grasses; (viii) tanstans Leaves and ; (ix) drugs and ;spices; (x)(x) animalanimal products; and (xi)(xi) edibleedible products.products. Diospyros melanoxylon The royalties realizedrealized throughthrough thethe salesale of Local names: CommonlyCommonly known as "tendu,"tendu," II NWFPsNVVFPs exceeded exceeded Rs1,000 Rs1,000 million in 1985-1985- but also called "abnus" inin AndhraAndhra Pradesh,Pradesh, 86 and have gone up since.since. The valuevalue of "kendu" in Orissa and WestWest ,Bengal, NWFPs is seriously underunder estimatedestimated in "tembru" in , "kari""kan" inin ,Kerala, official records.records. It is estimatedestimated thatthat 6060 "tembhurni" in Maharahstra,Maharahstra, and "bali percent ofof allall NVVFPsNWFPs areare consumed locally tupra" in TamilTamil Nadu.Nadu. and are not accountedaccounted for in thethe calculationcalculation of revenues. There alsoalso areare manymany productsproducts Uses: Leaves areare used asas wrapperswrappers of which are not extracted fully or which go to tobacco to produce bidi. Off-cutsOff-cuts ofof leavesleaves

19 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products India are burnedburned and the ash isis usedused inIn toothtooth above thethe ground, butbut cutting atat such a powder. height is difficult.difficult. Therefore, thethe commoncommon practie isis toto cutcut flushflush withwith thethe ground.ground. Distribution: The speciesspecIes is abundantabundant in Cutting occurs between January and March. ,Pradesh, Orissa, , There is a bumper production of leaves once Andhra Pradesh, , Rajasthan,Rajasthan, UttarUttar in four years. Pradesh, Gujarat, , andand WestWest Bengal. Itlit generally growsgrows in drydry mixedmixed Collection of leaves:leaves: LeavesLeaves areare pluckedplucked deciduous forests, occurring alongside just afterafter theythey havehave turnedturned fromfrom crimsoncrimson toto Shorea robusta andand TectonaTectona grandis. bright green andand havehave aa leatheryleathery texture.texture. Generally, collection starts from the secondsecond Regeneration: UnderUnder naturalnatural conditions,conditions, fortnight ofof April andand continuescontinues until thethe seed germinates inin thethe rainyrainy seasonseason andand onset of the monsoon. Bundles ofof 50,50, 70, or seedling production is plentiful.plentiful. SeedlingsSeedlings 100 leaves (depending on drying conditions)conditions) tolerate considerable shade, but for optionaloptional are assembled and tied with strings or fibers development more light is required. from bark. TheseThese bundlesbundles are broughtbrought byby Seedlings resistresist frostfrost and drought, but areare laborers to collection centers where they are vulnerable to excessive dampness. TheThe sold. profusion and tenacity of root suckers ensure the survivalsurvival and spreadspread ofof thethe speciesspecies Drying and curingcuring ofof leaves:leaves: ProperProper dryingdrying without planting. of leaves is important. TooToo muchmuch moisturemoisture makes the leaves black and mouldymouldy with a There is widewide variationvariation in thethe qualityquality of foul odor.odor. TooToo muchmuch dryingdrying makesmakes thethe leaves fromfrom differentdifferent locations.locations. Superior-Superior­ leaves brittle, resulting in ·lossloss during quality leavesleaves ofof large size, paperypapery texture,texture, handling. To dry, leafleaf bundles bundles areare spre,adspread on and inconspicuous veins fetch up toto 55 timestimes the ground, keepingkeeping the dorsal sides up forfor the priceprice of inferior-quality leaves.leaves. There is,is, three to fourfour days.days. TheThe bundlesbundles areare thenthen however, vastvast opportunityopportunity forfor propagatingpropagating turned upside down. Drying isis completecomplete inin better strainsstrains artificially.artificially. AboutAbout 4040 percentpercent about 8 to 10 days. In solar leaf driers, the of fresh seed germinates. GerminationGermination startsstarts drying is complete in about 18 hours and the after 36 days and is complete in 80 days. It greenish colorcolor of thethe leavesleaves isis retained.retained. is bestbest toto raiseraise seedlingsseedlings inin longlong narrownarrow These leavesleaves fetch a higherhigher priceprice andand baskets and transplant the seedlings with the damage from termitestermites is avoided. SolarSolar second rains. Seed can also be directly sown drying, however, can only bebe donedone wherewhere in lines.lines. electricity isis available forfor the air blower.

For ,coppicing, thethe idealideal girthgirth ofof plantsplants is 1515 Packing and storage:storage: DriedDried leavesleaves areare centimeters. Coppicing yields thethe best packed in gunnygunny sackssacks for storage in quality leaves andand also facilitates easy godowns until sold or used forfor malcingmaking bidis. collection. AA lightlight burningburning justjust before The number of leavesleaves in oneone standardstandard bagbag sprouting stimulates the dominant leaf budsbuds varies from state to state. BeforeBefore filling the and favors a better flush of numerous tendertender bags, water is sprinkledsprinkled on bundles to soften leaves. The bestbest coppicingcoppicing results are the leaves for easiereasier pacldng.packing. attained when stems are cutcut 1515 centimeterscentimeters

20 Non-WoodNOIl-Wood Forest Products IlldiaIndia

Annual productionproduction andand value:value: AroundAround Regeneration: TheThe speciesspecies growsgrows naturallynaturally 300,000 tons of bidibidi leavesleaves areare producedproduced in thethe forests.forests. NoNo effortsefforts toto regenerateregenerate itit annually in India, ofof whichwhich over 8585 percentpercent artificially are made.made. ItIt is is usuallyusually consideredconsidered is colle,ctedcollected fromfrom Madhya Pradesh, Orissa,Orissa, a weedweed becausebecause of thethe damagedamage it doesdoes toto Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh (Table(Table 1).1). healthy trees by climbing and spreading over them.them.

Table L Annual production of tendu leaves Collection ofof leaves: Leaves vary in sizesize State Production Value from 20 toto 4040 centimeterscentimeters in diameter,diameter, andand (1000 tons) (Million Rs) are bilobedbilobed atat thethe apex.apex. CollectionCollection takestakes Madhya Pradesh 1_23.0 1,845.0 place two to threethree monthsmonths afterafter thethe rains.rains. Orissa 50 0 750,0 Leaves are collected by tribals and other Maharahstra 46.0 690.0 Leaves are collected by tribals and other Andhra Pradesh 39.0 585 0 forest dwellers and packed and tiedtied withwith Bihar 24.0 360 0 fibers obtained from the samesame species.species. NoNo Rajastan 6.5 97 5 Guar Pradesh 3.0 75,0 standard practice exists asas to the number of Gujarat 3.0 75.0 leaves in each pack. AverageAverage collectioncollection per Tamil Nadu 2.0 10 0 0,5 7.5 person per day is 55 toto 66 kilograms.kilograms. GreenGreen leaf packets are soldsold inin thethe marketmarket withoutwithout Total 301 0 4,515.0 additional processing.

The value of thesethese leaves is based on anan Annual productionproduction andand value:value: Country-Country­ average priceprice of Rs15,000 perper ton, but rates wide data on thethe collectioncollection and value ofof vary fromfrom statestate toto state, according to leaves are not available. In Madhya Pradesh, demand, availability of leaves, andand locationlocation about 780 tonstons ofof le,aves leaves areare collected,collected, of bidi-maldngbidi-making industries. valued at approximatelyapproximately RsRs 22 million.million. InIn Orissa, overover 160160 tonstons ofof drieddried leavesleaves and 8686 Bauhinia vahliivahlii million leaf platesplates areare marketedmarketed annually.annually. Collectors receive only about Rs1.50Rsl.50 perper Local names: "mahul""mahul" inin UttarUttar PradeshPradesh andand kilogram and earn only Rs8.00 to 10.00 per Madhya Pradesh, "siali""siali" inin WestWest BengalBengal and day. Therefore, collection ofof BauhiniaBauhinia Orissa. leaves isis done only as a lastlast resortresort duringduring the low-incomelow-income season.season. Uses: LeavesLeaves areare usedused forfor malcingmaking cupscups andand plates and forfor wrappingwrapping food.food. Bamboos

Distribution: Bauhinia vahlii isis aa giantgiant General: OverOver 100100 speciesspecies ofof bamboobamboo occur climber and one of the mostmost abundant Indian naturally inin India. Bambusa arundinacea, Bauhinia species.species. TheThe species species isis distributeddistributed B. tulda,tulda, B.B. polymolpha,polymorpha, DendrocalamusDendrocalamus in thethe Sub-HimalayanSub-Himalayan regionregion upup to 3,0003,000 strictus,stdctus, D. hamil-tonii, Melocanna meters above sea levellevel andand inin ,Assam, baccifera and travancorica are Central India, Bihar,Bihar, EasternEastern andand WesternWestern the mostmost importantimportant speciesspecies because of theirtheir . Commercial collection ofof leaves is wide availability. done inin MadhyaMadhya Pradesh,Pradesh, Orissa, and Andhra Pradesh.

21 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products India

DendroealamusDendrocalamus stdetussttictus and Bambusa Distribution: BambooBamboo is found almost arundinaeeaarundinacea areare the the twotwo principalprincipal economiceconomic everywhere. Its distribution is governedgoverned species.specIes. largely by rainfall,rainfall, temperature,temperature, altitude,altitude, and soilsoil conditions.conditions. Most bamboobamboo requiresrequires Uses: BecauseBecause of itsits fast growth,growth, easyeasy a temperaturetemperature of 8°8° to 36°C, a minimumminimum of propagation, soil-binding properties,properties, and 1,000 millimeters ofof rainfall annually,annually, andand early maturity, bamboo is an idealideal speciesspecies high humidityhumidity for goodgood growth.growth. BambooBamboo isis for , soil conservation, andand an important constituent of manymany deciduousdeciduous social forestry programs. and evergreenevergreen forestsforests andand extendsextends fromfrom tropical to mild temperate regions. ItIt growsgrows Bamboo isis strong, straight, and light. It isis on flatflat alluvialalluvial plains up toto altitudesaltitudes ofof hard and hollow, andand easy to work. ItIt comescomes 3,050 metersmeters aboveabove meanmean seasea level.level. in naanymany sizes and hashas longlong fibers.fibers. SuchSuch characteristics make bamboo highly Regeneration: Between seeding periods,periods, versatile. TableTable 22 indicatesindicates thethe consumptionconsumption reproduction of bamboobamboo isis by asexualasexual pattern of bamboos for various uses means. In bamboobamboo clumps,clumps, rhizomesrhizomes growgrow (Purshotham, 1962).1962). under-ground andand produce new culmsculms asas annual shoots. This processprocess continuescontinues untiluntil the plant producesproduces flowers and seeds,seeds, thenthen Table 2. Consumption of bamboo in India dies. Percentage Uses of total Consumption The mostmost commoncommon methodmethod ofof vegetativevegetative reproduction is by rhizomes,rhizomes, or offset 35 00 Housing 20 00 planting. Layering, propagation throughthrough Non-residential construction 5,00 nodal cuttings, marcotting, andand culmculm cuttingcutting Rural uses 20.00 Fuel 8.50 are also practiced in somesome species.species. Packing, including baskets 5.00 Transport 1 50 Bamboo flowersflowers gregariouslygregariously after longlong Furniture 1.00 Other wood-working industries 1,00 periods, althoughalthough sporadicsporadic floweringflowering occursoccurs Others, including ladders, staff mats etc. 3.00 almost everyevery year.year. During thethe years of Total 100.00 gregarious flowering,flowering, the the forestforest floor is carpeted withwith seedlings andand thethe areas are naturally regenerated. New uses ofof bamboobamboo includeinclude parquet (block)(block) flooring, laminated bamboos,bamboos, strips for Management: New culmsculms areare producedproduced aircraft, bamboobamboo reinforcedreinforced ,concrete, andand every yearyear andand one-year-oldone-year-old culmsculms areare artificially shaped bamboobamboo forfor decorativedecorative already able to support the growth of new items. Among bamboo's medicinal culms. CulmsCulms maturemature after threethree yearsyears andand properties is banslochan,banslochan, aa secretionsecretion foundfound are commonlycommonly harvested at that time. AfterAfter in thethe culms,culms, usedused asas aa cooling cooling tonic, five years, culmsculms begin to die. OnOn aa three-three­ aphrodisiac, and as aa treatmenttreatment forfor asthma,asthma, year cycle, aa goodgood plantationplantation may yield 3 to and coughingcoughing (Raizada andand Chatterjee, 4 tons of bamboo per hectare at thethe first cut,cut, 1956). 5 toto 66 tonstons atat thethe secondsecond cut,cut, andand 88 tonstons from thethe thirdthird cutcut on.on. TheThe totaltotal expectedexpected

22 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products IndioIndia

Table 3. Atea of bamboo and potential annual cut

State BamboO atea Potoutiat annual out (hectares) (1000 culms)

Andhra Pradesh 1,979,000 255 ArunaQhal Pradesh 777,900 200 Assam 1,000,000 1,210 Bihar 529,400 200 Gujarat ' 193,600 46 HitnaOhal Pradesh 10,400 3 Karnataka 600,000 475 Kern1a 63,100 108 Madhya Pradesh 1,486,400 SOO Maharashtra 850,000 300 250,000 200 Orissa 1,050,000 489 Punjab NA 9 Tfunil Nade 538,800 NA Tripura 284,900 215 400,000 41 West Bengal 16,400 8 Total 10,029,900 4,559 yield per hectare is estimatedestimated atat 70 to 7474 paper or ,rayon, forfor whichwhich producersproducers receivereceive tons over the entire lifelife ofof aa plantationplantation (Rao,(Rao, about Rs300Rs300 per per ton.ton. The value of thethe 1980). potential annual cut is Rs1,367Rsl,367 million.million.

Annual production andand value:value: TheThe area of Gums and resins bamboo in eacheach state and thethe potentialpotential annual cut are shownshown in TableTable 33 (Tewari,(Tewari, General: GumsGums areare translucent,translucent, amorphousamorphous 1981). substances whichwhich are degradationdegradation productsproducts of thethe cellcell wallwall ofof woody woody species.species. TheyThey Although nono preciseprecise datadata areare available,available, exude spontaneously from from treestrees and areare observations suggest that bamboo areas are soluble inin water. ResinsResins alsoalso areare exudatesexudates declining because of gregariousgregarious floweringflowering but areare soluble inin alcohol, not water.water. and consequentconsequent dyingdying ofof clumps. A largelarge Closely related to true gums are gumgum resins,resins, quantity of seedsseeds fallonfallon the ground,ground, which are also producedproduced by plants.plants. SinceSince producing innumerable youngyoung germinants,germinants, these are a combinationcombination of gumgum andand ,resin, but effectiveeffective protection of seedlingsseedlings fromfrom they do notnot dissolvedissolve inin waterwater completely.completely. fire and other bioticbiotic damagedamage isis notnot ensuredensured Resins often occur mixed with aa highhigh in many areas. percentage of essentialessential oils known asas oleoresins. When oleoresinsoleoresins includeinclude somesome The price of bamboo varies withwith itsits endend use.use. gum, as inin thethe casecase of of exudation exudation fromfrom Most of the annual cut is usedused inin maldngmaking Boswellia serrata,serrata, theythey areare calledcalled gumgum

23 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products India

Table 4: ClassifiCation of Indian resins and gums : Category Typical product in world trade Source of typical Indian products True gums Gum arable nilotica app. indica

: Oamtragacantit A. . : A. modesta :

- : A. senegal

:

i

.. i Bauldnia_ retusa . Cochlospermum religiosunt .'

- .

.- Lannea coromandelica

.' . Pterocarpus marsupium

: - . , Sterculia urens and 5, villosa : - Several minor sprecks :

:

:

: . .: Hard resins Copal Dammar Canarium strictum- Hopea odorata : ,

i Shorea robusta i Valeria indica

.:

Amber . : - Lacquer i Sbellao

. Sandarac : .

. gaatio

:

: .: 0 eo-resma Pinto roxburehii and three other Pinta species talsams ' of Pert"

of Tolu . Of Styrax or 13oswe1lia serrata Storax Other oleo-resins Dipterocarpus turbinatus Copaiba Kingiodendron pinnatunt Blerai

,. ,Qum resins Garcinia morella Assafoetida GalbanUm Olibanum or Commiphora mukut

24 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products India

oleoresins. Table 44 givesgives thethe classificationclassification Collection and marketing: Although of thesethese importantimportant products in worldworld tradetrade spontaneous exudationexudation of gums occurs from (Anon, 1972).1972). unhealthy trees, artificial incisions are mademade in healthyhealthy trees to increaseincrease the yieldyield of Uses: Commercial gums enter thethe marketmarket inin gums. HarvestingHarvesting is donedone byby handhand picking.picking. the formform ofof drieddried exudates.exudates. TheThe varietiesvarieties Larger lumps are brokenbroken withwith aa woodenwooden having the least colorcolor andand highesthighest adhesiveadhesive mallet and foreignforeign bodiesbodies removed.removed. Grading, power and are thethe mostmost valuable.valuable. based on color, size,size, andand transparencytransparency of thethe The finerfiner gradesgrades areare usedused inin clarifyingclarifying tears is donedone manually.manually. liquors, "finishing" , and in the preparation of quality water colors. Resins ooze out through the bark, hardeninghardening Intermediate grades are usedused inin confection-confection­ on exposure.exposure. TheseThese areare collectedcollected mostlymostly ery, pharmaceuticals,pharmaceuticals, and printing inks, in from artificialartificial woundswounds or fossilfossil material.material. sizing and finishing fabrics, in The importanceimportance of naturalnatural resins has dyeing, andand in thethe paintpaint industry.industry. In thethe declined in recentrecent yearsyears becausebecause syntheticsynthetic cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry, gums resins have becomebecome cheaper.cheaper. serve to emulsify oror bindbind mixturesmixtures inin creams, lotions and ointments.ointments. ManyMany gumsgums In India,India, PinusPinus roxburghiiroxburghii treestrees yieldyield thethe add body andand bulkbulk toto foodstuffs (e.g. highest amounts ofof oleoresin. Blazes on the commercial ). tree trunktrunk are cutcut toto facilitatefacilitate the flowflow of oleoresin from resinresin canals.canals. Traditionally,Traditionally, Resins areare usedused inin thethe manufacturemanufacture of oleoresin is collectedcollected byby thethe cup-and-lipcup-and-lip and . ResinousResinous substancessubstances method from MarchMarch toto earlyearly November.November. can be used for waterproof coatings. ResinsResins The rill methodmethod forfor tapping,tapping, thoughthough more more dissolve readilyreadily inin alkali to formform .soaps. scientific, has not found favor in thethe field.field. They are usedused inin medicines,medicines, forfor sizingsizing Treatment of of blazes withwith acid or 2-4D2-4D paper, forfor ,incense, andand in thethe preparation of solution reportedly increases andand prolongsprolongs sealing wax and other products. the flow of resin.resin. TheThe yieldyield isis highesthighest inin June, whenwhen thethe sunsun isis hottest.hottest. TheThe ole,oresin oleoresin Important oleoresins are turpentines, collected inin cups is transferred to tins every balsams, copaiba, and elemi. TheseThese areare usedused time the cupscups areare filled. The tinstins areare in perfumeryperfumery andand medicines,medicines, forfor makingmaking transported toto depots, then toto factoriesfactories forfor varnishes, and lacquers, as fixatives,fixatives, and in processing. scenting soaps. Salai gum (a gumgum oleoresin)oleoresin) is anan exudateexudate Gum resins have varied uses.uses. GambogeGamboge isis obtained by tapping BoswelliaBoswellia serrataserrata trees. used to colorcolor goldengolden lacquers,lacquers, asas water-water­ The freshfresh exudationexudation fromfrom thethe puncturedpunctured color , and in medicines. resin ductsducts comescomes inin 5- toto 8-8- centimetercentimeter longlong Assafoetida is used for flavoring curries andand tears. It hardens in about fourfour days. other food products, andand also as aa drug.drug. Tapping extends from November toto June.June. Galbanum is is used in medicine.medicine. Myrrh isis used in incense,incense, perfume,perfume, andand embalming.embalming. Among the aboveabove products,products, gumgum fromfrom Frankincense is used primarily as incense.incense. Acacia niloticanilotica (called(called "gum"")arabic") andand from other AcaciaAcacia speciesspecies such asas A.

25 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products India catechu, A. modesta,modesta, andand A.A. senegalsenegal areare (Awasthi, 1971). Refined mahua oil can bebe collectively categorizedcategorized asas AcaciaAcacia gums.gums. utilized for cooldng,cooking, confectioneryconfectionery and inin Gum lcaraya,karaya, or katira,katira, from SterculiaSterculia chocolate makingmaldng (Anon,1962). Refined oiloil urens, andand oleoresin fromfrom PinusPinas roxburghii, is usedused inin thethe jutejute industryindustry and inin thethe are tappedtapped in significantsignificant quantities toto bebe of manufacture of lubricating greases, candles,candles, commercial importance. bathing oil, fatty alcohols, andand stearicstearic acid.acid. Mahua oil has emollientemollient properties and is Annual production andand value:value: MadhyaMadhya used in treatingtreating skinskin disease,disease, rheumatismrheumatism Pradesh hashas thethe potentialpotential to produceproduce asas and headaches. ItIt isis a goodgood laxativelaxative and is much gumgum karaya asas the restrest ofof IndiaIndia used in treating habitual constipation, piles, combined. However,However, tapping of SterculiaSterculia and hemorrhoids (Nagarajan,(Nagarajan, etet al.,al., 1988).1988). urens in thethe state was bannedbanned inin 19821982 for aa period of 1010 years.years. ApproximatelyApproximately 1,4001,400 Karanj oil (Pongamia glabra): BothBoth thethe seed tons of gumgum karayakaraya areare collectedcollected annuallyannually and oiloil areare poisonouspoisonous butbut theythey possesspossess from other states,states, valuedvalued at aboutabout Rs60Rs60 remarkable medicinal properties. The seed is million. After 1991, when tappingtapping is carminative, purifies and enriches thethe blood, resumed in MadhyaMadhya Pradesh,Pradesh, productionproduction and is used forfor inflammation,inflammation, earache,earache, should be doubled.doubled. ProductionProduction of otherother lumbago, andand chest ailments. TheThe oil isis gums is aboutabout 1,9001,900 tons,tons, fetchingfetching Rs12Rs12 styptic, anti-helminthic, and good for million annually.annually. AboutAbout 46,00046,000 tonstons of rheumatism and cutaneous infections, and as oleoresin are obtained from Pinus a remedyremedy forfor scabiesscabies andand herpes.herpes. Undist-Undist­ roxburghii each year, valued at illed oils can be used in high-quality laundry approximately Rs2.8 million.million. soaps, while the distilled oils can be usedused in the manufacturemanufacture ()fof toilettoilet soapsoap (Lakshmi-(Lakshmi­ Oil seeds kanthan, 1988).1988). TheThe oiloil cake is aa goodgood fertilizer. General: IndiaIndia hashas aboutabout 8686 differentdifferent oiloil se,edseed treetree species. A substantialsubstantial amount of Kusum (Schleichera(Schleichera trijuga):tnjuga): A major part oil se,edseed isis collected fromfrom Shorea robusta, of the produced is utilized by the indica, Mangifera indica, soap industry. The oiloil comparescompares favorablyfavorably , Azadirachta indica, with other oils in softnesssoftness and lathering. It PongamiaPon gamia glabra,glabra, Schleich era ttijuga,tnjuga, is also usedused in hair dressing, and in Salvadora oleoides, S. persica, andand Actini-Actini­ medicines usedused in treatingtreating sldnskin diseases,diseases, hookeri.hookeri. rheumatism, and headaches.headaches.

Uses: Sal (Shorea(Shorea robusta)robusta) seedseed cotyledonscotyledons Neem (Azadirachta indica): SeedSeed oil is used yield the wellwell knownknown sal butterbutter usedused forfor in soap and local medicines. Seed oil cake is cookingcooldng and lighting. It is a useful used as fertilizerfertilizer (Gupta,(Gupta, 1944;1944; Agarwal,Agarwal, fatfat andand can be usedused in soapsoap 1955). making.maldng. Mango (Mangifera(Mangtfera indica): SeedSeed oil is used Mahua (Madhuca indica)indica) seed:seed: AlmostAlmost the as a cocoa butterbutter substitute.substitute. entire production ofof oiloil from this seedseed isis used in thethe productionproduction ofof washingwashing soapssoaps

26 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products India

Khakan (Salvadora oleoides) and pisa Neem: June to July.July. BunchesBunches of fruitfruit areare (Actinodaphne hooken): TheseThese oilsoils are usedused picked from trees or from thethe ground.ground. in maldngmaking soap. The fruitfruit ofof khakankhakan isis edible, and is fed to cattlecattle toto increaseincrease milkmilk Karanj: Throughout the the year.year. Trees areare yield. climbed andand the branchesbranches are beatenbeaten toto shake loose thethe seeds. Seeds are thenthen Distribution: Sal Sal forestsforests occuroccur inin thethe central collected from the ground. Indian belt (accounting for 90 percent of thethe sal forests) and at the foot of the . Salvadora: May.May. The fruits are pickedpicked oror Mahua trees grow in almost of all parts of felled by shaldngshaking the branches. India. ThereThere areare twotwo species,species, MadhucaMadhuca latifolia grows in the north and M.M. Pisa: May toto June.June. Fruit-bearingFruit-bearing twigs are longtfolialongifolia thrivesthrives inin southsouth India.India. However,However, plucked and berriesberries areare collected.collected. no distinction isis made in the trade of theirtheir seeds oror fats. Mango treestrees growgrow throughoutthroughout Processing, storage, and marketing:marketing: OnlyOnly India except in thethe highhigh Himalayas.Himalayas. KusumKusum the sal seed trade is organized. After trees occur mainlymainly in forests in sub­sub- collection, thethe fruitfruit is piledpiled andand lightlylightly Himalayan tracts in northnorth andand centralcentral India,India, burned. ThroughThrough aa rubbingrubbing processprocess calledcalled and parts of easterneastern India.India. KaranjKaranj isis foundfound "decortication,""decortication, " thethe se,edsseeds are separated from in drydry deciduousdeciduous forests and prefers salinesaline the wingswings and pericarps.pericarps. The seedsseeds areare soil. Neem grows wild in drydry forestsforests andand isis brought to depotsdepots of forestforest departmentsdepartments or cultivated throughoutthroughout India.India. Salvadora isis a corporations for sale. The purchasing agencyagency shrub or a smallsmall treetree growinggrowing wildwild inin aridarid stores the seeds in bags for disposal, and sandy areas. Pisa treestrees occuroccur in sub-sub­ normally by auction.auction. tropical hilly forests of thethe WesternWestern Ghats,Ghats, some partsparts of Assam, Orissa, andand .Sikkim. The pulppulp surrounding neem seeds is removed by rubbingrubbing thethe fruitfruit againstagainst roughrough Seed collection: The times and methods of surfaces. The remainingremaining adhering pulp isis seedse,ed collectioncollection forfor various species are: then removed by washing in water. MangoMango stones are soldsold toto purchaserspurchasers whowho arrangearrange Sal: Mid-May toto end of June.June. SeedsSeeds areare for manualmanual decorticationdecortication and sun drying of collected from the forest floor.floor. kernels. Dried karanjkaranj podspods areare usuallyusually splitsplit with a hammerhammer or stickstick andand thethe shellsshells areare Mahua: May toto July. Mature fruit ISis removed by winnowing.winnowing. Kusum seed coatscoats collected from the ground.ground. are brittlebrittle andand breakbreak underunder slightslight pressure,pressure, exposing the kernels. Pisa fruit is rubbed to Mango: April to September. Pits are separate the kernelkernel from thethe outerouter shell,shell, collected fromfrom villagesvillages and city waste both of whichwhich yield oils of differentdifferent dumps. properties. All of thesethese seeds and fruits are purchased by agents and taken for crushing. Kusum: June to July. SeedsSeeds areare obtainedobtained by picking bunches of fruit. TheyThey areare depulpeddepulped Annual production and value:value: SalSal seedseed is by soakingsoaking and rubbing themthem in water.water. collected andand marketed on aa commercialcommercial scale. The potentialpotential productionproduction isis estimatedestimated

27 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products India at 5.5 millionmillion tonstons butbut currentcurrent collectioncollection is palmarosa, eucalyptus, khus, andand linaloe.linaloe. only 100,000 tons, valuedvalued at Rs200Rs200 million.million. These oils are distinguisheddistinguished from fattyfatty oilsoils Mahua has a potentialpotential kernel production of because they evaporate or volatilizevolatilize whenwhen 1.1 million tons but thethe annualannual collectioncollection is they come in contact with air. around 25,000 tons, valuedvalued at aboutabout Rs17Rs17 million. Production of other speciesspecies has notnot Classification of Indian essentialessential oils:oils: AnAn been systematically monitored. Estimates ofof economic classification ofof plantsplants yieldingyielding the productionproduction and value ofof somesome seedsseeds essential oilsoils basedbased onon their end useuse isis presented in Table 5. exceedingly difficult as the usesuses often overlap. For example,example, sandalwoodsandalwood oiloil is used for perfumery,perfumery, medicine,medicine, andand manymany Table S. Annual seed production of selected tree species in India other uses. In numerousnumerous cases, thethe samesame oiloil is usedused forfor flavoringflavoring and in medicine.medicine. For Value of current convenience, the essential oils are classified Potential Current produce according to source:source: production productton (Million Species (1000 tons) (1000 tons) Rs ) (a) Grass oils: These are mostly Kusum 200 30 112 obtained from tropical grasses rich in Pilo 50 10 NA

Pisa 1 NA NA aromatic essential oil, belonging Karanj 110 26 78 mostly to the AndropogonAndropogon andand 400 150 Neem 100 genera.genera. IndianIndian grassgrass oils include (i) lemon grass oil, (ii)(ii) Essential oilsoils palmarosa oil,oil, (iii) grass oil, (iv) citronella oil, and (v)(v) vetiver oil. General: EssentialEssential oils,oils, alsoalso calledcalled volatilevolatile oils, areare liquidsliquids whichwhich possesspossess aa pleasantpleasant (b) Wood oils:oils: (i) sandalwoodsandalwood oil, (ii)(ii) taste and strong aromatic odor. TheyThey occuroccur agar oil,oil, (iii) deodar oil, andand (iv)(iv) in aboutabout 60 plantplant familiesfamilies andand areare frequentfrequent pine oil. or abundantabundant inin thethe Labiatae, Labiatae, Rutaceae,Rutaceae, Geraniaceae, Umbellifereae, Asteraceae, (c) Leaf oils: (i) from E. Lauraceae, Graminae, and Fabaceae globulus and E.E. citriodora, (ii) families.families. Any partpart of thethe plant maymay bebe thethe camphor andand camphor oil, (iii) source ofof essentialessential oil.oil. They are usedused inin leafleaf and barkbark oils,oils, (iv) making , soap, andand otherother toiletries.toiletries. pine needle oil, (v)(v) mintmint oil,oil, andand (vi)(vi) Many are usedused asas flavoringflavoring agents or asas wintergreen oil. essence for tooth paste and tobacco.tobacco. ManyMany have therapeutictherapeutic andand antisepticantiseptic properties.properties. (d) Root oils: (i) Costus oil from Saus-Saus­ Several othersothers areare used as solventssolvents in thethe suria lappalappa (Kuth),(Kuth), andand (ii)(ii) IndianIndian paint and industries,industries, asas insecticidesinsecticides valerian oil from Valeriana and deodorants, and in thethe manufacturemanufacture of ivallichii.wallichii. synthetic scents and flavors.flavors. (e) Flower oils The importantimportant essentialessential oils producedproduced inin India are oilsoils ofof , sandalwood, lemonlemon grass,grass, (f)(1) Essential oils of lesser importance.importance.

28 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products India

Industrial usesuses ofof essential essential oils:oils: EssentialEssential Fibers andand flossesflosses oils are usedused inin thethe followingfollowing industries:industries: Fibers (i) Soap andand ;cosmetics; (ii) Pharmaceuticals; General: FibersFibers fallfall intointo threethree categories: categories: (iii) Confectionery andand aerated water;water; andand soft, hard, andand surface.surface. Soft fibersfibers areare (iv) Attars, scentedscented tobacco,tobacco, agarbattis,agarbattis, obtained fromfrom thethe bast or stemstem ofof plants;plants; incense, etc. hard fibers from the leaf; andand surfacesurface fibersfibers are those which are borne on the surfaces of Collection of rawraw materialmaterial and recovery of stems, leaves, seeds, etc. BasedBased onon theirtheir essential oil:oil: PlantPlant partsparts containingcontaining oiloil areare general use,use, they areare classifiedclassified asas textiletextile collected fromfrom the field,field, andand essentialessential oilsoils fibers, brush fibers,fibers, plaitingplaiting andand weavingweaving are extracted in differentdifferent waysways dependingdepending on fibers, filling fibers,fibers, natural fabricsfabrics andand the quantity and stabilitystability ofof thethe compoundcompound paper makingmaking fibers.fibers. TheThe mostmost importantimportant involved. The following methods are fibers coming from the forests of IndiaIndia areare commonly practiced: from the familiesfamilies ofof Bombacaceae,Bombacaceae, Sterculi­Sterculi- aceae, , Fabaceae, Asclepia-Asclepia­ (i) Distillation: applicableapplicable toto materialsmaterials daceae, Myrtaceae,Myrlaceae, Moraceae,Moraceae, Urticaceae,Urlicaceae, in whichwhich thethe aromaaroma isis notnot spoiledspoiled byby Palma.Palmaceae, ceae, Musaceae,Musaceae, and Gramineae. hot water oror steam;steam; The followingfollowing speciesspecies areare commonlycommonly usedused (ii) Expression by handhand oror machinery:machinery: by cottage industries: Agave sisalana, applicable especially to fruit rinds; Abroma augusta,augusta, AbutilonAbutilon spp., AnanasAnanas cosmosus, Antiaris toxicaria, BoehmeriaBoehmeria (iii) Extraction by volatilevolatile solvents,solvents, hothot nivea, Borassus flabillifer,flabillifer, CanabisCanabis sativa,sativa, oils, fats (maceration), or cold Cordia dichotoma,dichotoma, C. rothrothii, ii, Giradinia neutral fatsfats (enfleurage).(enfleurage). heterophylla, Grewia glabra,glabra, G.G. elastica,elastica, G.optiva, HibiscusHibiscus spp.spp., , MalachraMalachra capitata, Production ofof essentialessential oils: Estimated Marsdenia tenacissima, M. volubilis, production of somesome of the important PhoimiumPlwnnium tenax, Sensivieria roxburghiana,roxburghiana, essential oils produced in IndiaIndia isis presentedpresented Sesbania bispinosa, Sida rhomNfolia,rhombifolia, in Table 6. Sterculia foetida,foetida, S. urens, S. villosa, Themeda arundinacea, TremaTrema orientalis,orientalis, Table 6, Estiinated production of essential oils Typha elephantina, Urena lobata, Essential oil Production Oreocnide integrifolia. (tons)

Lemon grass oil 1,200 Of thethe aboveabove species,species, onlyonly AgaveAgave sisalana 1,300 and Sterculia villosa have commercialcommercial Palmarosa oil 90 Vetiver oil 50 importance. AgaveAgave fibersfibers areare usedused inin maldngmaking Eucalyptus oil 50 ropes and mats. The is also useful for Cinnamon oil 33 cordage, twines, andand nets.nets. Deodar wood oil 2 Linoloe. oil 3 Cinnamon oil 2 Agave plants usuallyusually growgrow inin semi-aridsemi-arid tropical regions. They are propagatedpropagated fromfrom Total 2,830

29 Non-WoodNOll-Wood Forest Products rhizomes or bulbils, planted at a spacing of stuffing for cushions, pillows and 2.4 to 2.7 meters.meters. It takestakes 2 to 6 yearsyears for mattresses, thermal insulation,insulation, andand sound-sound­ the plantplant to growgrow toto harvestable size. proof covers and walls. It isis aa preferredpreferred Leaves are harvested fromfrom the plant until it filling material for padded surgical dies after flowering. Yields range from 1.0 dressings. to 2.82.8 tonstons ofof fiber fiber perper hectare. hectare. Fiber stripping is done within 48 hourshours ofof harvest.harvest. Flosses obtainedobtained from from thethe fruit of CeibaCeiba pentandra (kapok(kapok oror silksilk )cotton) areare elasticelastic Sterculia villosa is mainlymainly foundfound inin UttarUttar and are used in the manufacture of lifelife beltsbelts Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, andand Kerala, althoughalthough and buoys. it isis scattered throughout most of India. The species yields coarse, strongstrong fiberfiber whichwhich Collection and processing:processing: TheThe capsulescapsules areare strips off the tree inin longlong broadbroad flakes.flakes. TheThe collected greengreen fromfrom thethe treetree as thethe flossfloss flakes have a characteristic net-like loses much ofof its resilience after the appearance. TheThe fiber is usedused forfor makingmaking capsules areare open. The capsulescapsules are thenthen ropes. InIn WestWest Bengal and Tamil Nadu, it is dried in the sun and splitsplit openopen withwith mallets.mallets. used for making elephant harnessesharnesses and drag The floss, mixed with seeds, is again dried ropes and forfor securingsecuring rafts.rafts. FiberFiber yieldsyields in thethe sunsun andand thethe seedsseeds areare separatedseparated by from Sterculia villosa vary from 4.5 to 5.55.5 beating withwith sticks.sticks. The collectioncollection andand tons per hectare.hectare. processing is crude andand needsneeds improvementimprovement to avoid waste and to improveimprove quality.quality. Annual productionproduction andand value:value: It isis estimated that around 2,500 tonstons per annumannum Annual production andand value:value: AboutAbout 300300 of agave fibers are produced inin thethe country,country, tons ofof kapokkapok areare producedproduced annuallyannually inin with aa present present valuevalue of Rs45Rs45 million.million. India, with a valuevalue of Rs30Rs30 million.million. Overall production data for Sterculia villosavillosa are notnot available.available. Grasses

Flosses General: Grasses are used for paper making, fodder, matting, ropes, General: FlossesFlosses areare obtainedobtained fromfrom certaincertain thatching, and inin manufacturingmanufacturing furniture,furniture, wild fruits. ImportantImportant speciesspecies areare BombaxBombax baskets, and screens. These uses are ceiba and Ceiba pentandra. discussed below:

Distribution: Bombax ceiba grows (i) Grasses forfor paper making:making: Eula-Eula­ throughout thethe IndianIndian plainsplains andand DeccanDeccan liopsis binata (sabai(sabai grass)grass) is thethe plateau. Ceiba pentandra treestrees areare foundfound inin chief species,species, distributed in UttarUttar Western and Southern states and the Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Andaman Islands.Islands. Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh. Uses: The flossfloss fromfrom BombaxBombax ceibaceiba isis obtained fromfrom capsules andand is knownknown asas (ii) Fodder grasses:grasses: AndropogonAndropogon growsgrows "Indian kapok." The floss is soft and strong in dry regions of India and isis a prin-prin­ and used inin life-savinglife-saving devicesdevices forfor boats,boats, cipal constituent ofof wildwild forage.forage.

30 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products India

Cenchrus ciliaris, BothriochloaBotllliochloa to animals or soldsold inin bundles.bundles. SomeSome grassesgrasses ischaemum, B. intermedia,intennedia, B. are cut,cut, collected, andand baledbaled forfor trans-trans­ pertusa,perlusa, and BromusBromus spp. are portation to depots. These areare grassesgrasses important fodder grasses growing inin usually utilized byby paper mills or for cattlecattle the wild.wild. fodder during times of scarcity.scarcity.

(iii) Grasses for matting:matting: TheThe culmsculms ofof Annual productionproduction and and value: value: SomeSome 0.30.3 toto Phragmites spp.spp. andand ArundoArundo spp.spp. 0.4 millionmillion tonstons of grassgrass couldcould bebe harvestedharvested are splitsplit and usedused for matting.matting. Sac-Sac­ annually inin India (Sharma,(Sharma, 1977), but thethe charum munja,munja, TyphaTypha elephantinaelephantina figures for actual production are not and CyperusCyperus corymbosuscorymbosus are alsoalso available. Some 60,000 to 80,000 tonstons ofof preferred. sabai grass are purchasedpurchased each year byby paper mills. The price of sabaisabai grassgrass isis (iv) Grasses for ropes: Eulaliopsis around Rs300 per ton.ton. binata, bipinnata, Saccharum munja, S.S. spontaneum,spontaneum, and dyesdyes and ThemedaThemeda arundinacea are thethe main species. Tannins

(v) Thatching grasses: Imperata General: Tannins are polyphenolic cylindrica is the main species; compounds widely distributed among India's Saccharum munja, S.S. spontaneum,spontaneum, flora. TheyThey occuroccur inin varyingvarying concentrationsconcentrations and Heteropogon contoduscontO/ius areare alsoalso in all plant material,material, butbut onlyonly certaincertain plantsplants used. contain concentrations permitting commerical exploitation. Tannins are (vi) Grasses for miscellaneousmiscellaneous uses:uses: classified as condensedcondensed oror hydrolizsable.hydrolizsable. Furniture is mademade out of Saccharum The former, called catechol-type tannins, are munja stems.stems. ScreensScreens ofof Vetiveria Vetiveria based on polymeric flavan -3.01.-3.01. The latter, zizanioides are usedused inin houseshouses also called pyrogallol tannins are basedbased onon and officesoffices asas roomroom coolerscoolers duringduring of GallicGallic acidacid and/orand/or hexahydroxy hexahydroxy summer. TheseThese areare kept wet for aa diphenic acid and its analogousanalogous acids, withwith fragrant cooling effect. a varietyvariety ofof polyolspolyols andand alicyclicalicyclic acids.acids. Thysanolaena maxima grass is Different parts of plantsplants maymay containcontain valued for broomsbrooms andand fodder.fodder. different types of tannins.tannins.

Regeneration: Eulaliopsis binata, Classification: TanninsTannins producedproduced in IndiaIndia Saccharum munja, Cenchrus ciliatis, can bebe classifiedclassified as fruitfruit tannins,tannins, barkbark Vetiveria zizanioides, Thysanolaena tannins, or leafleaf tannins.tannins. FruitFruit tanninstannins areare maxima and somesome otherother fodderfodder grasses are generally obtained from myrobalans,myrobalans, thoughthough planted using cuttings, slipsslips or seeds.seeds. pods of AcaciaAcacia niloticanilotica andand drupesdrupes ofof Emblica officinalis andand ZizyphusZizyphus xylocarpaxylocarpa Collection and processing:processing: FodderFodder grassesgrasses are also used locally. TheThe mainmain treetree speciesspecies are commonlycommonly grazed directlydirectly by cattlecattle inin yielding barkbark tannins are Acacia nilotica, A.A. the forests. Others are collected and stall-fed mollisima, CassiaCassia auriculata,auriculata, andand ShoreaShorea

31 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest ProductsProducís India robusta. TheThe leavesleaves ofof AnogeissusAnogeissus latifolialatifolia based on theirtheir originorigin (Anon,1972).(Anon,1972). and Carissa spinarum areare alsoalso harvested for tannin production. • Bimlies (Bs) exported from Bimlipatam (Andhra Pradesh); Uses: 9090 percentpercent ofof thethe totaltotal vegetable vegetable tannins inin the world are used by thethe leatherleather Jabalpur (Js) exported from Jabalpur industry. India has thethe largestlargest livestocklivestock (Madhya Pradesh); population (about 415 million head) in thethe world (Anon.,(Anon., 1982). Prospects for thethe Rajpores (Rs) exported from Kolha-Kolha­ industryindustry are thereforetherefore bright.bright. pur (Maharashtra);(Maharashtra);

Important tannintannin yielding yielding plants:plants: Vingloras (Vs) exported from Maharashtra; and TenninaliaTerminalia chebula Coast Madras, or Madras,Madras, exportedexported General: TheThe fruit of TertninaliaTenninalia schebula, from Tamil Nadu forests.forests. commercially lcnownknown as chebulic myrobalan, yields important tannin material.material. ChebulicChebulic The myrobalansmyrobalans from SalemSalem districtdistrict (Tamil(Tamil myrobalan treestrees are foundfound throughoutthroughout thethe Nadu) areare regarded asas the best inin thethe mixed deciduous forests and drydry forests.forests. country for colorcolor andand tannintannin content.content. Myrobalans are the mostmost importantimportant tanningtanning materials of thethe pyrogallolpyrogallol type. These Processing: CollectedCollected fruit is sunsun dried. It tannins produce a brownish colored deposit is important to store the fruit properly asas itit on leatherleather calledcalled "bloom.""bloom." CatcholCatchol typetype easily rots. CrushedCrushed myrobalansmyrobalans andand solidsolid tannins do not produce a bloom. Myrobalan extract of myrobalansmyrobalans regularly enter thethe tannins are not very astringent, and commercial trade. The extract is prepared in penetrate thethe hidehide veryvery slowly.slowly. WhenWhen usedused factories andand is exportedexported in solidsolid blocksblocks alone, they producessproducess a soft,soft, mellowmellow andand containing 5050 to 6060 percentpercent tannin.tannin. MostMost rather spongyspongy leatherleather whichwhich lackslacks goodgood tanners preferprefer to makemake theirtheir ownown liquorsliquors wearing properties.properties. Myrobalans in India are with 30-35 percent tannintannin content.content. largely usedused inin combinationcombination withwith AcaciaAcacia nilotica and Cassia auticulataauriculata tannins.tannins. Annual production and value:value: AroundAround 78,000 toto 100,000100,000 tonstons ofof myrobalan myrobalan nutsnuts Time of collection: January to March is the are estimatedestimated toto bebe produced produced annually,annually, best period for fruit collection,collection, withwith JanuaryJanuary valued at Rs15 toto 2020 million.million. harvests yieldingyielding optimumoptimum tannintannin content.content. The tannintannin content variesvaries fromfrom 12 toto 4949 Acacia mollissimamollissima (wattle)(wattle) percent, althoughalthough average tannin content is around 32 percent.percent. General: TanninTannin is obtainedobtained from the bark of thisthis tree.tree. ItIt gives gives astringentastringent liquorliquor withwith Grading: GradingGrading generallygenerally consists of good penetrating properties. It blendsblends wellwell separating inferior fruit whichwhich constituteconstitute a with acid-producing tanning materials, suchsuch second grade, the remainderremainder beingbeing thethe firstfirst as myrobalans,myrobalans, givinggiving aa pleasingpleasing biscuitbiscuit grade. TheThe followingfollowing gradesgrades areare recognized,recognized, color to leather. If usedused alone, itit givesgives pink

32 Non-WoodNOll- Wood Forest Products IndiaIlldia color, which darkens onon exposureexposure toto light.light. The tannintannin contentcontent of babulbabul barkbark variesvaries Wattle is planted in KodaikanalKodaikanal and in thethe considerably, withwith the averageaverage beingbeing 1212 Ooty hills of TamilTamil Nadu,Nadu, coveringcovering aboutabout percent. The bark from older trees is richer 20,000 hectares.hectares. in tannintannin and deeper in color.

Collection and processing: Wattle is Production andand value: value: An An averageaverage 15-year-15-year­ managed under the coppice system. old plantationplantation yieldsyields aboutabout 12.512.5 tons of Coppice shootsshoots areare regularly cutcut and thethe bark. AboutAbout 22,000 tons of babulbabul bark areare bark is strippedstripped andand dried.dried. DryingDrying involvesinvolves produced annually, valued at Rs55 million.million. standing the pieces on end against each other or againstagainst a roughrough trestle,trestle, withwith thethe outerouter Cassia auriculata (avaram)(avaram) bark exposed. ThisThis must be done in finefine weather oror underunder cover,cover, asas rainrain waterwater General: AvaramAvaram is aa smallsmall bushbush whichwhich leaches away tannin. The drieddried bark grows wild in south India. It thrivesthrives on dry contains 18 to 35 percentpercent tannin,tannin, dependingdepending stony hills and on blackblack soils,soils, alongalong roadroad upon the age and the part of thethe treetree fromfrom sides, in degradeddegraded forests,forests, andand onon waste-waste­ where bark hashas beenbeen collected.collected. Tannin lands. liquors areare extractedextracted fromfrom the barkbark byby applying steam in specially prepared wooden Collection and processing: BarkBark is is collectedcollected vats. These can bebe purifiedpurified andand mixedmixed withwith by cuttingcutting coppice shoots offoff at thethe base.base. other extracts to give thethe desireddesired colorcolor oror Shoots cancan bebe harvested annually. The bark quality to leather. is strippedstripped and dried. TheThe barkbark containscontains an average of 18 percent of tannin. The leather Annual production andand value: value: OverOver 23,000 tanned by unstripped twigstwigs is as good as that tons of wattle bark are harvested every year, from strippedstripped bark. TheThe tannintannin fromfrom thethe valued at Rs38 million.million. bark penetrates quickly and produces a special form of lightlylightly tanned,tanned, palepale coloredcolored Acacia niloticanilotica (babul)(babul) leather with an elastic grain and good tensiletensile stength. General: In northernnorthern India,India, thethe barkbark ofof A.A. nilotica formsforms thethe mostmost importantimportant tannin-tannin­ Annual productionproduction andand value:value: AnnualAnnual yielding rawraw material. It isis aa commoncommon treetree production of avaram barkbark isis estimatedestimated atat found in forest,forest, wastelands,wastelands, andand cultivatedcultivated 23,000 tons,tons, valuedvalued atat aboutabout Rs35Rs35 million.million. fields throughout India. Babul bark isis veryvery good for tanning heavier . In Dyes combination withwith myrobalans, itit givesgives anan excellent finished leather. General: OverOver 2,0002,000 plantplant pigmentspigments areare known, ofof which onlyonly a a fewfew areare of aa Collection and processing:processing: BarkBark isis availableavailable commercial importance.importance. Vegetable dyesdyes to the tanning industry as a by-product when have notnot beenbeen ableable toto successfullysuccessfully competecompete trees are felled for timbertimber or fuel.fuel. BarkBark isis with artificial dyes in recentrecent years.years. dried andand despatcheddespatched in bundlesbundles to thethe tanningtanning factories. The mostmost important consumption center for thisthis barkbark isis Kanpur.Kanpur.

33 Non-WoodNon- Wood ForestForest Products India

Classification: Drugs andand SpicesSpices

(i) Wood dyes:dyes: Kutch from Acacia General: India'sIndia's medicinalmedicinal plantplant wealthwealth is catechu and other dyes from comprised of about 1,500 species. Artocarpus heterophyllus, A. Knowledge ofof the medicinalmedicinal properties of lakoocha, PterocatpusPterocarpus santalinus,santalinus, these plants has been recorded in "Materia-"Materia­ and CaesalpittiaCaesalpinia sappan. Medica" aa descriptiondescription of indigenous systems of medicinemedicine whichwhich havehave becomebecome extensiveextensive (ii) Bark dyes: Obtained from and heterogenous over the centuries. EveryEvery TerminaliaTenn ina lia tomentosa, Acacia region of IndiaIndia hashas contributed to its concinna, A. farnesiana, A. development. ieucophloea, AlnusAlnus spp.spp. Casuarina equisetifolia, Manilkara littoralis,littoralis, Systematic studies andand research have beenbeen Myrica esculenta, and Ventilago carried out on only a fewfew ofof the the countlesscountless madraspatana. drugs used in indigenous systems of medicine. Drugs have been classified (iii) Flower and fruit dyes:dyes: ThisThis isis thethe depending upon the plant organ from whichwhich most importantimportant group ofof naturalnatural they are derived: roots and other dyes. FlowerFlower andand fruit dyesdyes areare underground parts,parts, bark, wood,wood, leaves,leaves, commonly obtainedobtained fromfrom MalloMallouts uts flowers, and fruitfruit andand seed.seed. philippensis,philippe nsis, WoodfordiaWo odfo rdia floribunda, BixaBixa orellana,orellana, Butea Cultivation of importantimportant species:species: DueDue toto monosperma, Toona ciliata,culata, continuous use, many medicinal plant Nyctanthes arbortristis,arborlristis, Mammea species have become scarce in thethe forestsforests longtfolia,longifolia, Wrightiatinctoria,Wrightiatinctotia, and and efforts are being mademade to cultivate them.them. Carocus stativus.stativus. Dioscorea deltoidea andand D.D. trazeri grow in (iv) Root dyes:dyes: RootRoot dyesdyes areare obtainedobtained northwest Himalayas and northeastern India, from Berberis aristata, Datioca respectively. Both species yieldyield diosgenindiosgenin cannabina, ,tinctotia, but grow veryvery slowlyslowly andand theirtheir productionproduction Punica granatum, and cannot meet thethe demand.demand. D.D. floribunda,floribunda, a cordifolia. Central American species, has been introduced for commercialcommercial cultivationcultivation inin (v) Leaf dyes:dyes: IndigoferaIndigofera tinctoriatinctoria andand Assam, Goa, Bangalore, and Koorg districts Lanssonia inermisin ennis areare important of Karnataka. The crop is raised from seeds,seeds, species.specIes. single-node leafleaf cuttings or tubertuber pieces.pieces. On average, a two-year-oldtwo-year-old plant yields 2.5 The aboveabove plantplant partsparts do notnot provideprovide to 3 kilogramskilograms ofof tubers, or 50 toto 6060 tonstons significant livelihood to forest dwellersdvvellers per hectare.hectare. TheThe contentcontent ofof diosgenindiosgenin is 33 because the procurementprocurement price in the percent on drydry weightweight basisbasis (Bammi(Bammi andand markets is extremely low.low. There isis no Rao, 1982).1982). organized trade forfor collection,collection, processingprocessing and marketing of vegetablevegetable dyedye stuffs.stuffs. D. composita,composita, also aa nativenative ofof Central , isis nownow beingbeing cultivated in Jammu.

34 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products India

Tubers begin to increase in sizesize fromfrom thethe grown, butbut green,green, fruits yieldyield 1.21.2 to 1.71.7 third year on. ThisThis speciesspecies yieldsyields about 2 to tons of dry seeds per hectare,hectare, withwith alkaloidalkaloid 3 percent diosgenin.diosgenin. TheThe highesthighest diosgenindiosgenin content varyingvarying fromfrom 0.20.2 to 0.350.35 percent.percent. content is obtained in July whenwhen thethe plants For D.D. mete!,metel, maximummaximum alkaloidalkaloid yield is are about to flower, but it varies obtained by harvesting tendertender branchesbranches andand considerably fromfrom one locality to another.another. leaves in June and July. The plantplant Propagation from rhizomerhizome cuttingscuttings givesgives regenerates and it is possiblepossible toto harvestharvest better results thanthan fromfrom seedsseeds oror seedlings.seedlings. twice more inin late AugustAugust and October.October. In With a plantingplanting densitydensity of 40,00040,000 perper addition to foliage, a large numbernumber of fruitsfruits hectare, yields ofof up toto 54.854.8 tonstons perper are also harvested when ripe. TwoTwo improvedimproved hectare after 16 or 1717 monthsmon ths (the(the ideal age varieties ofof D. metalmetal developeddeveloped by thethe for harvesting areare possible.possible. AnAn incomeincome ofof Rs Rs Regional ResearchResearch Laboratory,Laboratory , Jammu, 4,500 to 5,0005,000 perper hectarehectare accruesaccrues toto thethe yield 21 to 29 tons of green herb and 1.5 to cultivator (Sobti et al., 1982).1982). 2.4 tonstons ofof seedsseeds perper hectare.hectare. TheThe alkaloidalkaloid content variesvaries fromfrom 0.24 to 0.36 percent in Solanum khasianumkhasianum occursoccurs inin northeast,northeast, leaves andand from 0.098 to 0.190.19 percentpercent inin northwest, southernsouthern andand centralcentral India.India. It isis seeds (Sobti and Kaul, 1982).1982). cultivated through seedsseeds oror nursery-raisednursery-raised seedlings. The crop takes about 6 months to Atropa acuminata (belladonna) (belladonna) occursoccurs in the mature. TwoTwo improvedimproved varietiesvarieties havehave beenbeen western Himalayas, particularly in Kashmir developed at the Regional Research and Himachal Pradesh.Pradesh. Its leaves and roots Laboratory, Jammu, yielding 7.57.5 and 8.38.3 are usedused inin thethe pharmaceutical pharmaceutical industry.industry. tons fresh ,berries, respectively.respectively. SolasodineSolasodine About 7070 tons of drydry leavesleaves areare neededneeded content rangesranges fromfrom 1.55l.55 toto 1.89l. 89 percentpercent annually toto meet the country's demand. In from the fruit. (Kaul(Kaul andand Zutshi,Zutshi, 1982).1982). recent years,years, the naturalnatural stocksstocks of thethe species have dwindleddwindled because of over-over­ CostusCQstus speciosusspeciosus is widelywidely distributeddistributed inin exploitation. The Kashmir Forest India. In thethe plains,plains, thethe plantplant occursoccurs as aa Department has therefore been promoting its weed in orchards,orchards, boundariesboundaries ofof cultivatedcultivated cultivation. ItIt is raised fromfrom seeds.seeds. LeavesLeaves fields, and inin wastelands.wastelands. InIn Meghalaya,Meghalaya, are harvested at the timetime of flowering,flowering, whenwhen Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and in the contentcontent of activeactive ingredientsingredients isis at itsits tropical rain forests in Tamil Nadu, it grows peak. MaximumMaximum yields are obtainedobtained byby on thethe forestforest floor.floor. cutting the entireentire plantplant 7.57.5 centimeters centimeters above the ground. AfterAfter cutting,cutting, thethe plantsplants Datura stramonium,stramonium, D. innoxiainnoxia andand D.D. sprout again. Two toto fourfour quintalsquintals ofof leavesleaves metel are importantimportant medicinalmedicinal species. The are obtainedobtained from eacheach hectarehectare (Gulati(Gulati etet first is richrich inin hyoscyamin,hyoscyamin, whilewhile thethe latterlatter al.,aI., 1982).1982). two are richrich inin scopolamine.scopolamine. D. innoxia isis a coarsecoarse bushybushy annualannual whichwhich grows in thethe Rauwolfia setpentinaserpentina isis one of thethe mostmost western Himalayas,Himalayas, the hilly region ofof important medicinal plants in India, peninsular India, and a fewfew otherother placesplaces in occurring throughout the country.country. The plant the country. D. metelmetel isis aa spreadingspreading herbherb which can be propagatedpropagated from seeds,seeds, stemstem growing throughout India. AllAll cancan bebe raised cuttings, oror root cuttings,cuttings, isis aa perennialperennial by see,ds.seeds. InIn thethe casecase of D. innoxia,innoxia, fullyfully shrub growing upup toto 5050 centimeterscentimeters inin

35 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products India height. TheThe rootroot shouldshould bebe harvestedharvested 1515 andand zeylanicum (cinnamon or dalchini), 36 monthsmonths afterafter plantingplanting to obtainobtain thethe Curcuma spp. (haldi), Elettaria optimum yield of alkaloid. cardamomum (), and Piper longum and P. nigrumnigrum (pepper).(pepper). The major trade centers for Rauwolfia rootsroots are Calcutta,Calcutta, BombayBombay and Patna,Patna, whichwhich inin Animal products tumturn are suppliedsupplied by a numbernumber ofof primaryprimary trade centerscenters throughoutthroughout thethe country.country. TheThe Lac, honey and wax, silk, horns, ivory, batbat market valuevalue perper ton of rootsroots variesvaries fromfrom guano, edible birds' nests, and bees' Rs2,000Rs2,OOO toto Rs4,000Rs4,OOO dependingdepending uponupon thethe dammardam mar are some products that are obtainedobtained quality. from forests. Of these,these, thethe formerformer threethree areare most important. Cassia angustifoliaangustifolia (senna):(senna): is foundfound inin Tamil Nadu, and on aa smallersmaller scalescale inin Lac Karnataka and Maharashtra. SennosidesSennosides are extracted from leaves and pods, andand mademade General: CommonlyCommonly knownknown as """shellac" inin into tablets. The plant can bebe raisedraised fromfrom its refinedrefined flake form, lac isis aa resinousresinous seeds, and is readyready to harvest after 22 secretion fromfrom the insectinsect LacciferLaccifer lacca,lacca, months. SennosideSennoside contentcontent is maximummaximum which feeds on the plant .sap. (11.92 percent)percent) in in 33 to 55 daysdays oldold pods,pods, while in leaves it is maximummaximum (6.93(6.93 percent)percent) Uses: Lac isis presentlypresently usedused forfor variousvarious in immature leaves (Gupta et al., 1977).1977). purposes in plastics,plastics, electricals,electricals, adhesives,adhesives, leather, wood finishing, printing, polish and About 7 quintals of leaves and a quintalquintal of varnish, ink and other industries. It is alsoalso pods are obtainedobtained fromfrom oneone hectarehectare underunder the principal ingredient of sealing wax. rainfed conditions, and 1414 quintalsquintals of leavesleaves and 1.51.5 quintalquintal of podspods areare obtainedobtained underunder Lac crops:crops: TwoTwo mainmain strainsstrains ofof laclac insectinsect irrigated conditions. Senna leaves, pods or are recognized:recognized: "rangeeni""rangeeni" andand "kusumi"."kusumi". their powder retainretain theirtheir biologicalbiological activityactivity The rangeeni crop is raised on severalseveral host even after 5 yearsyears ofof storage.storage. AboutAbout 5,5005,500 plants, the important being Butea hectares of landland areare underunder sennasenna cultivationcultivation monospelmamonospenna and ZizyphusZizyphus mauritiana.mauritiana. in India,India, yieldingyielding around 7,150 tons of The kusumi strain is raised on SchleicheraSchleichera leaves and pods annually,annually, valuedvalued at Rs57Rs57 oleooleosa. sa. ThereThere areare two cropscrops of laclac million. produced byby both strainsstrains eacheach year.year. In addition, there are manymany otherother plants speciesspecies Spices: which are of locallocal oror specificspecific importance.importance. Only species with near neutralneutral oror slightlyslightly Spices are aromaticaromatic vegetablevegetable productsproducts acidic sap are good hosts for laclac insects.insects. characterized by pungency,pungency, strongstrong flavorsflavors and sweetsweet oror bitter taste. They occuroccur Cultivation of lac: ToTo getget goodgood results, thethe naturally in somesome forestsforests andand areare also insects must bebe providedprovided withwith succulentsucculent cultivated inin somesome regions.regions. TheThe importantimportant shoots. Lac sticks, which havehave maturemature -yielding plants plants areare Alpinia glangaglanga female insectsinsects (called(called "brood lac")lac") ready toto (greater ), Cinnamomum give rise to next generation, are cut andand tiedtied

36 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products India on thethe branchesbranches of thethe newnew hosthost plants. To of bees, Apis dorsata (rock(rock bee)bee) andand ApisApis get thethe maximummaximum benefit,benefit, laclac cultivationcultivation isis indica (Indian(Indian bee)bee) produceproduce honey.honey. TheThe done on aa rotationalrotational basisbasis so thatthat thethe hosthost former is wild inin montanemontane andand sub-montanesub-montane plants, whosewhose vitality is draineddrained off byby laclac regions throughout India. It is aa goodgood honeyhoney insects, are givengiven sufficient periodsperiods to gatherer and a singlesingle comb may yield up to recover. 35 kilograms of honeyhoney andand oneone lcilogramkilogram of wax. The latter is amenable to Collection andand storage of stick lac: LacLac is domestication, but but itit isis not aa goodgood honeyhoney collecte,c1collected in in two two forms, forms, "ari""ari" andand "phunki." gatherer. The yield per hive ranges from 3 The former is cutcut fromfrom thethe hosthost plantplant andand to 13 kilograms of honey in thethe hillshills and 33 the latter is collectedcollected fromfrom thethe broodbrood lac,lac, to 8 ldlogramskilograms in thethe plains.plains. after being used forfor inoculation.inoculation. The laclac isis then sold "as is,"is," oror freedfreed fromfrom thethe stickssticks Annual production andand value:value: AboutAbout 250250 and then sold.sold. TheThe laclac removedremoved fromfrom thethe tons of rock bee honey and 98 tons of Indian sticks is commercially known as "sticklac.""sticklac." bee honey are produced annually. At a price of Rs40Rs40 per kilogram,kilogram, the totaltotal value of SticldacSticklac is spread in shade about 15 honey produced is Rs139 million.million. centimeters thickthick and turned over once or twice a weekweek untiluntil itit dries.dries. AfterAfter drying,drying, Bee's .waxmax is usedused inin thethe manufacturemanufacture of sticklac isis winnowed to free it from foreignforeign furniture and floorfloor polishes,polishes, dressingdressing and and matter. TheThe granulargranular substance,substance, obtainedobtained water proofing of leather goods. ItIt is also an from sticklacsticklac afterafter washingwashing awayaway thethe insectinsect ingredient ofof shoeshoe polish,polish, cosmetics,cosmetics, lip-lip­ bodies andand the dyedye isis calledcalled "seed"seed lac,"lac," stick, and face cream. AboutAbout 2828 tonstons ofof waxwax which after bleaching is used in the are produced annually, valued at manufacture of interior floor polishes. approximately Rs1.6 million.million. Shellac is manufacturedmanufactured fromfrom seed lac byby either a heatheat processprocess oror aa solventsolvent process.process. Silk The yield of shellac is roughly 55 percent by weight of thethe sticklac.sticklac. India produces four lcindskinds ofof silk:silk: mulberry, tassar, muga,muga, andand eri.eri. SilkSilk isis obtainedobtained fromfrom Annual productionproduction andand value:value: About cocoons ofof silk worms.worms. ItsIts productionproduction hashas 14,500 toto 20,00020,000 tonstons ofof stickstick lac is four components; i)i) cultivation ofof hosthost plants produced annually in India. Its price variesvaries for silk worms, ii) rearingrearing silksilk wormsworms upup toto from Rs4,500 toto 16,00016,000 perper tonton dependingdepending cocoon stage,stage, iii) reelingreeling of cocoonscocoons intointo upon quality; mostmost ofof thethe produceproduce sellssells continuous filaments called raw silk and, iv)iv) around Rs14,000 perper ton. Thus, thethe totaltotal silk throwing and by which value of thethe annualannual productionproduction in IndiaIndia isis filaments areare twisted and woven into fabrics Rs203 millionmillion toto Rs280Rs280 million.million. (Anon, 1976).1976).

Honey and waxwax The silk wormworm BombyxBombyx morimori is fedfed onon mulberry leaves cultivatedcultivated inin plantations.plantations. General: HoneyHoney formsforms aa naturalnatural nutritiousnutritious There are other silksilk wormsworms whichwhich areare foundfound food for thethe ruralrural people.people. ItIt isis alsoalso usedused wild on forest trees,trees, thethe bestbest lcnownknown of these widely for medicinalmedicinal purposes. TwoTwo speciesspecies is AntheraeaAntheraea paphia, whichwhich producesproduces thethe

37 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products India

famous "tassar""tassar" silksilk ofof India. It feedsfeeds onon The following forest species are particularly several trees suchsuch asas AnoAnogeissus geissus latifolia, important in producing delicaciesdelicacies consumedconsumed TenninaliaTerminalia tomentosa, T. arjuna,aljuna, by rural people:people: Lagerstroemia parvif/ora,parvijlora, andand MadhucaMadhuca indica. TwoTwo oror threethree cropscrops ofof cocoonscocoons areare Buchanamia lanzanlanzan is is commonly commonly knownknown asas usually obtained eacheach year and aboutabout 1212 chironji, achaarachaar oror char. ItIt isis frequentlyfrequently grams of silksilk areare obtainedobtained fromfrom 15-2015-20 found inin drydry mixedmixed deciduousdeciduous forests of cocoons. Other wild silk worms are Uttar Pradesh,Pradesh, Bihar, MadhyaMadhya Pradesh,Pradesh, Antheraea assamensis,assamensis, producingproducing "muga""muga" Orissa, Maharashtra, West BengalBengal andand silk, and Philosamia synthia ricini,nClnl, Andhra Pradesh.Pradesh. producing "eri""eri" silk. InIn somesome areasareas silksilk worms are introducedintroduced onon host plantsplants toto It is aa medium-sizedmedium-sized tree, attainingattaining a heightheight enhance the production of silk.silk. EstimatedEstimated of overover 1515 metersmeters and a girthgirth ofof 120120 annual production of tassar silk is 130130 tons.tons. centimeters. Natural regeneration is poorpoor Production ofof other typestypes of silksilk exceedexceed and artificial cultivation is difficult.difficult. PeoplePeople 10,000 tons.tons. hack the branchesbranches toto collect the fruits, aa practice that weakens the tree.tree. Edible plant products The speciespecies flowersflowers fromfrom JanuaryJanuary toto MarchMarch General: NaturalNatural forestsforests supplementsupplement thethe and the fruit ripens from April to June. TheThe food supplysupply forfor humanhuman beings.beings. Several fruit is eaten by thethe local peoplepeople andand kernelskernels forest fruits andand seeds,seeds, flowers,flowers, rhizomes,rhizomes, are extractedextracted andand drieddried forfor sale in thethe tubers, roots, barks, etc.etc. areare consumedconsumed byby market. Kernels havehave aa mixedmixed flavorflavor ofof people during periods ofof foodfood scarcity andand in pistachio and almond, and are eaten raw oror normal times.times. A numbernumber of treetree speciesspecies roasted. TheyThey areare commonlycommonly usedused inin prepa-prepa­ provide suchsuch edibleedible products.products. Important ring desserts.desserts. The marketmarket priceprice isis aboutabout fruits are from lanzan Rs120 perper lcilogram.kilogram. (chironji),(chironji) , Anacardium occidentaleoccidentale (kaju),(kaju), Pinus gerardiana (chilgoza), Emblica Anacardium occidentale isis a small small tree,tree, officinalis (aonla), Tamarindus indica known as cashewcashew oror kaju.kaju. It waswas (), AegleAegle mannelosmarmelos (bel), Feronia introduced to IndiaIndia fromfrom ,Mexico, CentralCentral elephantum (kaitha), ArtocamusArtocarpus lakoochalakoocha and , and easterneastern Brazil. In (barhal), Syzygium CUmlnllcuminii Gamun),(jamun), India, it is growngrown inin Kerala,Kerala, Karnataka,Karn ataka , Annona squamosasquamosa (custard(custard apple),apple); Carissa Tamil Nadu, AndhraAndhra Pradesh,Pradesh, GoaGoa andand opaca (karaunda),(karaunda), luglansJuglans regiaregia (akhrot),(akhrot), western Maharashtra. Moringa oleiferaoleifera (drum(drum stick),stick), andand Zizyphus jujubajujuba (ber).(ber). EdibleEdible flowersflowers camecame fromfrom isis anan erect,erect, spreadingspreading evergreenevergreen Madhuca indicaindica (mahua),(mahua), andand M. longifolia tree, growinggrowing to aa heightheight ofof 1010 meters.meters. TheThe (mahua). Roots and tubers of tree beginsbegins to flowerflower inin December.December. MatureMature Amorphophalus campancampanulatum, ulatum, DioscorcaDioscorca fruit isis collectedcollected from February toto May.May. belophylla, D. oppositifolia,oppositifolia, andand ¡pomoIpomoea ea aquatica areare alsoalso important.important. The tree is usually propagated from seedlings raisedraised in baskets, althoughalthough it cancan be propagated by grafting and layering. The

38 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products India

tree startsstarts bearing fruits from the third or eaten by various animals. SomeSome successsuccess has fourth year, butbut thethe bestbest production production startsstarts been achieved, however, in planting from thethe tenth yearyear andand continuescontinues forfor seedlings and byby heteroplasticheteroplastic grafting. another 2020 years. TheThe averageaverage yieldyield ofof Collection rights are given to local villagers, kernels per treetree ranges from 99 to 18 who supply nuts to the markets in the plains. ldlograms.kilograms. The kernels vary inin size, rangingranging About 140 tons of nutsnuts areare producedproduced everyevery from 100100 toto 425425 perper lcilogram kilogram (Verma,(Verma, year. TheyThey areare pricedpriced atat approximately approximately 1988). Rs100RslOO per kilogramkilogram (Gupta(Gupta andand Sharma,Sharma, 1975). The nuts are separatedseparated fromfrom cashewcashew applesapples immediately afterafter harvest. They areare thenthen EXPORT OFOF NON-WOODNON-WOOD FORESTFOREST dried in the sen and shelled.shelled. TheThe drieddried nutsnuts PRODUCTS are roasted either in openopen pans over furnacesfurnaces or in rotaryrotary cylinderscylinders withwith oilbaths.oilbaths. India,India, The economiceconomic contribution of NVVFPsNWFPs with an annual production of about 60,000 exceeds 7070 percent ofof the totaltotal valuevalue ofof tons of raw nuts, isis thethe largestlargest producerproducer of forest-based exports from India. NWFPs are cashew nuts inin the worldworld (Murthy(Murthy andand primarily exported as rawraw materials.materials. If Subrahmanuam, 1989). 1989). TheThe priceprice of rawraw proper facilities for processing were kernel isis Rs30 per kilogramkilogram and that ofof available, earnings could be muchmuch higher. processed nutnut isis from Rs80 to 120120 perper kilogram. Export figures for the periodperiod 19841984 toto 19881988 are shown in Table 7. Pinus gerardianagerardiana is an evergreenevergreen pinepine known asas "chilgoza" or "neoza,""neoza," attainingattaining a ORGANIZATION FOR COLLECTIONCOLLECTION height ofof 17 to 27 meters and girth of 2 toto AND PROCESSINGPROCESSING 4 meters. The species is endemic toto a part of Himachal Pradesh in thethe HimalayanHimalayan dry In 1980,1980, thethe CentralCentral BoardBoard ofof ForestryForestry temperate forests.forests. The treetree flowersflowers inin May-May­ suggested thethe following planplan of actionaction for June and female cones ripen during procurement and processing of NWFPs toto September-October ofof the followingfollowing year.year. enhance the economiceconomic situation of tribaltribal Good seed years alternate with poor ones.ones. people. A treetree onon anan averageaverage yieldsyields aboutabout 7.47.4 ldlogramskilograms of seeds. CollectionCollection is bestbest donedone (i) Adopt ways and meansmeans toto ensureensure in September-OctoberSeptember-October whenwhen thethe cones are smooth, adequate and sustained still green. On heating, thethe conecone scalesscales open supply of NWFPs forfor domesticdomestic useuse and the seeds are shaken out. SeedsSeeds are also and also forfor tradetrade andand processing.processing. separated byby dryingdrying the green cones in the sun. (ii) Develop and utilize NWFP resources for the benefit of tribals and also for Natural regeneration is limited because local the contribution to the national inhabitants aggressively collect the cones to economy. extract the chilgoza nuts. AttemptsAttempts to raiseraise chilgoza plantations byby sowing havehave notnot succeeded becausebecause thethe seeds areare readilyreadily

39 ~ o ;::~

~Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , §- Table 7. Export of important non-wood forest products a. Product 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88

Quantity Value Quantity Valtie Quantity Value Quantity Value (tons) (million Rs) (tons) (million Rs ) (tons) (million Rs.) (tons) (million Rs.)

Tendu leaves 2503 303 4487 54.1 5103 66,5 5942. 83.5 t amboo 132.3 0.8 1.4 0.007 4.7 0.03 0.7 0,004 Acacia gum 149.4 4 7 46.7 1.6 16.8 0,5 NA NA African guiri 4.1 0.02 NA NA 10.0 0.2 NA ' NA Arabic gum 0 9 0.04 58.2 0 9 11-9 0.2 6,3 0,38 Kara_ya gum 3044 82.9 2505 7(0 2124 57,4 2801 64.20 111 4.6 140 5.3 102 5.3 140 8-3 Myrrh 3 0 0.06 16.9 0.3 7.0 0.3 NA NA Other gum resin 11.9 0.30 70.6 1-.9 42.1 1.1 102.4 2,7 Sia oil 3822,7 82 1 875(0 231-0 1926 5,4 532.0 12,4 Myrobalari 60.2 0.20 5.8 0,02 378.9 1.2 304.7 2.6 Belladona leaves and roots 0.4 0 008 3.0 0.036 3.1 0.9 NA NA Kuth roots 20.0 0.24 42.7 1.1 3.6 0.5 0.5 0.02 Psyllurn husk 11019 365.2 1095 336.4 8865 233.8 12641 4794 Psyllum seed 2071,2 28,6 2499.5 23.3 2994.1 254 2265.2 344 Serpentina roots 3.9 0.04 8.0 0.06 55.9 0.4 NA ÑA Senna leaves and pods 3313,4 29.2 5705.9 52 40 5672 2 48.2 5270.4 34,9 leaves and wood 5250.2 29.9 8067.0 48.10 5157.9 40.0 4783,1 42,1 C,hiraita 8 I1 0.05 6.8 0,03 38,2 0.09 58,5 1.7 Cassia pods 1007.6 7.5 725.7 3.2 901.4 6.3 NA NA

Soap out 27,9 S 0.17 271.2 0.9- 693 04 354 0,2 4,

~ ;:~ ~ 2. ~ ~ c::.~ ~ ~'"

,.. 1984-85 1985-86 1086-87 1987-88 Product Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value (tons) (mBlion Rs.) (tons) (million Rs.) (tons) (million. Rs.) (tons) (million Rs) ...

Greenn pepper 98.7 4,2 1 763 5.4 179.0 15.6 114.8- 15 7 Blaelcpepper,@ garbled IS622 410.6 38580 1754.4 35771 1947 3 41332 2463,0 ,""!,, ungarbled 411 1.2 724,8 IS'" 32 9 404.8 19.8 433.3 24,3 Pepper, long 4,4 0,16 NA NA 11,5 0.2 NA NAf~ ri( CinnamonI:l~~~ bark 5.4 0.09 2 2 0 04 1,3 0.02 NA NA Cardamom, large 245.2 9.3 387,8 19.3 271.6 12-1 256,1 14,0

Cardamom, small 948.8 281.3 . 1 1657,9 264.6 1014.3 136,2 227.2 29,0

Tamarind, fresh 956.4 4,5 : 1046.2' 7,2 1287,0 69 1160,13 3 1 .. ~::~: 'tamarind, dried 3110,4 20.1 724.8 33.9 2792.0 25.9 t,t4 Nik

Shellac, hand-made 763 4 34,1 - 580,1 58,6 543.4 20,0 6374 284 Shellac, machine-made 1'712,7 78.7 41'75.9il 2994 3944 5 156.0 3655.2 121.5

Seed lac 310.9 10.3 . 272 6 12,5 146.0 43 NA NA

Button and garnet laa 28.5 2.2 . 3.1 0.2 1.7 0.09 NA NA

Other 1939 5 66.7 4 1121,3 70.7 2629,9 101,3 NA.. NA 'n' Cashew kernel, broken 2453,1 113,0 7182 4 377,9 3222,9 Ì 234 7 2804.7 214,8

Cashew kernel, vdiole I '3002.6 137-7 29913.8 1863.1 39780S 3040.7 3142.0 - 2894.7

....,. I-' ~ Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products India

(iii) To ensure fair wages, thethe LAMPS and marketed by the BiharBihar StateState collection and initial processing of Cooperative Lac MarketingMarketing Federation.Federation. NWFP should be donedone eithereither byby Other NWFPs are purchasedpurchased directly by direct recruitment of laborlabor or agents. through Large-SizeLarge-Size MultipurposeMultipurpose Cooperative SocietiesSocieties (LAMPS).(LAMPS). Gujarat hashas establishedestablished the Gujarat Forest Intermediaries shouldshould be abolished. Development Corporation, whichwhich procures NWFPs like DiospyrosDiospyros leaves, Madhuca In viewview ofof thethe above,above, thethe TribalTribal Develop-Develop­ flowers, andand other seeds andand gums on a ment FederationFederation (TRIFED)(TRIFED) has been monopoly basis.basis. The corporationcorporation trainstrains formed as anan apexapex bodybody atat thethe nationalnational tribals in improvedimproved methodsmethods ofof collectioncollection level to help thethe state-levelstate-level federations and and processing and has increased forest development corporations with collection andand salesale fromfrom Rs5.lRs5.1 millionmillion in marketing of NWFPsNWFPs procuredprocured from 1976-77 toto overover Rs30 million in 1987-88.1987-88. tribals. TRIFED purchasespurchases all such Employment (primarily of children, produce fromfrom thethe state-state- level federations oror women andand elderlyelderly tribals) from thethe corporations, withwith the conditioncondition that thethe collection ofof NWFPs has increasedincreased fromfrom state bodies pay tribalstribals aa fixedfixed' minimumminimum 889,000 person-daysper~on-days in 1976-77 to price for theirtheir produce.produce. 3,795,000 person-days in 1984-85. Gujarat is thethe onlyonly statestate where most of thethe forestforest The institutionalinstitutional framework createdcreated for coupes are being worked by Forest Labour collection and marketing of NWFPsNWFPs differs Cooperatives (FLCs). There are aboutabout 141141 from state to state:state: FLCs in the state, of whichwhich 132132 are inin tribal areas.areas. TheThe membershipmembership of FLCsFLCs Andhra PradeshPradesh tribalstribals havehave thethe rightright toto totals 63,000 of whichwhich 59,000 areare tribals.tribals. collect, consumeconsume and sellsell NWFPNWFP items.items. The GirijanGirijan Co-operative Corporation In Kerala, thethe rightright toto collectcollect allall NWFPsNWFPs (GCC) has monopoly rights over has beenbeen givengiven toto tribalstribals (Girijans).(Girijans). AA procurement andand marketingmarketing ofof NVVFPs. NWFPs. cooperative society has been establishedestablished inin GCC engages primary cooperatives at thethe each forest area, with membership grass root-level for collecting and reserved only forfor Girijans.Girijans. State forestforest processing the produce.produce. TheThe corporationcorporation departments purchasepurchase all the collectedcollected pays royalties toto thethe forestforest department.department. NWFPs at procurementprocurement pricesprices fixed for each collectioncollection season by aa committeecommittee In Bihar,Bihar, tendutendu leavesleaves andand oil seeds constituted by the State Government. (Shorea, Pongamia,Pon gamia, Madhuca, and Schleichera)Schleich era) are nationalized items. In MadhyaMadhya Pradesh,Pradesh, DiospyrosDiospyros leaves,leaves, Collection of Diospyros melanoxylon Shorea seeds,seeds, TerminaliaTenninalia chebulachebula nuts,nuts, leaves is undertaken by the forest gums (five types), Acacia catechucatechu wood,wood, department itself. The Forest Development and bamboos are nationalized items Corporation has monopoly overover oil seedsseeds specified for monopoly state trading. and theirtheir procurementprocurement is donedone throughthrough Gums, catechu wood, and bamboosbamboos areare LAMPS and other agencies. Though lac isis collected through the departmental agency. an importantimportant NVVFPNWFP item,item, it is not Shorea seedsseeds and TerminaliaTenninalia nutsnuts werewere nationalized. Some lac is procured through largely handledhandled throughthrough purchaser-agentpurchaser-agent

42 Non-WoodNon- Wood ForestForest Products India systems until recently, butbut thethe MadhyaMadhya of NWFPsNWFPs inin tribal areas has been Pradesh GovernmentGovernment has nownow switchedswitched entrusted to the Maharashtra State over to aa directdirect tendertender system.system. Cooperative Tribal Development Corporation onon a monopolymonopoly basis.basis. ThisThis The state of Madhya Pradesh is thethe largest corporation presentlypresently is trading in gums,gums, producer ofoftendu tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon Madhuca indica flowers and fruits, leaves. The averageaverage annualannual productionproduction of , and BuchananiaBuchanania tendu leaves in thethe statestate isis 123,000123,000 tons,tons, lanzan seeds,seeds, afterafter procuringprocuring themthem fromfrom which accounts forfor over 60 percent of the tribals. WhereWhere thethe TribalTribal DevelopmentDevelopment total production in the country. TenduTendu leafleaf Corporation is notnot functioning,functioning, collectioncollection trade has been fully controlled by the state of NWFPsNWFPs is contractedcontracted toto ForestForest LabourLabour government since 1964. Tendu leaf Cooperative Societies or auctionedauctioned to growing areasareas ofof thethe statestate havehave beenbeen contracters. TenduTendu leafleaf trade hashas beenbeen divided into units,units, fromfrom wherewhere MinorMinor nationalized in the state since 1969,1969, leavesleaves Forest ProductProduct CooperativesCooperatives collectcollect thethe being collected under thethe purchaser-agentspurchaser-agents leaves. After necessary curing and system. treatment, leaves are packedpacked inin bagsbags andand stored in godowns. TheyThey areare laterlater soldsold byby In Orissa,Orissa, collectioncollection ofof NVVFPs NWFPs follows a the forest department through sealed multi-dimensional pattern. Diospyros tenders from registeredregistered bidibidi manufacturersmanufacturers leaves and salsal seedsseeds areare nationalizednationalized andand and tendutendu pattapatta traders.traders. After expensesexpenses the statestate has monopolymonopoly over theirtheir trading.trading. are deducted,deducted, thethe profitsprofits areare distributeddistributed The ideaidea behindbehind thethe governmentgovernment takingtaking among the members of thethe MinorMinor ForestForest over the trade is toto remove thethe middlemanmiddleman Produce Cooperatives. and ensure better wages to primary collectors. Tendu leaves are collectedcollected by The tradetrade ofof salsal seeds,seeds, myrobalans,myrobalans, andand the forest department through tribals, andand mahua flowersflowers in MadhyaMadhya PradeshPradesh is after processingprocessing andand pacldngpacking they areare nationalized andand the task of collection and handed over to the Orissa Forest disposal isis entrusted to thethe StateState ForestForest Corporation for marketing. OtherOther NWFPs Produce Trading andand DevelopmentDevelopment Co-Co­ are collectedcollected by local inhabitantsinhabitants and soldsold operative Federation, whichwhich isis a subsidiary to traderstraders who pay royalties to thethe forestforest organization ofof the forest department. The department andand processprocess and marketmarket thethe Federation hashas a largelarge numbernumber ofof TribalTribal produce. Cooperatives and PrimaryPrimary AgriculturalAgricultural Cooperatives asas its members.members. AboutAbout 30 In the tribaltribal areas of Rajasthan,Rajasthan, thethe LAMPS are alsoalso engagedengaged inin procurementprocurement NWFP collectioncollection monopoly has beenbeen of myrobalansmyrobalans on aa commissioncommission basis.basis. given to thethe TribalTribal AreaArea Development Development Cooperative Federation (TADCF). For otherother NVVFPs,NWFPs, local inhabitants obtain LAMPS and CooperativeCooperative SocietiesSocieties areare rights to collect from thethe forest department involved inin collection of grasses,grasses, gums,gums, by payingpaying a nominalnominal royalty. After fruits, medicinalmedicinal plants, etc.etc. collection they sell the produce to traders.traders. In UttarUttar Pradesh,Pradesh, tendutendu leafleaf tradetrade hashas Since the MaharashtraMaharashtra TribalTribal EconomicEconomic been nationalized.nationalized. The TaraiTarai AnusuchitAnusuchit Condition Improvement Act, 1976,1976, tradingtrading Janjati Vikas Nigam has startedstarted involvinginvolving

43 Non-Non-WoodWood Forest Products India tribal people in thethe collectioncollection ofof tendutendu intensify collection, procurement, leaves. Other items areare auctionedauctioned toto processing, andand marketingmarketing of of NVVFPs. NWFPs. contractors. Most NWFPs currently provide In West Bengal,Bengal, the collection and tradetrade ofof employment duringduring onlyonly partpart ofof the year NWFPs is managedmanaged by thethe WestWest BengalBengal because processing ofof NWFPsNWFPs isis· still Tribal Development Cooperative poorly developed. Improved labor-labor­ Corporation (WBTDCC). The corporation intensive technologies for processing involves tribals through LAMPSLAMPS in NWFPs would increaseincrease thethe employmentemployment collecting the produce. LAMPS areare opportunties for longer periods of the year provided with working capital in the formform and ensure higher prices for thethe produce.produce. of cash credit since these are thethe primaryprimary societies of WBTDCC. The corporationcorporation isis The Constitution of India enjoins the state responsible for marketingmarketing thethe produceproduce to promote thethe educationaleducational andand economiceconomic through open auction or tender.tender. TribalsTribals interests of thethe scheduled castes and have been given the rightright toto collectcollect allall scheduled tribes, and toto protect themthem fromfrom NWFPs for theirtheir ownown consumptionconsumption oror social injustice and exploitation.exploitation. It alsoalso sale. LAMPSLAMPS procureprocure DiospyrosDiospyros leaves,leaves, requires the protection ofof the forests and oil seedsseeds (Shorea, Madhuca,Madhuca, Pongamia,Po ngamia, wildlife ofof thethe country.country. TheThe NationalNational Schlichera, Azadirachta, etc.) MadhucaMadhuca Forest Policy,Policy, 1988, also stresses the flowers, sabai grass, and TerminaliaTelwinalia conservation of the country's natural belerica fruits fromfrom tribaltribal collectors.collectors. heritage and the efficient utilisation ofof all . The policypolicy suggestssuggests thatthat NWFPs which provide employment to the EMPLOY1VIENTEMPLOYMENT GENERATIONGENERATION ANDAND populationpopUlation residing in and aroundaround forestsforests SOCIAL BENEFITSBENEFITS should be protected, improved, and managed for increased production. It In India, unemploymentunemployment has always been a emphasizes the the needneed forfor research inin the concern for plannersplanners andand policypolicy makers.makers. conservation andand management ofof forestforest The forestry sector, withwith 23 percent of the resources and thethe applicationapplication of advancedadvanced country's geographicalgeographical area, providesprovides 2.3 scientific and technological measures. million person-years ofof employment. Of this total,total, 1.6 millionmillion person-yearsperson-years is Today, all the statesstates of thethe countrycountry havehave related to NWFPs. EmploymentEmployment generatedgenerated forest corporations dealing with collection, by various NWFPsNWFPs isis presentedpresented inin TableTable processing and marketing of forest 8. produce. Poor forestforest laborers,laborers, whowho werewere previously unorganized, havehave been brought It is estimatedestimated thatthat NVVFPsNWFPs areare capablecapable of under the umbrella of various generating 4 million person-years of organizations like the Forest Labour employment annually, if their full potential Cooperative Societies,Societies, thethe LargeLarge - AreaArea were exploited. The government is Multipurpose SocietiesSocieties (LAMPS),(LAMPS), the committed to increasing employment Tribal DevelopmentDevelopment Corporations (TDC),(TDC), opportunities, so NWFPs should be one ofof the MinorMinor ForestForest ProduceProduce FederationsFederations the first items toto bebe considered.considered. AA specialspecial (MFPF), and otherother organizations.organizations. national drive has been launched to

44 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products India

Table 8. Production and employment generation from non-wood forest products in India

Production Employment (thousand tons) (thousand person-years) Product Collection period Current Potential Current Potential

Fibers March-May 25 45 4.4 79 Kapok_ Bosses May-Tune. 3 4,5 I0 15 Omses Oct-March 350 535 1,200 1,800 _Bamboo Continuous 1,932 4,309 48.3 110 Canes Continuous 14 21 0.7 1.05 Lemon grass oil May-Tune 1.3 1.95 21.7 32.55 PalniarOa Oil Oct-November 009 0.135 1,5 2.2$ Eucalyptus oil Continuous 0.14 0.21 2.32 3.48 Cinnamon oil Continuous 0 003 0.004 0.05 0.07 Sandal wbod oil Continuous 0.15 0 225 1.5 2,25 Deodar oil Continuous 0.015 0.023 0.15 0.23 Pme oil Continuous NA 100 NA 100 Mahua seed April-June (Northern) 85 499 28,6 163 Oct-Nov (Southern) Neain seed May-June 6 418 70 Karam' seed Tune-Oct 56 111 19 37 !Curium seed June-July 30 90 6.7 30 Sal seed April-Iune 240 5,504 $3 1,123 Kokum seed May-June 05 2 0.167 0.7 1thakan seed May-june NA 46.3 0 570 15.3 Nabor aeed May-June 1.7 NA 1.9 Undi seed Apol-june & NA 3.8 NA NA Sept-Novenriber Eabui bark Continuous 27.4 50 4.57 8.3 Avanun bark Continuous 30 45 5 7.5 %Mc bark Continuous 30 4$ 7,5 Myrobalans Jan-March 100 150 6.6 9.9 1Caraya gum April-June 15 22.5 50 75 Ohatti & babul gums April-June 2 3 7 10 5 Resins March-iune: 74.2 150 30 60.2 Lae & lac products Oct-Jan & April-July 22 33 7.3 10,95 Teaser silk Aug-Dec 0.3 1.9 1.5 9.5 Tendu leaves April-June 210 300 74.9 107 Sarpagandha Variable 0.6 16 42.67 Kuth October 06 1 16 26.67 Cinchona Variable 1.42 2 23.635 33.335 Edible products Variable NA NA NA NA

Total 3,235.8 12,402.2 1,647.2 3,995.8

Source: Gupta and Guleria (1982). Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest ProductsProducts inin India.India. OxfordOxford andand mIl Pub. New Delhi

45 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products India

The TribalTribal Federation (TRIFED), a Plantations ofof desired speciesspecies shouldshould bebe government agency,agency, is protecting the raised for meetingmeeting thethe needsneeds ofof industries industries interests of the tribals by providingproviding and the rural population. TrainingTraining tribalstribals marketing support to state-levelstate-level corpora-corpora­ and the rural poor on improvedimproved cultivationcultivation tions, federations, and cooperatives practices, scientificscientific collection,collection, processingprocessing involved with tribaltribal collectioncollection ofof NWFPs.NWFPs. and marketingmarketing ofof NWFPs shouldshould be anan The State Forest Departments are important component of the future permitting NWFPsNWFPs to be collected, program. consumed, oror marketedmarketed directly by thethe tribals, unless theythey areare nationalized.nationalized. The majority of NWFPs are obtainedobtained from government forests.forests. Many plants havehave been over-exploitedover-exploited andand areare graduallygradually FlUTUREFUTURE DIRECTIONS TOTO disappearing. Crude collectioncollection methods,methods, PROMOTE NVVFPs NWFPs such asas burning the forest floor, hackinghacking of branches,branches, uprootinguprooting herbs oror shrubs,shrubs, The present statusstatus and potentialpotential of manymany and diggingdigging of rootsroots andand tubers,tubers, havehave NWFPs is not fully understood or seriously degraded the resources. appreciated. SinceSince thesethese productsproducts occupyoccupy Therefore, cultivationcultivation of NWFP-yieldingNWFP-yielding an importantimportant placeplace inin thethe international international species on private and communalcommunal lands is markets, ampleample opportunitiesopportunities exist forfor important. enhancing export earnings byby developingdeveloping appropriate facilities for processing, Most of thethe NWFPsNWFPs are collectedcollected in a drying, storage,storage, packaging, andand marketing.marketing. particular seasonseason although theythey are utilizedutilized all year round.round. Therefore,Therefore, properproper storagestorage Survey and documentationdocumentation of the NWFP-NWFP­ methods mustmust bebe developed.developed. Currently, asas yielding plants is urgentlyurgently needed.needed. It isis much as 5050 percentpercent ofof NWFPsNWFPs spoilspoil essential to knowknow phenologyphenology of differentdifferent during storage. Scientific studies to species, their growth behavior, and develop suitable processing and storagestorage utilization patternspatterns by locallocal inhabitants.inhabitants. techniques forfor these products should be Although these facts are well appreciated, undertaken and well-designedwell-designed warehouseswarehouses systematic studies have not beenbeen carriedcarried should bebe built in thethe interiorinterior areasareas toto out. facilitate proper storage.storage.

It isis essentialessential toto firstfirst inventoryinventory selectedselected forest areas in different eco-climaticeco-c1imatic zones. Based on the results of surveys,surveys, thethe statestate forest departments shouldshould preserve selectedselected areas forfor in-situin-situ conservation.conservation. Seeds and progagules of important species, especiallyespecially those threatened with extinction, should be collected, and nurseries and herbal gardens should be established.established. This shouldshould bebe followed by source and provenanceprovenance trials,trials, genetic improvement, and further cultivation of improved varieties.varieties.

46 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products India

REFERENCES

Anon. 1962.1962. WealthWealth of India-raw materials.materials. C.S.I.R.C.S.I.R NewNew Delhi.Delhi.

Anon. 1976.1976. ReportReport ofof the the NationalNational Commission Commission onon Agriculture-VI:Agriculture-VI: cropcrop production,production, sericulture and agriculture. MinistryMinistry of AgricultureAgriculture and Irrigation. New Delhi.

Anon. 1982. Report of Committee on on Forests Forests and and TribalsTribals inin India,India, TribalTribal Dev.Div.,Dev.Div., M.H.A., Govt.Govt. ofof India.India.

Agarwal, B.D.B.D. 1955. JournalJournal Econ.Ent.Econ.En!. (48)(48) : 553.

Awasthi, R.L. 1971.1971. AvailabilityAvailability ofof mahuamahua flowers andand seedsseeds inin Dandakarnya.Dandakarnya. Indian For. (97)(97): : 20.

Bammi, RK.R.K. andand Gangadhara,Gangadhara, RaoRao G.G. 1982.1982. Commercial cultivationcultivation of Dioscorea floribunda.floribunda. InIn CultivationCultivation andand utilizationutilization ofof medicinal plants,plants, C.K. AtalAtal andand B.M.B.M. Kapoor (eds.).(eds.). R.R.L.,RR.L., C.S.I.R.C.S.I.R Jammu.Jammu.

Gulati, B.B.C., C., N.A.N.A. QureshiQureshi andand Tajuddin.Tajuddin. 1982.1982. CultivationCultivation ofof belladonabelladona in Kashmir (an appraisal), In CultivationCultivation and utilizationutilization ofof medicinalmedicinal plants, C.K.Atal andand B.M.Kapur, (ed.). R.R.L.,RR.L., C.S.I.R.C.S.I.R Jammu.Jammu.

Gupta, B.D. 1944.1944. SugarcaneSugarcane pestspests inin U.P.u.P. Bull.No.73.Bull.No.73. Department Department ofof Agriculture, Agriculture, U.P. PrintingPrinting andand StationeryStationery Press.Press. Allahabad.

Gupta B.N. andand K.K.K.K. Sharma. Sharma. 1975.1975. TheThe chilgoza chilgoza pinepine andand importantimportant nut pines of the Himalayas. WesternWestern AustralianAustralian NutsNuts AssociationAssociation YearYear BookBook (1)(1) : 21-32.21-32.

Gupta, R,R., V.K.V.K. SrivastavaSrivastava andand M.L.M.L. Maheshwari.Maheshwari. 1977.1977. Indian J.J. PhanmaPhanma 3939 (5):(5): 109-111.

Kaul, B.L. andand UshaUsha Zutshi.Zutshi. 1982.1982. In CultivationCultivation of SolanumSolanum Khasianum Clarke forfor steroids. InIn CultivationCultivation and utilization ofof medicinalmedicinal plants, plants, C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur (eds.). R.R.L.RRL. C.S.I.R.C.S.I.R Jammu. Jammu.

Lakshmikanthan, V.V. 1988. ChemistryChemistry andand industry of tree borne oiloil seeds.seeds. InIn OilOil seedsseeds and theirtheir utilization,utilization, KK.K.K. Suri and K.C.K.C. MathurMathur (eds.).(eds.). International BookBook Distributors,Distributors. Dehradun.Dehradun.

Murty, A.V.S.S.S.A.V.S.S.S. andand N.S.N.S. Subrahmanyam. Subrahmanyam. 1989.1989. AA texttext bookbook ofof economic economic botany.botany. Wiley Eastern Ltd. NewNew Delhi.Delhi.

47 NOIl-Non-WoodWood Forest Products IlldiaIndia

Nagarajan, S.,H.C.S.,H.C. JaiJain and Y.R.Y.R ChadhaChadha 1988.1988. Industrial utilization of forestforest basedbased minor oiloil seeds.seeds. InIn Oil seedsseeds andand theirtheir utilization,utilization, K.K. Suri and K.C. Mathur (eds.). International Book Distributors. Dehradun.

Purshotham, A.A. 1962. Utilization ofof Bamboos.Bamboos. Jour.Jour. TimberTimber DryersDryers andand Pres.Pres. Assoc.,Assoc., India (9):(9): 2-19.2-19.

Raizada, M.B. andand R.N.RN. Chatterujee.Chatterujee. 1956.1956. World distribution of bamboos,bamboos, withwith special reference to the Indian speciesspecies andand theirtheir more importantimportant uses.uses. Indian For.For. Leaft No.151. , Manager ofof Publications.Publications. Delhi.Delhi.

Rao, C.M. 1980.1980. BambooBamboo plantation inin AndhraAndhra Pradesh.Pradesh. Proc.Proc. SouthernSouthern Silviculturists Silviculturists Conf. Dharwar, Karnataka.Karnataka.

Sarin, Y.K. 1982.1982. CultivationCultivation and utilization ofof RauvolfiaRauvo/fia serpentina. serpentina. In CultivationCultivation and utilization ofof medicinalmedicinal plants. plants. C.K.C.K. AtalAtal andand B.M. B.M. KapurKapur (eds.)RR.L. (eds.)R.R.L. C.S.I.RC.S.I.R. Jammu.

Sharma, L.C. 1977.1977. DevelopmentDevelopment ofofforests forests andforestand forest based industries. BishenBishen SinghSingh Mahendra Pal Singh.Singh. Dehradun.Dehradun.

Sobti, S.N. andand B.L. Kaul.Kaul. 1982.1982. Cultivation ofof DaturaDatura innoxia and Datura metelmetel inin India. In Cultivation andand utilizationutilization ofof medicinalmedicinal plants,plants, C.K.Atal andand B.M.Kaput. (ed.).(ed.). R.R.L.RR.L. C.S.I.R.C.S.I.R Jammu.Jammu.

Sobti, S.N., S.S. GuptaGupta andand C.K.C.K. Ata!,Atal, 1982.1982. CultivationCultivation ofof Dioscorea Dioscorea compositacomposita Hemsl: a potentialpotential source of diosgenindiosgenin in jammu. InIn CultivationCultivation and utilizationutilization of medicinal plants, plants, C.K.C.K. AtalAtal and B.M. Kapur (eds.) R.R.L.R.R.L. C.S.I.R.C.S.I.R. Jammu. Jammu.

Tewari, D.N.D.N. 1981.1981. State trading inin forest produce inin India.India. Jugal Kishore andand Co.Co. Dehradun.

Verma V. 1988.1988. AA texttext bookbook ofof economic botany.botany. Emkay Publications. Delhi.Delhi.

Acknowledgement

The author is deeply indebtedindebted toto Dr. Dr. D.N.D.N. Tewari, IFS, Director General,General, IndianIndian Council of ForestryForestry ResearchResearch andand Education,Education, Dehradun,Dehradun, for hishis valuablevaluable suggestions andand encouragement inin preparing thisthis paper.paper.

48 NOII-Non-WoodWood Forest Products INDONESIA

Toga Silitonga Senior Researcher Agency forfor Forestry Research andand Development Development Ministry of Forestry

INTRODUCTION

The IndonesianIndonesian archipelago consists of Indonesia's NWFPsNWFPs diminisheddiminished relativerelative more thanthan 13,00013,000 islandsislands coveringcovering anan to timber, due to a riserise inin revenuerevenue fromfrom area ofof 200200 millionmillion hectareshectares andand overover timber exports (Table 1).1). 500 million hectares of sea. The countrycountry has 25,00025,000 floweringflowering plants, 4,000 Some 90 NWFPsNWFPs havehave enteredentered the species of landland fauna,fauna, andand numerousnumerous domestic and overseasoverseas market.market. TheThe aquatic species.species. revenue obtained from thesethese resourcesresources may bebe small in economic terms, but as These figures reflect Indonesia's renewable resources the NWFPs are now fantastic tropical biodiversity. Some indispensable. 10,000 of thethe flowering plants are categorized as trees, althoughalthough only a few The value of Indonesian NWFPs isis well-well~ hundred of themthem areare presentlypresently beingbeing known both in monetary termsterms andand withwith commercially exploitedexploited forfor timber. InIn respect to genetic diversity. Present addition to timber, however, Indonesia's harvesting practices, however, areare oftenoften forests areare endowedendowed withwith aa tremendoustremendous unsustainable and have in some cases led number ofof non-woodnon-wood forestforest productsproducts to thethe extinctionextinction of species.species. (NVVFPs).(NWFPs). This This paperpaper mentions only a few of thethe economicallyeconomically important ones. At present, the NWFPs ofof IndonesiaIndonesia are Many of thethe NWFPs,NWFPs, althoughalthough playingplaying classified as follows: a significantsignificant rolerole in thethe liveslives ofof ruralrural dwellers, are leftleft outout ofof thethe statistics.statistics. 1. Non-woody plants such as rattan, bamboo, illipe nuts, NWFPs PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION ANDAND roots, fruits and drug plants. STATUS 2. Resinous material andand gumsgums History indicates that a large numbernumber of which are widely used in NWFPs such as drugdrug plants,plants, gum,gum, andand industry for paints, adhesivesadhesives and honey were harvestedharvested from forestsforests longlong various extractives.extractives. before timbertimber waswas consideredconsidered aa majormajor forest product. For manymany years,years, suchsuch 3. Essential oilsoils and fatsfats whichwhich are NWFP-producing plants have been obtained from leaves, roots, harvested on anan unsustainableunsustainable basis.basis. bark, fruitfruit andand flowersflowers by waterwater During the last decade, the role of or chemicalchemical extraction.extraction.

49 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Indonesia

Table 1. National revenues from the exports of wood and non-wood forest products from Indonesia, 1985-89 NWPPs Exports

' NWEPs Share Wood of Total Exports Flora E auna Exports Year (1,000 US$) (1,000 US$) (1,000 US$) (percent)

1985 1,213,059 176,202 10,701 15.4 - 1986 1,505,904 206,515 9,028 14.3 - 1987 2,428,652 274,800 11,112 11.8 198$ 3,037,760 268,563 1,748 8.9 1989 3,659,568 310,223 36,401 9.5

4. Unclassified NWFPs, whichwhich are now operating, employing more than belong toto any ofof thethe above 150,000 people (Peluso, 1989).1989). categories. Bamboo isis another valuablevaluable NWFP.NWFP. 5. Fauna andand derivedderived products,products, Thirty-five bamboo species are foundfound onon including reptiles, mammals, almost every island of Indonesia. and birds (live(live oror preserved.)preserved.) Although therethere areare 50,000 hectareshectares of bamboo plantationsplantations in in East JavaJava andand Non-woody plants South Sulawesi, thethe bulk ofof bamboobamboo comes fromfrom thethe ruralrural areas. In 1989,1989, thethe The most prominentprominent non-woodynon-woody NWFP value of bamboo exports, reached $1.2 exports are rattan,rattan, bamboo,bamboo, patchoulipatchouli million. The majormajor portionportion ofof bamboobamboo leaves, iles-iles (Amorphophalus and derived products, however, is variabilz) , temu lawak (Zingiberaceae),(Zingiberaceae), consumed byby the domesticdomestic market.market. InIn sage (Metroxylon(Metroxylon spp.),spp.), and severalseveral 1985, consumption of bamboobamboo totalledtotalled medicinal plants. In 1988,1988, non-woodynon-woody 146 million stalks (Silitonga,(Silitonga, Prahasto,Prahasto, forest product exports, suchsuch asas rattan,rattan, and Priasukmana, 1990).1990). netted US$192.5 million in earnings for Indonesia. The numbernumber of people Dominant bamboo species in IndonesiaIndonesia engaged in rattan cultivation, trade andand include Dendrocalamus asper, handicraft production waswas 117,000117,000 inin Phyllostachys aurea, SchizostachyumSchizostachyum 1985. blumei, GigantochloaGigantochloa apus,apus, and 3030 other species which have been In recentrecent years,years, thethe rattanrattan industryindustry hashas cultivated. To low-andlow-and middle-incomemiddle-income evolved fromfrom itsits earlier state when it Indonesians,Indon~sians, bamboo is regarded as both was dominateddominated by smallsmall andand mediummedium art andand necessity.necessity. producers. Over 380380 rattanrattan industries,industries, with small-to-Iargesmall-to-large production capacities, Medicinal plants are alsoalso classifiedclassified asas non-woody forest products. The

50 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Indonesia

gathering ofof suchsuch plantsplants isis donedone by More thanthan .70,000 hectareshectares of pinepine collectors or by herbalists in rural areas. forests in JavaJava werewere beingbeing tappedtapped inin In manymany cases thethe collectorscollectors grow themthem 1988, producing 3,827 tons of resin andand in small plots in their gardens. 5,240 tons'tons of turpentine. . Resin Information on commercial harvesting of collection isis usually donedone byby a team of these .plants is scarce.scarce. PerhapsPerhaps the best three who are assignedassigned to 3 hectareshectares of information onon the distribution and forest. TheThe pinepine standsstands inin 'Java'Java provideprovide characteristics ofof medicinalmedicinal plants in work for atat leastleast 70,00070,000 people.people. Indonesia is still the workwork ofof Heyne,Heyne, . presented in hishis 4-volume4-volume publicationpublication Patchouli oiloil isis a naturalnatural resourceresource of completed more than four decadesdecades ago western Indonesia. Yearly exports (Heyne, 1947).1947). exceed 650,000 tons, valued at moremore than US$ 11.511.5 million.million. Resins and GumsGums Illipe nuts, producedproduced byby Shorea spp.,spp., A 19901990 report of thethe CentralCentral Bureau ofof are usedused lopallylopally and inin thethe perfumeperfume Statistics indicated thatthat inin 1989 over 20 industry. In 1989,1989, exportsexports of illipeillipe nutsnuts different resins and gums were exported. totalled 2,319 tons, valuedvalued at~t US$3.7US$3.7 Resin of pine, jelutung, francincensefrancincense andand million.million .. Arabic gums were at the top of thethe list.list. Exports of resinous and gum products in Perhaps the most peculiar NWFPs from 1989, totalled 40,688 tons, valuedvalued. at Indonesia are resins of francincense from US$22 million. Styrax and the resin ofof gaharugaharu or garro from AquilatiaAquilaria spp. and Most resins andan~ gums are extracted from Gonystilus spp. The resin of pine (for pine resin), Vatica and francincense is found only in Indonesia.Indonesia. Dryobalanops (for ArabicArabic gum),gum), andand The bestbest qualityquality ofof gahanigaharu is also Dyera (for jelutung). produced in Indonesia.Indonesia. The price forfor gaharu reaches asas high as US$500US$500 per·per The potential ofof resin from pinepine inin kilogram,lcilogram, dependingdepending onon the extractiveextractive Indonesia is constantly growing. AmongAmong content and the stage of maturity. These the uses of NWFPs,NWFPs, thethe cultivationcultivation and two prominentprominent productsproducts are widely tapping ofof pines and resins isis thethe bestbest traded for culturalcultural uses. organized. In 1983,1983, naturalnatural andand plantedplanted pine forests, coveredcovered 747,000 hectares in Essential OilsOils andand FatsFats Indonesia. Some 600,000600,000 hectareshectares areare grown in JavaJava alone.alone. SinceSince 1983,1983, thethe Numerous essentialessential oils can bebe obtainedobtained pine forests havehave beenbeen expanded at a rate by extractionextraction or distillationdistillation of roots,roots, of 15,00015,000 hectares per year. ByBy thethe end leaves, stems, bark, exudates, and'and of the century, pinepine forestsforests couldcould covercover flowers of various species. Most of the over 11 million hectares in Indonesia. The essential oils have similar basic tapping ofof pine for resin on Java is very components such as terpene and oxidized important. Usually thethe tappingtapping startsstarts hydrocarbons. with 11-yearll-year old, or older,older, pinepine stands.stands.

,5151 Non-WoodNo,.· Wood Forest Products Indonesia

Conversely, fatsfats areare generallygenerally formedformed inin Wildlife and Wildlife DerivedDerived ProductsProducts mixtures ofof ,ester, glycerol,glycerol, andand fattyfatty acid. Fats maymay bebe renderedrendered byby solution,solution, Wildlife andand wildlife-productwildlife-product exportsexports extraction, or byby hothot andand coldcold pressing.pressing. from IndonesiaIndonesia areare increasingincreasing rapidly.rapidly. Essential oils from NWFPs are used as During the last decade,decade, thethe totaltotal salessales essence, flavoring flavoring agentsagents inin perfumesperfumes increased from US$2.4 millionmillion inin 19811981 and cosmetics,cosmetics, and in food manu-manu­ to US$36.4 millionmillion in 1989.1989. facturing. Fats have a variety of uses as household items.'items.. EssentialEssential oilsoils and fats These unique commodities could produceproduce already sold inin exportexport marketsmarkets includeinclude income both directlydirectly andand indirectly.indirectly. patchouli, turpentine, sandalwood, Direct income may bebe obtainedobtained fromfrom eucalyptus, and cananga. Exported fats trade of the wildlife and derived include tenglcawangtengkawang oil,oil, refined ricinusricinus products. MacaqueMacaque and otherother monkeymonkey of castor, tung oil (kemiri), garro wood, species used for research purposes, forfor and others. example, have been exported in considerable numbers. Refined ricinus of castor, isis anan important hydraulic oil, lubricantlubricant andand medicine.medicine. At this time, wildlife species fall into the Tung oil isis usedused forfor waterwater proofingproofing andand following categories: as aa dryingdrying oil.oil. TengkawangTengkawang oiloil (illipe(illipe nut oil) has been exported for production • Protected by public lawlaw of pharmaceuticals, cosmeticscosmetics (lipstick(lipstick in • Soon to be protectedprotected particular), high quality soaps, • Rare speciesspecies (those(those includedincluded inin margarine, and chocolatechocolate bars. CastorCastor IUCN's RedRed DataData Book)Book) oil isis producedproduced byby extractingextracting fatfat fromfrom • Limited protection the Picinus communiscommunis plantplant seeds.seeds. • Unprotected

Exports of essentialessential oilsoils andand fatsfats inin 19891989 Average earnings from unprotected totalled 45,792 tonstons andand earnedearned US$50US$50 wildlife sales fromfrom IndonesiaIndonesia amountedamounted million in foreignforeign exchange.exchange. to $11 millionmillion per year. ManyMany breedingbreeding centers for monkeys, snakes, crocodiles,crocodiles, Unclassified NVVFPs NWFPs turtles, , and other species now are found in Indonesia. TenTen years ago, thisthis NWFPs notnot includedincluded in the aboveabove trade did notnot exist.exist. categories are groupedgrouped asas "unclassified"unclassified NWFPs."NWFPs. " NotableNotable productsproducts inin thisthis group Indonesia hashas 3737 wildlifewildlife exportingexporting are sandalwoodsandalwood fromfrom , companies. MostMost ofof the trade doesdoes notnot Macadamia nut (Aleurites(A leu rites mollucana), adhere to the Convention of International Cassiacassia vera, gambirgambir ( gambir),gambir), Trade of EndangeredEndangered Species (CITES).(CITES). and .charcoal. Total exports of thethe unclassified NWFPs forfor 1989 werewere Significant indirectindirect incomeincome is derivedderived 87,112 tons, whichwhich earnedearned US$US$ 69.169.1 from wildlife inin thethe formform of nature-based million. tourism. In 1985,1985, 4.44.4 millionmillion touriststourists entered wildlife sanctuaries,sanctuaries, paying the

52 No,,-Non-WoodWood Forest Products Indonesia government 17.7 million rupiah in Dependence onon otherother forest productsproducts entrance fees. These numbers are results fromfrom locallylocally generatedgenerated needs.needs. expected to increaseincrease dramaticallydramatically inin Peluso (1989) noted that certain villages coming years. in ApoApo Kayam,Kayam, Kalimantan,Kalimantan, are knownknown for theirtheir traditionaltraditional healershealers whowho havehave extensive knowledge ofof forest plants for TRENDS IN NWFP USE traditional medicine.medicine. FromFrom this areaarea comes aa ginseng-type of medicine,medicine, Shifting cultivators and'and forest dwellersdwellers locally known asas "Pasak bumi" which isis are thethe principalprincipal collectors ofof a widewide famous inin otherother partsparts ofof thethe countrycountry asas variety of NWFPsNWFPs forfor commercialcommercial andand an aphrodisiac. for subsistence purposes. In mostmost cases,cases, they switch from one product to another, The totaltotal valuevalue ofof NWFPs NWFPs consumedconsumed or fromfrom collectingcollecting andand sellingselling productsproducts domestically, althoughalthough veryvery high,high, is to participating in other economic difficult toto trace. No reliablereliable data are activities, influenced by changes in price available onon the value of NWFPsNWFPs usedused and availability of the NWFPs. CertainCertain domestically. products are knownknown toto bebe cultivatedcultivated either in homehome gardens and Zadangs,ladangs, or planted in thethe forest.forest. InIn manymany regions,regions, CONCLUSIONS planting forest landland is a meansmeans ofof claiming the forestforest land.land. The statistics on non-wood forest products presently available in Indonesia Rattan has beenbeen plantedplanted byby IndonesianIndonesian cover only a fewfew ofof the the economically economically forest dwellers for overover 100100 ye,ars.years. most important products.products. Many NWFPs Although mostmost rattan comes from natural may be considered minorminor inin terms of forests, much of thethe smallersmaller diameterdiameter economic value, but they makemake aa rattan is harvested fromfrom plantations.plantations. significant contribution to the Large diameter rattanrattan needsneeds 1515 to 2020 sustainability ofof the forestforest .ecosystem.---­ years before it is harvestable.harvestable. TheseThese These are frequentlyfrequently leftleft out-out of thethe slow-yielding plantsplants are usuallyusually less statistics andand are difficult to identify.identify. desirable. ThisThis situationsituation callscalls Tor"for serious attention if shortages are to be For manymany decades,decades, IndonesiaIndonesia has beenbeen overcome. producing and exporting many important NWFPs. Rattan,Rattan, Styrax metroxylon,metroxyion, The irregularirregular demanddemand for NWFPsNWFPs hashas gaharu gums, and patchouli, are amongamong partly re-iesulted suited in in a a strategy by thethe the most important.important. Many of Indonesia's collectors thatthat allowsallows themthem maximummaximum NWFPs are unique to thethe country.country. flexibility. This strategystrategy requiresrequires notnot only aa broad-basedbroad-based knowledgeknowledge ofof thethe In recentrecent years,years, NWFPsNWFPs havehave attractedattracted forest, but alsoalso the exploitationexploitation of more attention because the very different products as the need or demand existence ofof the tropical forest and itsits arises. biodiversity are threatened.threatened.

53 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products IndonesiaIndonesin

Seasonality inin NWFP collection fits thethe rhythm of yearlyyearly activities of forestforest dwellers. Although forest product collection maymay provideprovide onlyonly aa part of a household's income, it maymay bebe crucialcrucial for the . NWFPsNWFPs maymay makemake thethe difference between a household's position above or below the poverty line.line. Losses, or lacklack ofof opportunityopportunity toto collectcollect forest products,products, will leave gapsgaps thatthat need to be filled by other activities. need to be filled by other activities. container made fromfrom finelyfinely wovenwoven splitsplit rattan.rattan.

REFERENCES

Department Kehutanan dandan PTPT HerzaHerza Agrokarya Pratama.Pratama. 1991. IndustriIndustri KhutananKhutanan Indonesia.Indonesia. JakartaJakarta..

Heyne, K.K. 1947. Tumbuhan BergunaBerguna Indonesia.Indonesia. Terjemahan Badan PenelitianPenelitian dandan Pengembangan Kehutanan. Jakarta.

Mangundikoro, A.A. 19831983.. Strategi dan PolaPola PengembanganPengembangan HuíanHutan Pinus.Pinus. Proceeding Symposium Pengusahaan Hutan Pinus.Pinus. Jakarta.Jakarta.

Menorah, K.K. D. 1989.1989. Minor forest pmducts:products: prospectsprospects forfor development. development. Department of Forestry and FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization of thethe UnitedUnited Nations.Nations. Jakarta. (U(Unpublished). npublished).

Peluso, NancyNancy Lee.Lee. 19891989.. The role ofof non-timber non-timber forest productsproducts inin shiftingshifting cultivationcultivation communities andand households:households: current knowledgeknowledge and prospectsprospects forfor development.development. Department of Utilization, MinistryMinistry of ForestryForestry ofof Indonesia Indonesia andand FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture Organization of the UnitedUnited Nations.Nations. Jakarta.

Prahasto, H. andand S.S. Irawati.Irawati. 1990. Kajian Perkembangan Industri dan PerdaganganPerdagangan Rotan.Rotan. Makalah dalam Industri Hasil PenelitianPenelitian Rotan. DepartmentDepartment Kehutanan.Kehutanan. Jakarta.

Silitonga T.,T., H.H. Prahasto,Prahasto, andand S.S. Priasukmana. Priasukmana. 1990. Recent progressprogress inin rattan trade.trade. Industry and Resources Development.Development. Proceedings RattanRattan Seminar.Seminar. Department of Forestry. Jakarta.

Yudodibroto, H. 1985.1985. Bamboo research inin Indonesia.Indonesia. Proceedings of thethe InternationalInternational Bamboo Workshop,Workshop, Hangshow, PRe.PRC. pp.pp. 33-94.33-94.

54 Non-WoodNOIl-Wood ForestForest Products Malaysia MALAYSIA

Poh LyeLye YongYong Forest EconomistEconomist Forestry Department,Department, MalaysiaMalaysia

INTRODUCTION

In Malaysia,Malaysia, minorminor forestforest productsproducts areare individuals, mostly ruralrural people, inin 1,6851,685 defined as all forest products other than logs factories. because of their relatively smallsmall contribution to revenuerevenue generation.generation. The termterm "minor"minor These factories primarily focus on handicraft forest product" hashas recentlyrecently beenbeen replacedreplaced production with littlelittle interestinterest inin venturingventuring by aa moremore appropriate aRPropriate term,term, "non-wood"non-wood into manufacturing furniture or higherhigher value forest product,"product, " recognizing that these bamboo products marketedmarketed locallylocally oror to products are importantimportant for theirtheir marketmarket andand neighboring countries. Nonetheless,Nonetheless, thesethese non-market values. Non-wood forest small industries playplay a significantsignificant role inin products include rattan, bamboo,bamboo, ,firewood, raising the livingliving standardsstandards of thethe ruralrural charcoal, damar, palm,palm, wood-oil,wood-oil, gums, gums, people. resins, medicinalmedicinal plants and others.others. ThisThis paper will discussdiscuss onlyonly rattanrattan andand bamboobamboo Other socialsocial benefitsbenefits contributedcontributed by non-non­ (two of thethe mostmost importantimportant andand valuablevaluable wood forest products include variousvarious ldndskinds non-wood forest products)products) andand medicinalmedicinal of environmentalenvironmental protection. The densedense plants. interlocicinginterlocking root root systemsystem ofof bamboo,bamboo, forfor example, prevents soil erosion and Royalties collected from non-woodnon-wood forestforest minimizes damage from floods.floods. products contribute substantially to the revenue of each state.state. OnOn averageaverage (1981(1981 toto 1990), rattan contributed about 13.8 percent RATTAN of thethe totaltotal royaltiesroyalties collectedcollected fromfrom non-non­ wood forest products, while bamboo Resources accounted for about 7171 percent.percent. Of thethe approximatelyapproximately 600 speciesspecies of rattanrattan In addition,addition, thesethese twotwo productsproducts areare foreignforeign in thethe world,world, 104104 species,species, belongingbelonging to 88 exchange earners:earners: earnings from rattan genera, areare foundfound inin thethe forestsforests ofof Malaysia Malaysia increased from US$3US$3 millionmillion (M$8(M$8 million)million) (Appendix 1).1). Only 21 ofof thesethese species,species, in 1981 to US$26.5 million (M$71.5 however, areare currentlycurrently utilizedutilized andand marketedmarketed million) in 1990. Foreign exchangeexchange earnings (Dransfield, 1979). TheThe mostmost importantimportant from bamboobamboo increasedincreased fromfrom US$81,150US$81, 150 and their mainmain uses areare shownshown inin (M$219,106) in 1988 to US$176,474 Table 1.1. (M$476,480) in 1990.1990. In PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia,Malaysia, rattanrattan isis sometimessometimes Besides generating revenue and being found together with bamboo.bamboo. InIn Sarawak,Sarawak, important foreign exchangeexchange earners, thesethese rattan is foundfound bothboth inin swampswamp andand hillhill two forest industries employemploy 24,370 forests.

55 Non-WoodNOll-Wood Forest Products Malaysia

Table 1, Major commercial rattan species in Malaysia

, ¡ Spe.cies Local name Uses : Calamus manan Rotan manau Furniture : C. caesius Rotan sega Binding and weaving basket ware i C. ,scipionum Rotan semambu Walking sticks, umbrella handles i C. ornatus Rotan dok Cheap furniture I Korthatsia spp. Rotan dahan Cheap furniture, broom handles

Source: Department orof Forestry,Fore!ilry, PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia,Malaysia, SarawakSarawak andand SabahSabah

Table 2. Rattan resources in viz.gin and logged-over forests of Malaysia, millions of clumps (3 meters per clump average)

Forest types C manan C. caesium C. scipionum C ornatus Koahalsia spp, Total

Peninsular Malaysia . Virgin forest 129.3 18.0 38 4 74.6 69.9 330.0 Logged-over forest 124.4 48.8 59 4 41 2 93 7 367,5 Sub total 254.6 66.8 97.8 115.7 163.5 697.5

Sarawak Virgin forest 270.8 37.6 80.4 156 2 146.4 691.4 Logged-over forests 138.1 54.2 66.0 45.7 104.0 408.0 Sub total 408,9 91.8 146.4 201.9 250.4 1,099.4

Sabah Virgin forest 69 1 9.6 20.5 39.9 37.3 176.4 Logged-over forest 116.3 45.6 55.6 35 5 876 343.6 Sub total 185.4 55.2 76.1 78.4 124.9 3200.

Malaysia - Total Virgin forest 468.1 65.2 139.3 270 6 253.6 1,197.8 Logged-over forest 378.8 148.6 181.0 125 4 285 3 1,119.1 Total 847.9 213.8 3203. 396 0 538.8 2,316,9

Source: Department of Fortylry, Pall/war Mohysia. Sarawak luld Sabah.

Table 3. Estimated rattan clumps (3m/clump).per hectare in virgin and logged-over forest in Malaysia

Forest types C.manan C. caesius C. scipionwn,C., orantus Korthalisiaspix

Virgin Forest H 55.7 7.7 16.5 32.1 30,1

Logged-over Forests 40.4 15.8 19.3 13.4 30.4,

Source: DepartmenlDepartment orof Forestry,Foreii1.ry, PeninsularPenillsular Malaysia,Mahl)'5la, Sarawak andand SabahSabah

56 NOll-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Malaysia

The SecondSecond NationalNational ForestForest InventoryInventory of Rattan PlantationsPlantations Malaysia (1981 to 1982)1982) describesdescribes rattanrattan resources. The totaltotal estimated stock ofof In Malaysia,Malaysia, large-scalelarge-scale rattanrattan plantationsplantations rattan is 2.32.3 billionbillion clumps,clumps, (3m/clump),(3m/clump), were started some 10 years ago, mainlymainly in consisting ofof 847.9847.9 millionmillion clumpsclumps (36.6(36.6 logged-over forests.forests. Lately, theythey alsoalso havehave percent) of CalamusCalamus manan, 213.8213.8 millionmillion been plantedplanted inin rubberrubber smallholdingssmallholdings toto clumps (9.2(9.2 percent) ofof C. caesius,caesius, 320.3320.3 supplement thethe incomes of the planters. million clumps (13.8 percent) of C. scipionum, 396.0 millionmillion clumpsclumps (17.1 Between 1980 and 1990,1990, 15,615.115,615.1 hectareshectares percent) ofof C.C. ornatusornatus andand 538.8538.8 millionmillion of rattanrattan plantationsplantations werewere established,established, withwith clumps (23.3 percent) of KorthalsiaKOithalsia spp.spp. 5,031 hectareshectares (32.2(32.2 percent)percent) inin PeninsularPeninsular (Table 2). Malaysia, 224224 hectareshectares (1.4(1.4 percent)percent) inin Sarawak and 10,360 hectareshectares (66.4(66.4 percent)percent) C. manan andand C.C. ornatusornatus areare mainlymainly foundfound in Sabah.Sabah. OfOf thisthis total, 14,031 hectareshectares in thethe virginvirgin forests,forests, while C. caesius,caesius, C.C. (89.9 percent) were plantedplanted inin logged-overlogged-over scipionum andand KorthalsiaKOrlhalsia spp. growgrow inin forests and the balance, 1,5841,584 hectareshectares (10.1(10.1 logged-over forests (Table(Table 3).3). percent), in rubberrubber smallholdings.smallholdings.

Most ofof Malaysia'sMalaysia's rattan is found in About 69.6 percentpercent ofof thethe logged-over logged-over Sarawak (47.5 percent), followed by forests planted withwith rattan is inin Sabah,Sabah, Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia (30.1(30.1 percent) and followed byby Peninsular Malaysia with 28.8 Sabah (22.4 percent). About 51.7 percent of percent and SarawakSarawak withwith 1.6 percent.percent. the rattan clumps are in virginvirgin forests.forests. Peninsular Malaysia has 62.1 percent of the rattan planted in rubber smallholdings,smallholdings, withwith The totaltotal valuevalue ofof rattanrattan growinggrowing stock,stock, the rest in Sabah. No rattanrattan hashas beenbeen planted based on thethe prevailingprevailing marketmarket price forfor in rubberrubber smallholdingssmallholdings in SarawakSarawak (Table(Table each speciesspecies is US$1.4US$1. 4 billionbillion (M$3.7(M$3. 7 5). billion). C. mananmanan accountsaccounts forfor US$942.2US$942.2 million (M$2.5 billion); C. casesius forfor US$US$ Under the SixthSixth MalaysiaMalaysia Plan (1991(1991 toto 35.6 million (M$96.2 million); C. 1995), 26,100 hectareshectares ofof rattanrattan plantationplantation scipionum for US$89.0US$89.0 millionmillion (M$240.2(M$240.2 are expectedexpected to bebe establishedestablished inin PeninsularPeninsular million); C. ornatus forfor US$190.7US$190.7 millionmillion Malaysia. Of this total, 15,50015,500 hectareshectares are (M$514.8 million); and Kot-thalsaiKOithalsai spp.spp. for to bebe plantedplanted byby thethe Forest Forest Department, Department, US$99.8 millionmillion (M$269.7(M$269.7 million)million) (Table(Table 4,600 hectareshectares byby thethe RubberRubber IndustryIndustry 4). Smallholders Development Authority (RISDA), 2,0002,000 hectares each.each by thethe The totaltotal estimatedestimated value of thethe rattanrattan Federal Land Development Authority growing stock in Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia isis US$US$ (FELDA), the FederalFederal LandLand ConsolidationConsolidation 400.1 millionmillion (M$1.1(M$1.1 billion).billion). Sarawak'sSarawak's and RehabilitationRehabilitation AuthorityAuthority (FELCRA),(FELCRA), growing stock is valuedvalued at US$653.9US$653. 9 (M$(M$ and the private sector. About 22,10022,100 1.8 billion) and Sabah'Sabah's s at US$297.2US$297. 2 million hectares ofof the totaltotal areaarea willwill bebe plantedplanted (M$0.8 billion).billion). with C. manan andand thethe balancebalance withwith C. caesius.

57 NOll-Non-WoodWood Forest Products Malaysia

Table 4. Yaitie of .P.attan iesoureeSidftlaysta,..196 (thousand M$)

Region Calamus Calanzus , Ca/amas Ca/amas Korthalsia Total manan ccieShtS ; saptonion ornatus spp

P, Malaysia 760,947 30,047 73,363 150,459 81,768 1,096,584 Sarawak 1,226,706 41,321 109,792 262,495 125,185 1;765,499 Sabah 556,194 24,857.: 57,071 101,860 62,464 802,446 Malaysia 2,543,847 96 ;225 : 240,226 514,814 269,417 3,664,529

Source:Souroe: Department Ofor Forestry,Fortstry, Peninsular Malaysia,MalaysIa, SarawakSaray,'&k andBnd Sabah.Sabah. Note: 11 US$US$ == MS M$1.70 2.70 In III 19901990 HarvestingHarvesting. rattanrattan inin the forestforest consistsconsists of dragging thethe rattanrattan outout ofof thethe canopy,canopy, Table$. Areas planted with rattan in Mahlysia, 1980-1990 (hectares) removing deaddead leaf sheathssheaths andand debris,debris, discarding the the upperupper 22 to 33 meters,meters, andand Logged- Rubber over small cutting the cane intointo lengthslengths suitablesuitable forfor Region forests holdings Total bundling and transporting to thethe processors.processors.

P. Malaysia 4,046 4 984A984.4 5,030.85,030,8 Removal ofof leafleaf sheathssheaths andand debrisdebris is Sarwak 224 0 0o 224.0 usually carried out by coiling the rattan stem Sabah 9,760.3 600.0 10,360.3 around a small tree trunk and pulling it. Total 14,030.7 1,584.4 15,615.1 around a small tree trunk and pulling it. Big stem rattan is usuallyusually cut into 3-meter3-meter Source:Source, Ministry or Primary IndustriesIndustries lengths, while small stem rattan isis usuallyusually cut into 9- metermeter lengths, bentbent intointo twotwo andand In Sabah,Sabah, thethe SabahSabah ForestryForestry DevelopmentDevelopment bound into bundles. The cutting is donedone asas Authority (SAFODA) plansplans to plant 15,00015,000 the rattan isis pulled.pulled. hectares of rattan in additionaddition to thethe 7,0007,000 hectares of C.C. insignisin sign is alreadyalready plantedplanted inin Cutting of rattan is donedone mostlymostly byby forestforest natural forests. RattanRattan plantingplanting trialstrials havehave dwellers. Normally aa group of 1010 peoplepeople been initiated in SarawakSarawak andand commercialcommercial stays forfor a weekweek or twotwo inin thethe forestforest toto planting of rattanrattan willwill commencecommence overover anan gather rattan. About 2,000 rattan sticks are area ofof 2,8002,800 hectareshectares duringduring thethe SixthSixth usually extracted duringduring thethe dry seasonseason byby Malaysia Plan period. each cutter.

Harvesting Production and RevenuesRevenues

In Peninsular Malaysia, aa licenselicense isis requiredrequired Direct production datadata are notnot availableavailable to harvest rattan from the forest. AA monthlymonthly because of variationsvariations in the units of fee of M$5M$5 perper personperson isis chargedcharged by thethe measurement usedused in PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia.Malaysia. Forest Department. In Sarawak,Sarawak, aa monthlymonthly However, production levels can be indirectly fee ofof M$1M$l isis chargedcharged forfor collectioncollection ofof ascertained by reviewing the royalties rattan. No permitpermit is requiredrequired if rattanrattan isis collected by the Forestry Department, collected forfor domestic use. AA permitpermit andand Peninsular Malaysia.Malaysia. license is required in Sabah for thethe extraction of rattan. The monthlymonthly fee is M$5 Fees vary accordingaccording to statestate andand species.species. per person.person. On average,average, however, the raterate for C. manan and C.C. caesiuscaesius is M$0.20 per metermeter

58 Non-WoodNOli· Wood Forest Products Malaysia and M$O.lOM$0.10 per metermeter respectively.respectively. Table 7. Estimated monthly production of rattan, Malaysia, 1987 Royalties collected from rattan in Peninsular Malaysia averaged US$ 57,131 (M$154,254) Species Quantity per yearyear betweenbetween 19811981 andand 19901990 (Table(Table 6).6). C. manan 2 million sticks Rattan contributed between 9.29.2 and 23.223.2 C scipionum 1 million sticks percent of thethe totaltotal ofof allall non-woodnon-wood forestforest C. Ornatos 2 million sticks KaramIsla spp. 1.8-2 million sticks products royalties from 1981 to 1990.1990. C. caesiUs 60 tons C. insignis 800 tons

Table 6. Royalties colketed for rattan, Source,Source: RaUanRattan Manufacturers AssociationAssociation of Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia, 1981-1990

Contribution of At present, there are 653 rattan mills Total Non- rattan to total At present, are 653rattan Wood Forest Non-'Wood throughout the country manufacturing rattan Rattan Products Forest Products furniture and rattan products such as Year (M$) (M$) (percent) walking sticks,sticks, rattan balls, baskets,baskets, toystoys 1981 179,374 1,687,714 10.6 and mats.mats. OfOf thisthis total, 4646 percentpercent areare 1982 131,562 841,713 15.6 1983 119,430 . 874,225 13.7 classified as cottagecottage enterprises, 3434 percentpercent 1984 117,604 1;041,3951,041,395 11.3 as small-scale enterprises, and the remainder 1985 97,706 934,986 10.5 as medium andand large-scale enterprises 1986 94,333 893,307 10.6 1987 236,486 1,128,186 21.0 (Razak, Hamdan and Latif, 1989).1989). 1988 162,051 1,339,604 12.1 1989 286,975 1,238,404 23.2 1990 117,013 1,279,306 9.2 About 15.515.5 percentpercent (101(101 mills)mills) areare involvedinvolved in rattan processing, 12.612.6 percentpercent (82(82 mills)mills) Source:Source, Department of Forestry,Forestry, PeninsularPeninsular MalaysiaMalaysia Note,Note: Total non-wood forest productsproducts column ..Iwnn includesincludes royaltiesroyalties PromIi' operate in both processingprocessing and manu-manu­ Orewood,firewood, dtarcoaJ,charcoal, rattan,rattan, bamboo,bamboo, damar, palmpabn andand wood-oilwood-oil facturing, and thethe remainingremaining 71.971.9 percentpercent (470 mills)mills) areare involvedinvolved onlyonly inin manu-manu­ Although rattanrattan is heavily exploitedexploited in facturing. The industryindustry employsemploys 16,12016,120 Sarawak, therethere areare nono recordsrecords ofof productionproduction people. CottageCottage enterprises employ 4 toto 55 levels. The reason isis thatthat royaltiesroyalties are notnot workers each,each, small-scalesmall-scale factoriesfactories employemploy collected by the state for thisthis forest product. 10 to 20 workers each, and medium-scale or In Sabah, royalties collected from rattan are large-scale firms employ 50 to 100100 workers lumped underunder miscellaneousmiscellaneous forestforest revenue.revenue. each, (Razak,(Razak, Hamdan and Latif, 1989).1989). The presentpresent rate is M$400 perper ton, irrespective ofof species.species. Trade

Production of rattanrattan cancan alsoalso bebe ascertainedascertained Malaysia exports rattan in twotwo forms,forms, from thethe estimated monthly productionproduction whole rattanrattan and split rattan.rattan. As such, the figures forfor thethe country.country. MonthlyMonthly productionproduction country has lostlost substantiallysubstantially inin terms ofof of C.C. mananmanan isis about about 22 million million stickssticks (3-(3- potentially higher exportexport earningsearnings fromfrom meter lengthlength perper stick);stick); for C.C. caesius,caesius, value-added products.products. monthly production isis 60 tons. DetailsDetails ofof other rattan speciesspecies are shownshown in TableTable 7.7. In 1981,1981, rattanrattan exportsexports accountedaccounted for 0.20.2 Industry percent of thethe totaltotal exportexport valuevalue of forestforest products. TheThe levellevel of contribution rose until

59 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Malaysia it peakedpeaked inin 19881988 atat 1.141.14 percent.percent. ThisThis Whole canes are exported mainly to sharp increase in thethe exportexport valuevalue ofof rattanrattan Singapore and Taiwan.Taiwan. Split rattan is in 19871987 andand 19881988 isis attributedattributed toto thethe highhigh exported mainly to Singapore,Singapore, withwith lesserlesser price of wholewhole rattanrattan and splitsplit rattan.rattan. TheThe volumes exported to Taiwan, the FOB price ofof wholewhole rattanrattan increasedincreased fromfrom Philippines, and thethe Netherlands.Netherlands. MajorMajor M$1,915 perper ton in 19871987 toto M$2,754M$2,754 inin importers of rattan furniture are thethe UnitedUnited 1988, while the FOBFOB pricesprices ofof splitsplit rattanrattan Kingdom, the UnitedUnited States, Denmark, rose from M$1,468 per tonton toto M$2,878M$2,878 perper Germany, Japan, Australia, Belgium, ton. OneOne reasonreason forfor thethe increaseincrease inin priceprice Sweden and Singapore.Singapore. was Indonesia's 1986 ban on thethe exportexport of rattan not processed beyond fine polishing or converted into furniture parts. BAMBOO

Malaysia's export of wholewhole rattan,rattan, split Resources rattan andand rattanrattan furniturefurniture increasedincreased fromfrom US$3 millionmillion (M$8(M$8 million)million) inin 1981 toto Seven genera, with 44 species,species, ofof bamboobamboo US$26.5 millionmillion (M$71.5 million)million) in 1990.1990. are knownknown inin MalaysiaMalaysia (Appendix(Appendix 2), butbut There was a surgesurge in rattan exports in 1987,1987, only 1212 areare commerciallycommercially utilized. Table 9 when the exportsexports roserose toto US$18.9US$18.9 millionmillion lists the mostmost commoncommon species.species. (M$51.1 million). This rise waswas causedcaused byby a 547547 percentpercent increaseincrease inin thethe exportexport of In Malaysia,Malaysia, bamboobamboo is commoncommon from seasea whole canes in 1987 as compared with 19861986 level up to 1,0001,000 meters.meters. BambooBamboo occurs in and a 57.6 percent increase in the exports of significant quantities inin disturbed areas such rattan furniturefurniture duringduring thethe samesame period.period. as logged-overlogged-over forests,forests, wasteland oror inin Since 1987, exportsexports ofof wholewhole andand splitsplit rattanrattan marginal localities fringingfringing thethe forest, river are decreasing,decreasing, while exportsexports ofof rattanrattan banks and hillhill slopes.slopes. It growsgrows inin purepure furniture are rising.rising. stands oror withwith other treetree speciesspecies in thethe forest. It does not favorfavor water-logged In volume,volume, Malaysia'sMalaysia's exportsexports of wholewhole conditions andand is seldomseldom found in swampyswampy rattan and splitsplit rattanrattan increased from 9,4139,413 areas. BambooBamboo is commonlycommonly cultivatedcultivated in tons in 19811981 toto 26,18526,185 tonstons inin 1989,1989, thenthen the ruralrural areas for dailydaily useuse byby locallocal decreased to 7,785 tons in 1990.1990. The suddensudden communities and in urban areas as drop was the result of thethe fall in thethe exports ornamental plants. of whole rattan (Table(Table 8).8). As with rattan,rattan, informationinformation onon distributiondistribution To encourageencourage thethe domesticdomestic processingprocessing of in natural forests is lacking. Distribution cancan rattan, an exportexport duty of M$1,350M$1,350 per tonton be estimated estimated from data inin the SecondSecond was imposed in OctoberOctober 1981.1981. ThisThis waswas National (1981 to 1982).1982). increased toto M$2,700 perper ton inin AugustAugust The estimated number of bamboo sticks per 1987. The export of raw rattanrattan waswas bannedbanned in DecemberDecember 1989. The ban isis meantmeant toto ensure a consistent supply of raw material at reasonable pricesprices to meetmeet thethe IndustrialIndustrial Master Plan export target of M$400M$400 millionmillion worth of rattan furniture by 1995.1995.

60 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products Malaysia

Table 8. Volume of rattan expOrts frOm Malaysia, 1981 - 1900

Whole Spht Cat10, Pereettt of cane Percent of Total Year (tons) total (tons) total (tons)

1981 8,980,00 05.4 432.86 4.6 9,412,72 1982 5,992+39 92,7 474.00 7.3 6,466,39 1983 4,140.28 84.7 749.77 15.3 4,890.05 1984 2,663 53 75.8 852,64 24.2 3,516.17 1985 2,996.69 79,8 757,59 20.2 3,754,28 1986 4,496.98 85,5 760.65 14.5 5,257.63 1987 20,472 91 97.4 548.52 2.6 21,021,43 1988 16,310,36 77.6 300,47 1.4 16,610.83 1989 25,516.19 97 4 668.51 2.6 26,184.70 1990 6,695 53 86.0 1,089.78 14.0 7,785.31

Sour«:Source: Department of Statistics

Table 9. Commercially -utilized bamboos in Malaysia

Species Local names Uses

Bambusa blumeana Buluh duri toothpicks, furniture, musical instruments, shoots as food

B, heterostachya Buluh galah toothpicks, chopsticks, blinds

B. vulgaris Buluh mmyak paper, furniture

Dendrocalamus asper Buluh belong fences, bridges, baskets, shoots as food

Gtgantochtla scortechtnig Buluh semantan sticks, toothpicks, blinds

Schizostachyum brachycladum Buluh MIAs chopsticks, handicrafts

Table 10. Estimated number of bamboo sticks (6m/stick) per hectare by forest types in Malaysia

Other species Other species over 3 cm in less than 3cm Forest type,s D. asper diameter in diameter

Virgin forest 42.9 53.55 80.5 Logged-over forest 61.4 2.40 45.0

Source:Sou...,., Department orot Forestry,FONStry, PeninsularPeolnoular Malaysia,MaJayrla, SarawakS.... wak and SabahSah.b

61 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Malaysia hectare according to forest types and species Bamboo Plantations is shownshown in TableTable 10.10. Planting ofof bamboobamboo on aa large-scalelarge-scale hashas The estimatedestimated number of bamboobamboo poles (at(at been done only by ForestForest DepartmentsDepartments andand least 6 metersmeters inin length)length) inin MalaysiaMalaysia is 2.72.7 the ForestForest ResearchResearch InstituteInstitute ofof Malaysia.Malaysia. billion sticks. This is comprisedcomprised of 839.1839.1 Although there are no plantations in million sticks ofof DendrocalamusDendrocalamus asper,asper, Malaysia, bamboo is cultivatedcultivated byby rural 843.1 million sticks of otherother speciesspecies withwith folk along their rice fields and around their diameters more than 33 centimeters,centimeters, andand homes. As bamboobamboo does not requirerequire muchmuch 980.2 millionmillion stickssticks of otherother speciesspecies withwith land, logged-over forests can bebe allocated.allocated. diameters lessless than 3 centimeters. D.D. asper and other speciesspecies withwith diametersdiameters moremore thanthan Harvesting 3 centimeterscentimeters are foundfound inin abundanceabundance inin logged-over forests. Other speciesspecies with Permits are requiredrequired for thethe extractionextraction ofof diameters less than 3 centimeterscentimeters are moremore bamboo fromfrom the forest. The monthlymonthly fee is commonly found in virgin forests.forests. M$5 per person. OtherOther sourcessources ofof bamboobamboo are landland underunder FELDA,FELDA, FELCRAFELCRA ruralrural About 31 percentpercent ofof Malaysia'sMalaysia's bamboobamboo development schemes, river banks, hill sides sticks are foundfound inin PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia,Malaysia, 4545 and ridge tops.tops. HarvestingHarvesting of bamboobamboo is percent in Sarawak and 24 percent in Sabah. usually donedone during the dry season when the starch contentcontent isis lowerlower andand borer attacks are In termsterms ofof weight,weight, thethe estimatedestimated bamboobamboo fewer. Bamboo must bebe processedprocessed withinwithin in Peninsular Malaysia, SarawakSarawak and SabahSabah three days after harvesting asas itit isis prone to is 10.310.3 millionmillion tons,tons, 14.914.9 millionmillion tonstons andand discoloration. 8.1 millionmillion tons, respectively, for a totaltotal of 33.3 million tonstons (Table(Table 11).11). TheThe estimatedestimated Production market value is US$862.8US$862.8 millionmillion (M$2.3(M$2.3 million). The virginvirgin forestsforests ofof MalaysiaMalaysia Production figuresfigures for bamboobamboo are notnot produce 16.316.3 millionmillion tonstons of bamboo, whilewhile available andand can onlyonly bebe estimatedestimated byby the balance of 17.017.0 millionmillion tonstons isis fromfrom examiningexammmg the royalties collected for logged-over forests. Peninsular Malaysia (Table 12). Rates vary according to conditioncondition andand length.length. TheThe average rate ranges from 2 toto 66 centscents perper Table 11. Xstimated Wet weight and value of bamboo resources hi Malaysia, 1989 pole.

Wet weight Value (1000 tons) (1000 m$) Royalties averaged US$29,002 (M$78,306)(M$78,306) between 1981 and 1990.1990. RoyaltiesRoyalties collectedcollected P. Malaysia 10,297 720,790 Sarawak 14,893 1,042,510 for bamboo contributed 5.35.3 to 11.611.6 percentpercent Sabah, 8,091 566,370 of thethe totaltotal collectedcollected from non-woodnon-wood forest

/vfataysia-Total 33,281 . 2,329,670 products. Based on the average royaltyroyalty raterate of 44 centscents perper pole,pole, thethe estimated estimated annualannual Source: Department of Forestry,Forestry, PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and SabahSabah production of bamboo is 2 millionmillion stickssticks oror Note: 1 ton =~ 8080 sticks sticka ofof wet wet bamboobamboo with lengths ofof 66 meters.meters. l'heThe ex-mill ex-mill price of wet bamboobamboo in 19891989 waswas M$70 perper ton.ton. 25,000 tons. ThusThus thethe annualannual productionproduction value is US$64,815US$64,815 (M$175,000).(M$175,000).

62 NOll-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Malaysia

force in the bamboobamboo industryindustry isis 8,250 Table 12. Royaltiesl collected for bamboo, Peninsular Malaysia, 1981-1990 persons. Contribution Trade Total of bamboo non-wood to total non- forest wood forest Exports ofof bamboobamboo fromfrom MalaysiaMalaysia increasedincreased Bamboo products products from 483.7483.7 tons,tons, valued atat M$219,106M$219,106 Year (M$) (/1$) (percent) (US$81,150) in 1988 to 585.6 tonstons valued at 1981 101 232 1,687,714 6.0 M$476,480 (US$176,474)(US$176,474) in 19901990 (Table(Table 1982 97,402 841,713 11.0 13). 1983 75,909 874,225 8.7 1984 76,112 1,041,395 73 1985 68,128 934,986 73 Table 13. Volume and value of bamboo 1986 59,067 893,307 6.6 exports from Malaysia, 1988-1990 1987 65,591 1,128,186 5.8 1988 70,902 1,339,604 5.3 Year Volume Value 1989 89,358 1,238,404 7.2 (tons) (M$) 1990 79,359 1,279,306 6.2 1988 483,70 219,106 Source: Department ofof Forestry,Forestry, PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia.Malaysia. 1989 453.27 296,555 Note: totaltotal non-woodnon-wood forestforest prcxluctsproducts columncolunm includes royalties fromfrom 1990 585.56 , 476,480 firewood, charcoal, rattan,rattan, bamboo,bamboo, damar,damar, palmpalm andand wood-oil

Source: Department ofor Statistics Industry

There areare aboutabout 1,0321,032 bamboo bamboo processingprocessing In 1988, the main importers of bamboo were factories in Malaysia. At present, the Singapore (importing 47.147.1 percent of thethe industry mainlymainly manufacturesmanufactures finishedfinished pro-pro­ total export volume)volume) andand SouthSouth KoreaKorea (with(with ducts suchsuch as satay sticks, toothpicks, 25.9 percent). The mainmain markets for chopsticks, bamboo splits, basketry, Malaysia's bamboobamboo in 19901990 werewere SingaporeSingapore handicrafts, andand furniture meant for thethe (30.2 percent), UnitedUnited ArabArab EmiratesEmirates (27.6(27.6 domestic market. Most of thesethese millsmills areare percent) and Taiwan (25.7 percent). small and found in thethe westwest coastcoast statesstates ofof Peninsular Malaysia which offersoffers biggerbigger market potential, more developed MEDICINAL PLANTSPLANTS infrastructure, communicationcommunication services andand other supporting services.services. Resources

Of the 1,0321,032 mills,mills, 694694 (67.3(67.3 percent)percent) are Malaysia is blessedblessed withwith anan abundantabundant andand engaged in handicrafthandicraft making,making, 336336 millsmills diverse flora, muchmuch ofof whichwhich isis believedbelieved toto (32.5 percent) makemake disposabledisposable utensilsutensils suchsuch possess medicinal value.value. Most ofof thesethese as skewers,skewers, chopstickschopsticks andand toothpicks,toothpicks, andand potentially useful plant resources grow wild 2 millsmills (0.2(0.2 percent)percent) makemake furniture.furniture. in thethe lowlandlowland andand hillhill dipterocarpdipterocarp forests,forests, which are underunder seriousserious threatthreat ofof beingbeing The work forceforce inin thethe bamboobamboo factoriesfactories isis replaced by mono-specific tree crops (rubber(rubber comprised primarily ofof ruralrural housewiveshousewives andand and oil palm), intensive or children whowho work during free timetime toto conversion to non-forestry land uses such as supplement their family income. The laborlabor hydroelectric dams and ruralrural settlements.settlements.

63 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Malaysia

Plant species from the families PROMOTION OF OF NON-WOOD FOREST , Leguminosae, Graminae, PRODUCTS Verbenaceae, Solanaceae,Solanaceae, Simaroubiaceae,Simaroubiaceae, Vitaceae, Malavaceae, Palmae and Following areare waysways toto promotepromote non-woodnon-wood are commonlycommonly usedused to treat forest products inin Malaysia:Malaysia: various ailments and diseases. These include diarrhoea, skinskin problems,problems, headache,headache, fever,fever, 1. Financial assistanceassistance in thethe formform ofof cough, wounds,wounds, hypertension,hypertension, diabetes,diabetes, andand interest-free loans of US$800US$800 toto rheumatism. Certain productsproducts derivedderived fromfrom 20,000 oror loansloans withwith interestinterest belowbelow medicinal plants are of economiceconomic valuevalue andand market rates by government-government­ have been traded for a long time. Some of supported institutionsinstitutions such such asas thethe these products and theirtheir usesuses areare shownshown inin Agricultural Bank (BP), the TrusteeTrustee Table 14.14. Council for Indigenous People (MARA) and the Development Bank Harvesting of MalaysiaMalaysia LimitedLimited (BPMB)(BPMB) toto assist people in growing, harvesting,harvesting, Forest medicinal plants (roots, barks, stems, processing and trading NWFPs. leaves, fruit and flowers) are usually collected by the aboriginalaboriginal communitiescommunities andand 2. Technical assistanceassistance extendedextended byby sold to thethe traditionaltraditional practitionerspractitioners inin freshfresh providing machinery, help in or dried form. TheThe freshfresh oror drieddried partsparts ofof production andand basic design,design, andand the forestforest medicinalmedicinal plants are boiledboiled oror training through seminars, pounded to extract theirtheir juicesjuices andand mixedmixed workshops, and trainingtraining coursescourses inin with otherother forestforest plants.plants. TheThe "processed""processed" management and productionproduction. .. forest plants are eithereither appliedapplied externallyexternally or taken orally. 3. Research and development to establish the characteristics of Production processing, find new uses forfor non-non­ wood forestforest products,products, andand identifyidentify No production figures areare availableavailable becausebecause under-utilized species.species. no royaltyroyalty is collected,collected, but a licenselicense isis required for extraction.extraction. ForestForest medicinalmedicinal 4. Investment incentives for the plants are primarilyprimarily usedused byby aboriginalaboriginal establishment of plantations and communities, especially thosethose who live deep down-stream processing, especiallyespecially in thethe junglejungle wherewhere medicalmedical help is notnot for rattan and bamboo.bamboo. Some available. possible investment incentives include granting investment tax Widespread use ofof forestforest medicinalmedicinal plantsplants allowances, double deductionsdeductions onon may increaseincrease theirtheir economiceconomic value, butbut freight charges, andand exemptionexemption fromfrom uncontrolled collection of these products can import duties and surtaxes for rawraw damage the ecosystem.ecosystem. materials and componentscomponents used inin manufacturing.

64 Non-WoodNon· Wood ForestForest Products Malaysia

Table 14. Selected medicinal plants in Malaysia

Species Local name Uses

Eurycoma longifolia Tongkat ali aphrodisiac, fever

Areca catechu Pinang tapeworms, round worms

. .. -",' Oldenlandia diffusa Siku-siku dysentery urethritis,~rbthritis, snakesnake bites,bites, abdominal pain ·

ristica fragrans Buah pala diarrhoea, vomiting, indigestion,indigestion, abdominal painpain , _ :- --:-:": >:, ::>:<.:<: riper nigrum Black pepper/White pepper Malaria,Malaria,scorpio~bites scorpion bites

Melastoma decemfidum Sesenduduk putihputih : . Intestinal measles, poisonpoison

5. Intercropping non-wood forest products in rubber estates to complement thethe extraction of rawraw materials.

6. Dissemination ofof informationinformation onon export marketsmarkets forfor MalaysianMalaysian non-non­ wood forest products, organization of trade fairs and exhibitions and creation of marketmarket opportunitiesopportunities forfor entrepreneurs.

7. Education onon howhow toto produceproduce rattanrattan and bamboo handicrafts incorporatedincorporated into thethe curriculacurricula inin industrialindustrial artsarts courses inin highhigh schools.schools.

8. Banning exports, or increasing export dutiesduties encourageencourage downstreamdownstream processing and save foreign exchange.

Rattan collection is a common source of income and employment for indigenous people ofof Indoneeia,Indonesia, Malaysia,Malaysia, and the Philippines.

65 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products MalaysiaMa/Qys/4

REFERENCES

Chin, Y.M. 1990.1990. Country study onon the expansionexpansion ofof trade: inin rattanrattan andand rubberwoodrubberwood furniture. In ESCAP Workshop,Workshop, Bangkok,Bangkok, 30 30 April April - - 3 3 MayMay 1991.1991.

Choo, K.T. andand Daljeet K. SinghSingh 1985.1985. RattanRattan processingprocessing andand utilizationutilization in PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia. In Proceedings o/theof the RattanRattan Seminar.Seminar. Kuala Lumpur,Lumpur, 22 --4 4 OctoberOctober 1984.1984. pp. 155-162.155-162.

Dransfield, J. 1979.1979. AA manualmanual of the rattanrattan ofof the the MalayMalay Peninsula. KualaKuala Lumpur.

Latif, AbdulAbdul Mohmod,Mohmod, Ali AbdulAbdul RazakRazak Mohd,Mohd, andand HamdanHamdan Husain.Husain. 1990.1990. RattanRattan processing industry inin PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia:Malaysia: itsits status,status, problems problems and and prospects. prospects. PaperPaper prepared for IUFROIUFRO XIXTH World Congress,Congress, Montreal, Canada, 5- 1111 AugustAugust 1990.

Latif, AbdulAbdul Mohmod,Mohmod, Razak Wahab and Roslan Ali. 1989.1989. CurrentCl,lrrent statusstatus ofof machine machine intensive bamboo processingprocessing industryindustry inin Peninsular Malaysia.Malaysia. Paper prepared forfor International BambooBamboo Symposium,Symposium, Nanjing, Nanjing, China, China, 24 24 toto 2727 JulyJuly 1989.1989.

Latif, AbdulAbdul MohmodMohmod andand ShukriShukri MohamadMohamad 1989.1989. The rattan industriesindustries in PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia. RICRIC OccasionalOccasional Paper No.6.

Manokaran, N.N. 1990. 7'heThe statestate ofof thethe rattan and bamboo trade.trade. RICRIC OccasionalOccasional paperpaper No.7.

Nor, Salleh Mohd. andand K.M. Wong.Wong. 1985.1985. TheThe bamboobamboo resource in Malaysia: strategies for development. Paper presented at the Bamboo Workshop,Worlcshop, Guangzhou,Guangzhou, China,China, 77 - 14 October 1985.1985.

Ooi, S.H. 1991.1991. TheThe bamboobamboo industryindustry inin Malaysia:Malaysia: potentialpotential for for integrated integrated development. development. Mida Report.

Wahab, Razak, Hamdan Husain and Abdul MohmodMohmod Latif.Latif. 1989.1989. RattanRattan andand bamboobamboo as aa major industrial resourceresource forfor ruralrural people in Peninsular Malaysia,Malaysia, InIn ProceedingsProceedings of the Meeting: Strategies andand MethodsMethods for OrientingOrienting MPTSMPTS ResearchResearch ToTo Small-ScaleSmall-Scale Farm Use,Use, Jakarta,Jakarta, 2020 toto 2323 NovemberNovember 1989.1989.

Wong, W.C. 1988.1988. Non-woodNon-wood forest products: prospects for development. InIn WorkshopWorkshop onon Forest SectorSector EvaluationEvaluation and IndustrialIndustrial Planning,Planning, SouthSouth EastEast AsianAsian Countries.Countries. Serdang, Malaysia, 3 toto 1414 OctoberOctober 1988.1988.

66 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Malaysia

APPENDIX 11

RATTAN FOUND IN MALAYSIA

Botanical NamesNames Local NamesNames

I. Korthalsia 1. K. rigida Rotan dahan 2. KK. grandis Rotan dahan 3. K.K flagellaris Rotan dahandahan 4. K. tenuissimatenuissima Rotan dahan tikustikus 5. K. lanceolata - 6. K. scaphigera Rotan semut/udang 7. KK. echinometra Rotan dahan/semut 8. KK. scortechinii Rotan semut 9. KK. hispida Rotan semut

II. Plectocomia 10. P. griggithiigriggithii Rotan mantang 11. P. muellerimuelleri Rotan mantang paya 12. P. sp.sp. Rotan mantang ilang

III. Plectocomiopsis 13. P. geminiflorusgeminijlorus Rotan gilang 14. P. wrayi Rotan pepe 15. P. ComeniComeri Rotan rilang gajah

IV. Myrialepis 16. M. scortechiniiscortechinii Rotan kertong

V. Calospatha 17. C. scortechinii Rotan demuk

VI. Daemonorops 18. D. angustifoliaangustifolia Rotan getah*getah· 19. D. grandisgrandis Rotan sendangsendang 20. D. melanochaetesmelanochaetes Rotan getahtgetah· 21. D. sepalsepal Rotan getah gununggunung 22. D. calicarpacalicarpa Lumpit 23. D. lewisianalewisiana Lumpit kecilkeeil 24. D. monticolamonticola Rotan getah lumpit 25. D. ursinaursina Rotan jernang 26. D. didymophylladidymophylla Rotan jernang 27. D. propinpropinqua qua

67 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products MaToysiaMalaysia

28. D. brachystachysbrachystachys Rotan jemangjernang 29. D. micracanthamicracantha Rotan jemangjernang 30. D. leptopusleptopus Rotan bacapbaeap 31. D. hystrixhystrix Rotan tai landak*landak" 32. D. kunstlerikunstleri Rotan buIubulu landak 33. D. geniculatageniculata Rotan jahacajahaea 34. D. SabutSabut Rotan cincin*cincin· 35. D. macrophyllamacrophylla Rotan cincin·cincin* 36. D. oligophyllaoligophylla 37. D. verticillarisverticillaris Rotan sabongsabong 38. D. lasiospathalasiospatha 39. D. periacantha 40. D. longipeslongipes

Calamus 41. C. castaneus CueorCucor 42. C. erinaceus Rotan bakau*bakau· 43. C. polystachys Rotan sabongsabong 44. C. caesius Rotan sega*sega· 45. C. axillaris Rotan segasega air*air· 46. C. laevigatus Rotan tunggal*tunggal" 47. C. simplex 48. C. palustris 49. C. manan Rotan manau*manau· 50. C. tumidus Rotan manaumanau tikus*tikus· 51. C. oxleyanus Rotan minyak 52. C. viridispinus Rotan kerai gunung*gunung· 53. C. ulur 54. C. endauensis 55. C. longisetus 56. C. arborescens 57. C. multirameus 58. C. paspalanthus Rotan sirikis 59. C. sedens Rotan duduk 60. C. perakensis Rotan duduk 61. C. laxissimus 62. C. whitmorei 63. C. minutus 64.C.64. C. cockburnii 65. C. exilisex/lis Rotan paku 66. C. padangensis 67. C. spectatissimus Rotan semut 68. C. longispathus Rotan kunyung 69. C. peregrinus 70. C. conirostris Rotan kerai

68 ',,-

Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Malaysia

71. C. pycnocarpus Rotan kongkong 72. C. lobbianuslobbianus Cucor kelabu 73. C. tomentosustomentosus Rotan tukastukas 74. C. blumeiblumei Rotan tukastukas 75. C. jlabellatusflabellatus 76. C. jlabelloidesflabelloides 77. C. javensis Rotan lilin*lilin· 78. C. pandanosmus Rotan pandan wangi*wangt 79. C. omatus Rotan dok *• 80. C. sct'pionumscipionum Rotan semambu*semambu· 81. C. speciosissimusspeciosissimus Rotan segasega badal(badak 82. C. jilipendulusfilipendulus Rotan batu 83. C. insignis Rotan batu*batu· 84. C. penicillatus Rotan batu 85. C. senalingenis 86. C. rugosus Rotan perut ayam 87. C. comenicomeri Rotan perut ayam 88. C. tankadatei Rotan tekok 89. C. holttumii Rotan perut ayam 90. C. scabridulus Rotan kerai 91. C. radulosus 92. C. concinnus 93. C. siamensis 94. C. viminalis 95. C. moorhousei 96. C. balingenis Rotan tanahtanah 97. C. satulosus Rotan keraikerai 98. C. luridus Rotan kerai*kerai· 99. C. burkillianus Rotan keraikerai lautalaut" 100. C. densiflorusdensijlorus Rotan kerai*kerai" 101.101 C. ridleyamus Rotan kerai*kerai· 102.102 C. diepenhorstii Rotan kerai

VIII Ceratolobus 103. C. subangulatussubangulatus Rotan tapaittapait 104. C. kingianuskingianus Rotan jere landak

NoteNote: : ** commercially utilized speciesspecies

69 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Malaysia

APPENDIX 2

BAMBOOS FOUND IN MALAYSIA

Botanical NamesNames Local Names

I. Bambusa

1. B. blumeanablumeana Buluh duri 2. B.B. arundinaceaarundinacea 3. B. burmanicaburmanica Buluh aloh buldtbukit 4. B. vulgaris Buluh minyak 5. B. heterostachyaheterostachya Buluh galah 6. B. glaucescensglaucescens Buluh pagar 7. B. ventriventricosa cosa 8. B. ridleyi Buluh akar 9. B. wrayiwrayi Buluh sumpitan 10. B.B. magicamagica Buluh perindu 11. B.B. montanamontana 12. B.B. pauciflorapauciflora Buluh padi 13. B.B. klossii 14. B.B. texWstexilis

II. Dendrocalamus

15. D. penduluspendulus Buluh akar 16. D. hirtellus Buluh kapur 17. D. eleganselegans 18. D. dumosusdumosus 19. D. sinuatussinuatus Buluh akar 20.D.D. strictus 21. D. asperasper Buluh betong/beting 22.D.D. giganteusgiganteus Buluh beton

III. Dinochica

23.D.D. scandensscandens Buluh akar

70 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products Malaysia

IV.

24. G. apusapus 25. G.G. maximamaxima 26. G.G. rostrata 27. G.G. holttumianaholttumiana 28. G. hasskarlianahasskarliana 29. G.G. levis Buluh bisa/betingbisalbeting 30. G.G. scortechniniiscortechninii Buluh semantan/rayahsemantan/rayah 31. G. wrayiwrayi Buluh beti/raga 32. G.G. ridleyi 33. G.G. ligulata Buluh tumpat/tikustumpatltikus 34. G.G. latifolia Buluh pahit

V. Racemobambos

35. R.R. setifera

VI.

36. S. grandegrande Buluh semeliang/semeyehsemeliang/ semeyeh 37. S. gracile Buluh repen/akar 38. S. aciculare Buluh padi/akar 39. S. jaculansjaculans Buluh sumpitan/tikus 40. S. zollingeri Buluh nipis/aur 41. S. brachyladum Buluh lemang/nipis/padi 42. S. latifolium 43. S. terminale

VII. Thyrsostachys

44. T.T. Siamensis

Note: * denotes commerciallycommercially utilizedutilized speciesspecies

71 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products

Sabai grass (Eulaliopsis{Eulaliopsis binata)binatal used forfor rope making, thatching, and paper making inin South Asia.Asia .

72 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products NEPAL

Deep Bahadur Khatri Deputy Director-General Department of Forests Forests

INTRODUCTION

Nepal, situatedsituated betweenbetween India andand China,China, The country'scountry's land useuse isis categorizedcategorized asas has an areaarea ofof aboutabout 14.714.7 millionmillion hectareshectares follows: and lies at 80080° 04'04' to 88° 12' E andand 26°26° 22' to 30° 27'N.27'N. TheThe country country isis rectangularrectangular inin • cultivated lands (21(21 percent)percent) shape, extending fromfrom easteast toto west.west. WithinWithin • non-cultivated inclusions (7(7 percent)percent) a north-southnorth-south horizontalhorizontal distance of aboutabout • grasslands (12(12 percent)percent) 150 kilometers, therethere is aa climaticclimatic rangerange • forested lands/plantations (37 (romfrom the sub-tropicssub-tropics ofof thethe Terai in thethe percent) south to the upperupper treetree limitlimit andand perennialperennial • shrub lands/degraded forest (5 snow of thethe HimalayanHimalayan mountainsmountains inin thethe . percent) north. ,RuggedRugged hills andand mountainsmo~ntains covercover' • other lands (18(18 percent)percent) more than 8080 percentpercent ofof the the "land. land. In thethe south, there is aa beltbelt ofof almostalmost levellevel land,latid, In mid-1986, Nepal's population was 20 toto 4545 kilometerskilometers wide,wide, knownknown as thethe estimated at 17.117.1 million. TheThe medium-medium­ Terai, which'which is an extension of 'thethe variant projection ofof the Central Bureau of Gangetic plain of India. Statistics putsputs thethe populationpopulation atat 23.623.6 millionmillion by thethe yearyear 2001,2001, whichwhich meansmeans anan averageaverage Nepal can bebe divideddivided intointo five parallelparallel annual growth rate of 2.22.2 percent.percent. physiographic zoneszones running east toto west:west: thethe Terai, Siwaliks,Siwaliks, MiddleMiddle mountains,mountail)s, High A livestocklivestock survey conducted by the mountains, andand HighHigh Himal.Himal. TheyThey occupyoccupy Department of FoodFood and Agricultural respectively 14,14, 13, 30, 2020 andand 2323 percentpercent Marketing ServicesServices putsputs thethe 19851985 livestocklivest9Ck of the total land area. Administratively,Administratively, thethe popUlationpopulation Ofof the country at 6.4 millionmillion head country is divideddivided intointo fivefive developmentdevelopment of cattle,cattle, 2.82.8 millionmillion buffaloes,buffaloes, 88 millionmillion regions and 7575 districts.districts. sheep and 4.9 millionmillion goatsgoats oror anan equivalentequivalent of 7.87.8 millionmillion livestocklivestock units (LU).(LU). TheThe With its great range of altitudes"altitudes, populationpopulation isis expected to reachreach temperatures, andand rainfall,rainfall, andand itsits position at 11.6 million LU,byLU by 2001.2001. the confluence of different floristicfloristic regions,regions, Nepal has a rich flora. TheThe numbernumber of eco-eco­ Development of Of thethe countrycountry isis severely systems perper unit areaarea isis probablyprobably greatergreater limited by its extreme range ofof topographytopography than in any other country inin the world. The and climate,climate, especiallyespecially inin thethe geologicallygeologically distribution of vegetationvegetation, generally follows unstable and,and environmentally fragile the attitudinalattitudinal zones.zones. mountain :wnes.zones. MoreMore than 90 percentpercen~ of thet~e peoplepeople rely onon agricultureagriculture forfor theirtheir, livelihood.

~ 73 No,.-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Nepal

Industries, which contribute about 10 EVIPORTANTIMPORTANT NON-WOOD FORESTFOREST percent to thethe gross gross nationalnational product,product, PRODUCTS: PRODUCTION ANDAND provide employment toto aboutabout 66 percent of VALUE the population.population. The currentcurrent perper capitacapita annual income is estimated at US$160.US$I60. Non-wood forest products, also called "minor" forest products by classical , includingincluding fuelwood,fuelwood, agriculturalagricultural definition, are allall forestforest productsproducts otherother thanthan residues andand animal dung,dung, is thethe majormajor timber andand fuelwood.fuelwood. InIn Nepal,Nepal, fodderfodder isis energy source in Nepal,Nepal, providing 9494 not regardedregarded as aa minorminor forestforest product,product, percent of thethe totaltotal energyenergy consumption.consumption. being one of thethe mainmain productsproducts of thethe forests. SubsistenceSubsistence farmersfarmers makemake up more Heavy pressure is beingbeing exertedexerted onon the than 90 percent of thethe populationpopulation ofof NepalNepal forests of Nepal by the increasingincreasing populationpopulation and relyrely onon livestock livestock forfor- theirtheir agriculture-agriculture­ of both humans andand livestock.livestock. As a resultresult based livelihood. FodderFodder forfor livestocklivestock is as of thisthis pressure,pressure, the forestsforests havehave beenbeen important toto a subsistencesubsistence farmer 'asas anyany reduced in area and are becoming other forestforest commodity.commodity. Fodder is thusthus a incre,asinglyincreasingly degraded. degraded. AsAs aa consequence,consequence, "major" forest product in Nepal andand the environmentalenvironmental quality of NepalNepal is therefore notnot includedincluded inin descriptionsdescriptions andand deteriorating, and it has become analyses of non-woodnon-wood forestforest productsproducts in increasingly difficultdifficult for peoplepeople to findfind Nepal. essential forestforest products.products. AA viciousvicious cyclecycle is operating,operating, wherewhere intensifiedintensified pressure on The significant NWFPs inin Nepal areare forests creates environmentalenvironmental deterioration,deterioration, medicinal and aromaticaromatic plants,plants, loktapaper,loktapaper, which inin turnturn leadsleads toto scarcityscarcity ofof forestforest pine resin,resin, SalSal seed,seed, katha,katha, sabaisabai grass,grass, products and furtherfurther pressurepressure onon existingexisting bamboo and cane. forests. Medicinal andand aromatic plants In earlyearly 1986,1986, HisHis Majesty'sMajesty's Government,Government, put into operationoperation the Master PlanPlan for the There are about 700 species of medicinalmedicinal Forestry Sector Project (MPFSP) to and aromaticaromatic plantsplants inin Nepal,Nepal, aboutabout 1212 rationalize thethe forestryforestry sector.sector. MPFSPMPFSP was percent of thethe country'scountry's vascularvascular flora.flora. co-financed by the Asian Development Bank They areare distributeddistributed inin allall ecologicalecological zoneszones and thethe FinnishFinnish InternationalInternational DevelopmentDevelopment of thethe country,country, butbut aa greatergreater concentration concentration Agency. MPSFSPMPSFSP waswas chargedcharged withwith thethe occurs in the tropical and sub-tropicalsub-tropical zones.zones. formulation of of aa 25-year master plan for developing the forestry sector of Nepal.Nepal. Collecting ofof medicinal andand aromatic·aromatic plantsplants has beenbeen goinggoing on inin NepalNepal sincesince timetime The information andand data for thisthis countrycountry immemorial. AA smallsmall portionportion ofof thethe plantsplants status paper on non-woodnon-wood forest products inin collected is used locally in thethe treatmenttreatment of Nepal has beenbeen extractedextracted fromfrom variousvarious diseases, butbut aboutabout 9090 percentpercent areare soldsold asas MPFSP documents and reports. crude herbs, mainly forfor export.export. TheThe tradetrade in crudecrude herbsherbs goesgoes throughthrough fourfour tiers:tiers: collectors, locallocal dealers, bigbig dealersdealers andand international tradingtrading houses.houses.

7414 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products Nepal

The poor people ofof thethe hillshills andand mountainsmountains The estimatedestimated potential production of pinepine of NepalNepal dependdepend uponupon medicinalmedicinal plants for resin in Nepal is 21,700 tonstons per year on aa their healthhealth care inin accordanceaccordance withwith theirtheir sustained-yield basis.basis. Too little is knownknown cultural heritage andand traditionaltraditional practices.practices. about the real production capacity of Domestically, primarily in auyervedic Nepalese pinepine forests.forests. AA revisedrevised andand well-well­ preparations, the value of herbs was studied assessment of thethe resource is estimated at Rs600,000Rs6oo,000 in 1986.1986. needed, to be followed by a sound management plan.

Lokta for hand-madehand-made paper Rosin and its derivatives are used in paper making, sizing, boot polish,polish, adhesives, Daphne spp.,spp., locallylocally knownknown asas "lokta,""lokta," hashas paints, printing inks, surface coatings, been usedused asas rawraw materialmaterial forfor hand-madehand-made varnishes, , rubber making,making, soapsoap paper for aa longlong time.time. It is thethe basisbasis for anan making, the tire industry, thethe sportingsporting goods expanding cottage industry with anan annualannual industry, and manymany others.others. Local pro-pro­ turnover of aroundaround Rs10RslO million.million. The duction has providedprovided muchmuch ne,odedneeded incomeincome industry providesprovides directdirect employmentemployment forfor to collectors inin rural areas, andand reducedreduced the about 1,5001,500 families,families, somesome ofof themthem the needne,ed toto import rosin andand turpentine.turpentine. The poorest of the poor, livingliving in remote,remote, back-back­ primary producers onon average receivereceive Rs2Rs2 ward areas.areas. per kilogram,IdIogram, whichwhich isis only aboutabout 1010 percent of thethe totaltotal productproduct value.value. The growing stock of lokta was estimatedestimated at about 100,000 tonstons inin 1984.1984. NotNot allall of thethe Sal seed oil growing stock is harvestable, as the bulk of it growsgrows inin remoteremote andand difficultdifficult toto accessaccess Aside fromfrom being aa major source of areas. building timber,timber, salsal (Shorea robusta) is a prolific producer of seeds.seeds. Sal seedseed hashas a Resin andand turpentine high oil content andand the oil extracted fromfrom itit has many industrial and householdhousehold uses.uses. Resin hashas beenbeen tappedtapped fromfrom pinepine treestrees for several decades inin Nepal, and hashas greatgreat The actualactual authorized andand unauthorizedunauthorized economic significance.significance. It providesprovides rawraw collection isis only about 41,00041,000 tonstons perper materials for domestic useuse andand forfor thethe rosinrosin year, only 6 percentpercent ofof thethe potential,potential, basedbased and turpentine industries recently established on the Indian yields. SalSal seedseed isis collectedcollected in in the country. OleoresinOleoresin gumsgums areare obtainedobtained Nepal by fourfour oiloil industriesindustries whichwhich receivereceive from the nativenative chirchir pinepine (Pinus(Pinta roxburghit)roxburghil) quotas for monopolymonopoly collectioncollection in specificspecific and pinepine (Pinus(Pinus wallichina).wallichina). OnlyOnly chir areas. Most industries collect through a pine cancan bebe tappedtapped economically,economically, yielding network of small contractors who bring the about 3 toto 55 kilogramskilograms annuallyannually perper tree.tree. pods in tins. EachEach tintin usuallyusually containscontains about Blue pine, whichwhich occursoccurs atat higherhigher altitudesaltitudes 10 to 12 kilograms ofof pods and thethe yields onlyonly aboutabout 11 kilogram kilogram annuallyannually perper collectors are are paidpaid Rs3Rs3 toto 3.50 perper tintin tree and is therefore usually not profitable toto (about Rs0.40Rs0.40 toto 0.500.50 perper kilogram).kilogram). EachEach tap. tin of pods yields about 7 kilogramkilogram of seedsseeds (about 62 percent of actual pod weight).weight).

75 Non-Non-WoodWood Forest Products Nepal

A comprehensive study related toto collection, Although industrialindustrial paperpaper making in NepalNepal processing, and marketingmarketing is needed.needed. is new, small paperpaper mills have beenbeen operating since 1986.1986. These paper millsmills Katha andand CutchCutch have been designed to take sabaisabai grassgrass andand asas raw material. TheseThese millsmills havehave a Katha is an extract derived from thethe combined capacity of about 70 tons per day.day. hardwood ofof khair (Acacia(Acacia catechu)catechu) byby boiling. It isis a aclay-colored clay-colored crystallinecrystalline A country-widecountry-wide data base on annual substance usedused inin the preparation of "pan,""pan," production ofof sabai grass does notnot exist.exist. a chewing material popular in Asia and East Based onon studies carriedcarried outout inin a fewfew dis-dis­ . tricts, thethe quantityquantity whichwhich maymay bebe availableavailable for commercialcommercial purposespurposes inin the Terai andand Cutch, aa by-productby-product ofof kathakatha productionproduction is Siwaliks couldcould bebe about 300,000 tons of air a blackblack reddish gum resin whichwhich is used in dried materialmaterial per annum.annum. tanning, dyeing and as a in oil-well drilling. It isis alsoalso traditionallytraditionally usedused forfor The Forest SurveySurvey andand ResearchResearch OfficeOffice hashas malcingmaking medicines. estimated thethe costcost of sabaisabai grassgrass forfor thethe Nepal Paper Industries Ltd.Ltd. at Rs1.71Rsl. 71 perper The future of the country'scountry's sixsix kathakatha plantsplants Idlogram.kilogram. ThisThis waswas mademade up of Rs1.00Rsl.OO toto will depend on thethe availabilityavailability of Ichair,khair, a collectors, Rs0.36RsO.36 forfor transporttransport toto depotdepot andand rapidly vanishing riverine tree. The Rs35 for transporttransport fromfrom depotdepot toto factory.factory. sustainable annual yieldyield ofof khair from Terai forests has declineddeclined fromfrom 26,000m326,OOOm3 in 19791979 Rope-making machinesmachines have beenbeen widelywidely to aboutabout 8,400m38,400m3 inin 1988,1988, whilewhile thethe totaltotal introduced in some villages bordering India annual quotaquota ofof thethe sixsix plantsplants isis almostalmost and it is estimated that nearly 75 percent of 38,OOOm38,000m3.3. the sabaisabai grassgrass beingbeing harvestedharvested forfor thisthis purpose. There are readyready buyers from India The market for mostmost of Nepal'sNepal's kathakatha isis who will pay Rs31.00Rs31.00 for 55 kilogramskilograms ofof Kanpur, IndiaIndia where the price ofof kathakatha rope. varies from Rs80 to Rs250 per ldlogramkilogram and the price of cutchcutch varies fromfrom Rs6Rs6 toto Rs13Rs13 Bamboo and cane per kilogram.kilogram. The priceprice ofof adulterated adulterated katha inin Delhi cancan be as low as Rs26Rs26 per Bamboo and cane areare use,dused extensivelyextensively by kilogram. Nepalese forfor fodder,fodder, toto makemake traditionaltraditional baskets, mats and furniture, and for building Sabai Grass in rural areas. TheThe habitat habitat ofof commercially commercially exploitable bamboo bamboo and and canecane has beenbeen Sabai grass (Eulaliopsis binata) is reduced to thethe brink ofof disappearance. disappearance. traditionally usedused in rope makingmaking andand thatching. For paperpaper malcing,making, sabai is There are stillstill fewfew scientificscientific data on thethe reputed to be superior to most otherother identification, distribution, uses, and available grasses.grasses. InIn IndiaIndia itit hashas beenbeen used development prospectsprospects of bamboo, although for paper makingmaking sincesince 1870.1870. this multiple-use plantplant isis anan integralintegral partpart of Nepalese life.

76 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Nepal

EXPORTS OFOF NVVFPs NWFPs 1981 toto 1985, UNICEFUNICEF purchased about 1.6 million sheets for greeting cards. TheThe valuevalue Data on Nepal's NWFPNWFP tradetrade vary of exportsexports ofof hand-madehand-made paper hashas variedvaried considerably fromfrom one source to thethe next.next. between RsO.2Rs0.2 million and Rs1.2Rs1.2 millionmillion According to Trade PromotionPromotion Center between 1982 and 1986.1986. figures, Nepal annuallyannually exportsexports moremore thanthan 90 percent of its crude drugdrug harvest,harvest, whichwhich There is no significantsignificant export of rosin and was worthworth Rs16.5 millionmillion in 1986-87.1986-87. AA its derivativesderivatives from Nepal.Nepal. WhateverWhatever is 1986 FFAO AO estimate shows thatthat thethe annualannual tapped is used domestically.domestically. If thethe paperpaper export ofof medicinalmedicinal andand aromaticaromatic plantsplants industry grows according to thethe projectedprojected totals more than 1,000 ton worth demand forfor printing and writing up approximately Rs Rs 3131 million, but the datadata to 21,700 tons per year, 945945 tonstons ofof rosinrosin sources areare not known. Data obtained from derivatives wouldwould bebe required.required. IfIf the otherother the Foreign Trade Statistics of the resin-consuming industriesindustries grow at an Department of Customs, Ministry of annual rate of 5 percent,percent, theythey willwill consumeconsume Finance, show that 6,263 tonstons ofof medicinalmedicinal 2,900 tons ofof resinresin derivatives.derivatives. ThusThus thethe plants werewere exportedexported inin 1985-86,1985-86, worthworth Nepalese consumption of of rosinrosin andand its Rs78 million.million. . Ministry of FinanceFinance datadata derivatives couldcould increase to aboutabout 4,0004,000 show a significantsignificant decline in exportsexports inin tons by the year 2010.2010. ThisThis meansmeans thatthat if 1986-87, however, to only 361 tons, valuedvalued the rcisinrosin industries expandedexpanded toto the fullfull Rs17 million.million. This decline isis due to thethe capacity thatthat could be sustainedsustained by thethe imposition ofof a ban on thethe exportexport ofof crudecrude resource base, there shouldshould stillstill bebe aboutabout drugs in 1986.1986. It isis suspected,suspected, however,however, 1,900 tons ofof rosin and over 2,550 tons of that a large volume of crudecrude drugs are stillstill turpentine available forfor export.export. The markets be exported unofficially, especiallyespecially toto India. for thesethese volumesvolumes must be foundfound inin nearbynearby countries. In the world market, resin Exporting large quantities of medicinalmedicinal products are readily available from big pulp plants and crudecrude drugsdrugs areare notnot possiblepossible mills which produce them as byby productsproducts because regenerationregeneration cannot occuroccur fast without raw material collecting costs. enough. The exportexport ofof medicinalmedicinal andand aromatic plants has diminisheddiminished during the Four of thethe sevenseven oil extraction plants in the last decade and product quality has declined. country have agreements with the The uneven and often poor quality of the Department ofof Forests to procureprocure 26,00026,000 products is anotheranother reason.reason. tons of salsal se,edseed annually. Industry sourcessources claim that 2 million person-days are Hand-made paperpaper fromfrom loktalokta isis used for a employed inin the harvestharvest seasonseason and thatthat variety of purposes, from legal Rs15 million are paid to thethe collectors.collectors. SalSal documentation toto record-keepingrecord-keeping papers,papers, fat is usedused asas aa partialpartial substitutesubstitute forfor cocoacocoa religious scriptures, filefile folders,folders, envelopes,envelopes, butter in Japan, West Germany,Germany, SwitzerlandSwitzerland greeting cards, andand calendars.calendars. The totaltotal and . Large quantities of sal fat, eithereither domestic consumptionconsumption asas offic,eoffice paper comes crude, neutralizedneutralized oror dry fractioned,fractioned, havehave to aboutabout 7.47.4 millionmillion sheetssheets annually,annually, or been exported to the United Kingdom, Japan about 185185 tons.tons. Other end-usersend-users consumeconsume and some other countries since 1970. Studies the remaining 115 tons.tons. HandmadeHandmade paper is documenting exportexport quantities andand theirtheir only exportedexported in smallsmall quantities.quantities. From values have not been carried out.out.

77 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Nepal

According to thethe TradeTrade PromotionPromotion CenterCenter government intervention agencyagency whichwhich couldcould and Department of Customs,Customs, thethe productionproduction ensure a more equitable price to the primary of kathakatha andand cutchcutch hashas fluctuatedfluctuated betweenbetween producer. 1,100 and 1,700 tonstons per yearyear betweenbetween 19801980 and 1985. In 1983-84 NepalNepal exportedexported 1,5911,591 There is no development planplan forfor non-woodnon-wood tons of kathakatha andand cutch,cutch, mainlymainly toto India,India, forest products inin Nepal asas a whole,whole, andand worth Rs60.6 million.million. Total export valuevalue there is nono specialspecial agencyagency dealingdealing with may stillstill remainremain aboutabout thethe samesame becausebecause them. Medicinal and aromatic herbsherbs are aa rising prices have compensated for ,notablenotable exception, but even in this area little decreasing quantities. has been done to organizeorganize or regulateregulate thethe collection of plantplant materials from the Although thethe Indian paper industriesindustries have forests. been using Nepal's sabai grass for aa longlong time, after the establishment of paperpaper The entireentire sub-sectorsub-sector ofof non-woodnon-wood forestforest industries in NepalNepal thethe IndianIndian industriesindustries products, has notnot receivedreceived the benefit of an have beenbeen discourageddiscouraged fromfrom purchasingpurchasing integrated development approach. The Nepalese sabai.sabai. Thus there ISis nownow nono economic plightplight of thethe primaryprimary producers,producers, significant export of sabai.sabai. conservation of the that constitute thethe resourceresource base,base, managementmanagement Bamboo and cane are usedused traditionallytraditionally in plans for regulated extraction, and Nepal. AtAt presentpresent therethere isis nono significantsignificant improvements inin trading and processing all export of bamboo from Nepal. AA long-termlong-term need to be considered asas parts of the whole development programprogram under the Ministry of system. Industries has been proposedproposed toto provide raw materials for cottagecottage industriesindustries andand to Lokta is the only NWFP for which an effort contribute toto the basicbasic needsneeds policypolicy of has been made to provide a better price toto HMGN. the primary producers, to regulate harvesting for sustained yield, to introduceintroduce COLLECTION ANDAM) PROCESSING OF better technologytechnology forfor procurement and toto NWFPs add further downstream value byby secondarysecondary industries. MostMost of thesethese activitiesactivities havehave In general, non-woodnon-wood forestforest products are an come as a result ofof UNICEFUNICEF initiatives.initiatives. unorganized partpart of thethe economyeconomy inin whichwhich the primary producers areare at the mercy of With the exception of medicinal and the traders. The price paid toto thethe primaryprimary aromatic plants and lokta, there has been no producers has nono relationrelation toto thethe wholesalewholesale assessment ofof thethe resource base,base, even for price at the terminal market.market. TheThe shareshare of important NWFPs.NWFPs. NoNo studiesstudies havehave beenbeen the primary producer may be as littlelittle as 2525 made on the collection and trading.trading. percent of thethe terminalterminal wholesalewholesale price,price, although in mostmost casescases onlyonly transporttransport costscosts EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIALSOCIAL are involved,involved, andand therethere isis nono additional additional BENEFITS FROMFROM NVVFPs NWFPs processing. OnlyOnly aa fewfew products,products, includingincluding sal seed, resin,resin, sabai grass,grass, andand khairkhair are For mostmost minorminor forestforest products,products, private-private­ linked toto processingprocessing industriesindustries inin Nepal.Nepal. sector trade and thethe lawlaw ofof supply-and- supply-and­ There is no monitoring system nor demand controlscontrols the priceprice andand marketmarket

78 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products Nepal network. The systemsystem isis aa txaditionaltraditional one,one, • to add value toto thethe productsproducts throughthrough based on traderstraders financingfinancing thethe collectorscollectors processing so so that that aa part ofof thethe during leanlean periods.periods. The traderstraders buybuy benefit flows back to thethe primaryprimary everything thethe collectors bring,bring, as theythey producer, andand so thatthat thethe entireentire know the terminalterminal marketsmarkets and thethe currentcurrent country may benefitbenefit inin economiceconomic prices. TheThe collectorscollectors wantwant bothboth toto earn cashcash terms. and toto purchasepurchase essentialessential commodities.commodities. The traders commonlycommonly supplysupply collectorscollectors thesethese It is recognized that at thethe operationaloperational level,level, goods in advance,advance, onon credit,credit, andand therebythereby there mustmust bebe aa correctcorrect inventoryinventory andand gain a holdhold overover them.them. evaluation ofof resources,resources, and there must be a management plan to harvest thesethese resourcesresources Various agencies of thethe government seem to on aa sustained-yieldsustained-yield basis. It is also be unawareunaware ofof thethe predicamentpredicament of thethe recognized thatthat itit is necessarynecessary to buildbuild upup primary producers or collectors. CollectorsCollectors organizational structures (intervention(intervention andand get Rs0.60RsO.60 per kilogramkilogram for sal seeds,seeds, for operational agencies) whichwhich can assist thethe example, whilewhile theirtheir counter-partscounter-parts in India,India, private sector inin developingdeveloping productionproduction andand some 300300 kilometerskilometers away, receivereceive threethree processing systems, and guarantee that a fair times as much. ResinResin tapperstappers getget Rs1.50Rs1.50 toto share of thethe benefit goesgoes to primary Rs2.00 per kilogram,kilogram, whichwhich againagain is aboutabout producers. one third of thethe raterate paidpaid inin India.India. Sabai grass collectors get Rs0.40RsO. 40 perper kilogramkilogram Criteria havehave beenbeen establishedestablished toto identifyidentify when they sellsell forfor deliverydelivery toto thethe BhrikutiBhrikuti priority NVVFPsNWFPs forfor development. Criteria Paper Mills in Nepal. The factory rate price have also been setset forfor the selectionselection ofof newnew at thethe BhrikutiBhrikuti PaperPaper Mills,Mills, however,however, isis commodities that havehave importance toto thethe supposed to be Rs1.25RsI.25 per kilogram.kilogram. national economy and will provideprovide incomeincome to thethe collectors.collectors. FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO PROMOTEPROMOTE NWFP A phased development programprogram for thethe sub-sub­ sector has beenbeen proposed.proposed. TheThe programprogram isis The Master Plan for ForestryForestry SectorSector ProjectProject based on aa commoncommon planplan forfor developing developing (MPFSP) has formulated basic objectives forfor production, processing, and marketing the development of the minor forest systems for medicinalmedicinal and aromaticaromatic plantsplants products sub-sector. These are: and other minor forest products and strengthening institutional support includingincluding • to increaseincrease thethe supplysupply ofof essential essential policy reform,_reform, resource assessment, research commodities like drugs derived from and development, andand extension.extension. medicinal and aromatic plants;plants;

• to provide opportunities for the rural people toto earnearn income;income;

• to graduallygradually shiftshift fromfrom disperseddispersed collection to plantations and to systematic resource management; and

79 Non-WoodNOII-Wood Forest Products

Resin extractionextraction fromfrom chir pinepine (Pinus(Pinus roxburghii).roxburghii).

80 NOll-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Pakistan PAKISTAN

MohammadMohamnzad Iqballqbal Sial Deputy Conservator of Forests North West FrontierFrontier Province, Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

Pakistan has limited,limited, butbut diverse,diverse, forest In additionaddition toto thethe naturalnatural andand man-mademan-made resources spreadspread over over an an area of 4.374.37 forests mentioned above, considerableconsiderable tree million hectares, oror about 5 percent of thethe growth exists on farmlands. According to a country's total area.area. AreasAreas underunder differentdifferent recent survey, the farmlandsfarmlands in thethe NorthNorth forest types in thethe countrycountry areare shownshown inin West Frontier ProvinceProvince (NWF'P) (NWFP) alonealone carry Table 1. a total growing stock of 8080 millionmillion trees (14 million cubiccubic meters), meters), i.e., i.e., 4646 trees oror 88 cubic metersmeters perper hectarehectare (Amjad,(Amjad, 1990).1990). Table 1. Distribution of forest types in Pakistan Results ofof thethe surveysurvey inin otherother provincesprovinces have not yet beenbeen compiled.compiled. Area Percent of total Forest type (1,000 ha) The forestsforests inin Pakistan,Pakistan, besidesbesides providingproviding Coniferous 1,870 43 timber, firewood, water, wildlife and forests recreation, also supplysupply productsproducts knownknown as Scrub forests 1,683 39 "minor forest produce"produce" in the official (dry sub- terminology ofof thethe ForestForest Department. Department. tropical broad These include the following: leaved and tropical thorn -forests) A. Food products

Irrigated 200 4 Morels plantations Mores Honey Rivenne 290 7 Wild fruits and nutsnuts forests Vegetables Coastal 283 6 B. Medicinal plants Others (linear 40 1 plantations mazri, etc.) C. Industrial products

Total 4,366 1001 Resin

Source:Sou...,." FAO/RAPA,FAOIRAPA. 1m1987 Babul bark Bhabar grass

D. FibersFibers (e.g.(e.g. mazrimazri leaves) leaves)

81 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products Pakistan

E. Silk cocoonscocoons The morelsmorels are purchasedpurchased by locallocal grocersgrocers or rovingroving purchaserspurchasers who sell themthem toto F. Miscellaneous products dealers in nearby towns. The dealers sell the morels to wholesalers in Mingora, Soap-nut Rawalpindi and Peshawar. From the Walnut bark wholesalers the mushrooms go to bigbig citiescities Palosa gumgum such as Karachi,Karachi, LahoreLahore andand Islamabad.Islamabad. Neem leavesleaves Some of thethe wholesalerswholesalers in MinogoraMinogora areare exporters as well.well. The importance of these products cannot be over-emphasized as they provide job The entire quantityquantity of morelsmorels isis exported,exported, opportunities to to aa large numbernumber of ruralrural generating Rs130Rs130 toto 150 million (1(1US$ US$ = people (Iqbal, 1991).1991). TheyThey alsoalso augment the Rs.25)in foreignforeign exchangeexchange (Shah,(Shah, 1991).1991). meager income ofof rural poorpoor (Sheikh(Sheikh andand Except for drying, de-stalking,de-stalking, gradinggrading andand Hafeez, 1977). SomeSome ofof them,them, suchsuch asas fumigating, no further processing is morels, are anan importantimportant sourcesource ofof valuablevaluable involved. ToTo increaseincrease thethe supplysupply base,base, foreign exchange. The term "minor"minor forestforest technology forfor their cultivation needsneeds to be produce" isis thereforetherefore misleadingmisleading becausebecause thethe developed andand standardized forfor the benefitbenefit products are notnot minorminor atat all inin their of the forest dwellers (Iqbal, 1991).1991). economic significance. Honey The initialsinitials of thethe termterm "non-wood"non-wood forestforest products" areare the same as thosethose ofof the,the, Honey collected fromfrom wild beehives is anan North WestWest FrontierFrontier Province.Province. Therefore,Therefore, important sourcesource ofof nutrition, asas well asas the term non-timber forest produce (NTFP)(NTFP) income forfor forest dwellers in thethe country.country. has been adoptedadopted for thisthis paper.paper. ItIt implies implies Between 55 55 to 6565 tons of honeyhoney areare all the tangible products producedproduced byby collected each year in the country from wild forests, otherother thanthan timbertimber andand firewood,firewood, beehives by about 15,00015,000 personspersons (Ahmad(Ahmad which areare used by people.people. InIn thethe stricterstricter and Muzaffar, 1987;1987; Iqbal, 1991).1991). sense, the termterm shouldshould includeinclude wildlifewildlife andand bush meat, butbut thesethese havehave notnot beenbeen coveredcovered Traditional beekeeping byby rearing coloniescolonies in thisthis paper.paper. of OrientalOriental bees (Apis cerana) inin earthenearthen pots and log hollowshollows fixed inin the walls of FOOD PRODUCTSPRODUCTS the houses is popular amongamong womenwomen livingliving in remoteremote forest areas inin thethe northnorth andand Morels northwest partsparts ofof the country. The number of thesethese beehivesbeehives isis 35,00035,000 toto 40,000,40,000, A varietyvariety ofof blackblack mushroomsmushrooms oror morelsmorels producing about about 5050 tons of honey.honey. TheThe (Morchella esculenta, M.conica, M. honey is sold to local grocers at Rs60 toto 8080 anqusticipt, etc.), growgrow naturallynaturally in thethe per ldlogram.kilogram. AnAn averageaverage colonycolony yields 4 toto temperate forests of Pakistan between 1,800 5 kilograms ofof honey, but 35 to 45 percentpercent and 3,000 metersmeters aboveabove seasea level. AboutAbout 5050 of the colonies are sub-standard and produce tons of dried morels are collectedcollected each year little oror nono honeyhoney (Ahmad(Ahmad andand Muzaffar,Muzaffar, by aboutabout 150,000150,000 forestforest dwellers,dwellers, mainlymainly 1987). children and women.women.

82 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products PalalstanPakistan

A recent survey (Iqbal, 1991),1991), observed that a fortnightfortnight until they open. The seedsseeds areare Oriental bees do notnot colonizecolonize the hiveshives asas then extracted by strikingstriking thethe conescones againstagainst frequently asas they did 10 to 1212 yearsyears ago,ago, a hard surface.surface. possibly because the local bees are unable to compete with the 20,000 colonies of The pine nuts are roasted byby mixingmixing themthem in European bees (A. mellifera)melli/era) broughtbrought by the a specialspecial kindkind ofof soilsoil inin iron iron containers containers Afghan refugees into the tracts. placed over fire. TheThe roastedroasted nutsnuts areare soldsold Consequently, naturalnatural populationspopulations ofof thethe at Rs1,500 per 40 kilograms. Total value ofof local bees have dwindled. ToTo overcomeovercome thethe produce is about Rs37.5 millionmillion per year.year. problem and to augment income of the rural women, it is recommendedrecommended thatthat modernmodem In additionaddition toto domesticdomestic consumption,consumption, thethe beekeeping withwith European bees should be pine nuts are exportedexported toto thethe MiddleMiddle East.East. introduced among thethe traditionaltraditional beekeepers Information on on thethe export of pinepine nutsnuts (Iqbal, 1991).1991). during the last five yearsyears isis givengiven inin TableTable 2, whichwhich indicatesindicates that about 271 tonstons ofof The entireentire productionproduction ofof honey is usedused pine nuts areare exportedexported eacheach year,year, fetchingfetching within the country as food and in a numbernumber Rs6.3 million.million. of medicinal formulations. Although modemmodern beekeeping is gaining popularitypopularity inin the Table 2. Export of roasted pine nuts from country, the demanddemand for honeyhoney cannot be Pakistan met and honey worth Rs3Rs3 to 4 millionmillion is imported each year.year. Ilia Quantity Value value Year (tons) (1,000 Rs) (Ita/kg) Wild fruits and nuts 1986 768 11,131 14.49 1987 234 6,996 29.7$ A variety of wildwild fruitsfruits andand nutsnuts isis collectedcollected 1988 105 2,800 26 59 1989 122 4,063 332ft by forest dwellers, both for domestic 1990 125 6,719 53.72V consumption and and for for sale.sale. Some of thethe Mange important onesones areare discusseddiscussed below:below: 271 6,342 31,$7

Source: Monthly statisticalotatWkaI bulletin, FederalFedenI BureauB~u ofor Statistics,Statlotks, : Roased seeds of Pinus StatisticsstaLW!cs Division, Govt. ofor PakistanPaklstan gerardiana, locally knownknown asas chalghozachalghoza pine, areare aa popularpopular drieddried fruit.fruit. NaturalNatural Walnuts: WalnutWalnut Juglans regia)regia) kernelskernels areare forests of pinepine occuroccur inin thethe drydry temperatetemperate a favouritefavourite dry fruit in thethe country.country. WalnutWalnut zone inin Waziristan, near thethe Pakistan-Pakistan­ trees growgrow naturallynaturally betweenbetween 1,5001,500 andand Afghanistan border border andand inin some parts of 3,000 meters in the northern and Baluchistan and the NWFP. A tree yields 20 northwestern mountains.mountains. In cultivatedcultivated form,form, to 40 kilograms of nuts.nuts. TotalTotal productionproduction inin they grow at about 1,000 meters. the countrycountry isis estimatedestimated 21,00021,000 tonstons ofof Production isis about 20,000 tons per year.year. which 95 percent comescomes fromfrom Baluchistan.Baluchistan. The bulk is producedproduced in NWFPNWFP andand AzadAzad Kashmir. The average wholesale price is Rs Seeds are collectedcollected fromfrom thethe still-greenstill-green 10 per kilogram.kilogram. The totaltotal annual value of cones by climbingclimbing thethe treestrees andand wrenchingwrenching the produceproduce is aboutabout Rs200Rs200 million.million. TheThe off thethe conescones withwith hookshooks attachedattached to longlong average number of walnut trees per poles. The cones are then buriedburied forfor aboutabout household isis 5 and averageaverage production per

83 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products PakistonPakistan tree isis 115115 ldlogramskilograms (Iqbal,(Iqbal, 1991).1991). AboutAbout Vegetables 35,000 families are involvedinvolved inin walnutwalnut production. The entire production is Kachnal: UnopenedUnopened flowerflower budsbuds ofof thethe tree, consumed within the country.country. Bauhinia variegata,variegata, are collectedcollected as aa favorite vegetable. The tree isis cultivatedcultivated inin Wild persirnrnon:persimmon: TheThe wildwild persimmon tree plains andand sub-mountainoussub-mountainous tracts. FlowerFlower (Diaspyros lotus) grows naturallynaturally betweenbetween buds which appear·appear from March to April are 600 and 1,8001,800 metersmeters in thethe northnorth andand collected byby climbingclimbing thethe treestrees 22 to 3 timestimes northwestern mountains. The fruit is purple, a season. Collection of individual buds from globoid oror ovoid, andand 1212 toto 2020 millimetersmillimeters a tree is aa tedioustedious process.process. in diameter, isis sweet,sweet, andand cancan bebe eateneaten fresh or dried.dried. Semi-driedSemi-dried fruitsfruits areare collectedcollected An average tree yields 20 to 2525 ldlograms.kilograms. from the trees inin NovemberNovember andand December.December. Total production in Pakistan is estimatedestimated to An average tree yields 120120 Idlogramskilograms of dry be 3030 tons,tons, ofof whichwhich 2020 tonstons areare producedproduced fruit. Total productionproduction is estimatedestimated at aboutabout in NWFP. Wholesale priceprice is Rs5 to 10 per 800 tonstons (Iqbal, 1991), most ofof whichwhich ldlogram.kilogram. The vegetable is cookedcooked freshfresh asas comes from NWFP.NWFP. ActualActual productionproduction is well as in dried form. AllAll ofof itit isis consumedconsumed more, but not all of it isis collected.collected. Most of within the country.country. the fruitfruit goesgoes toto waste.waste. TheThe numbernumber ofof households involved in collecting persimmonpersimmon Suhanjna: TheThe drumstick, drumstick, oror , horseradish, is about 2,000 (Iqbal,(Iqbal, 1991).1991). tree (Moringa(Moringa oleifera),oleifera), locallylocally knownknown asas "suhanjna," is cultivated on aa limitedlimited scalescale The current wholesalewholesale priceprice is Rs3.50Rs3.50 toto in irrigatedirrigated plains of thethe countrycountry primarilyprimarily 3.75 per kilogram and the total value of the for its partially opened inflorescences. produce has been estimated to be Rs2.8 toto These are eaten as a vegetable.vegetable. There is a 3.0 million.million. small supply ofof about 10 tons, whichwhich isis usedused domestically. PricesPrices averageaverage RsRs 77 to 8 perper Wild persimmonpersimmon is consideredconsidered anan inferiorinferior lcilogram.kilogram. fruit. It isis perishableperishable andand deterioratesdeteriorates inin storage. All ofof itit isis consumedconsumed domestically.domestically. Kunjai: (Dryopteris(Dryopteris felix-mas)felix-mas) isis a malemale which grows in moist temperatetemperate forests Other wildwild fruit:fruit: SmallSmall quantitiesquantities ofof wildwild in thethe countrycountry at 1,5001,500 toto 3,0003,000 meters.meters. fruit such as gurguragurgura (Reptonia(Reptonia buxtfolia);buxifolia); Women, while going to forests forfor grazinggrazing deela (Capparis aphlla),aphlla), pelupelu (Salvadora(Salvadora livestock or collecting firewood,firewood, colle,ctcollect the oleooleoides), ides) , jujubejujube (Zizyphus spp.)spp.), , sumalsumal fern. It isis availableavailable fromfrom mid-Aprilmid-April toto mid-mid­ (Berberis lycium),lycium), guch (Viburnum May. Total production is is 1515 to 2020 tonstons nervosum),nervosum), wild fig (Ficus(Ficus glometra)glometra) andand (Iqbal, 1991),1991), all of whichwhich isis usedused locally.locally. mulberry (Morus(Moras alba) areare collectedcollected byby Average retail priceprice is Rs7 to 8 perper men, womenwomen and children for domestic use, Idlogram.kilogram. often eaten on the spot.spot. TheThe wildwild fruitfruit isis collected by graziers in the forests. Condiments Occasionally small quantities appear in local towns for salesale (RAPA,(RAPA, 1987).1987). Wild seeds: Dried seedsseeds of wild pomegranate (Punica granatum), locally knownknown asas "anar dana," areare widelywidely

84 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products Pakistan

used in cooldngcooking to developdevelop a soursour tastetaste inin is collected before ripening. The plants are dishes. They alsoalso havehave medicinalmedicinal properties. dried and fruitsfruits areare thrashedthrashed out,out, cleaned,cleaned, The tree grows naturally in sub-mountainous and stored inin bags.bags. tracts of thethe countrycountry fromfrom 900900 toto 1,8001,800 meters. Flowers appear in AprilApril andand MayMay Total production is aboutabout 300300 tonstons (Khan,(Khan, and the fruitfruit isis readyready forfor harvestingharvesting inin 1985), all whichwhich isis consumedconsumed locally. September andand October. An averageaverage treetree Wholesale pricesprices range from Rs160Rsl60 toto 180180 yields 15 to 25 kilograms of fresh fruit.fruit. per kilogram.kilogram.

Total production ofof thethe fruitfniit is aboutabout 250250 MEDICINAL PLANTS tons, of whichwhich two-thirds comes fromfrom NWFP and one-third from thethe Punjab. TheThe Because ofof its varied environment, PaldstanPakistan fruit yields 90 to 95 tonstons ofof drieddried seedseed andand is rich in medicinal herbs. The country's listlist about 100 tons ofof skin. The skin is used by of plantsplants is quitequite longlong (Zaman(Zaman andand Khan,Khan, tanneries in Punjab. 1970), but all of the plants are notnot exploited commercially. AA survey conductedconducted by thethe Production ofof freshfresh pomegranatepomegranate fruit isis PakistanPaldstan Forest Institute records 320 estimated atat 3535 kilogramskilograms perper householdhousehold medicinal plants, growing in different (Iqbal, 1991). About 6,000 toto 7,000 familiesfamilies ecological zoneszones (RAPA,(RAPA, 1987).1987). AA listlist of collect wild pomegranate fruits. The seedsseeds commercially important medicinal plants is are extractedextracted byby about 150 to 200200 oldold provided in Table 3. women whowho work in thethe warehouseswarehouses of dealers. The womenwomen generally do not likelike All these plants grow wild and no effort has the work because it stainsstains theirtheir hands.hands. been made toto cultivatecultivate them.them. PakistanPaldstan ForestForest Institute has standardizedstandardized thethe methodologymethodology The entire production of PaldstanPakistan is of cultivationcultivation ofof aa numbernumber ofof important important consumed within thethe country.country. It is not medicinal herbsherbs (Khan and Zaidi, 1989)1989) enough to meetmeet locallocal demanddemand andand somesome quantities areare imported from Iran. TheThe Methods ofof collectioncollection Iranian anaranar dana is, however,however, of inferiorinferior quality because of its sweetishsweetish taste and isis The collection of medicinal plants is mostly used in pharmaceuticalpharmaceutical preparationspreparations controlled byby the Forest Department. Three by local Greco-ArabGreco-Arab pharmacies.pharmacies. methods ofof collection are practisedpractised (Iqbal,(Iqbal, 1991; RAPA, 1987;1987; andand Khan,Khan, 1985):1985): : (Carum(Carum carvi),carv,), knownknown locally asas "zeera siah," is widelywidely usedused toto flavor bread,bread, 41» Leasing thethe area forfor collectioncollection of biscuits, cakes andand .cheese. It isis alsoalso anan medicinal herbs. This methodmethod is used ingredient ofof pickling spice.spice. ItIt is aa mildmild in the Hazara forests in NWFP. stomachic and carminative,carminative, occasionally used for flatulent colic and as an adjuvant or Collection byby the traders fromfrom locallocal corrective for medicinesmedicines (CSIR, 1950).1950). people who pay nominal royalties to the Forest Department. ThisThis methodmethod The plant is aa perennialperennial herbherb withwith thickthick is commoncommon in thethe MalakandMalakand forestsforests tuberous roots. It grows wild in dry in NWFP. temperate regionsregions ofof the country. The fruit

85 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Pakistan

Table 3. Commercially important medicinal plants collected from foresta in Pakistan

Estimated quantities extracted annually Priee Name Part used (tons) (Rs/kg) Export potential; comments

Mushk-e-Bala Valentina wallicim Roots 300-400 40-50 About 150 tons exported to Hong Kong and Germany alts, 40-50 per kg,

Fersosban. Adtantam capillas Whole plant 100-125 6-8 About 15-20 tong exportad to (maiden hair gertnanY etteh Yeat. Extraotion fern) can be increased up to 1,000 tons per year.

Anjabar Polygonurn Roots 40 10 amplexicule

Unab Zszyphus vulgaris Fruits 30-40 10-12 -

Hub-al-as Mynas comanunis Fruits and 40-45 40 ,, (Munru) leaves

13anafsha Viola serpear Flowers 30 100-240 Upto 200 tons can be collected Leaves 40 15 easily , Suranjan-e, Colchicum lateum Corma 12 60 Entire quantity is exported to Telkh Seeds 2 125-150 Germany, South Africa, France and Bulgaria

Ban Kakri Podophyllum emodi Rhizomes and 30-60 40-45 Exported to Belgium roots

Kamila ltiallotus Fruits 4-5 40-50 . philippensis Mamelch Paeorria emodi Rhizomes 18 22 -

Afsantine Artemis:a marinnta Leaves/ 100-150 15 shoots

Ajwam Carum coptrcum Seeds 200 1$ -

Chiratta Swertia chirata Twigs 30 28

Witch Acorus calamar Roots 10 24 -

Darhald or Berberts tyclum Wood 600 10 Meda Chob Roots 120 14

Khurasani Hyocyamus niger Seeds 2 20 -

Ajwain Sisymbrium trio Seeds 50 10 - Khaksir

Ajwain Carne copticum Seeds 200 15 ,,,

86 Non-WoodNOll- Wood Forest Products PakistanPakistall

, Zeera &aft Caram cart); Seeds 10 160-180 -

Bantu Booti Centella astatica Whole plant 12 32

Meetha Tecla Aconitam chasmanthum Roots 4 25 or sufaid Mori

Alta Aconttunt hetero phyllunt Roots 2 250 -

Kamz () rtioseorea deltodea Rhizome 230 16 Kunlun Chemical purchases it ' @Its 4-5 per kg. Also repotted to be exported to Japan

Angoor shefa Atropa acummata Whole plant 10 12 - (Belladona) -

Barg-u; Azra Digitalis putpurea Whole plant 10 10 - (Foxglove)

Bhatkar Adhatoda vasica Leaves 20 $

Bhang Cannabis sativa Whole plant 20 10 -

Panir Dodt Withania coagulans Fruit 125 $ Khyber Ageney, Waziristan

Asgand Wnhania sominfera Roots 32 35 taziatttput, Peshawar Exported to India Amaltas Cassia fistula Pods 150 15 Hariput and Gadoon Baid Mushk Salbc alba Bark 10 18 Mardan, Peshaw Swabi, Rustam Jangli piaz Urginea indica Bulbs 6 30 Rustrun, Kot, Butter Scilla

Indrayan °trains colocynthus Fruits 12 9 Risalpur, Ntzampur, Peshawar (Colocynth)

Asmama Éphedra nebrodemsis Twigs 780 43 Baluchistan

Source: Iqbal, 1991 and Khan, 19851985

87 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Pakistan

Marketing • In Azad Kashmir, the Forest Department auctions off fixed The herbs are sold either dried or fresh to quantities. the local grocers who sellsell themthem toto whole-whole­ salers. The wholesalerswholesalers sellsell them to thethe The methodmethod adoptedadopted inin MalakandMalakand forestsforests pharmaceutical concernsconcerns oror to exporters. has givengiven encouragingencouraging results. It is flexibleflexible and competitivecompetitive because ofof the absenceabsence of Processing plants unnecessary controls of the Forest Department. AsAs aa result, Mingora hashas There isis onlyonly oneone state-owned state-owned processingprocessing emerged as oneone ofof thethe biggestbiggest tradingtrading cen-cen­ plant, Kurram Chemicals Ltd.,Ltd. , in tres ofof medicinalmedicinal herbsherbs inin thethe country.country. Rawalpindi. It usesuses ArtemisiaArlemisia martitima,martitima, Some of the traderstraders inin MingoraMingora alsoalso exportexport yam roots (Dioscorea deltoidea)deftoidea) and medicinal herbs.herbs. Ephdedra nebrodensisnebrodensis as rawraw materialsmaterials toto extract alkaloids. The factory, which used to Role of forest dwellersdwellers process 100 tonstons aa year,year, stoppedstopped usingusing ArtemisiaArlemisia maritima twotwo yearsyears agoago becausebecause Collection isis done by thethe forestforest dwellersdwellers of the availabilityavailability of syntheticsynthetic substitutes.substitutes. living in remoteremote valleys, people who go to The factory has capacity to process 560 tons forests to grazegraze theirtheir livestock,livestock, cutcut grass,grass, of yamyam root toto extractextract diosgenin, but it waswas collect firewoodfirewood andand mushrooms.mushrooms. AkramAkram only able to procure 240 tons last year. The and SabirSabir (1990)(1990) describedescribe the processprocess of yam roots are purchasedpurchased at thethe factoryfactory gategate collecting: for Rs5Rs5 perper kilogram.kilogram.

"It is anan unusualunusual observation,observation, whilewhile havinghaving The factoryfactory is alsoalso capablecapable ofof processing processing tea inin aa way-sideway-side hotel hotel inin thethe mountainmountain 1200 tons ofof EphedraEphedra nebrodensisnebrodensis intointo range ofof HimalayaHimalaya in Pakistan thatthat workmen ephedrin each year.year. All of itsits supplies comecome descending from from a a hillhill toptop withwith aa load of from Baluchistan,Baluchistan, where thethe plantplant containscontains firewood, hand over aa smallsmall collectioncollection ofof 0.7 toto 11 perper centcent ephedrin.ephedrin. Extraction is mushrooms oror aa bundle of Swertia herb to done between September and October each the shopkeeper. The teatea shopowner,shopowner, whenwhen year, whenwhen the Forest Department gives out asked about the fate of thethe herb,herb, tooktook usus contracts. Contractors supply the material to inside a spacious mud room, used as a store, the factoryfactory atat Rawalpindi.Rawalpindi. TheThe extractionextraction where bagsbags fullfull ofof drieddried SwertiaSwertia werewere charges established by the contractor and the kept for anan expectedexpected buyer."buyer. " department are paid by the factory management toto the contractors.contractors. Moreover,Moreover, A surveysurvey byby IqbalIqbal (1991)(1991) in NWFP,NWFP, foundfound an amount of Rs5 per ldlogramkilogram is also paid 21,000 men,men, womenwomen andand childrenchildren involvedinvolved by the factoryfactory managementmanagement to the forestryforestry in collectioncollection of medicinalmedicinal herbs. No suchsuch department inin royalties. During 1990, the information isis available forfor other parts of factory paidpaid RsO.Rs0.95 95 per kilogramkilogram to thethe the country. contractors inin additon to paying Rs5 to thethe department as as royalty.royalty. Thus,Thus, totaltotal cost of raw materialmaterial was Rs1.08Rsl.08 perper ldlogram.kilogram. During 1990, total supply of the plant to the factory waswas 780780 tons,tons, 65 percent of itsits

88 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products PakistanPa!dsliln

installed capacity. Method ofof extraction:extraction: TheThe FrenchFrench methodmethod of resin tapping,tapping, introducedintroduced in 1888,1888, isis stillstill Recommendations in use. Trees underunder 3030 centimeterscentimeters inin diameter ~eare not tapped.tapped. TreesTrees betweenbetween 3030 All medicinalmedicinal herbsherbs inin thethe countrycountry areare and 57 centimeterscentimeters are givengiven 11 blazeblaze andand obtained from the wild. ThereThere' is no those above 57 centimeterscentimeters are givengiven 22 cultivation and and nono efforts are mademade toto blazes. replenish sources. As a result, production of plants such as Valerina wallichii andand WhenWhen, a tree isis tappedtapped for thethe firstfirst time, time, aa Dioscores delloideadeltoidea hashas declined. ToTo ensureensure 20-centimeter broadbroad cutcut is mademade aboutabout 1515 a sustainablesustainable supplysupply ofof medicinalmedicinal herbs,herbs, centimeters above groundground level.level. A thinthin cultivation of important medicinalmedicinal herbs inin sheetsh~t of iron,iron, 1515 centimeterscentimeters long andand 55 forest areas should be encouraged, centimeters,centimeters wide, isis hammeredhammered intointo thisthis cutcut particularly those with export potential. For to form a lip.lip. AboveAbove thethe liplip a 1515 xx 1212 this purpose,purpose, long-termlong-term leasesleases shouldshould bebe centimeter gash isIS made in the wood. This is given to interestedinterested parties.parties. called a "channel," or "blaze.""blaze." AnAn earthernearthem pot is hung below the lip to collect the resin. The Pakistan Forest InstituteInstitute hashas developeddeveloped The blaze is freshened every week. At eacheach technology to cultivate some of the freshening, the length of blazeblaze isis increasedincreased commercially importantimportant medicinalmedicinal herbs by aboutabout 0.80.8 centimeters.centimeters. TheThe processprocess (Khan and Zaidi, 1989).1989). TheseThese resultsresults needneed continues forfor aboutabout 55 years, after whichwhich a to be disseminated among the forest dwellers new blaze is started about 1515 centimeterscentimeters to along with otherother extensionextension services.services. TheThe the left of the old one. At each fresheningfreshening of supply base needs to be widenedwidened to increase the blaze, thethe resinresin fromfrom thethe clayclay potpot goesgoes jobjob andand incomeincome opportunitiesopportunities for forestforest into an emptyempty kerosenekerosene tin.tin. The tinstins areare dwellers. This can bebe achievedachieved by includingincluding transported toto roadsideroadside depotsdepots andand fromfrom cultivation ofof medicinalmedicinal herbs inin social there to thethe resinresin processingprocessing factories.factories. ThisThis

,forestry,forestry programs. method yieldsyields 1.51.5 to 22 ldlogramskilograms of resinresin per treetree eacheach seasonseason (Sheikh(Sheikh andand Hafeez,Hafeez, In light of thethe successsuccess ofof thethe experienceexperience inin 1977). the Malakand Forest, thatthat modelmodel shouldshould bebe replicated inin other places in the coutnrycoutnry toto The operation of resin tappingtapping is carried out encourage collectioncollection and and toto developdevelop thethe manually withwith small handhand tools. It is trade to thethe advantageadvantage of forestforest dwellers.dwellers. seasonal andand lastslasts for 7 toto 88 monthsmonths fromfrom March/April to October/November.October/November. TheThe work is laborlabor intensiveintensive andand affordsaffords jobjob INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS opportunities to some 2,000 workers (Khattak and Amjad, 1981.)1981.) Resin One problem is thatthat extractionextraction contractorscontractors Resin is obtainedobtained by tappingtapping the chirchir pinepine are notnot carefulcareful in maidngmaking blazes and as a (Pinus roxburghir)roxburghu) trees. ChirChir pinepine forestsforests result many trees are damaged. The situation occur primarilyprimarily in the PunjabPunjab (60,000(60,000 is exacerbated when the resinresin blazesblazes catchcatch hectares), AzadAzad Kashmir (60,000 hectares),hectares), fire and valuable butt logs are scarredscarred andand and the NWFP (80,000(80,000 hectares).hectares). damaged (Iqbal, 1980). For thesethese reasons,reasons,

89 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Pakistan the ForestryForestry DepartmentDepartment in PunjabPunjab hashas Rs11.55Rsll.55 per ldlogramkilogram in Azad Kashmir. The stopped and its rosin factoryfactory wholesale priceprice ofof rosin andand turpentineturpentine is at Jallo has beenbeen closed.closed. Rs28.82 per ldlogramkilogram and Rs27.08 per liter, respectively, at the factory gate.gate. Resin extraction and processing are controlled byby thethe GovernmentGovernment throughthrough itsits Vegetable tanning Forestry Departments.Departments. Bark or "babul""babuI" (Acacia(Acacia nilotica) is thethe The averageaverage productionproduction of crudecrude resinresin principal agent used in vegetable tanning of during the last 10 years is 4,132 tonstons (Table(Table hides in Pakistan.Paldstan. The bark is obtained as a 4). by-product whenwhen thethe treestrees areare felled. ItIt is separated fromfrom logs by beatingbeating themthem withwith wooden malletsmallets andand thethe strips are dried in l'able 4, Production of exude resin in Pakistan (tons) the open and sent to tanneries.tanneries. The propor-propor­ tion of bark to wood is 1:5 by weightweight and a Year Azad NWFP Ptmjab Total Kaalunir plantation ofof 2525 trees per acre,acre, whenwhen 1515 years old, maymay yieldyield about 5 tonstons ofof barkbark 1981 2.697 1,550 1,200 5,247 1982 2,369 L163 1,105 4,637 (CSIR 1950).1950). 1983 2,371 1,714 937 4,022 1984 1,870 1,021 991 3,882 1985 1,448 780 1,320 3,548 Tannin content ofof barkbark varies from 7 to 20 1986 2,151 1,092 1,318 4,562 percent. The bark from old treestrees andand mainmain 1987 2,098 887 1,659 4,644 1988 2,180 653 604 3437 stems, though richerricher inin tannin, is inferior to 1989 2,318 887 - 3205 ' the barkbark fromfrom branchesbranches andand youngyoung treestrees Average 2,167 950 5,542 4,132 because the latter has a lowlow proportionproportion of non-tanning coloring substances. SooSeam: ....: Major)AmJad and...d Khan,Kbaa, 1990;1990; R...ro.%war& 0(or ROf.Rods aadand 1'lIrpeatiaeTurpeatise Factory,t'..tory, HuipnHaripar non-tanning coloring substances. (NWFP) The leather produced by babul bark Processing facilities: Crude resin is possesses firmness andand durability, butbut it processed to produceproduce rosinrosin andand turpentine.turpentine. exhibits harshness andand is darkdark colored.colored. The yield of rosin from crude resin is about Babul bark is bulkybulky and itsits tanintanin contentcontent isis 65 to 75 percent and of turpentine 15 to 20 comparatively lowlow (Trotter, 1940).1940). percent. AtAt present,present, onlyonly oneone state-owned state-owned factory, at HaripurHaripur inin NWFPNWFP isis producingproducing Recently, farmers in somesome parts ofof PunjabPunjab rosin and turpentine.turpentine. The capacity of thethe (Sargodha, Jhang andand Faisalabad)Faisalabad) have factory atat Haripur isis 3,600 tons, but it isis started raising babul plantations around their running at one-thirdone-third capacity because ofof a crops. They harvestharvest thethe plants after 22 yearsyears shortage of resin. and extract the bark. The bark is soldsold toto thethe crushing plants at Rs1.00Rs1.00 toto 1.25 perper The importation of synthetic rosin, whichwhich is kilogram.lcilogram. The crushingcrushing plantsplants sell the cheaper than domestic rosin,rosin, has further set crushed bark to the tanneries atat Rs1.Rs1.75 75 per back the processing plantsplants and the closure of kilogram.lcilogram. ThusThus thethe status of bark has shifted the Haripur factoryfactory isis beingbeing considered.considered. from being a by-productby-product to beingbeing aa mainmain product. Extraction costscosts Rs3Rs3 toto 44 per ldlogramkilogram and for Rs6.70Rs6.70 perper kilogramkilogram in NWFPNWFP andand

90 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products Pakistan

About 210 kilograms ofof crushed bark areare digestion. The yield of goodgood quality needed to produce 100100 kilograms of leather bleached pulp ranges from 33 to 3535 percentpercent (5 hides). Total annual production of (of thethe weightweight of rawraw material).material). TheThe fibrefibre vegetable-tanned leather leather in in the country is length is about 2 millimetersmillimeters (CSIR,(CSIR, 1950).1950). estimated atat 40,000 tons. The tanneriestanneries are concentrated in PunjabPunjab (Wazirabad,(Wazirabad, Qusur,Qusur, There is only one paper millmill in thethe country,country, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Daska.Daska and Pasrur).Pasrur). at NowsheraNowshera (NWFP),(NWFP) , whichwhich usesuses SabaiSabai Annual consumptionconsumption of babulbabul bark is grass in addition to Saccharum grass. TheThe estimated at 84,000 tons. Potential mill purchases 1,0001,000 toto 1,500 tons of thethe production of the bark is moremore thanthan that,that, butbut grass annually at Rs750Rs750 perper ton. TheThe not all ofof itit isis currentlycurrently extracted.extracted. supplies come exclusively fromfrom the ParangParang Ghar are,a.area. The vegetable tanning process has also been set backback becausebecause ofof availabilityavailability of thethe Harvesting the grass isis tedious,tedious, low-payinglow-paying synthetic tannin. A number of tanneries have work. PoorPoor peoplepeople withwith nono alternativesalternatives been closedclosed or havehave shiftedshifted toto syntheticsynthetic resort to thisthis work. AA personperson cancan earnearn Rs25Rs25 tanin. There is,is, therefore,therefore, notnot muchmuch hopehope to 3030 perper dayday fromfrom this work. After for expansionexpansion ofof this cottage industry. harvesting, the grass is bundled and Furthermore, the barkbark is not exportedexported despatched toto the mill inin trucks. About 250 because of its bulkbulk andand thethe availabilityavailability ofof to 300 people are involvedinvolved in supplyingsupplying the synthetic tanin. NearlyNearly allall leatherleather producedproduced grass to the mill.mill. by vegetable tanning isis usedused domestically.domestically. Another 500500 to 600 tons of grassgrass areare soldsold Bhabar grassgrass each year in locallocal marketsmarkets at Rs1.00Rs1.oo perper kilogram, forfor useuse asas carpetingcarpeting inin mosques.mosques. Bhabar oror SabaiSabai (Euliopsis(Euliopsis binata)binata) isis aa tufted perennial grass.grass. ItIt grows on drydry andand bare sub-mountainoussub-mountainous tracts in Torai ShinaiShinai FIBERS (Kohat), Nizampur and Ghar (Mohamand Agency) inin NWFP. TheThe grassgrass Mazri leavesleaves is hardy,hardy, survivingsurviving bothboth frostfrost andand droughtdrought and isis light demanding.demanding. SabaiSabai grassgrass is Mazri isis thethe locallocal namename forfor dwarfdwarf palmpalm harvested annually in November and (Nonnorrhops ritchieana).ritchieana). It is a gre-gre­ December. YieldsYields vary vary fromfrom 2020 to 7575 garious, tufted,tufted, low-growinglow-growing andand shrubbyshrubby maunds (1(1 maundmaund = 82.382.3 pounds)pounds) per acre,acre, palm, growing naturally in NWFP, depending upon locality, rainfall and Baluchistan and the adjacent tribal belt along intensity of managementmanagement (CSIR,(CSIR, 1950).1950). both sides of the Suleiman Range, from 600 to 11001100 metersmeters inin elevation.elevation. FarmersFarmers inin Sabai grass,grass, whenwhen carefullycarefully c,olleetedcollected andand some parts of NWFPNWFP (Paniala,(paniala, D.I.D.l. Khan)Khan) free from weeds and foreign material, yields have alsoalso started cultivating it in their medium-quality writing paper. It is agricultural fieldsfields betwe,enbetween otherother crops. singularly homogenous in quality throughout the whole plant. Even thethe nodes areare Mazri leaves are used in a variety of every-every­ digestable and consequently itit is reduced to day products, including mats, baskets, a clean and regular pulp by simple brooms, trays, hand fans, graingrain binsbins andand

91 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Pakistan cordage. Average annual production of raw In somesome areas,areas, suchsuch asas HanguHangu (Kohat),(Kohat), mazri leaves in the countrycountry is 37,31537,315 tonstons unnecessary legal restrictions on harvesting, (Table 5). transportation and marketing of mazri leaves and its products have put thethe manufacturersmanufacturers of mazrimazri productsproducts atat aa disadvantage.disadvantage. TheThe Table S. Mazri production in Pakigtan law requiresrequires thatthat rawraw mazrimazri leavesleaves andand Estimate41 tiVerage products should be marketedmarketed in placesplaces annual production designated by the Government. In the mazrimazri Province (tons) producing areas, the products are toto bebe soldsold Baluchistan 27,265 only to thethe purchaserspurchasers of thethe mazrimazri leaves.leaves. This restriction seriously weakens the NWFP 2,851 bargaining positionposition ofof the manufactuersmanufactuers of Federally Administered 7,199 mazri products and consequently they do not Tribal Aseas (FATA) get adequate return for their products. The relaxation of legal restrictions may Total 37,315 encourage aa free marketmarket and improveimprove thethe Source: Amjad and Khan,Khan, 1990; 1990; Iqbal,Iqbal, 1991 1991 situation for the manufacturers (Iqbal, 1991). It has been estimated that an average worker can process more than 0.5 tons of raw mazri nu(SILK COCOONS COCOONS leaves perper year (Iqbal, 1991).1991). About 65,000 people are involvedinvolved in in processingprocessing mazrimazri Silkworm rearing on mulberry leaves leaves, 78 percent ofof themthem women.women. obtained fromfrom high-trunk treestrees grown in government plantationsplantations andand farmlands isis an The retail price of raw mazrimazri leaves is about old cottage industry in manymany ruralrural areas.areas. Rs3.40 perper ldlogramkilogram withwith aa total value of Only one crop of silkworms is reared during collected leaves reachingreaching Rs126Rs126 millionmillion the springspring season.season. AboutAbout 40,00040,000 packetspackets annually. Although pricesprices of thethe finishedfinished (one contains 20,000 eggs) of mazri products vary considerably, the silkseedsilkse,ed imported imported fromfrom KoreaKorea andand JapanJapan are estimated valuevalue ofof mazrimazri leavesleaves almostalmost distributed each year amongamong silkwormsilkworm doubles after processing.processing. ThusThus processingprocessing rearers, byby bothboth publicpublic andand privateprivate agencies.agencies. nets about Rs126 million to the About 13,00013,000 familiesfamilies are involvedinvolved inin manufacturers each year (Iqbal,(Iqbal, 1991).1991). silkworm rearing.rearing. Total production of dry cocoons inin the countrycountry is aboutabout 245245 tonstons Because of indiscriminateindiscriminate damage,damage, mazrimazri (RAPA, 1987).1987). forests are disappearing in many places. The supply base is graduallygradually shrinkingshrinking and the Up to 600 Idlogramskilograms of mulberry leaves are incomes ofof familiesfamilies areare threatened.threatened. Re-Re­ required to rearrear silkvvormssilkworms obtainedobtained fromfrom habilitation ofof mazri forests is, therefore,therefore, one packet of silkseed.silkseed. Thus, 22,00022,000 toto essential inin order toto maintainmaintain thethe supplysupply 24,000 tons of mulberry leaves are base. Also, thethe farmersfarmers whowho havehave taken up consumed each year.year. Iqbal (1991)(1991) hashas mazri cultivation need extension support to reported that the value of the leaves requiredrequired obtain the maximum possible returns. to rearrear oneone packetpacket of silksilk seedseed is Rs200Rs200 toto 300. The totaltotal value,value, therefore,therefore, isis aboutabout Rs10RslO million, based onon an average priceprice of

92 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Pakistan

Rs250. Net return toto thethe rearers isis estimatedestimated December. The fruit is picked from thethe treetree at Rs1,140 perper packet (Iqbal, 1991), and droppeddropped to thethe groundground wherewhere itit is generating aa total net incomeincome of Rs45.6Rs45.6 gathered by other workers. TwoTwo peoplepeople cancan million to thethe silkwormsilkworm rearersrearers in the collect the fruit of one tree inin aa singlesingle day.day. country. The wholesale priceprice has risen from Rs5 per kilogram inin 1988 to Rs10RslO per kilogramkilogram in Silkworm rearing techniquestechniques are generallygenerally 1990. The produce is often soldsold whilewhile stillstill primitive. Consequently thethe yieldyield is low.low. on the tree at Rs400Rs400 to 500 per tree. TheThe Moreover, a recentrecent surveysurvey byby IqbalIqbal (1991)(1991) purchaser isis thenthen responsibleresponsible forfor collectingcollecting observed that silkwormsilkworm rearing isis mainlymainly the fruits. done by womenwomen but thethe extensionextension staff of the sericulture sections of the Forest A recent surveysurvey in thethe villagevillage ofof NajafpurNajafpur Departments are all men, who are unable to (Haripur) indicatedindicated thatthat yieldsyields perper tree are communicate directly with the womenwomen 50 to 100 kilogram (average 60.8 kilograms) silkworm rearers.rearers. Therefore, therethere is anan and the numbernumber of bearingbearing treestrees isis betweenbetween obvious opportunity to improveimprove extensionextension one andand threethree perper familyfamily (Iqbal,(Iqbal, 1991). services byby employingemploying womenwomen extensionextension Total production in thethe countrycountry isis estimatedestimated workers. to bebe 250250 tons.tons. TheThe numbernumber ofof families families involved inin collection isis about 4,100 with a The entire production of cocoons is total value estimated toto be Rs2.5Rs2.5 million,million, processed locally onon primitiveprimitive hand-reelinghand-reeling based on an average wholesalewholesale price ofof Rs10 RslO machines. TheThe rawraw silk is used as weftweft inin per kilogram.kilogram. the locallocal weavingweaving industry. The warpwarp isis imported. To expand opportunities in soap-nut production, thethe ForestForest DepartmentDepartment shouldshould MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS encourage cultivation through its watershedwatershed and social forestryforestry programmes.programmes. Soap-nut Walnut bark Soap-nut, knownknown asas "retha,""retha," isis a fruit of aa tree (Sapindus mukrosst).mukrossl). Its pericarp Root bark ofof walnutwalnut (JugIons(Juglans regia,)regia,) andand contains saponin, which makesmakes lather withwith sometimes even the stem bark isis frequentlyfrequently water and is used as aa substitutesubstitute for soap. It used in thethe country country asas aa toothtooth cleanser,cleanser, is preferablepreferable to regularregular soapsoap forfor certaincertain particularly byby women,women, asas it impartsimparts a articles such as flannelflannel andand silksilk clothes.clothes. pinlcishpinkish colourcolour toto thethe lips. RemovalRemoval of thethe Women use itit asas shampoo.shampoo. bark, however,however, injuresinjures thethe trees.trees. InIn extremeextreme cases, it eveneven killskills them.them. Moreover,Moreover, it isis The soap-nutsoap-nut treetree is cultivated in sub-sub­ suspe,ctedsuspected thatthat thethe barkbark isis used in preparing Himalayan tracts up to 1,2001,200 meters.meters. PeoplePeople fake tea, whichwhich isis harmfulharmful toto thethe health.health. in HaripurHaripur (Hazara)(Hazara) grow the treetree inin theirtheir For thisthis reason,reason, extractionextraction ofof walnutwalnut barkbark court yards and agriculturalagricultural fields. has beenbeen bannedbanned by thethe government.government. It isis still extracted by forestforest dwellers,dwellers, however,however, The treetree startsstarts bearingbearing when 6 toto 88 yearsyears for domesticdomestic use and forfor salesale toto visitors.visitors. old. ItIt flowersflowers betweenbetween MayMay andand JuneJune andand Prior toto thethe ban,ban, thethe barkbark waswas exportedexported toto all thethe fruit ripensripens atat onceonce inin NovemberNovember andand the Middle East.East.

93 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products PakistonPakistan

The quantity of bark extractedextracted each year is tools. TheThe numbernumber ofof households households involvedinvolved difficult toto estimate duedue toto the banban onon itsits has beenbeen estimatedestimated to bebe 300.300. ThereforeTherefore extraction and marketing.marketing. about 1,500 persons are involvedinvolved in thethe process. Total annual production is PatosaPalos a gum estimated to be 600,000 baskets, consumingconsuming 2,000 to 2,5002,500 tonstons ofof rawraw materialmaterial eacheach Gum collected from trees of Acacia modesta year. is locally known as "palosa.""palosa." PalosaPalosa gum isis eaten by women as a sweet. It is believedbelieved to The baskets are transportedtransported to thethe nearbynearby restore vitality, particularWparticularly after child birth. towns wherewhere theythey areare sold toto thethe shop-shop­ keepers atat an averageaverage price of Rs5Rs5 each.each. The tree grows inin sub-mountainoussub-mountainous tracts up This produces a revenue of Rs3 million each to 1,2001,200 meters.meters. ItIt startsstarts producingproducing gumgum year. after 4 or 55 years,years, whenwhen itit yieldsyields aboutabout 0.06 kilograms of gum. Production increases with Neem leaves and seedsseeds age until about 20 years,years, whenwhen itit stabilizesstabilizes at aboutabout 0.250.25 kilogramskilograms per tree perper year.year. Leaves ofof thethe neemneem tree (Azadirachta(Aztulirachta The gumgum oozesoozes spontaneouslyspontaneously from thethe indica) are used by ruralrural womenwomen asas insectinsect stems and mainmain branchesbranches in OctoberOctober andand repellant. Layers of leavesleaves are placedplaced bet-bet­ November and is thenthen collectedcollected by hand. ween woolen clothes to keep the moths away while storing them.them. The leaves also protect A recent surveysurvey in thethe villagevillage ofof SherawalaSherawala grain from grain pestspests duringduring storage.storage. AtAt (Haripur) found the numbernumber ofof AcaciaAcacia present there is nono marketmarket forfor thethe product.product. modesta trees ranged between 2 and 200 perper family (average 69). The quantityquantity of gumgum Neem seeds contain 40 percentpercent ofof deepdeep obtained fromfrom these trees ranged fromfrom 1I to yellow fatty oiloil known asas "margosa oil." It 20 kilogramskilograms per householdhousehold (average(average 11.211.2 is effectiveeffective in thethe treatmenttreatment of leprosyleprosy andand kilograms), ofof whichwhich 1515 percent is estimated skin diseases and is used inin pharmaceuticalpharmaceutical to be consumed within thethe household (Iqbal,(Iqbal, preparations, face cream, hair lotion, 1991). TheThe rest is soldsold for about about Rs60 per medicated soap, tooth paste, disinfectantdisinfectant andand kilogram, generating an average revenue of as an emulsifyingemulsifying agent in insecticides. The Rs571 per family. Production figures for thethe unrefined margosamargosa oiloil isis used as lamplamp oil.oil. entire country are notnot available.available. The seed cake is aa goodgood fertilizerfertilizer andand isis said to keepkeep whitewhite antsants awayaway fromfrom plants.plants. Basketry All parts of the neem tree, includingincluding "neem"neem toddy," thethe juice thatthat exudes from thethe trunktrunk Branches ofof Tamarix dioica, locallylocally knownknown spontaneously or or through wounds,wounds, havehave as "lei,""lei," byby thethe nomadsnomads livingliving alongalong thethe numerous therapeutic usesuses inin traditionaltraditional banks of riverriver IndusIndus areare usedused forfor malcing making medicine. baskets. The branches are cut duringduring JulyJuly and August andand storedstored forfor thethe rest of thethe Unfortunately, the potential of this year. AnAn averageaverage household,household, consistingconsisting ofof 55 wonderful multi-purpose tree has only begun workingworlcing membersmembers makesmakes 2,0002,000 baskets each to be exploited, although it grows year. An average worker makesmakes two baskets abundantly in in thethe plains of Punjab,Punjab, Sind,Sind, in aa day.d(lY. TheThe basketsbaskets areare mademade withoutwithout and the southern partsparts ofof NWFP.NWFP. There is a

94 NOII-Non- Wood Forest Products Pakistan need to re-introduce neem asas a multi­multi- departments should be reorientated to purpose tree through social forestry include NTFPsNTFPs asas an alterativealterative source of programs of thethe ForestForest DepartmentDepartment and toto income for forestforest dwellersdwellers toto weanwean themthem harness its potential for supplying rawraw away from thethe destructivedestructive habit of usingusing material for industry.industry. trees as a primaryprimary sourcesource ofof income.income.

This cancan bebe achievedachieved onlyonly byby adequateadequate CONCLUSIONS ANDAND FUTUREFUTURE research leading to a better understanding of nffiECTIONSDIRECTIONS NTFPs. ExtensiveExtensive surveyssurveys ofof existingexisting levelslevels of NTFPNTFP production,production, marketingmarketing chainschains and Use of thethe termterm "minor"minor forestforest produce"produce" hashas end-uses are a goodgood startingstarting point.point. relegated NTFPsNTFPs toto anan insignificantinsignificant positionposition among the prioritiespriorities of thethe ForestForest Depart-Depart­ ments. Many products are notnot even included in thethe officialofficial statistics,statistics, withwith thethe resultresult thatthat little information is available regarding their production, uses, prices, and markets. Products whichwhich areare not extractedextracted by thethe Forest Departments, or on whichwhich nono taxestaxes are levied,levied, havehave particularlyparticularly beenbeen ignored.ignored. For example,example, officialofficial statisticsstatistics saysay nothingnothing about mores,morels, despite the fact that the livelihood ofof millionsmillions ofof forestforest dwellersdwellers depend onon them, and valuable foreign exchange (Rs130 to 150150 million),million), isis earnedearned each year.year.

Consequently, the potential of NTFPsNTFPs hashas never been fullyfully exploited,exploited, either for thethe development ofof the forests or for thethe better-better­ ment of the people. HardlyHardly anyany effortsefforts havehave been mademade toto developdevelop thesethese productsproducts andand very littlelittle researchresearch supportsupport isis available.available.

Thel'he positivepositive sideside ofof NTFPsNTFPs isis that thethe products are aa keykey componentcomponent ofof thethe socialsocial fabric of forestforest dwellersdwellers andand aa significantsignificant source of revenuerevenue forfor poorpoor people.people. IqbalIqbal (1991) estimated that NTFPsNTFPs contributecontribute about 34 percentpercent toto thethe incomeincome ofof thosethose involved in collectingcollecting andand processingprocessing them.them.

Neem (Azadirachta indica) provides a multitude of useful NTFPs havehave realreal potentialpotential inin watershedwatershed andand wood and non-wood products.products . social forestry programs in the ForestForest Departments of the country. The

95 Non-WoodNolt-Wood ForestForest Products PakistanPakislon

BmLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad, R. andand N.N. Muzaffar,Muzaffar, 1987. 1987. Modern Modern beekeeping beekeeping PakistanPakistan AgriculturalAgricultural ResearchResearch Council.Council. Islamabad.

Akram, M. andand A.W.A.W. Sabir.Sabir. 1990. A notenote onon collectioncollection ofof chirayettas. chirayettas. Hamdard Medicus.Medicus. XXXIII(4):98-100.

CSIR. 1950. 7heThe wealthwealth of India - aa dictionarydictionary ofof Indian Indian rawraw materialsmaterials andand industrialindustrial products.products. Council of Scientific andand IndustrialIndustrial Research.Rese,arch. Govt. Govt. ofof IndiaIndia Press.Press. New Delhi.

Iqbal, M. 1980.1980. RevisedRevised workingworking planplan ofof thethe SiranSiran GuzaraGuzara ForestsForests (1980-81(1980-81 toto 1989-90).1989-90). Government of NWFP, ForestForest Department.Department. Pe,shawar.Peshawar.

Iqbal, M. 1991.1991. Non-tintberNon-timber forest products: theirtheir income-generationincome-generation potentialpotential forfor rural womenwomen inin North West Frontier Frontier ProvinceProvince (pakistan).(Pakistan). International Labour Organization and GovernmentGovernment of NWFP. Peshawar.Peshawar.

Khan, A. A. and S.H. Zaidi.Zaidi. 1989.1989. PropagationPropagation andand regenerationregeneration technologytechnology of pharmaceutical pharniaceutical andand medicinal plants.plants. Biological SciencesSciences Research Research Division. Division. Bulletin Bulletin No.8. PakistanPakistan Forest Institute. Peshawar.

Khan, S. A. 1985.1985. AnAn analysis of supply situationsituation ofofpharmaceutical pharmaceutical andand medicinalmedicinal herbsherbs inin Pakistan.Pakistan. Export Promotion Bureau, GovernmentGovernment of Pakistan,Pakistan, Karachi.

Khan, A.A. 1985.1985. SurveySurvey of cnidecrude drugdrug (iterbal)(herbal) marketsmarkets inin Pakistan.Pakistan. PakistanPakistan ForestForest Institute.Institute. Peshawar.

Khattak, G. M. andand M.M. Amja.Amja. 1981.1981. A A survey survey ofof socio socio and and economic economic conditionsconditions ofof manpower manpower engaged inforestsin forests and wood-based industryindustry inin Pakistan.Pakistan. PakistanPakistan Forest Institute.Institute. Peshawar.Peshawar.

NAS. 1980.1980. FirewoodFirewood crops: ShrubsShrubs and tree speciesspecies of energy production. National Academy ofof Sciences (NAS).(NAS). Washington,Washington, D.C.D.C.

RAPA. 1987.1987. Forest based rural enterprisesenterprises inin Pakistan.Pakistan. RegionalRegional OfficeOffice for AsiaAsia andand thethe PacificPacific (RAPA), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Bangkok.

Shah, R. 1991.1991. ReportReport on productionproduction inin PakistanPakistan andand export potential.potential. Export Promotion Bureau, Government of Palcistan,Pakistan, RegionalRegional Office,Office, Lahore.

Sheikh, M.I. andand M.M. Hafeez.Hafeez. 1977.1977. ForestsForests andand forestry forestry inin Pakistan.Pakistan. PalcistanPakistan ForestForest Institute.Institute. Peshawar.

Trotter, H. 1940.1940. ManualManual of of Indian Indian forestforest utilization.utilization. OxfordOxford Univ. Press. NewNew Delhi.

Zaman, M.B. andand M.S.M.S. Khan.Khan. 1970.1970. Hundred drug plants ofof West West Paldstan.Pakistan. MedicinalMedicinal PlantsPlants Branch, Pakistan Forest Institute. Peshawar.Peshawar.

96 Non-Wood ForestForest Products Philippines PHILIPPINESPIDLIPPINES

Bayani S. Neri Chief, Forest EconomicsEconomics DivisionDivision Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesResources

INTRODUCTION

In the Philippines, non-wood forest The total ban on log exports, which started products (NWFPs) areare classified and in 19871987 andand waswas followedfollowed byby thethe re-re­ referred toto as "minor forest products." The striction ofof exports inin 1989,1989, hashas Revised ForestryForestry License RegulationsRegulations of resulted in the declining importance of the 1970 definedefine minor forest products as "all"all forestry sector to thethe country'scountry's economy.economy. other forest products except timber, While the forestry sector's share ofof thethe andand chipwood."chipwood." BasedBased onon thisthis Gross National ProductProduct inin 1973,1973, whenwhen definition, minor forest products, or wood products were a majormajor exportexport com-com­ NWFPs, include firewood, charcoal, modity, was 3.93 percent,percent, thisthis graduallygradually rattan, bamboo,bamboo, daluru, bark,bark, resin,resin, gum,gum, dropped to 1.1 percent in 1990.1990. AA furtherfurther wood oil,oil, beeswax, nipa,nipa, buri, fibre, drop in the forestry sector's contributioncontribution isis dyewood, , floweringflowering plants,plants, ,ferns, expected if a proposal bill banning orchids and other forestforest growth.growth. commercial logging comes into effect.effect.

NWFPs are used as thethe rawraw materialmaterial ofof This report covers only somesome of thethe moremore furniture and in cottage industries important NWFPs that are being gathered, manufacturing pulp,pulp, paper, plastic, paintpaint traded and utilized in thethe Philippines.Philippines. and varnish, soapsoap andand shampoo,shampoo, and forfor landscaping andand interiorinterior decor.decor. TheyThey are NWFPs ANDAND THEIR USESUSES also important sources of materialsmaterials forfor low-cost housing, foodfood andand beverages,beverages, Among the moremore economicallyeconomically importantimportant clothing materials,materials, medicine and otherother NWFPs are: products, especially inin the ruralrural areas.areas. The gatheringgathering and utilizationutilization of thesethese PalmsPahns products provide marginalmarginal farmersfarmers andand people living in thethe uplandsuplands withwith additionaladditional The palm family is well represented in the income. Philippines. ThereThere areare 123123 indigenousindigenous species plus other introduced palms Lately, NWFPsNWFPs havehave beenbeen givengiven moremore classified asas either "climbing""climbing" (rattan) or attention asas sourcessources of foreignforeign exchangeexchange "erect."erect." " and employmentemployment opportunitiesopportunities followingfollowing recent developments depressing the Climbing palmspahns country's wood-based industry sector. The banningbanning ofof logginglogging operationsoperations inin Rattan is the most importantimportant forest certain areas of thethe countrycountry hashas displaceddisplaced product in the country after timber. workers of severalseveral logginglogging companies.companies. Rattan in thethe Philippines is represented byby 62 species, of which 12 are of commercial

97 Non-Wood ForestForest Products Philippines value. They are:are: palasan (Calamus(Calamus Erect pahnspalms merrilliz); limuran (C. omatusornatus var. philippinensis); tumalimtumalim (C.mindorensis); There are several species of erect palms in sika (C. caesius);caesius); panlispanlis (C.ramulosus);(C.ramulosus); Philippine forests.forests. The moremore importantimportant malacca cane (C.scipionum);(C.scipionum); lambutanlambutan (C.(C. economic speciesspecies areare buribud (Corypha(Corypha elata), hakonensis);halconensis); or lukuan (C. nipa (Nipa fruticans) anahawanahaw (Livistonia(Livistonia revesianus); kuraklingkurakling roundtfolia)roundifolia) andand kaong or sugarsugar palmpalm (C.microsphaerion);(C. microsphaerion); tagiktik (C. (). Jilispadix);filispadix); ditaanditaan (Daemonorops(Daemonorops mi/lis);millis); and D. pedicellaris. Nipa (Nipa(Nipa fruiticana)fruiticana) - In economiceconomic value, nipa is oneone ofof thethe mostmost importantimportant The nationwide forest resources inventory erect palms in the country, second only to conducted byby thethe ForestForest Management Management coconut. The speciesspecies thrives well alongalong Bureau with the assistance of thethe GermanGerman tidal flats and bracldshbrackish swamps.swamps. government discloseddisclosed that that inin 19881988 thethe country's rattanrattan resourcesresources totalledtotalled 4.574.57 Its pinnatepinnate leaves, about 7 metersmeters inin billion linear meters. Palasan (C. length, are usedused toto makemake shinglesshingles forfor merrillii),merrilliz), whichwhich isis thethe speciesspecies preferredpreferred roofing and wallswalls ofof low-cost low-cost houses.houses. by most furniture manufacturers, accounts Other uses areare for making hats, mats, bagsbags for 1.38 billion linear meters or 30 percent and baskets. The mid-ribsmid-ribs are mademade intointo of the total available rattan poles. brooms and the petioles are used as fuel.fuel. Limuran, which is also a preferred species, accounts forfor 1.141.14 billionbillion linearlinear The sap of nipanipa is usedused inin makingmaking alcoholalcohol meters or 25 percent ofof thethe total,total, followedfollowed and .vinegar. The fermentedfermented juicejuice isis a by tumalim with 583 millionmillion (13(13 percent);percent); popular local drink. apas, 518518 millionmillion (11(11 percent);percent); tandulantandulan gubat, 410 million (9 percent); ditaan,ditaan, 232232 Buri (Corypha(Corypha elata) -- ThisThis isis thethe largestlargest million (5 percent); sika (C. caesius),caesius), 7676 palm species inin the country, with trunkstrunks million (2 percent) sumulid (D. attaining aa diameterdiameter of 11 meter and aa orchrolepis) 75 millionmillion (2(2 percent)percent) andand height of 20 meters. The tninktrunk yieldsyields large other species,species, 160 millionmillion (3(3 percent) quantities ofof foodfood material inin thethe form of (Table 1).1). starch. Wine, alcohol, vinegar, syrupsyrup andand sugar cancan bebe producedproduced from from the the sap. sap. The Rattan polespoles areare in greatgreat demanddemand forfor kernel of young fruit is mademade into sweets,sweets, furniture manufacturing. They also provideprovide while the buds areare used for or as aa the raw materialmaterial forfor handicraftshandicrafts and forfor vegetable. the manufacture of baskets, picture frames, hampers, handbags,handbags, hats, andand The large petioles ofof buri yield a fibrefibre novelty items forfor domesticdomestic consumptionconsumption locally known asas "buntal," which is usedused and export. Rattan poles and splits are also in thethe manufacturemanufacture of thethe famousfamous "buntal""buntal" used to makemake fishfish traps and asas tyingtying hat. The maturemature leaves areare usedused forfor materials. The shoots of rattan are eaten asas thatching houses, while thethe immature,immature, a vegetable and the fruit isis edible.edible. unopened ones areare used in makingmaking ropes, mats, bagsbags andand otherother fancyfancy articles.articles. The

98 Non-Wood ForestForest Products Philippines mid-ribs of the immatureimmature leaves areare alsoalso Sugar palm grows toto 15 meters,meters, withwith a the source of fiberfiber usedused inin makingmaking thethe so-so­ diameter ofof 4040 centimeters.centimeters. ItsIts pinnatepinnate called "Calasiao"II Calasiao II hat named after the, hat leaves reach 8.5 centimeterscentimeters inin lengthlength withwith place where it isis produced.produced. TheThe mid-ribsmid-ribs linear leafletsleaflets ofof upup toto 1.51.5 metersmeters long.long. It of mature leaves are used in the bears numerousnumerous crowded,crowded, green nuts manufacture ofof lightlight furniturefurniture (tables, which turntum yellow when mature. TheThe fruits chains, dividers), baskets,baskets, hampershampers andand are aboutabout 55 centimeterscentimeters inin diameterdiameter andand wall decorations. Buri palms are widelywidely contain two or threethree seeds.seeds. distributed inin the Philippines,Philippines, mostly at low elevations.elevations. TheThe nationwidenationwide forestforest The leaves of the sugar palm provide low-low­ inventory disclosed thatthat only 198,000198,000 buriburi cost materialsmaterials for roofsroofs andand wallswalls ofof palms remain in thethe country's dipterocarpdipterocarp houses. The mid-ribsmid-ribs of thethe leafletsleaflets areare forests (Table 2), butbut substantialsubstantial numbersnumbers used in makingmaking broomsbrooms andand baskets.baskets. grow in ruralrural backyardsbackyards andand fields.fields. The seeds of immature nuts are mademade intointo Anahaw (Livistonia roundifolia)-Anahawroundifolia)Anahaw sweets andand the buds are cookedcooked as grows naturally in the forest andand isis widelywidely vegetables. distributed throughout thethe archipelago.archipelago. An estimated 39 million anahaw palms remain Sugar palmpalm isis also the source of a stiff,stiff, (Table 2). tough black fibre locally knownlcnown as "cabonegro" (gomuti). TheThe fibre,fibre, whichwhich is Anahaw, like buri andand otherother erecterect palms,palms, produced atat the base of thethe petioles,petioles, is has may uses. Its trunk, whichwhich grows to a used to makemake roperope andand thatchingthatching forfor height ofof 20 meters and a diameterdiameter of 20 houses. Rope made from this fibrefibre isis centimeters, isis usedused widelywidely forfor fishpens.fishpens. durable andand isis idealideal forfor marinemarine use. use. The The woodwood of thethe trunktrunk isis usedused asas pillarspillars stiff fibersfibers are alsoalso usedused forfor makingmaking and floors for houseshouses in thethe ruralrural areas,areas, various typestypes of brushes.brushes. and isis anan excellentexcellent materialmaterial forfor maldngmaking bows, spearspear shaftsshafts andand canes.canes. Starch can be extractedextracted from sugarsugar palmpalm trunks.tnmks. Each tree can yield 50 toto 7575 The leaves of anahawanahaw palmspalms areare useclused for lcilogramskilograms of starch.starch. thatching houseshouses andand making hats andand fans. TheThe budsbuds areare eateneaten asas aa vegetable. vegetable. Sap, extractedextracted from thethe cutcut inin florescentflorescent Anahaw is also cultivated as an ornamental stalk, is usedused in in thethe productionproduction ofof sugar,sugar, plant. wine, vinegarvinegar andand alcohol.alcohol. Production ranges from 10 to 12 liters of sapsap per treetree Kaong (Arenga(Arenga pinnata pinnata or or sugar sugar palm)­ palm) per day for 22 1/2112 months.months. This species is widely distributed throughout thethe country. It thrivesthrives alongalong Bamboo stream banks at lowlow toto middlemiddle altitudes. altitudes. The country'scountry's dipterocarp forests are There are aroundaround 32 speciesspecies of bamboobamboo in estimated to containcontain somesome 4.674.67 millionmillion the Philippines, of whichwhich 1919 speciesspecies areare sugar palms (Table(Table 2).2). erect.

99 ..... o ~;:: o Table 1. Rattan Resources in Philippine Dipterocarp Forests ~ : l Species <2cm diam >2cm diarn ~ Percent Percent Total (1000 linear m) (1000 linear m} Percent ~ Apas 460,166 16 06 57,780 3.39 517,946 11.33 ~ <::> (Calamus reyesianus) ~.... 0:;- Ditaan 199,062 6.95 32.935 1.93 231,997 5.07 (Daemonorops motifs)

Limuran 550,179 19.20 591,389 34.65 1,141,568 24 97 (Calanuts ornatus)

... Palasan 645,220 - 22.52 730,641 42.81 1,375,861 30 09 (Calantus merrallii)

Sika 68,590 _ 2.39 7,903 0.46 76,493 1.67 (Calantus caes:tts)

Sumulid 58,249 2.03 16,493 0.97 74,742 1.63 . (Daemonorops orchrolepis)

Tanduland-Gubat 340,749 11 89 69,676 4.08 410,425 8,98 (Calamus camotphacanthus) - i: Tumalim 451,150 15,74 131,724 7.72 582,874 12.75 -:- (Calculi:4s minclorensis)

Others 92,286 3.22 68,271 4.00 160,557 3.51

'

i Total 2,865,651 100.00 1,706,812 - 100.00 4,572,463 100,00 urce: National Forest Resources inventory Project ~ ~ ~s· ~ Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Philippi:esPhi/Jppines

The commercially important bamboo species Among the moremore importantimportant pandanpandan speciesspecies in thethe country are: in the country are bariu ( copelandit),copelandtt), taboan (P. dubius),dubius) , alasasalasas (P.(P. • Kauayan tinik,tinik, or spinyspiny bamboobamboo luzonensis)luzonensis),, oyango (P. radicans),radicans), sabutansabutan (Bambusa blumeana) (P. sabotan) karagomoi (P. simplex.) common oror beachbeach pandanpandan (P.(P. tectorius),tectorius), and • Kauayan Idlingkiling (Bambusa vulgaris)vulgaris) pandan layuganlayugan (P.(P. exaltatus).

• Bayog (Dendrocalamus The economic valuevalue ofof pandans isis in thethe merrillianus) leaves, which are usedused forfor maldngmaking coarsecoarse and fine baskets, bags, hats,hats, mats,mats, picturepicture • Bolo (Gigantochloa levis)levis) frames and otherother fancyfancy articles.articles. Recently,Recently, the Philippine Forest Products Research and • Buho (Schizostachyum lumampao) Development InstituteInstitute (FPRDI) has devel-devel­ oped cocoon framesframes for silkworm productionproduction Among the five species,species, spinyspiny bamboobamboo andand out of pandanpandan leaves.leaves. The woodwood ofof somesome kauaymkauayan Idlingkiling are thethe preferredpreferred speciesspecies for pandan species is alsoalso beingbeing manufacturedmanufactured building, furniture making and boat into splints used in makingmaking baskets.baskets. outriggers. Bayog isis used forfor tyingtying andand making ropes. It isis estimatedestimated thatthat therethere areare 58.8858.88 billionbillion stems of pandans in thethe country'scountry's forestsforests Bamboo is found growinggrowing in settledsettled areasareas (Table 4). where it isis plantedplanted oror growngrown inin plantationsplantations and in thethe forestforest wherewhere it growsgrows fromfrom lowlow Resin altitudes toto as high as 2,600 metersmeters in thethe mountain provincesprovinces ofof northernnorthern Luzon. Luzon. SoSo Resins commonly collected for commercialcommercial far, therethere isis nono informationinformation onon bamboobamboo in and industrial purposes in the Philippines are settled areas. The recently concluded produced from almaciga (Agathis national forest inventory placed the philippinensis) Benguet pine (Pinus country's bamboobamboo in forestedforested land at 10.7310.73 kesiya), piling liitanliitan (Canarium(Canarium luzonicum)luzonicum) billion stems, although mostmost of thesethese areare and apitong (Dipterocarpus grandijlorus).grandiflorus). non-commercial species (Table 3). AlmacigaAImaciga (Agathis philippinensis) isis thethe Pandans source of a resinresin whichwhich isis popularlypopularly knownknown as "Manila copal." ManilaManila copalcopal isis usedused asas There are moremore thanthan 4040 speciesspecies of pandan in incense, for caulking boats, as a smudge forfor the Philippines. They are widelywidely distributeddistributed mosquitoes, for torches, in varnish throughout the archipelago with some manufacturing, sizing paper and other species growing along sandysandy beachesbeaches andand industrial uses.uses. At present,present, almostalmost allall others in virginvirgin forests.forests. TheyThey vary inin sizesize almaciga resinresin produced inin the countrycountry is depending onon the species,species, from less thanthan 11 being exported. meter to 1515 metersmeters inin height.height. Almaciga is one of the protected tree speciesspecies in the Philippines and it is prohibited.

101 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Philippines

Tab e 2. Erect Palm Itesourees in Philippine Dipterocarp ForeSts

<2cm dim. >2cm &am. Total Species (1,000 stems) Percent (1,000 stems) Percent (1)000 sterns) Percent

Anahaw 6,008 1,67 33,351 6.16 39,359 4.37 (Livistonia totundifolia) Burl 47 0.01 151 0.03 198 0.02 (Cotypha elata) Kaong/Sugar Palm 518 0,14 4,153 0.77 4,671 0.52 (Arenga pinnata) Others 353,146 98.17 503,467 93.04 856,613 95.09

Total 359,719 100.00 541,122 100 00 900,841 100.00

Source:8oon:e' NadionalNotional ForestFOI'ftIt ResourcesR ....""'" InventoryIDvtulory ProjectPToJect

Table 3. Bamboo Resources in Philippine Dmterocarp Forests

<2 cm diam >2 cm diam. Total Species (1,000 stems) Percent (1,000 stems) Percent (1,000 stems) Percent

Anos 132,197 2 05 85,337 1.99 217,534 2 03 Bayog 2,406 0.04 3,10 0.07 5,513 0.05 Bikal 3,799,632 58.99 2,257,805 52.64 6,057,437 56,45 Bikal Babol 1,754,248 27 24 504,475 11.76 2,258,723 21.05 Bocaue 1,903 0 03 0 1,903 0.02 Bolo 7,014 0.11 0 7,014 0,07 Buho 721,535 11.2 1,341,872 31.28 2,063,407 19.23 Kawayart Kiling 11,952 0 19 70,387 1.64 82,339 0 77 Others 9,922 0.15 26,261 0.61 36,183 0.34

6,440,809 100.00 4,289,244 100.00 10,750,053 100.00

800=,Source: NationalNotional ForrstFOI'ftIt ResourcesR ....""" Inventory'.vtulory ProjectProject

Table 4. Pandan Resources in Philippines Dipterocarp Forests

<2em (Ham. >2cm dram. Species (1,000 stems) Percent (1,000 stems) Percent Total Percent

Pandan 12,278 80.49 36,513 83.71 48,791 82.87 (Pandanus sp.) Pandan-Layugan 1,350 8.01 2,160 4,95 3,519 5.98 (Pandanus exaltas) Mottled Pandan 1,617 10.60 4,948 11.34 6,565 11.15 (Palms veitchil)

Total 15,254 100,00 43,621 100.00 58,875 100.00

Source:8oor"", NationalNotlon.l ForestFo

102 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Philippines

It is well distributed throughout the Oil archipelago. The nationalnational forestforest resourcesresources inventory estimated the stock of almaciga,almaciga, as Lumbang (Aleurites moluccana) and of 1988,1988, atat 2.52.5 millionmillion cubiccubic meters.meters. bagilumbang (A. trisperma)trispenna) are two important seed oil-producing tree speciesspecies inin Benguet pine,pine, (Pinus kesiya) which is the the the Philippines.Philippines. BothBoth speciesspecies grow naturally source of oleooleo resinresin usedused inin thethe productionproduction in forest areasareas in variousvarious parts of thethe of turpentine,turpentine, grows naturally onlyonly in the country. These species have also beenbeen Cordillera mountains inin northern Luzon atat grown in plantations although the extent of altitudes from 500 toto 2,5002,500 meters.meters. The these plantations is is notnot known.known. OneOne forestforest species, has beenb~n successfullysuccessfully grown inin concessionaire inin Mindanao,Mindanao, thethe NasipitNasipit plantations inin various parts of thethe country,country, Lumber Company, hashas extensiveextensive plantationsplantations however. ExtensiveExtensive plantationsplantations ofof BenguetBenguet of lumbang. pine areare foundfound inin thethe provinceprovince ofof Bukidnon Bukidnon in centralcentral Mindanao.Mindanao. As of 1990,1990, thethe Oil produced from the nuts of thesethese treetree country's pinepine forestforest isis estimatedestimated atat 236,400236,400 species isis a goodgood substitutesubstitute for tungtung oil.oil. hectares of whichwhich 128,300128,300 hectareshectares areare Bagilumbang oiloil resembles tungtung oil moremore closed canopy forest andand 108,100108,100 hectareshectares closely than doesdoes lumbanglumbang oil.oil. Although are consideredconsidered to bebe openopen canopy-forest.canopy-forest. lumbang oil is slightlyslightly inferior to tungtung oil,oil, both are superior toto linseedlinseed oil. Manila elemi is produced fromfrom pilingpiling liitan (Canarium luzonicum)luzonicum) andand pilipili (C.(C. ovatum)ovatum) Lumbang and bagilumbang oils are used forfor of thethe familyfamily Burseraceae.Burseraceae. The resinresin the preparationpreparation of paints,paints, varnishesvarnishes andand extracted from these tree speciesspecies is usedused toto linoleum, soapsoap manufacture,manufacture, woodwood pres-pres­ manufacture varnish, medicinalmedicinal ointments,ointments, ervation, and lighting.lighting. transparent paper, caulkingcaulking compoundcompound andand as torchtorch fuel.fuel. Piling liitan grows in thethe wild, while pilipili is being cultivatedcultivated in plantations or backyards more for itsits nutsnuts Diliman (Stenochlaena palustris) nito than resin. (Lygodium spp.),spp.), lukmoy (Pothos spp.), and baling-uai (Flagella(Flagellaria ria indica) are somesome Balau resin is obtainedobtained from the trunk of of thethe moremore importantimportant climbersclimbers in thethe apitong (Dipterompus(Dipterocarpus grandiflorus)grandiflorus) andand Philippines. These climbers thrive well in other speciesspecies ofof thethe genus Dipterocarpus. Dipterocarpus. both virgin andand logged-overlogged-over forest, andand inin Like thethe other resins, balaubalau isis usedused toto makemake bush and openopen areas.areas. TheyThey areare widelywidely varnish, caullcingcaulking compound, andand fuel forfor distributed throughout thethe archipelago.archipelago. torches. Oil hashas alsoalso beenbeen extractedextracted byby Filipino scientistsscientists throughthrough waterwater distillationdistillation Diliman isis aa speciesspecies ofof fernfern withwith stemsstems from from balau resin and found to be aa goodgood 2 toto 44 metersmeters inin length.length. ItIt is is usedused chieflychiefly asas substitute for dieseldiesel fuel.fuel. Oil yieldyield is tyingtying material in thethe preparation ofof fishfish trapstraps around 38 to 4040 percent.percent. because ofof its durability inin water. It isis also used for maldngmaking ropesropes andand baskets.baskets.

103 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Philippi:es

Nito isis thethe namename usedused forfor differentdifferent speciesspecies for malaria and quindine for treating of Lygodium,Lygodium, althoughalthough thethe mostmost commoncommon fibrillation andand certain disorders of heartheart and widely used species in thethe countrycountry isis rhythm. , which isis sensitive toto Lygodium circinnatum. It is usedused inin thethe light, is alsoalso usedused inin thethe manufacturemanufacture of manufacture of baskets, hats, bags and other photographic film. fancy articles. Banaba (Lagerstroemia(Lagerstroemia speciosa) is a Pothos areare climbersclimbers whichwhich produceproduce nu-nu­ medium-size tree, usually found in merous, long tough, aerial rootsroots ofof uniformuniform secondary forests at low toto middlemiddle altitudesaltitudes diameter. The centralcentral cylinderscylinders of thesethese in the Philippines. AA decoctiondecoction of itsits barkbark roots areare usedused inin baskets.baskets. and leaves is used to curecure fever,fever, diabetes,diabetes, diarrhea, and as a diureticdiuretic andand aa purgative.purgative. Baling-uai isis aa vinevine withwith aa slenderslender stem.stem. It It is alsoalso growngrown as aa shadeshade andand ornamentalornamental is forfor tying,tying, inin sewingsewing nipanipa shinglesshingles and in tree inin towntown plazas,plazas, schoolschool groundsgrounds andand making baskets. along roads and highways.highways.

Medicinal plants Dita (Alstonia(Alstonia scholaris) isis aa medium-sizedmedium-sized tree belongingbelonging to thethe ApocynaceaeApocynaceae family.family. Medicinal plants are important elements of It is found in primary and secondary forests tropical forests.forests. TheseThese plants cancan bebe herbs,herbs, at low to middle altitudes.altitudes. AA decoctiondecoction of vines, shrubsshrubs oror treestrees fromfrom whichwhich medicinemedicine the bark is aa febrifugefebrifuge (remedy(remedy for fever),fever), can be extracted from the roots, wood, bark, anticholeric ifif used for chronic diarrhea and leaves, seeds,se,eds, flowers or fruitfruit to heal dysentery, an anthelminticanthelmintic (expels(expels intestinalintestinal specific illnesses and diseases. These worms), forfor diabetes andand forfor coughs.coughs. TheThe medicinal plantsplants areare very popular in thethe and powdered leavesleaves are are usedused asas a rural areasareas because ofof the highhigh cost ofof poultice on boils,boils, ulcers andand rheumaticrheumatic modern drugs.drugs. Most of thesethese plantsplants areare pains. A decoction of youngyoung leaves is alsoalso available inin rural areasareas andand knowledgeknowledge of used to cure beri-beri.beri-beri. their healing powers is passedpassed on fromfrom oneone generation to another. Some of thesethese Kalingag (Cinnamomum(Cinnamomum mercadoz)mercadoi) isis aa medicinal plants are: small tree endemic to thethe Philippines.Philippines. It is widely distributed throughout the countrycountry Cinchona (Cinchona(Cinchona ledgeriana)ledgeriana) is not and growsgrows atat lowlow toto middle middle altitudes. altitudes. native to the Philippines. TheThe firstfirst cinchonacinchona Plantations of the species have been plantation was established by the Bureau of established byby thethe DENR inin a fewfew areas.areas. Forestry (now(now ForestForest ManagementManagement Bureau)Bureau) The bark isis usedused forfor flatulence,flatulence, as anan in 19261926 inin BukidnonBukidnon Province.Province. AtAt presentpresent expectorant, and for curingcuring headaches,headaches, sto-sto­ there areare somesome 248248 he,ctareshectares ofof cinchonacinchona mach disorders, rheumatism and plantations consistingconsisting of of 55 species and 22 tuberculosis. varieties. Pandakaki (Ervatamiap(Ervatamiap pandacaqui)pandacaqui) isis a Cinchona is a medium-sizedmedium-sized tree that growsgrows shrub belonging to the Apocynaceae family to a diameter of 60 centimeters and a height and is commonlycommonly found in thicketsthickets at lowlow of 25 meters.meters. It is a sourcesource ofof quininequinine usedused altitudes. The leavesleaves are usedused as anan

104 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products PhilippinesPhiIig»tes antiseptic and an anodyneanodyne onon wounds.wounds. A CONTRIBUTION OF NVVFPsNWFPs TOTO THE decoction ofof thethe root and bark is usedused toto NATIONAL ECONOMY cure certaincertain afflictionsafflictions of thethe stomachstomach andand intestines. As RawRaw MaterialsMaterials forfor Local Industries

Nitong puti (Lygodiumflexuosum)(Lygodiumflexuosum) isis aa vine Non-wood forest products areare importantimportant species of the family Schizaeaceae.Schizaeaceae. Its roots sources of raw materialmaterial forfor locallocal industries.industries. and leaves are usedused toto curecure skinskin ailmentsailments Prior toto thethe 1960s,1960s, mostmost ofof the the non-woodnon-wood such as ringworm. InfusionInfusion ofof thethe plantplant isis forest products gatheredgathered fromfrom thethe country's used in thethe treatmenttreatment ofof blennorrhagia. blennorrhagia. forests were exportedexported in theirtheir rawraw form.form. With the creationcreation ofof thethe NationalNational CottageCottage Alagasi (Leucosyke(Leucosyke capitellata) is a smallsmall Industries Development Authority tree ofof thethe familyfamily Urticaceae.Urticaceae. Alagasi is (NACIDA) inin 1962, thethe developmentdevelopment of widely distributed in thethe Philippines,Philippines, often cottage industriesindustries hashas beenbeen encouraged.encouraged. found growing inin lowlow toto middlemiddle altitudes.altitudes. A NACIDA-registered businessesbusinesses areare givengiven decoction ofof itsits rootsroots isis used asas a cure for various incentives such as subsidizedsubsidized loans,loans, pulmonary tuberculosis,tuberculosis, cough,cough, headachesheadaches training and marketing assistance.assistance. ManyMany of and gastralgiagastralgia (pain(pain in thethe stomach).stomach). these firms utilize non-wood forest products as theirtheir rawraw materialmaterial andand catercater mostlymostly toto Bast Fibers domestic markets. AA numbernumber ofof them them areare inin the ruralrural areasareas andand produceproduce rattailrattan andand Several shrubs and treetree species inin thethe bamboo furniture, baskets, handicrafts, and Philippines areare sourcessources ofof bastbast fibers.fibers. The other items. most important of thesethese speciesspecies is salagosalago (Wikstroemia spp.). In additionaddition to beingbeing usedused forfor construction,construction, furniture and handicrafts, bamboo is used as Salago isis a shrub that grows up to 3m high.high. props forfor thethe bananabanana industry.industry. With somesome It isis foundfound inin thickets,thickets, inin marginalmarginal landslands as 24,000 hectareshectares of bananabanana plantations,plantations, well as in primary and secondary forestsforests at mostly in Davao Province, millions of props low toto middlemiddle elevations. TheThe speciesspecies hashas are neededneeded annually.annually. been successfullysuccessfully growngrown inin some of thethe DENR reforestationreforestation projects.projects. There is nono The country'scountry's uplandupland fishing fishing industryindustry usesuses information onon the extentextent of plantingsplantings of the trunks of anahawanahaw and bamboobamboo polespoles inin salago in thethe country.country. the construction of fish pens, fishfish cagescages andand other structures such asas pathwayspathways andand Long and silkysilky fibres can be extracted from guardhouses. DemandDemand forfor bamboobamboo polespoles for the barkbark ofof salagosalago whichwhich areare excellentexcellent forfor boat outriggers isis substantial.substantial. the manufacture of highhigh gradegrade paper usedused inin bank notes, paper money, checks, paper for A Philippine paper plant usedused bamboobamboo asas itsits legal documents and other specialtyspecialty papers raw materialmaterial but recentlyrecently was forcedforced toto requiring strength andand durability.durability. The fibers switch toto other raw materialmaterial because of a are alsoalso usedused inin ropemaking,ropemaking, fishingfishing lineslines shortage of bamboo.bamboo. and nets, sacks,sacks, textiles,textiles, cords,cords, bags,bags, hatshats and novelty items.

105 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Piu7OpinesPhilippines

A navalnaval storesstores factoryfactory previouslypreviously processedprocessed Employment Generation oleoresin from Benguet pine,pine, butbut a lack of raw materialmaterial forced the plant toto close.close. In Non-wood forestforest products havehave providedprovided the latelate 1970s,1970s, thethe government government stoppedstopped people livingliving in or nearnear forest lands, issuing permits to tap Benguet pine trees for especially subsistence uplandupland farmers andand oleoresin because of ips beetle (Ips the unemployedunemployed or underemployedunderemployed inin thethe callighrapus) infestations.infestations. lowlands, with sources ofof income.income. AlthoughAlthough there are no figures on how many people are Source of Government RevenueRevenue involved inin gathering NWFPs, thethe NationalNational Statistics OfficeOffice disclose thatthat for 57,34157,341 Non-wood forest products have providedprovided the families, oror 0.58 percent of thethe country'scountry's government withwith additional sources of 9,847,357 families,families, forestryforestry andand huntinghunting waswas revenue through forestforest charges.charges. Currently, their main source of incomeincome inin 1985.1985. In the forest charge on NWFPs isis 10 percentpercent of 1988, however, this went down to 40,121 or the market value.value. FromFrom 19811981 toto 1990,1990, thethe 0.38 percent. WithWith anan averageaverage ofof 66 peoplepeople average annual forest charges collected from per family,family, thethe numbernumber ofof peoplepeople dependentdependent NWFPs were 1,596,8951,596,895 PhilippinePhilippine pesospesos on forestryforestry andand huntinghunting waswas 344,046344,046 inin (Table 5), oror approximatelyapproximately US$ 63,000 atat 1985 and 240,726240,726 inin 1988. Forestry 1990 exchange rates. Although the amount activities, as defineddefined in thethe survey,survey, includedincluded is smallsmall comparedcompared withwith timber,timber, NWFPNWFP ,planting, firewoodfirewood gathering,gathering, small-small­ revenues provide badlybadly ne,ededneeded moneymoney toto scale logging, charcoal maldngmaking and finance government developmentdevelopment projects.projects. gathering of non-woodnon-wood forestforest products, cogon, nipa, rattan, bamboo,bamboo, resinresin andand gum.gum.

Table 5. Forest Charges on There is also a dearth of information on the Non-Wood Forest Products: number of people employed in the 1981-1990 processing sector, possibly because many of Yeax Amount the smaller processors and manufacturers are (Philippine Pesos) not registered with government agencies and do notnot submitsubmit reports.reports. In thethe furniturefurniture 1990 1,162,327 industry alone, it isis estimatedestimated that thesethese areare 1989 1,917,917 over 15,000 backyardbacicyard manufacturers. 1988 2,782,175 Assuming that eacheach manufacturermanufacturer employsemploys 1987 1,819,764 an average of 10 workers, the total 1986 1,299,326 workforce in thesethese backyard-type operations 1985 1,182,058 is about 150,000.150,000. 1984 2,607,865 1983 1,135,742 There are somesome 250250 medium-to-largemedium-to-large rattanrattan 1982 1,883,767 furniture factoriesfactories in in thethe country. country. EachEach of 1981 178,014 these factories employs 200200 to 1,500 Total 15,968,955 workers with a total estimated work force of about 100,000. Average 1,596,895

Source: 1990 Philippine Forestry StatisticsStatistics

106 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Phz74qinesPhi/ippUtes

Source of Foreign ExchangeExchange articles of palmpalm andand bamboo,bamboo, buntalbuntal andand burlburi hats.hats. These manufacturedmanufactured articlesarticles Non-wood forest productsproducts areare exportedexported contributed additional foreign exchange either in raw formform oror asas finishedfinished oror semi-semi­ earnings of US$5,636,454 in 1990.1990. finished products. ResinsResins (Manila(Manila copalcopal andand Manila elemi) have been the country's mainmain COLLECTION ANDAND PROCESSING raw NWFP exports. AlmostAlmost allall resinsresins thatthat are produced are exported because there are GovenunentGovernment PoliciesPolicies and RegulationsRegulations virtually no factoriesfactories to processprocess themthem intointo finished products. In 1981, 720,600 The extraction and gatheringgathering ofof non-woodnon-wood kilograms ofof resinresin with an FOB value of forest products inin forestforest landslands isis legallylegally US$440,000 werewere exported.exported. InIn 1990,1990, resinresin regulated by thethe governmentgovernment throughthrough thethe exports rose toto 899,234899,234 kilogramskilograms valued at issuance ofof licenses oror permits,permits, but anan FOB US$1,275,644. ExportsExports ofofsalago salago bark undetermined quantityquantity ofof NWFPsNWFPs are have also earned an average of US$600,000US$600,OOO extracted illegally. annually duringduring the last 1010 years.years. Other NWFPs exported inin raw form include budburi Licensing Regulations braids and raffia, bamboo,bamboo, andand rattanrattan polespoles and splits.splits. Exports of thesethese products are The Revised Forestry Licensing Regulations small. Rattan poles and splitssplits in limitedlimited of September 1970 specify guidelines for the quantities areare being allowedallowed to thethe UnitedUnited issuance of forestryforestry licenses, leases or States in compliancecompliance with an agreementagreement toto permits for the extractionextraction ofof NWFPs.NWFPs. TheyThey provide replacementreplacement parts.parts. also outlineoutline thethe responsibilitiesresponsibilities of forestforest products licensees, lesseeslessees oror permittees.permittees. In Exports of manufacturedmanufactured NWFPsNWFPs havehave granting licenses or permits, thethe sustainedsustained likewise been increasingincreasing during the last few yield capacitycapacity of of thethe forestforest areaarea isis of years. Foremost of thesethese are rattan paramount importance. Thus, before furniture, bagsbags andand basketsbaskets ofof bamboobamboo andand granting a licenselicense or permit,permit, aa forestforest rattan, andand wickerwicker work.work. Rattan furniturefurniture resource inventory is undertaken to and chairchair exportsexports roserose fromfrom US$45.92US$45.92 determine the amount toto bebe extracted.extracted. million inin 19811981 toto US$121.31US$121.31 millionmillion in 1990, with an average annual growth rate of Licenses are issued by the heads of regionalregional 13.4 percent. Exports of bamboobamboo furniture offices of thethe DepartmentDepartment ofof Environment Environment and chairs during the samesame period increased and Natural Resources. This is in lineline withwith from US$960,000US$960,OOO to US$1.67US$1.67 million,million, anan government's policy toto decentralizedecentralize soso fieldfield annual growthgrowth raterate ofof 9.89.8 percent.percent. ExportsExports offices can respond easily toto thethe needsneeds ofof thethe of bags and baskets increased from people, especially in the rural areas. US$18.57 million inin 19811981 toto US$65.13US$65.13 Permits, except for rattan, are goodgood for one million·million in 1990. For basket-work-basket-work andand ;.y~year. .. wicker-work, thethe value of exports rose fromfrom US$27.31 millionmillion 19811981 toto US$52.61US$52.61 millionmillion Rattan RegulationRegulation in 1990. Other manufacturedmanufactured NWFPNWFP exports include buri andand pandanpandan placemats,placemats, With rattan, differentdifferent regulationsregulations applyapply toto handbags, wallets, purses and similar rationalize the development of thethe industry.industry.

107 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Philippines

The sharpsharp increase in thethe demanddemand forfor rattanrattan meter for largelarge diameterdiameter rattanrattan ((> > 2cm) 2cm) andand poles forfor furniturefurniture manufacturingmanufacturing inin thethe PO.03P0.03 per linearlinear metermeter forfor smallsmall diameterdiameter 1980s caused pricesprices to riserise toto prohibitiveprohibitive rattan (« < 22 cm). InIn addition,addition, thethe winningwinning levels because of thethe influxinflux ofof middlemen. middlemen. bidder has to postpost aa depositdeposit whichwhich willwill accrue to the rattanrattan developmentdevelopment fund. The These middlemenmiddlemen becamebecame thethe outlets of fund is usedused toto plantplant rattanrattan seedlingsseedlings toto illegally cut rattan.rattan. In 1988,1988, thethe BureauBureau of replenish and ensure sustainability of rattan. Forest DevelopmentDevelopment (now Forest Manage-Manage­ ment Bureau) issued an orderorder toto individualindividual The maximummaximum area granted under a rattanrattan tribal people andand cooperativescooperatives whichwhich havehave cutting licenselicense toto an individualindividual is 5,0005,000 supply agreements withwith licensedlicensed processingprocessing hectares. For corporations,corporations, partnerships, plants. TheThe orderorder requiresrequires licenseeslicensees toto plant associations, and cooperatives,cooperatives; the maximum at leastleast 1010 rattanrattan seedlingsseedlings for everyevery 100100 area is 30,000 hectares.hectares. linear metersmeters harvested.harvested. The number of ratta.nrattan cuttingcutting permits issued, A DENRDENR order,order, dateddated JanuaryJanuary 10,10, 1989,1989, and the allowable cut granted, hashas increasedincreased provides for the competitive bidding of areas dramatically duringduring thethe lastlast 1010 years.years. Sixty-Sixty­ identified asas available for harvesting.harvesting. ToTo nine permits, withwith anan aggregateaggregate allowableallowable remove unfair advantage of the big operatorsoperators cut of 14.7414.74 millionmillion linearlinear meters,meters, werewere over small-timers in bidding, separateseparate areas issued inin 1981, rising toto 279279 permits,permits, withwith are allocated for large and small a total allowable cut of 138.95 millionmillion linear entrepreneurs. Generally, the allocation of meters, in 1990.1990. rattan production areas for publicpublic biddingbidding is as follows: Tapping of gums and resinsresins • Fifty-five percent of thethe rattanrattan pro-pro­ For gumsgums andand resins,resins, tappingtapping guidelinesguidelines duction areaarea ofof any region isis to be have beenbeen prescribed. Almaciga resin allocated to small entrepreneurs with tapping isis allowed onlyonly inin trees at leastleast 6060 a paidpaid upup capitalizationcapitalization of 250,000250,000 centimeters inin diameter. Tapping on thethe pesos. trunks of treestrees shouldshould notnot exceedexceed three-three­ fourths of thethe thicicnessthickness ofof the bark, shouldshould • Forty-five percent to bigbig entrepre-entrepre­ in nono casecase bebe moremore thanthan 4040 centimeterscentimeters inin neurs with paid up capitalcapital ofof moremore length, and should alwaysalways bebe at leastleast 6060 than 250,000 pesos. centimeters apart horizontally.horizontally.

In thethe case of rattanrattan production areas within In tappingtapping balaubalau resinresin fromfrom dipterocarpdipterocarp lands reserved for, oror occupiedoccupied by, tribaltribal species, incisions inin the trunkstrunks ofof treestrees groups, priority isis givengiven toto the tribal groups. should not exceed in widthwidth one-fifthone-fifth thethe circumference of of thethe tree,tree, nor moremore thanthan The eligible individual oror group offering the one-fifth ofof the the diameter.diameter. IncisionsIncisions shouldshould highest bid winswins thethe concession.concession. The be mademade at leastleast 5050 centimeterscentimeters aboveabove thethe successful bid bid mustmust bebe atat least P0.46 per ground, andand not pastpast thethe firstfirst branch.branch. linear meter of rattan, which is on top of the Tapping isis authorized onlyonly in trees at leastleast normal forest charge ofof P0.75PO.75 perper linearlinear 40 centimeters in diameter.diameter.

108 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products PhiligHllesPhilippines

With Benguet pine, tapping of oleoresinoleoresin is licensees are requiredrequired toto securesecure CertificatesCertificates allowed only on treestrees thatthat willwill bebe cutcut withinwithin of Minor ForestForest ProductsProducts OriginOrigin (CMFPO)(CMFPO) five years and on trees at least 30 from thethe locallocal CommunityCommunity EnvironmentEnvironment andand centimeters inin diameter.diameter. TheThe rulesrules stipulatestipulate Natural ResourcesResources Office. TheThe CMFPOCMFPO that for treestrees withwith aa diameterdiameter belowbelow 4040 contains the namename of thethe licensee or centimeters, only one face of the tree should permittee, the place where the forest be chipped.chipped. For treestrees 4040 centimeterscentimeters andand products were cut or gathered, thethe consignee over in diameterdiameter atat breastbreast height,height, chippingchipping and destination, the quantity to be transport-transport­ may be done on two faces, but only one at ed, thethe meansmeans of transport and date of trans-trans­ a time, with aa spacespace ofof aboutabout 1010 centimeterscentimeters portation. to be left between thethe faces.faces. TheThe widthwidth of each face should not exceed the diameter of Forest prpductsproducts being transportedtransported but notnot the tree and thethe depthdepth of thethe cutcut shouldshould notnot covered by thethe requiredrequired documentsdocuments areare exceed 1.5 centimeters.centimeters. considered illegally cut and can be confiscat­confiscat- ed. Also subjectsubject to confiscationconfiscation are thethe Regulations also prohibitprohibit the fellingfelling oror conveyances used in thisthis transport.transport. unnecessary damaging of trees in the collection ofof resins, gums,gums, guttagutta percha,percha, Production wood oils and similar forest products. Viola-Viola­ tion of this rule could lead to the Production figuresfigures presentedpresented inin Table 6 cancellation of the license and payment of a include onlyonly thethe quantityquantity of of NVVFPs NWFPs legallylegally fine equal to four times the regular rate for cut, extractedextracted or gatheredgathered fromfrom thethe forestforest timber. under license.license. Therefore, theythey dodo notnot pro-pro­ vide a true picture of the amount of NWFPs oror dyebarkdyebark collectioncollection extracted. AnAn undeterminedundetermined quantity, which may be even greater than thethe reportedreported pro-pro­ For tanbarktanbark oror dyebark dyebark collection,collection, the duction, is unaccountedunaccounted for eacheach year.year. In requirement is toto leaveleave anan undamagedundamaged stripstrip the case ofof rattan,rattan, thethe averageaverage productionproduction of bark at least one-third of the during thethe last 1010 yearsyears waswas onlyonly 26.726.7 circumference ofof the tree,tree, extendingextending fromfrom million meters while manufacturers of rattan the roots toto thethe branches.branches. furniture for exports alone utilized from 120120 to 150150 millionmillion linear metersmeters ofof rattanrattan polespoles Forest charges per year.year. In 1990,1990, thethe totaltotal allowableallowable cut granted to 279279 rattanrattan licenseslicenses waswas 138.95138.95 Holders of NWFPs licenseslicenses or permits are million linear meters, but thethe reportedreported required to pay thethe forestforest chargescharges prior toto production forfor that year waswas onlyonly 19.319.3 transport, disposition oror processing.processing. Forest million linear meters.meters. officers assess the charges on thethe products'products' market value. From 19811981 to 1990, no productionproduction ofof Manila elemi was reported, yet somesome 33 Transport ofof NWFPsNWFPs million kilogramsldlograms werewere exported.exported. DuringDuring

To monitor the movementmovement of NWFPs from the forests toto marketsmarkets oror processingprocessing plants,plants,

109 ...... ~ o ;::

~<:> ;:,. ~ ~ ~

<:>~ §- '"~

Table 6. Non-Wood Forest Products Legally Harvested in the Philippines: 1981-1990 (in thousands of units) -

Akoaciga Buri Wm:an Nito, I-begin Npa Unapht Salago Lamban Resin Mahn, Baxnboo&Bobo Mkinba &other vi nes Homy Shingles Oleoreain Spht rattan rattan bark Tanbark Elam nut, bin* asp Year (kg) (PO (PO (kg) (kg) (htre) (Pe) (kg) (kg) OW (kg) (kg) (kg) OW Wtto

1981 476 440 885 308 2 0.7 2,978 - 1,177 33,511 673 859 6 14- 2 1982 1,407 22 647 97 3 94.3 4,126 195 15,594 258 83 4 - 6 1983 462 96 410 57 10 11 3,166 - 73 24,244 83 52 5 - 0 3 1984 191 6 309 155 27 - 1,757 - 2,770 25,370 144 98 6 19 0.5 1985 380 31 644 48 50 1.4 2,675 - 72 19,437 47 53 75 - 1986 386 .. 428 33 4 0.7 3,989 . 249 28,588 156 1,020 . 25 1987 485 2 402 5 27 0 3 3,579 16 98 33,902 2 33 - - 4 1988 700 10 133 41 13 - 2,504 - 54 34,215 8 - - - 1989 472 16 204 88 157 06 5,298 - 30 33,254 2 - .. - 1990 943 2 984 58 89 - 8;023 - 10 19,266 6 30 -

~ ~ "'5s· I!l Non-WoodNon- Wood ForestForest Products Philippi/usPhilippines same period, somesome 852,000852,000 kilogramskilograms of In somesome instances, initialinitial processingprocessing is done Almaciga resin werewere exportedexported annuallyannually to increase the value of thethe product.product. while the average yearly reported production was only 587,000 kilograms.kilograms. Middlemen play an importantimportant role.role. They have the necessary capital to finance The large volume of unrecordedunrecorded NWFPs is handling, storage,storage, andand transport.transport. Many due toto DENR'sDENR's inabilityinability toto monitormonitor andand NWFPs gatherers, withwith oror withoutwithout permits, supervise the operations of NWFPs licensees do notnot havehave thethe meansmeans toto sellsell theirtheir produceproduce because of aa shortageshortage ofof personnel. personnel. Thus, directly toto processorsprocessors oror manufacturers, manufacturers, even some of thethe NWFPsNWFPs cutcut oror gatheredgathered whose plants are mostly in thethe citiescities or farfar under license or permitpermit areare notnot reported,reported, from thethe forest.forest. On thethe otherother hand,hand, somesome resulting in lossloss ofof forestforest revenue.revenue. processors or manufacturers,manufacturers, especiallyespecially thethe small ones, can not afford toto putput upup buyingbuying Under existingexisting regulations,regulations, licenseeslicensees areare stations inin the hinterlandshinterlands because of theirtheir required to gathergather oror extractextract thethe productsproducts limited capital.capital. Therefore, the rolerole ofof themselvesthemselves or to employ their own middlemen inin bringing thethe rawraw materialsmaterials gatherers. As such,such, theythey areare obligatedobligated toto from thethe producersproducers toto manufacturersmanufacturers hashas submit the names,names, addressesaddresses andand residenceresidence become indispensable to NWFPNWFP utilizationutilization certificates of theirtheir agentsagents andand employeesemployees toto in thethe Philippines.Philippines. the CommunityCommunity EnvironmentEnvironment and NaturalNatural Resources Officer (CENRO) whowho has Processing jurisdiction over the area..area .. While some NWFPs are beingbeing exportedexported inin Licensees are likewiselikewise requiredrequired toto informinform raw forms,forms, othersothers areare consumedconsumed by thethe the CENRO when their operations gatherers themselvesthemselves or soldsold toto locallocal proces-proces­ commence. This enablesenables the CENROCENRO toto sors or manufacturers. MostMost ofof the the proces-proces­ assign forest officers to monitor and sors oror manufacturersmanufacturers are cottagecottage type oror supervise theirtheir operations.operations. backyard level industriesindustries employingemploying notnot more thanthan 2020 workersworkers each.each. There are,are, In manymany instances, thethe gathering of NWFPs however, around 250 mediummedium toto large firmsfirms is done by members ofof culturalcultural communitiescommunities which are primarily involved in the and otherother uplandupland dwellers withoutwithout thethe manufacture of rattan and bamboobamboo furniturefurniture benefit of a licenselicense or permitpermit issuedissued by thethe for export. SomeSome ofof these these firmsfirms havehave beenbeen DENR. Although members of culturalcultural granted forestforest concessionsconcessions whichwhich provideprovide communities are given priority in the them withwith anan adequateadequate andand continuous continuous gathering of forest products in theirtheir localitylocality supply of rawraw material.material. Others procureprocure or areas theythey claimclaim toto bebe partpart ofof their their ances-ances­ their rawraw materialsmaterials fromfrom NWFPNWFP permitteespermittees tral lands,lands, manymany of themthem dodo notnot botherbother toto or fromfrom middlemen.middlemen. AA fewfew ofof them them havehave apply for aa licenselicense oror permit.permit. The forestforest already resorted to thethe importationimportation of rawraw products areare then sold either to holders of materials to sustain the operationsoperations of theirtheir forest products permitspermits oror middlemen. middlemen. In manufacturing plants. turn, thesethese permittees, oror middlemen,middlemen, either sell thethe productsproducts toto locallocal processorsprocessors oror manufacturers, or export them in raw form.

111 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Philippines

Problems confrontingNVVIFP-basedconfrontingNWFP-based Indus­Indus- example, around 77.5 percentpercent isis tries composed of climbing speciesspecies (bikal(bikal and bikal-baboi), which are presently The development of NWFP-based industries considered as non-commercial is being hindered byby severalseveral problems:problems: species. These species are, however, potential raw material for • Lack of raw material supply. ThisThis pulp andand paperpaper manufacture.manufacture. In thethe is a result of destructive extraction ofof case of rattan,rattan, thethe largelarge diameterdiameter forest products, slash and bumburn poles are currentlycurrently inin demanddemand forfor agriculture and conversion of forest furniture manufacture.manufacture. So, there is to otherother uses.uses. Illegal extraction or the tendencytendency to overcutovercut thethe largelarge gathering has led to over-exploitation diameter species while those ofof and fast depletion of NVVFPNWFP smaller diameter are under-utilized.under-utilized. resources. The government'sgovernment's in-in­ ability to stopstop illegalillegal extractionextraction andand Lack ofof capitalcapital toto finance fmance NVVFP NWFP trade of NWFPs has compounded the plantation development.development. AlthoughAlthough problem. the government has provided severalseveral incentives to encourage NWFP plan-plan­ Inefficient extraction and tation development, the lack of processing technology.technology. Inefficient capital has been a major deterrent for technologies have resulted in private sectorsector participation.participation. This isis considerable waste in thethe extractionextraction aggravated by the long-term and processingprocessing ofof NWFPs.NWFPs. For gestation and the highhigh riskrisk involvedinvolved example, the cuttingcutting ofof immatureimmature in forestforest plantationplantation development.development. rattan plants results in the production of lowlow qualityquality poles.poles. PoorPoor handlinghandling FUTURE DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONS ANDAND and storage techniquestechniques also result in PROSPECTS fungal attack and the loweringlowering of pole quality. InIn thethe casecase ofof resin and The PhilippinePhilippine Master Plan forfor ForestForest gums, excessiveexcessive removal ofof bark in Development (MPFD),(MPFD), preparedprepared by thethe the process ofof tapping tapping weakensweakens thethe DENR with the assistance of thethe tree or causes itit toto die.die. TheseThese sortssorts Government . of of FinlandFinland andand thethe AsianAsian of activitiesactivities have contributed to thethe Development Bank,Bank, provides for aa nationalnational rapid depletiondepletion ofof NVVFP NWFP resources. program on non-wood forestforest products. products. The program aims "to develop and bring under • Lack of market information. TheThe sustainable management these various lack of marketmarket information has resources for economic andand ecological resulted in the very limited benefits of the greatestgreatest numbernumber ofof FilipinoFilipino utilization of certain species of people." Specifically, the program seeksseeks toto NWFPs. Thus, aa situationsituation arisesarises achieve the following objectives:objectives: wherein certain species of NWFPsNWFPs are underutilized, while other species • To provide adequateadequate supply of rawraw are beingbeing over-exploited.over-exploited. Of thethe materials to variousvarious end-usersend-users andand country's bamboo resource, for the industries while at the same time

112 No,,·Non-Wood Wood ForestForest Products Philippines

conserving the resources; toto ease thethe pressure onon speciesspecies whichwhich are inin great demand and atat thethe samesame timetime expandexpand • To promotepromote equitableequitable access to the resource basebase ofof local local industries.industries. opportunities in the utilization of the ,resources;resources; Inefficient harvesting, handlinghandling and storagestorage have also contributed toto thethe fastfast depletiondepletion of • To promotepromote economiceconomic developmentdevelopment NWFPs. To ensureensure sustainability, the in thethe ruralrural areas;areas; andand program seeks to minimizeminimize waste.

• To institutionalizeinstitutionalize thethe developmentdevelopment To ensure aa sustainablesustainable supplysupply ofof NWFPs,NWFPs, of the resources.resources. the program encourages thethe establishment of plantations. Currently, thethe government,government, The program, however,however, covers only rattan, through the DENR, isis negotiatingnegotiating withwith thethe bamboo, resins, gumsgums andand essential oils, andand Asian Development BankBank andand the OECF a medicinal plants. concessionery loanloan to financefinance andand expandexpand industrial forest plantations, includingincluding rattan To achieve these objectives, the program has and rubberrubber plantationplantation development.development. To outlined a strategy for ensuring the encourage thethe private sector to investinvest inin continuous supplysupply andand conservation ofof the plantation development, severalseveral incentivesincentives resources. This isis toto bebe achievedachieved throughthrough are being offered such as taxtax rebates,rebates, lowlow sustainable management ofof resources, thethe interest loans, long-maturing loans andand utilization of non-commercial species, security of tenure. improved harvesting and utilization technologies, plantationplantation developmentdevelopment andand Profitability analyses of NWFPNWFP plantationplantation strict implementation of existing regulations. development have discloseddisclosed a potentialpotential financial raterate ofof return of 16.816.8 percent for Over-exploitation and and thethe conversionconversion ofof rattan andand 28.5 percent forfor bamboo. TheThe forest to otherother usesuses havehave broughtbrought about the National Development Corporation, a rapid depletion ofof thethe country's forest government-owned corporation, pioneeredpioneered resources, including non-wood forest the development of large-scale rattan products. There isis aa needneed toto managemanage plantations in the Philippines. The NWFPs on a sustainedsustained yield basis to ensure corporation started its rattan plantation an adequate and continuouscontinuous supply of rawraw project in 19831983 in Bislig,Bislig, SurigaoSurigao del Sur,Sur, materials. The ban onon logginglogging ofof primaryprimary Mindanao. As ofof 1988,1988, somesome 4,0004,000 forests, as ofof JanuaryJanuary 1992,1992, isis expectedexpected toto hectares had been planted to rattan.rattan. contribute to conservation ofof the NWFPs,NWFPs, for a substantialsubstantial quantityquantity of thesethese valuablevaluable The Ecosystems Research andand DevelopmentDevelopment resources are destroyeddestroyed during logginglogging Bur~uBureau (ERDB) has established experimentalexperimental operations. plantations ofof rattan, bamboobamboo and medicinalmedicinal plants. A DENRDENR bamboobamboo developmentdevelopment Many species of NWFPsNWFPs are notnot beingbeing program is beingbeing implementedimplemented byby ERDBERDB utilized atat present. TheThe country'scountry's NWFPNWFP with support from UNDPUNDP andand FAO.FAO. program seeksseeks toto promotepromote thethe commercialcommercial Research into propagation techniques, utilization ofof thesethese species.species. This is expected and phenology is being conducted

113 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products Plurrgises

by ERDB.ERDB. AmongAmong thethe accomplishmentsaccomplishments of Institute (FPRDI) has beenbeen conducting the ERDB program is thethe developmentdevelopment of a research into the utilization of forest technology toto hasten thethe germinationgermination of resources, includingincluding NWFPs.NVVFPs. ThisThis hashas ledled seeds of some rattan species. ByBy removingremoving to the development ofof new products as well the seeds' cover,cover, thethe germinationgermination period of as thethe commercialcommercial utilizationutilization of previouslypreviously palasan (Calamus merrillh)merrillii) seedsseeds hashas beenbeen ignored species.species. shortened from 120 days to 2 days with 97.5 percent germinationgermination success.success. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Equal access to opportunities With thethe decliningdeclining importanceimportance of wood-wood­ based industries, and the prospect of moremore In the grantinggranting of privilegesprivileges to gathergather and restrictive logging bans, attentionattention has shifted utilize NWFPs, as in the leasing ofof areasareas forfor to the development of NWFP-based plantation development, locallocal communitiescommunities industries. Wasteful utilization and thethe will be given priority. destruction ofof muchmuch ofof thethe country's forestsforests have alsoalso resulted in depletion of thethe The developmentdevelopment of locallocal industriesindustries to NWFPs and threatensthreatens thethe existenceexistence andand utilize NWFPNWFP rawraw materials will be development of industries usingusing them.them. encouraged under the program.program. Incentives similar to those granted under the Industrial As partpart ofof thethe government'sgovernment's programprogram toto Forest Plantation ProgramProgram willwill be given to provide low-cost medicine to the people and would-be investors. Establishment of to reduce dependence on expensive synthetic cottage industries in local communities will and importedimported drugs,drugs, the DepartmentDepartment ofof be undertaken, including the development of Health has recently established facilities for market linkages. manufacturing medicines from plants. Medicinal plants from the forest, or Upgrading Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest ProductsProducts cultivated in plantations, are used as the raw Development material of thesethese newnew facilities.facilities.

This wouldwould requirerequire thethe establishmentestablishment ofof To ensureensure thethe adequateadequate andand sustainablesustainable policies asas wellwell asas aa national national programprogram supply of rawraw materialmaterial toto NWFP-based NWFP-based directed toward non-wood resources devel-devel­ industries, a Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest ProductsProducts opment. Development Program hashas been incorporated in to thethe recentlyrecently completedcompleted PhilippinePhilippine The non-wood forest-based industry Master Plan for Forest Development. TheThe program, whichwhich willwill continuecontinue untiluntil thethe yearyear success of the program, however, hinges hinges on 2015, will require some US$ 1.5 million of the availability ofof funds to finance it. financial supportsupport perper year.year. TheThe bulkbulk ofof thisthis amount (88 percent) will be investedinvested inin rattan and bamboobamboo plantationplantation development.development.

To supportsupport thethe government'sgovernmenf s programprogram toto develop the local forest-based industries, the Forest Products ResearchResearch andand DevelopmentDevelopment

114 Nolt-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Plappines

REFERENCES

America, Leila C. 1989.1989. DiscoverDiscover otherother potentialpotential non-timbernon-timber forestforest products.products. 7heThe PhilippinePhilippine Lumberman 35 (6): 37-38.

Anonymous. 1989.1989. ApitongApitong andand pilipili oils areare goodgood substitutessubstitutes for dieseldiesel fuel.fuel. The7he PhilippinePhilippine Lumberman. 33 (11):21, 37.

\ Baconguis, S.R. et al. 1989.1989. MedicinalMedicinal plants:plants: oneone ofof the resources inin aa secondarysecondary dipterocarp forest.forest. The Philippine Lumberman,Lumberman, 3535 (1): 19-22, 24-31.

Brown, William H.H. 1921. MinorMinor forestforest productsproducts of Philippine forests.forests. Vol.Vol. I and II. Bureau of Printing. Manila.Manila.

Bureau of ForestForest Development.Development. 1988. Natural forest resourcesresources ofof the the Philippines.Philippines. Philippine-Philippine­ German Forest Resources Inventory Project. Manila.

Bureau of Forestry. 1985.1985. AdministrativeAdministrative OrderOrder No.11No. 11 (Revised),(Revised), seriesseries ofof 1970. 1970.

Bureau of Forest Development, 1985. BFD Administrative OrderOrder No. 2-85, seriesseries ofof 1985.1985.

de la Merced,Merced, NarcisoNarciso T. 1988.1988. Rattan industry situationsituation analysis.analysis. Proceedings of thethe NationalNational Symposium/Symposium! Workshop on Rattan held at Ecotech Center, Lahug, CebuCebu CityCity JuneJune 1-3.1-3.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources.Resources. 1989. DENR Administrative Order No.No.4, 4, seriesseries of 1989.1989.

Department of EnvironmentEnvironment andand NaturalNatural Resources.Resources. 1989. MasterMaster plan plan for for forestry forestry developmentdevelopment (main report) Manila.Manila.

Fiber IndustryIndustry DevelopmentDevelopment Authority. 1991.1991. Statistical bulletin forfor the fiber industry.industry. Makati, Metro Manila.

Formoso, GabrielGabriel R. 1988.1988. EconomicsEconomics ofof rattan rattan plantationplantation development. ProceedingsProceedings of of the the NationalNational SymposiumIWorkshopSymposium/Workshop onon RattanRattan heldheld atat EcotechEcotech Center,Center, Lahug, CebuCebu CityCity onon JuneJune 1-3.1-3.

Pollisco, Filivberto S.andS. and Aida B. Lapis. 1988.1988. StateState of of the the art: art: researchresearch and and developmentdevelopment inin rattanrattan production. Proceedings of the NationalNational Symposium/WorkshopSymposiumIWorkshop onon Rattan held at EcotechEcotech Center, Lahug, CebyCeby CityCity June 1-3.1-3.

Reyes, Carmelita G.G. et al.al. 1990. Salago (Wikstroemia(W'lkstroemia spp.).spp.). Research Informationlriformation Series onon Ecosystems 2 (6)(6) 10-19.10-19.

Salvosa, Felipe M. 1963.1963. LexiconLexicon ofof Philippine Philippine T'rees.Trees. ForestForest Products Products Research Research InstituteInstitute Bulletin Bulletin No. 1. College, Laguna.Laguna.

Tesoro, Florentino O.0. 1988. Rattan processing and utilizationutilization research in thethe Philippines.Philippines.

115 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Philippines

Proceedings of the National SymposiumlWorkshopSymposium/Workshop onon RattanRattan heldheld atat Ecotech Center, Lahug,Lahug, Cebu City on June 1-3.1-3.

UPLB College of Forestry. Project Evaluation and Pre-feasibilityPre-feasibility study of CinchonaCinchona ReforestationReforestation Project.

Forest fruits supplement diets andand incomesincomes throughout thethe region.region.

116 Non-WoodNOli· Wood ForestForest Products SriSriLonka Lanka SRI LANKALANKA

K.P. SriSri BharathieBharathie ConserwuorConservator of Forests Forest DeparinsentDepartment of Sri Lanka

INTRODUCTION

According toto the ForestForest OrdinanceOrdinance of SriSri Little reliable, detaileddetailed information Lanka thethe followingfollowing materialsmaterials areare declareddeclared pertaining toto thesethese valuablevaluable productsproducts isis "Non-wood Forest Produce:" available. Few studiesstudies havehave beenbeen carriedcarried out inin SriSri LankaLanka onon thethe economics economics andand (a) Leaves, flowersflowers andand fruit,fruit, seeds, management ofof non-wood forest products.products. juice, caoutchouc,caoutchouc, catechu,catechu, woodwood oil, Efforts in thisthis directiondirection could bridge thethe resin, natural varnish, bark, lac, gumgum wide gap between peoplepeople andand forests.forests. TheThe and myrabolans;myrabolans; Ministry of IndigenousIndigenous Medicine, however,however, has started research into the medicinalmedicinal (b) plants thatthat areare notnot trees,trees, includingincluding aspects of non-wood forest ·products.products. grass, creepers,creepers, reed mossmoss andand allall parts or produceproduce ofof suchsuch plants;plants; This paper willwill assessassess thethe followingfollowing aspectsaspects of non-wood forest products in Sri Lanka.Lanka. (c) tusk horns, shedshed hornshorns andand edibleedible birds' nests;nests; • Classification of products, their availability and value; (d) . , surface soil, rocks and minerals, including limestone, • Export in quantitiesquantities and value; latente,laterite, bitumen,bitumen, bituminousbituminous shale,shale, asphalt, mineral oils and all products • Collection and processing; of mines or quarries.quarries. • Employment generation and socialsocial The forestsforests ofof SriSri LankaLanka c,ontaincontain a largelarge benefits from non-woodnon-wood forestforest pro-pro­ number ofof trees, shrubsshrubs andand herbsherbs whichwhich ducts; andand provide various products other than wood.wood. These products are commonlycommonly .known as • Future directionsdirections to promotepromote non-non­ "minor forest products" or "non-wood forest wood forestforest products;products; products.products." " A numbernumber ofof suchsuch non-woodnon-wood forest products are usedused locally,locally, whilewhile aa few enter the export market. These products CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTS have numerous direct and indirectindirect uses, and are of immenseimmense benefitbenefit to thethe peoplepeople whowho Gum, resins, andand oleoresinsoleoresins live close to forestsforests and also toto thosethose whowho live in cities.cities. There are severalseveral treetree speciesspecies inin SriSri Lanlcan Lankan forests from which gums and resinsresins areare

117 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Sri LimIcaLmlka collectexl,collected, e.g.e.g. dawn (Angeissus(Angeissus latifolia),latifolia), Bark, fruitsfruits andand seeds,seeds, flowers,flowers, leavesleaves hik (Linnea(Linnea coromandelica)coromandelica) andand gammalugammalu (Pterocatpus(Pterocarpus marsupium). The resin Bark is the sourcesource ofof tannintannin andand AyurvedicAyurvedic obtained fromfrom the latter is widelywidely usedused inin medicines. The main tannin-producing barks Sri Lanka toto treattreat diabetes.diabetes. GumGum obtainedobtained are kadol (Rhizophora(Rhizophora spp.), ranawara from kajukaju (Anacardium(Ana cardium occidentale) is (Cassia auriculata),auriculata) , andand wattlewattle (Acacia(Acacia used locally asas an adhesive. This species is decurrens). TheseThese speciesspecies areare locallylocally usedused widely plantedplanted as as anan export crop for itsits in limited quantities forfor leatherleather tanningtanning andand nuts, but fewfew treestrees occuroccur naturallynaturally in thethe tanning of fishnets. forests. Another gumgum locally used as anan adhesive is kohomba gumgum (Azadiracta(Azadiracta In indigenous medicine, bark of the indica). following speciesspecies isis used:used:

Resin from pinepine (Pinus caribaea) raisedraised in Etdemata (Gmelina arborea) forest plantationsplantations isis nownow entering the export Kumbuk (Tenninalia(Terminalia arjuna)atjuna) market. Madan (Syzygium cumim)cumini) Kohomba (Az,adirachta(Azadirachta indica) Except forfor pinepine resin, none of thethe otherother Ankenda (Acronychia pedunculata)pedunculata) gums andand resins isis collectedcollected onon a largelarge Mi (Madhuca()longifolia) scale. Damar resinsresins are producedproduced byby Bakmi ( orientials)orientials) various speciesspecies ofof dipterocarps.dipterocarps. The bestbest BelBeli (Aegle()mannelos) known product,product, dorana oil, is obtained from Kokum (Kokoona zeylanica) the dorana tree (Dipterocarpus Kahata (Careya arborea) glandulosus). ThisThis oil mixedmixed withwith otherother organic substances was used to paint murals Bark of godakaduru (Strychnos nux-vomica) in ancient temples in Sri Lanka.Lanka. is exported from Sri Lanka for the extraction of strychnine. strychnine. Kekuna (Canarium zeylaicum)zeylaicum) produces an oleoresin which is collected in small Several varieties of wild fruitfruit areare collectedcollected quantities andand usedused asas incense.incense. When by villagers. Some of thesethese fetch high prices distilled, kekuna oleoresin yields phyllandrin in the local market. The popular varieties of which is exported. The residueresidue after wild fruit are:are: distilling the phylladrin is suitable as Incense.incense. Mora (Nephelium)(Nephelium) Palu (Manillcara(Manilkara hexandra) DipterocatpusDipterocarpus and Canarium speciesspecies have Wira (Drypetes sepiaria) been heavily exploited forfor timber in the wet Madan (Syzygium cumim)cumini) evergreen forests forests of of SriSri Lanka. Of thethe Katuboda (Culleia ceylanica) dipterocarps, only about one tree per hectare Beraliya (Shorea dyen) greater than 120 centimeters in diameter can Jack (Artocatpus(Arlo carpus heterophyllus)heterophyllus) be found in naturalnatural forestsforests fromfrom whichwhich toto Wood appleapple (Ferronia limonia)limonia) extract damar resin. BelBeli (Aegle(Aegle mannelos)mannelos)

118 Non-WoodNon· Wood Forest Products Sri Lanka

The fruit andand seedsseeds of jack are popular foodfood Kitul (Careota urens) is abundantabundant in thethe items in Sri Lanka.Lanka. wet evergreen forests. Flowers, or moremore comedycorrectly inflorescencesinflorescences of kitul,kitul, areare tappedtapped Several varietiesvarieties of seedsseeds areare usedused in to obtainobtain phloemphloem sap whichwhich producesproduces a Ayurvedic medicine. The moremore popularpopular range of products such as , alcoholicalcoholic varieties are: beverages (toddy) and vinegar. KitulKitul flourflour obtained from the juvenile core of the tree is Ingini (Strychnos potatontm)potatorum) to a well-lcnownwell-known medicinemedicine for giddiness. purify water in wellswells Madan (Syzygium(Syz,ygium cumim)cumint) for treat-treat­ Forest treetree leaves are widelywidely usedused inin ment of diabetesdiabetes Oriental medicalmedical tre,atment.treatment. A fewfew are alsoalso Pus WelWeI (Entada(Entada phaseoloides)pha§eoloides) inin used as wrappers and asas leafleaf vegetables.vegetables. ayurvedic tre,atmenttreatment Attaa (Datn2(Datra mete!)lintel) for treatment of The more important species and their usesuses nerve diseasesdiseases are: Kapukinissa (Hibiscus abelmschus) Domba (Calphyllum(CalphyUum inophyllum)inophyUum) Bidi leaf (Diospyros melanoxylon) to Kina (Calophyllum(CalophyUum walken) wrap bidi, aa cheapcheap smokesmoke Mi (Madhca(Madhca longifolia)longifolia) toto extractextract Kenda ( peltata)pellata) toto wrapwrap cholesterol free oil and cattle feed jaggery andand otherother sweetmeatssweetmeats Kohomba (Axadurachta(Axadutuchta indica) toto Beru (Agrostistachys(Agrostistachys hooken)hooken) for extract medicinal oil thatching huts Jayapala (Croton tiglium) as a Bata leaves (Ochlandra stridula) toto laxative thatch villagevillage' houseshouses Godakaduru (Strychos nux vomicca)l'omicca) Madurutal~'Madurutala (Horlonia (Hortoniafloribunda) floribunda) a to extract strychninstrychnin mosquito repellant Myrabolams including Aralu (Term(Terminalia in a lia belerica)belerica),, Bulu The leavesleaves of blueblue gumgum (Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus (Tenninalia chebula) and Nelli globulus) are ,used,used toto distill oil whichwhich (phyllanthus·(Phyllanthus emblica)emblica) contains cineole. The quantityquantity involved is comparatively small. Many wildwild flowers produce medicinal beverages. The moremore importantimportant onesones are:are: The non-woodnon-wood forestforest productsproducts discusseddiscussed above havehave beenbeen over-exploitedover-exploited becausebecause Ranawara (Cassia auricuIUonnis)auriculifonnis) there has been no plannedplanned management.management. As BellBeli (Aegle mannelos) a result,result, manymany herbalherbal medicinesmedicines thatthat couldcould Mi (Madhuca longifolia)longifolia) forfor strongstrong be growngrown in SriSri LankaLanka areare nownow imported.imported. beverage One exampleexample is kohomba (Munronia(Munronia Kohomba (Azodirachta(Azadirachta indica)indica) for pumila),pumila) , whichwhicQ was available inin the drydry savoury food z,onezone andand th~the mid-country-mid-country but is now almost Malitha (Wootffordia(Wootifonlia /ruiticosa)fruiticosa) extinct. This'tAtS valuable medicinal herb is now MaliaMafia (Bauhima racemosa) imported fromfrom IndiaIndia at at aa costcost ofof aboutabout RslOOORs1000 per ldlogram.kilogram.

119 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Sri Lanka

Grass, Bamboo, and Cane its collection. AA breeding breeding programprogram isis nownow underway. Various sedges are usedused forfor handicrafthandicraft industries such as basket making, hat making,maldng, and mat maldng.making. EXPORT QUANTITIES ANDAND VALUESV ALVES

Bamboo isis usedused inin building,building, scaffolding,scaffolding, Few non-woodnon-wood forest productsproducts enter thethe ladders, bridges andand fences. Numerous foreign market, with the exception of articles of dailydaily use suchsuc~. .asas brushes, tool handicrafts made from bamboo and rattan.rattan. handles, toys, musicalmusical instruments etc.etc. are Bamboo and rattan goods earned Rs2.5 mil-mil­ made of different bamboòbamboo species. TheThe lion in 1986.1986. There hashas beenbeen a 5050 percentpercent traditional industry of basketware and reduction inin sales over the last fewfew years.years. bamboo flutes is basedbased almostalmost exclusivelyexclusively on a singlesingle native species, bata (Ochlandra All productsproducts of minesmines oror quarriesquarries 'areare stridula). Davidsea attenuata and defined asas forest produceproduce inin the ForestForest Pseudoxytenantherea monadelpha are twotwo Ordinance. In this context gem stones,stones, other local speciesspecies used toto produceproduce crudecrude graphite and the likelike obtainedobtained fromfrom withinwithin basketware. Four bamboo species, the forestforest areas couldcould be defineddefined asas non-non­ Ochlandra stridula, Davidsea atteuata, wood forest products. This paper does notnot Bamboosa vulgaris, andand DendrocalamusDendrocalamus consider thethe exports of gemgem stonesstones andand giganteus are widely used in cottage similar products,products, asas they dodo not relate toto industries. these materials.

The rattan industry of Sri LankaLanka dependsdepends on 10 nativenative species.species. TheThe followingfollowing species are COLLECTION ANDAND PROCESSING widely used commercially. After receiving royalties, permits are issuedissued Thambotu welweI (Calamus zeylanicus)zeylanicus) by the Forest DepartmentDepartment toto collectcollect productsproducts Sudu wewel (Calamus ovoideus)ovoideus) from forestforest preserves,preserves, whilewhile thethe DistrictDistrict Heen wewel (Calamus(Calamuspseudotenuis) pseudotenuis) Office issues permitspermits toto collectcollect productsproducts Ma wewelwewe1 (Calamus thwaitesit)thwaitesil) from state forests not managed by the Forest . Kaha wewel (Calamus rivalis)rivalis) Department. NarawelNarawe1 (Calamus(Calamus delicatulus)delicatulus) Wewel (Calamus rotang) Non-wood forest products are almost Kukuluwel (Calamus pachystemo-pachystemo­ exclusively gathered by local entrepreneurs. nus) Little processing is done prior to theirtheir sale.sale.

An important species is weniwel (Cosciniun feenestratum),feenestratum) , whichwhich isis aa woodywoody climberclimber EMPLOYMENT GENERATIONGENERATION ANDAND growing inin thethe rainrain forests.forests. The stem is SOCIAL BENEFITS used as aa diureticdiuretic andand asas anan anti-tetanus anti-tetanus drug. This,This, too,too, isis over-exploitedover-exploited andand thethe Most industries based on non-woodnon-wood forestforest Forest Department has enforced controls on products generate only part-time employment"employment, with thethe exception of bamboobamboo

120 Non-WoodNon- Wood ForestForest Products Sri Lanka and rattan industries, whichwhich employemploy 3,000 Awareness ProgramsPrograms people fullfull time. Additional part-timepart-time workers are oftenoften seasonallyseasonally employed. Industries based on non-wood forest products are confinedconfined toto households;households; thethe The most commoncommon production unit is home-home­ traditional methods used forfor collectioncollection andand based. The employmentemployment pattern for non-non­ processing have notnot changed overover thethe years.years. wood forest productsproducts industriesindustries have notnot The waste of raw materialmaterial during harvesting been carefully studied,studied, exceptexcept forfor bamboobamboo and processingprocessing could be reducedreduced throughthrough and rattan.rattan. Actually there isis anan estimatedestimated awareness programs of propagationpropagation andand surplus ofof 900 trained workers in the harvesting techniques. Cultivation ofof rare industry based on bamboo and rattan. This species and the useuse ofof alternative alternative speciesspecies is mainly caused by thethe difficulty in have to be promotedpromoted toto reducereduce thethe pressure obtaining raw materials, thethe lacklack ofof capitalcapital on speciesspecies in naturalnatural forests.forests. to pay for them,them, andand aa shortageshortage ofof tools.tools. Most non-wood forest products do not fetch their proper prices in thethe marketmarket because of FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO PROMOTE poor quality.qUality. People engaged in this industry NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS have to bebe educatededucated toto newnew methodsmethods toto improve the quality of thethe produce.produce. Almost all non-woodnon-wood forestforest productsproducts areare obtained fromfrom natural forests, andand somesome SomeSOqle species areare underutilized becausebecause of effort has beenbeen mademade toto assessassess thethe presentpresent ignorance ofof processingprocessing methods.methods. Katu una stock. Although thethe legallegal protection of thesethese (Bamboosa bamboos), foundfound in the dry zone species is well defined, illegal exploitation is for example,example, isis underutilized.underutilized. InIn IndiaIndia andand common mainly because of the high demand other countriescountries in thethe region,region, the samesame for these products. AsAs aa result,result, somesome speciesspecies species is usedused forfor weavingweaving mats.mats. TheThe are almostalmost extinct. extinct. The followingfollowing aspectsaspects existing techniques in in thethe region could be have to be studied to ensure proper used to overcome this problem. management of remaining resources:resources: Research Survey of Existing StocksStocks Research programs have to bebe strengthenedstrengthened A comprehensive survey is neededneeded toto assessassess to propagate thethe rare andand veryvery importantimportant the present stock of non-woodnon-wood forest non-wood forestforest products.products. MoreMore assistanceassistance products andand to studystudy thethe employment is requiredrequired forfor continuingcontinuing researchresearch carriedcarried generation patternpattern of thisthis industry.industry. BothBoth out byby thethe universitiesuniversities andand thethe ForestForest quantitative and qualitative data are needed. Department.

The status of individualindividual speciesspecies hashas toto bebe The ADB-fundedADB-funded ParticipatoryParticipatory Forestry ascertained so thatthat vulnerable species and Project of the Forest Department, to areas can be protectedprotected fromfrom over-over­ commence atat the beginning ofof 1992, willwill exploitation. provide opportunities for the development of non-wood forestforest productsproducts atat thethe villagevillage level. Special attentionattention willwill be given to thethe

121 Non-WoodNon- Wood FQrestForest ProducísProducts Sri LankaLallkn medicinal herbs which are inin highhigh demand.demand. Propagation ofof thethe herbsherbs at thethe villagevillage garden levellevel willwill contributecontribute towardstowards ex-situex-situ conservation of these rare herbs and generate income for the ruralrural poor.poor.

LITERALITERATURE TURE CITED de Zoysa, NeelaNeela andand K.K. Vivekanandan.Vivekanandan. 1991.1991. TheThe bamboo and rattan cottagecottage industryindustry in Sri Lanka. IDRCIDRC BambooBamboo RattanRattan Project.Project.

Ministry of .Ayurveda. n.d.n.d. AyurvedaAyurveda Sameeksha.Sameeksha. Colombo,Colombo,. SriSri Lanka.Lanka.

Weerasinghe, Tissa A.E.K.1971.A.E.K.1971. Forest Forest products products otherother thanthan timber.timber. PaperPaper presentedpresented at the SymposiumSymposium on SubsidiarySubsidiary Industrial Products of AgricultureAgriculture && Forestry,Forestry, 3131 August 1971, Colombo.Colombo.

Links between producers andand markets areare crucialcrucial forfor successful NWFP development.development .

122 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products Sri LankaLallka

,Annex L Forest Herbal Materials Utilized by the AyUrvedic Corporation of Sri Lanka and their annual requirements Annual Requirement No. Local Name Botanic Name (kg)

1. Axalu Temanalia chebula 10,000 2. Adhathoda Adhotoda viska 300 3. Etdemata (root) Gemlina arborea 1,500 4. Aswenna Alysicarpus vaginalis 1,500 S. Inveriya (dry) Plectranthus SOO 6. Inguru piyali Knoxíaa zeylanica 400 7, Eta batu (root) Solanum xanthocarpum 1,500 8. Endaru (root) Reeinus eommunis 500 9, Endani (seed) Reeinus communis 200 10. Palol Sterospermum suaveolens 1,500 11, Polpala Eerva lanata 1,500 12. Bell (raw fruit) Aeglt marmtdos 1,500 13. Bulu Terminatia belerica 10,000 14. Ball (root) Aegle marnialos 1,500 15. fiinkohomba Munronktpumiki 800 16. Beimla (root) Sida racemsea 5,000 17. Midi (root) Pretna ceratifolia 1,500 18. Thotila (root) Drolyiton indieum 1,500 19, Nas Narang (root) Citrus japonica 100 20. Na (flowers) Messua ferrea 600 21. Na (stame,ns) Messua ferrea 500 22. Nalum (petioles) Nelumbo nueifera 100 23, Gas Karalheba Achyrathes aspera 120 24. He,en arattiqyam) Ophiorriliza rnungos 3,500 25. Matu karandu (root) Barlerica prionitis 150 26. Kiratha Swertia zeylanica 1,000 27, Kohoba (bark) Azadirachta indica 2,000 28. Kollan (leaves) Pogostemon heyneanus 500 29. Ktunbult- (bark) Terminalia arjuna 500 30. Kohomba (seed) Azadirachta indica 100

123 Non-WoodNo,,· Wood Forest ProtJuctsProducts SriLonkaSri Lanka

NOr Annex L Forest Herbal Materials Utilized by the Ayurvedic Corporation of Sri Lanka and their annual requirements Annual Requirement No Local Name Botanic Name (kg) 31. Kotals Hituhatu (rOOt) Saracia reaculata 200 32 Dummeila Trichosanthescacumerina 300 33. Diyinnitta Campeks pareira 500 34. Nika (root) itec negundo 100 35. Runawate (rOot) Cassia aurieuktta 100 36. Ratnitui (root) ¡'lumbago indica 1,000 37. Rasaldnda (dry) Masora cordifolla 5,000 38. Rukattana (bark) 41stonia scholaris 100 39, Ruk mal (flOwar) ifortfieldia iryaghedi -300 40. Wettivelgeta Coscinium fenestratun 7,000 4L WelkAambiliya Fleurga interrapta 7$0 42. Weltibbotu (root) Solanum trilobatum 350 43, Delta (yam) Baliospemnan mamanum 400 44, Delum (peel) Punka granturn 350 4$. Clon Kekiti (yam) 's melavar 150 46. Gokatu Garcinia ?arena 500 47, Ha1 D14111%114 (»mar) Voiotia copailifera 350 48. Hatavariya (yam) Asparagus racernosus 260 49. Lunnwils Raova monniera 100 50. Lunuwarana (bark) Crateva retigiosa 100 51, Iatamanaa Nardostadlys fatamansi 500 52. Kiribadu (yam) Iponwea maurtttana 500 53. Sudu Bandon (wod) Santahan album 800 54. Sevendara (root) Vetiveria zizanioides 400 Siviya (toot) Piper citaba 300 11 1111111111,11[1ffill ,III ill II I '

12124 4 ,. ;II~ ~ 2. ~ ~ l:i.

<5~ ~ ~

Annex If. Imported Medicinal lierbs Obtain' ed from Natural Forests

1987 1988 1989

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value (kg) (Million Rs) (kg) (million Its) (kg) (million Rs)

Tippdi (Piper languor) 15,125 L61 13,708 - 2.89 : 13,976 1.59 . Spikes Roots 5,300 0.11 4,750 0.10 . 6,500 0.09 . Pathpadagum (1410auga earviana) 53,500 0.52 77,293 1.00 56,820 0.89 :- Katuwalbatu (Sokoutm xanthocarpum) 92,500 0.70 170,288 1.46 66,488 0.71 Devadara (E'lythroxylum monosytruttn) 14,203 0,17 21,246 0.32 28,287: 0.45 i Walartgasid (Etnbelia rifles) 8,59) 0.24 17,450 0.59 10,500 0.36 Tirastavalu (Operctdina tutpethua) 11,328 0.26 25,350 0.54 9,000 0.21 WeImadata (Rubia cordVolia) 6,198 0.15 15,627 0.37 4,600 0.16 Kumburueta (Caesaipiniabonduc) 5,100 0.06 6,985 0.16 9,250 0.13 i- Malithamat (Woodfordiafruticose) 16,050 0.16 13,000 0.14 9,550 0.13

Walgammitis (Piper argyrophyllarri) 600 0.15 1,245 0.12 2,000 0.11 . NeIli (Phyllanrhusemblica) 57,068 0.76 56,973 0.15 3,825 0.05 Geewandi (Tenninali el:chart) - - 1,689 5.00 4

~ ~ IV U1 ~ ~ Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products

Marketing rattanrattan inin thethe Philippines.Philippines.

126 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products ThailandThaikmd THAILAND

WanidaWanda SubsanseneeSubsansenee Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products Sub-DivisionSub-Division Forest Products ResearchResearch DivisionDivision Royal Forest DepartmentDepartment

INTRODUCTION

Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs),(NWFPs) , asas BecauseBe,cause of thethe diversified nature of defined inin Thailand, refer to allall forestforest NWFPs, .it it is difficult toto assessassess their products other thanthan timber,timber, smallsmall woodwood value. Uses of NWFPs in rural and fuelwood. NWFPs are essential to the communities differdiffer greatly from one areaarea livelihood andand well-being ofof Thai ruralrural to another. NVVFPsNWFPs areare normallynormally usedused for communities. In the past, NWFPs received subsistence purposes, purposes, butbut some are alsoalso only modestmodest attentionattention from thethe RoyalRoyal traded. Requests to RFDRFD forfor NVVFP NWFP Forest Department (RFD)(RFD), , and the harvesting permitspermits are few in numbernumber andand quantity and diversity has decreased are considered unnecessary by local users. drastically for fourfour reasons:reasons: Thus, accurate data on NWFPsNWFPs areare difficult to maintain.maintain. .. Adverse impactimpact ofof deforestation and .environmental,environmental degradation; OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATION OF NVVFPsNWFPs .. Over-exploitation; According to Forest ActAct B.E.B.E. 2484 .. Use ofof traditional, unimproved (A.D.1941), NWFPs areare divideddivided intointo twotwo methods in harvesting;harvesting; andand categories as follows:follows:

.. Lack of information and .. Protected NWFPsNWFPs includingincluding wildwild inadequate training.training. orchids, aromatic wood (Dracaena loureire),loureire) , (Aguilaria Now, thethe directdirect andand indirectindirect valuesvalues ofof sp.), sappansappan (Caesalpinia(Caesalpinia sappan)sappan) NWFPs are moremore clearlyclearly recognizedrecognized andand charcoal, yang oil (gurjan),(gurjan) , somesome are receiving interest from the government palm leaves, some bark of Thailand as wellwell as fromfrom otherother tropicaltropical (Gasternopsis spp., Hopea spp.,spp., countrie.scountries and international agencies. Persea spp., Artocardus spp., Compilation of data on NWFPs, improved Cinnamomum spp., etc.), cultivation practices,practices, and determination of Platycerium spp., gums,gums, resinresin accurate yield estimates are current (gutta percha,percha, jelutong,jelutong, lacquer priority activities.activities.· The direct andand indirectindirect resin, oleoresin), somesome ferns, andand benefits of NWFPsNWFPs toto ruralrural communitiescommunities rattans. are beingbeing assessedassessed withwith aa viewview towardtoward product improvement,improvement, managementmanagement andand .. Unprotected NWFPs: AllAll othersothers marketing of NWFPs.NWFPs. not specifiedspecified above.above.

127 Non-WoodNo,,· Wood ForestForest Products Thaiknd

BENEFITS AND IMPORTANCE OF and Plectocomiopsis. Rattan is found from NWFPs sea level up to 3,000 meters.meters. In ThailandThailand most rattansrattans areare found in the south, north NWFPs are importantimportant in providingproviding thethe and central parts ofof thethe country.country. TheyThey following benefits in Thailand:Thailand: grow in swamp, evergreen, drydry evergreenevergreen, and mixedmixed deciduous forests.forests. • Food and householdhousehold use; Rattan has been usedused forfor centuriescenturies inin • Supplements to family earningsearnings Thailand. It is usedused for:for: from trade at locallocal andand domesticdomestic levels; • Handicrafts suchsuch as rattanrattan canes,canes, hats, baskets, ropesropes and mats;mats; • Generation of rural employment;employment; • Furnitur~;Furniture; • Foreign exchangeexchange earningsearnings fromfrom exports; and • Medicines for treating rheumatism, asthma, diarrhea, snake bites andand •• Enhanced forestforest conservation.conservation . intestinal disorders.disorders. (Co(C. rotang, C.Co ceasius, and C.Co triginus; and The extent of the socialsocial value of NWFPs is not known,lcnown, but byby indirect and • Edible fruit andand shoots.shoots. subjective assessment basedbased on recordsrecords from thethe ForestForest ManagementManagement Division,Division, Rattan furniture is currently very popular there are about 9,5009,500 villages with in a numbernumber ofof internationalinternational marketsmarkets andand 862,500 families and 4.85 million has a promising future. The most residents living in reserve forests in important largelarge cane speciesspecies inin ThailandThailand Thailand. Assuming that inin e,acheach familyfamily used for furniture (Vongkaluang, 1986) are one membermember worksworks atat harvesting andand kampuan (Co(C. longisetus),longisetus) , namphungnamphung (C. utilizing NWFPs, approximately one sp.), keeseankeesean (C. rudentum), kordamkordam (C.(Co million jobsjobs are dependent on NWFPs. manan), andand nguaynguay (C. peregrinus).

Important Thai NWFPs in the internationalinternational The mostmost importantimportant smallsmall rattansrattans areare market are shownshown inin TableTable 1. These takathong (Co(C. caesuis)caesuis),, keephung (C.(Co include rattan,rattan, bamboo, lac,lac, honey, gum, blume,)blumet),, lek (Co(C. pandanosmus),pandanosmus) , andand resins and bark. Other NWFPs utilized for keereh (Co(C. densiflorus). food, spices, medicinalmedicinal plants, and orchids will not be elaborated on in this paper asas Rattan harvesting.harvesting. InIn thethe past,past, allall rattansrattans many of them are nownow cultivatedcultivated plants.plants. except CoC. caecuis were unprotected NWFPs. People couldcould collectcollect withoutwithout Rattan permits (except in reservedreserved forests).forests). InIn 1988, however, all rattan was classified as There areare 6 generagenera and 5555 speciesspecies of a protectedprotected NWFPNWFP becausebecause ofof over-over­ rattan in Thailand,Thailand, thethe mostmost importantimportant exploitation. PermitsPermits are now required being Calamus, Korthalsia, Daemonorops, Plectocomia,Plectocomia, MyriakpsisMyrialepsis

128 0\ N M "'=:: :§ ~

Table 1. Non-wood forest products exports from Thailand, 1979-1988 (million baht)

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Lac 89.88 111.43 84.97 141.36 278.71 479.45 582-09 395.11 28718 121.61 Bamboo 13.29 3.55 1736 1949. 24.00 22.0e 21.59 19.58 30.50 22.79 Gum 8.24 13.57 14.15 22.82 14.48 13.89 21.91 30.97 29.40 24.96 Rattan - - - - .. - - . Rattan 0.65 0.02 Furniture ------441.13 520.72 712.59 479.30 Honey 0.09 0.002 0.004 0.23 0.10 0.16 5.19 4.80 11.4.6 24.55 Resins 0.02 0.28 0.09 - 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.76 0.50 - s Spices 12.79 18.13 65.15 108.19 106.62 150.94 129.80 57.48 26.14 137.72 Kobuak 58.82 - - 52.65 48.63 42.53 48.53 50.08 - 47.89 Total 183.32 146.962 182.124 344.74 473.55 708.7 1260.28 1068.85 1099.04 859.34

~ ~ ~ ~ E ~

"'=~ ~ ~== Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Thailand

from thethe ForestForest DepartmentDepartment forfor harvestingharvesting increased rapidlyrapidly (Table(Table 3).3). In 1967,1967, thethe quantities exceeding 10 kilograms. quantity importedimported waswas 64.2 tons, valuedvalued atat Enforcement ofof this regulationregulation is weak,weak, Bt618,300. By 1988,1988, thethe quantityquantity importedimported resulting in illegal harvesting in most areas. had grown to 29,339 tons,tons, valuedvalued atat Bt224Bt224 Accurate production records are not million. These figures indicate that a great available. Legal harvests are given in TableTable quantity ofof rattanrattan was imported toto serve the 2, butbut thesethese levelslevels areare believedbelieved toto vastlyvastly increasing demanddemand ofof the rattanrattan furniturefurniture underestimate actual harvests.harvests. industry.

Very littlelittle rawraw rattanrattan isis exportedexported fromfrom Table 2. Legal rattan cutting in Thailand. The largest quantityquantity was in 1977:1977: Thailand 436.7 tons valued at Bt729,500. The exportexport Year Quantity Value of rawraw rattanrattan waswas bannedbanned inin 1978.1978. (1000kg) (Baht 1000)

1967 34,347 30,014 Collection and processing.processing. TheThe MinistryMinistry of 1968 34,195 29,876 Agriculture and Cooperatives hashas established 1969 3,037 3,038 temporarytemporary regulations for harvesting.harvesting. WhenWhen 1979 37,000 37,955 better data and information on growth rates 1971 14,897 12,509 and cutting regimesregimes becomes available, these 1972 23,839 20,017 1973 23,369 22,591 regulations maymay bebe revised.revised. TheThe currentcurrent 1974 64,894 70,302 regulations direct collectors to:to: 1975 8,429 9,132 1976 4,752 5,148 • Cut only mature canecane ofof at least 8 1977 8,150 9,237 meter in length.length. 1978 11,112 12,964 1979 3,152 4,203 1980 2,320 4,640 Leave halfhalf of thethe stemsstems inIn the , 1981 205 1,516 clumps. 1982 38$ 3,374 1983 2,924 35,088 Clear the area under the clumps after 1984 1,303 15,637 harvesting. 1985 2,588 30,338 1986 3,147 37,633 1987 5,960 74,500 • Follow a fellingfelling rotation of 55 years.years. 1988 3,558 46,254 1989 1,235 16,670 Rattan canes are easilyeasily recognizedrecognized as beingbeing mature whenwhen the leaf sheathsheath hashas fallen.fallen. Source: Royal Forest Department The best timetime forfor cuttingcutting rattanrattan isis fromfrom Notes: 1) Rattan W11.8was declared declared a aprotected protected NWFP NWFP in 1988. November to March. Sometimes peeling 2) ConunericalCommerical logginglogging inin naturalnatural forestaforests bannedbanned inin 1989.1989. November to March. Sometimespeeling and splitting of cane is done in the field with Exports andand imports.imports. ThailandThailand importsimports a ordinary knoves prior to transporting to the large volume of rawraw rattanrattan fromfrom ,Myanmar, factory. In thethe factory,factory, peelingpeeling andand splittingsplitting Vietnam, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia,Indonesia, HongHong of cane are donedone byby machine.machine. Kong, MalaysiaMalaysia andand others. As rattanrattan furniture for export hashas growngrown inin popularity, the quantityquantity of rawraw rattanrattan importedimported hashas

130 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products 77tailandThailand

Table3, Exports and imports of raw rattan and furniture, Thailand Exports Imports

Raw rattan Rattail Raw rattan furniture Year Quantity Value Value Quantity Value (tons) (1000 baht) (million baht) (tons) (WOO baht)

1967 16.8 14.2 - 64.2 618.3 1968 25.0 13.6 - 66.8 689,0 1969 50.3 30.1 - 78.7 913.8 1970 62,8 366.4 - 84.8 836.3 1971 - 67.8 622.0 1972 6.8 6.2 - 76.7 679.4 1973 - 62.5 572.8 1974 10.2 9.0 , 61.1 564.9 1975 39.0 100.4 - 96.3 1,0543 1976 58.1 47.6 - 194.5 2,091.6 1977 436.1 729.5 - 219.0 1,781.7 1078 244.2 705.5 - 263,9 2,350.7 1979 - - 348.6 6,816.8 1980 - 411.0 10,222.7 1981 - - - 841.1 17,608.9 1982 - - . 3,163.7 29,123.3 1983 - - _ 6,571.8 51,014.2 1984 - 5,389,6 58,767.6 1985 - - - 7,391.7 74,485,2 1986 - - 520.7 11,029.0 93,516.0 1987 - - 712.9 18,443.0 142,233.0 1988 - .. 479.3 29,338.9 224,446.4 1989 331.0 4,810.0 369.3 27,187.6 164,063.0 1990 0.3 120.9 279.9 15,977.4 136,268.2

Source : Office of Agricultural Agricultural EconomicsEconomics Note : (1)(1) Export ofof raw raw rattanrattan waswas bannedbanned inin 19791979

131 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products ThaiklndThailand

After harvesting, there areare manymany methodsmethods of Plantations ofof rattanrattan are notnot yetyet well treatment including:including: established. It is necessary to find appropriate methods for the successful • Drying in thethe sunsun untiluntil thethe moisturemoisture establishment ofof rattan plantations, and toto content is 5 to 1010 percent;percent; find appropriate technologies for harvesting, -harvest, and pre-factory treatment.treatment. Washing in water, rubbingrubbing withwith sandsand and coconut husk,husk, andand dryingdrying in the Bamboo sun until the moisture content is 5 to 10 percent; Bamboo isis found throughout Thailand,Thailand, mostly in mixed deciduous forests. It covers Washing inin water,water, fumigatingfumigating withwith about 810,000 hectareshectares (5.5(5.5 percent of the SO2,S02, dryingdrying inin the sun,sun, washingwashing inin forest area).area). Thirteen genera, withwith moremore water, and rubbingrubbing withwith sandsand andand tham 60 species,species, areare foundfound inin Thailand,Thailand, coconut husk; including Arundiaria, Bambusa, , Dendrocalamus, • Immersing in sodiumsodium hypochloritehypochlorite Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Mclocalamus,Mclo calam us, for 1 hour, washing in water, melocanna, Neohouzeaua, Pseudosasa, fumigating withwith S02,SO2, dryingdrying inin the schizostachyum, Teinostachyum and sun; Thyrsostachys.

• Boiling inin a mixturemixture ofof dieseldiesel andand Bamboo has many uses. The culms are used coconut or 30 to 40 minutes for househouse construction,construction, scaffolding,scaffolding, props,props, at 7070 to 120°120" C, rubbing withwith ladders, fencing,fencing, containers,containers, pipes,pipes, toys, coconut husk, drying in thethe sun.sun. musical instruments, furniture, wicker work, partitions, house walls, fuel and rawraw Employment generation.generation. Chuntanaparb, material for pulp andand paperpaper making.making. ShootsShoots et.al (1985) estimated that the local are aa popularpopular food,food, used in freshfresh andand productions of of rattanrattan waswas 55 toto 66 millionmillion preserved foods. Bamboo serves as fencing,fencing, kilogramsIdlograms perper annum, withwith anan estimatedestimated windbreaks, andand to preventprevent riverriver bankbank value of Bt40 million, creating about 35,000 erosion. The best knownknown species are person-days ofof employmentemployment eacheach year inin Thyrsostachys siamensissiamensis andand Dendrocala-Dendrocala­ harvesting and transport and about 400,000 mus asper.asper. Thyrsostachys siamensissiamensis is person-days of employmentemployment inin furniture mostly collected fromfrom natural forests. TheThe production. species is tolerant of drought and salinesaline soil. It was the primary raw material for pulp and Recommendations. Rattan productionproduction inin paper makingmaking in ThailandThailand from 19391939 toto Thailand comes almost entirely from thethe 1984. Each year, overover 55 millionmillion culmsculms werewere wild and is insufficient to meet the demands required for thethe pulppulp andand paperpaper industry.industry. of thethe rattanrattan industry.industry. RattanRattan harvestingharvesting Owing to thethe strongstrong demanddemand forfor bamboobamboo permits have decreased rapidly as stalks, thisthis speciesspecies isis diminishing.diminishing. diminishing forest resources and uncontrolled exploitation have seriously Dendrocalamus asper isis aa favouritefavourite speciesspecies depleted the stock of wild rattan. for bamboobamboo plantations. The advantagesadvantages of

132 Non-WoodNon- Wood ForestForest Products Thailand their species are simple propagation requirements, a shortshort cutting cycle, and high 'Fabte 5. Exports and imports of bamboo and bamboo yields of qualityquality youngyoung shoots.shoots. TheThe culmsculms products are suitablesuitable for building materials andand toothpicks. Exports Imports

Year Quantity Vafue (tuantity Value Bamboo harvesting. TheThe culmsculms removedremoved (tone) from forest under RFDRFD permitspermits areare showedshowed 1979 6,552 13,286 468 16,009 in Table 4. 1980 198 3,546 138 9,1359 1981 6,230 17,76 /42 11,390 1982 5,733 19,491 136 9,631 1983 8,306 23,997 200 16,315 Table 4.Official records of 1984 3,246 22,076 231 25,028 bamboo culms removed from natural 1985' 9,667 31,592 6 262 forests in Thailand 1986 4,836 19,584 98 10,594 1987 5,735 30,496 187 10,265 Quantity Value 1988 292 22,789 280 13,492 Year (1,000 culms) (1,000 baht) Source: Department ofor CustomsCII8tOOl8 1979 14,711 88,272 1980 2,260 15,825 In the last decade, exports surpassed imports 1981 2,173 15,216 in every year exceptexcept 1980.1980. 1082 16,003 160,030 1983 1,102 13,227 Collection and processing. Bamboo 1984 555 6,661 and 1985 8,884 106,614 harvesting is carried out by selective cutting. 1986 6,485 77,823 The one-yearone-year old culmsculms shouldshould not bebe 1987 13,495 202,426 harvested in orderorder toto maintainmaintain growth.growth. 1988 18,863 339,551 Cutting is generally done by using a smallsmall 1989 15,597 311,959 axe, ,machete, billbill hookhook oror saw.saw.

Source: Royal Forest Department The firstfirst harvestharvest isis betweenbetween thethe thirdthird andand The annualannual demanddemand forfor bamboobamboo isis muchmuch fifth year of growth.growth. There areare up toto 55 greater than the volumes indicated in Table shoots fromfrom eacheach culmculm inin the firstfirst andand 4, soso thesethese datadata shouldshould bebe consideredconsidered onlyonly aa second year. Mature culms are at thethe centercenter potential indication of harvest levels. SomeSome of each clump, and are surroundedsurrounded byby upup toto bamboo species are notnot onon thethe protectedprotected listlist 5 new shootsshoots each year. TheThe 2-to2-to 3-year3-year oldold and areare thereforetherefore notnot reflectedreflected inin RFDRFD clumps are cutcut forfor bamboobamboo stalks,stalks, poles,poles, statistics. Official bamboobamboo harvestharvest levelslevels construction workwork andand wicker work. TheThe peaked inin 19881988 atat 18.9 millionmillion culms,culms, clumps should be cut at the bottombottom close to valued at Bt 339.6339.6 million.million. the ground.ground. QualityQuality decreasesdecreases ifif over-agedover-aged clumps are left uncut. TheseThese clumpsclumps becomebecome Exports and imports.imports. TableTable 55 showsshows the the brittle while the immatureimmature ones are notnot total quantities and valuevalue ofof bamboobamboo exportsexports durable. Cutting is easiereasier fromfrom NovemberNovember and imports,imports, including, bamboobamboo stalks,stalks, through March. StudiesStudies havehave indicatedindicated thethe bamboo shoots, bamboo poles, and suitability ofof a 3-year3-year cuttingcutting cyclecycle forfor toothpicks. DriedDried bamboo shoots areare thethe Thysostachys siamensissiamensis in naturalnatural forestsforests main import item. conditions. Consecutive cuttingscuttings 33 yearsyears

133 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Thailand apart each yielded more than 10,00010,000 culms Boiling of the shoot in water, per hectare withwith no reduction in stem quality followed by drying or fermenting;fermenting; (Suwannopinan, etet al, 1982).1982). Cutting into appropriateappropriate sizessizes andand De-branching of the culms ISis done lengths; immediately afterafter cutting.cutting. The culmsculms areare then cut to thethe desired length.length. BundlingBundling maymay • Packing for delivery.delivery. or maymay notnot bebe donedone beforebefore thethe polespoles areare transported to the roadsiteroad site or thethe yard.yard. Recommendations. The availabilityavailability andand production of local bamboo do not meetmeet the It is importantimportant to keepkeep thethe polespoles freefree fromfrom demand. Corrective measures should insect infestationinfestation and deterioration.deterioration. TheThe include: general practice are: Increasing thethe size ofof thethe bamboobamboo Upon reaching thethe yard, polespoles areare plantations. Suitable species and graded according to size, lengthlength andand spacing forfor variousvarious purposespurposes andand defects. sites should be determined.

Poles are dried by sun, airau Improved managementmanagement techniques.techniques. , or in anan oven.oven. The recommendedrecommended schedulesschedules andand methods ofof harvestingharvesting should bebe Poles are dippeddipped into diesel fuel to followed. Extension and trainingtraining areare protect themthem fromfrom insectinsect infestationinfestation needed. and again dried by air. Employing suitable harvestingharvesting andand Poles are bundled for sale andand processing techniques. It is important delivery. to keep the poles or shootsshoots in theirtheir best condition. Practical and harvesting is done from MayMay economic methods should be to October (the rainy season). Shoots can be devised. collected fromfrom thethe clumps daily,daily, oror twice a week. InIn bamboobamboo plantations,plantations, 1-1- oror 2-year2-year Lac old stalks of DendrocalamusDendrocalamus asper, eacheach yield about 5 or 6 shoots per year. BambooBamboo Lac isis an unprotectedunprotected non-woodnon-wood forestforest shoots cancan grow 90 to 120120 centimeterscentimeters per product. It is the resinous protective day under ideal conditions. ForFor export, thethe secretion ofof the lac insect, LacctferLaccifer lacca,lacca, average weight of shoots should range from found in India,India, China,China, LaosLaos andand Burma.Burma. 0.4 toto 2.02.0 ldlograms.kilograms. The largest lac producing areasareas are in thethe North and Northeast. Lac can provide extraextra Shoot processing includes:includes: income forfor farmers inin rural areas and for the people collecting NWFPs from thethe forest.forest. • Removal of the leaf. Leaf sheath and Lac is used for variousvarious productsproducts including:including: oral setae;setae;

134 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products ThailandThailond

Lac dye:dye: laclac dyedye isis fastfast inin animalanimal cropped onlyonly once a year, fromfrom SeptemberSeptember fibres such as wool and silk and hashas to December. a bright red colour. Different attractive shades may be obtained by There areare a largelarge numbernumber ofof treestrees andand using different . TheThe silk shrubs whichwhich areare the hostshosts ofof laclac insect.insect. cottage industry in manymany villagesvillages The majormajor lac hosthost treetree inin ThailandThailand isis thethe uses stick lac forfor colour-fastcolour-fast dyeingdyeing rain tree (Samanea saman).saman). OtherOther suitablesuitable of silk. Lac dyedye isis edible,edible, therefore,therefore, lac host trees are Albizzia lucidior, it cancan bebe usedused forfor colouringcolouring softsoft Combretum quadrangerlae, ZyzyphusZYlJphus drinks and food. mauritiana, andand CrotonCroton arguratus.

Shellac: used for painting and Lac host trees should be pruned 11 to 2 years furniture manufacturing.manufacturing. before inoculation. The brood laclac toto bebe usedused for the infection of the new trees shouldshould be Bleached shellac: usedused the samesame asas healthy andand ununinfected infected byby pests. The brood shellac. Currently, light colouredcoloured lac selectedselected should bebe cut into a lengthlength of furniture is popularpopular andand bleachedbleached about 6 inchesinches and tiedtied withwith stringstring at thethe shellac is in demand.demand. end of thethe twigtwig andand coveredcovered withwith aa strawstraw basket. Brood lac should be tied to thethe tree,tree, Lac production. Production Production of of lac lac fluctuates vertically or or asas nearnear asas possiblepossible to thethe dramatically (Table 6). The highest branch to which the young are toto settle.settle. production ever recorded in ThailandThailand waswas about 24,000 tons inin 1974/75.1974/75. TheThe lowestlowest Brood lac should be left on the branch about production, in 1980/81,1980/81, was only about 800 1 week, thenthen movedmoved to anotheranother branch.branch. It tons, duedue toto unfavourableunfavourable weather. weather. TheThe should bebe leftleft onon the tree no longerlonger than 3 average production overover the last 1010 yearsyears weeks. Care mustmust be taken not to over-infect was about 7,000 tons. The major areas of the host.host. TheThe laclac insectinsect willwill completecomplete itsits lac cultivationcultivation are inin the North,North, whichwhich generation withinwithin 66 months. Then thethe laclac produce aboutabout 84 percent ofof the laclac cropcrop can be cropped oror left on the tree forfor self-self­ (Wanida, 1986).1986). infection forfor a second cropping cycle. A 3- year rotation for hosthost treestrees shouldshould bebe used.used. Exports andand imports.imports. TheThe quantityquantity andand value of laclac exportsexports fluctuatesfluctuates according to Lac is croppe,dcropped fromfrom treestrees both for use asas the production and the worldworld marketmarket price brood and for use in industry.industry. TheThe methodsmethods (Table 7). InIn 1983,1983, laclac exports exports totalledtotalled of collecting are different.different. 9,423 tons, valuedvalued atat Bt279Bt279 million.million. InIn 1985, the exports werewere 6,2586,258 tonstons valued at For useuse asas brood,brood, laclac shouldshould bebe leftleft onon thethe Bt582 million. Exports decreased inin 1988 to tree until thethe laclac are ready to swarm.swarm. It isis only 3,4833,483 tons,tons, valuedvalued atat Bt122Bt122 million.million. harmful toto cutcut the lac beforebefore or afterafter it The amount of lac imported is very small.small. matures. PrematurePremature cutting cutting of of thethe lac is harmful becausebecause thethe femalesfemales areare cut off Collection. Normally there areare 2 broods of from their foodfood supplysupply andand becomebecome weak.weak. lac in aa year;year; in MayMay andand June,June, andand Late cutting is also harmfulharmful becausebecause thethe November and December. However, lac is

135 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Thailand

Table 6. Stick lac production in Thailand

Production Value

Year North Northeast Total Unitvalue Total (1,000 kg) (1,000 kg) (1,000 kg) (baht/kg) (1,000 baht)

1979/80 3,800 , 3,800 - 1980/81 400 400 800 -

1981/82 3,500 400 3,900 , - 1982/83 11,000 1,500 12,500 6.50-10.00 103,125 1983/84 1,000 300 1,300 24.00-27.00 33,150 1984/85 7,000 1,000 8,000 28.00-80.00 432,000 1985/86 14,000 1,500 15,500 15.00-35.00 348,750 1986/87 9,000 1,000 10,000 11.00-17.00 140,000 1987/88 4,000 800 4,800 16.00-25.00 98,400 1988/89 3,500 1,000 4,500 8.00-12.00 45,000 1989/90 6,550 700 7,250 6.50-9.50 58,000 1990/91 5,250 650 5,900 9.00-11.00 59,000

Source: Thai Lac Association

Table 7, Exports and imports of lac products Exports Imports

Year Quantity Value Quantity Value (tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht)

1979 7,359 89,884 15 292 1980 5,526 111,432 7 282 1981 2,642 84,970 3 247 1982 6,361 141,363 3 224 1983 9,423 278,714 10 49 1984 9,628 479,452 68 258 1985 6,258 582,090 8 1,523 1986 8,055 395,112 5 1,668 1987 7,685 287,184 2 1,075 1988 3,483 121,616 8 1,353

Source: Department of Customs

136 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products ThaiJondThailand young larvae will be lost before the lac isis washed with plain water or sodasoda ash can be cut. The mostmost appropriateappropriate methodmethod for added to makemake it clearer.clearer. ThenThen thethe waterwater cutting brood lac isis byby examinationexamination of thethe containing the lac dye is allowedallowed toto runrun off.off. orange yellow spot area of thethe femalefemale laclac This process is repeated three oror fourfour timestimes cell. WithWith thethe appearanceappearance of cracks in thethe until most of the laclac dyedye hashas beenbeen removed.removed. encrustation, thethe encrustationencrustation cancan bebe pulledpulled The material left over is calledcalled seedlac.seedlac. TheThe off from thethe hosthost twig.twig. seedlac is dried on a cementcement floor.floor.

For industrialindustrial havesting,havesting, lac shouldshould be cutcut Shellac processing. SeedlacSeedlac isis convertedconverted toto just aa shortshort timetime beforebefore swarmingswarming is due toto shellac by aa steamingsteaming process.process. TheThe seecllac seedlac occur. For useuse asas laclac dye,dye, laclac shouldshould bebe is passed through a sieve after meltingmelting by a collected before swarming, becausebecause at thisthis steaming process using 40 to 5050 poundpound perper period the laclac cell containscontains thethe highesthighest square inch of pressurepressure for 11 1121/2 hours.hours. content of dye.dye. The processedprocessed material is calledcalled shellac.shellac. After the hothot shellacshellac traytray isis removedremoved fromfrom Precautions in collectioncollection andand storage.storage. the steaming process,process, the traytray isis placedplaced inin After lac is cut,cut, itit shouldshould bebe scrapedscraped fromfrom water and the cooled shellac is pulled from the twigstwigs asas soonsoon asas possiblepossible withwith sharpsharp the tray.tray. . To prevent lac from formingforming blocksblocks it shouldshould be spread on a clean floor and air Flake shellac can be mademade by heatingheating shellacshellac dried away from directdirect sunlight.sunlight. over a fire (if(if aa yellowyellow colour is desired, it is mixedmixed withwith yellowyellow arsenicarsenic sulphide).sulphide). The laclac maymay bebe spreadspread inin layerslayers aboutabout 44 Then thethe molten shellac is transferred inches deep toto preventprevent itit fromfrom sticldngsticking through the cooling rollers of aa sheetersheeter andand together whenwhen freshly cut. Lac maymay bebe rakedraked passed along aa beltbelt conveyerconveyer to obtainobtain a once a day untiluntil it isis dry,dry, thenthen rakedraked onceonce sheet of shellac. The shallec is thenthen dried,dried, every 3 toto 44 days.days. IfIf the the laclac hashas alreadyalready broken into small chips, and storedstored in anan formed blocks, they shouldshould be brokenbroken atat air-conditioned room atat aa temperaturetemperature of of 100 10° once. BlockyBlocky lac makesmakes processingprocessing difficult to 20°C. and thethe lac alsoalso losesloses chemicalchemical andand physicalphysical properties, causingcausing itsits priceprice toto decline.decline. Bleached shellac processing.processing. ToTo produceproduce bleached shellac, seedlac is dissolveddissolved in aa Lac shouldshould bebe storedstored inin aa coolcool andand ventilatedventilated hot solution of soda ash at a temperaturetemperature of room, andand shouldshould bebe fumigatedfumigated withwith carboncarbon 70 toto 80°C800C andand boiledboiled forfor aboutabout 11 hour.hour. bi-sulphide to protectprotect againstagainst insectinsect attack.attack. After all the lac is dissolved, thethe laclac solutionsolution Lac can easily deteriorate if stored is filteredfiltered throughthrough a nylonnylon (cloth(cloth toto removeremove improperly. the impurities)impurities) and allowed toto cool.cool. BleachBleach liqtJqr&kw is is added .added untiluntil thethe laclac solutionsolution is fairly Seedlac processing. AfterAfter scrapingscraping the lac weltwelfhleached. bleached. Dilute sulphuricsulphuric acidacid is from the twig,twig, thethe dustdust andand stickstick shouldshould be slowly addedadded toto thethe solutionsolution untiluntil itit is collected byby hand. ThenThen thethe sticklacsticklac isis neutral. Bleached shellacshellac formsforms inin a finefine crushed by a laclac crusher,crusher, afterafter whichwhich it isis granular size, then it isis filteredfiltered throughthrough a ready forfor washing.washing. CrushedCrushed laclac isis placedplaced inin muslin bag and thoroughlythoroughly washedwashed in coldcold a cementcement tank tank andand washed.washed. Lac cancan bebe water. TheThe precipitatedprecipitated bleachedbleached shellacshellac is

137 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products ThaiJondThailand squeezed out,out, dried, crushedcrushed intointo powder,powder, themselves. and kept in a coolcool place.place. • Honey isis usedused asas foodfood oror sweetenersweetener Employment generation.generation. In 1989, the in medicines.medicines. Forest ProductsProducts ResearchResearch DivisionDivision of thethe Royal ForestForest DepartmentDepartment surveyedsurveyed the Wax isis usedused forfor polish,polish, cosmetics,cosmetics, families involved in lac cultivation inin Phrae, candles, and combcomb foundationsfoundations for Lampang, Phayao and Tak Provinces. It was beehives. estimated that that aboutabout 2,1002,100 tonstons of laclac production created jobsjobs for 15,400 families. Pollen is used as a dietary In 1989/90,1989/90, thethe productionproduction of 7,250 tonstons supplement andand in herbal medicine.medicine. created employment for 53,200 families.families. Royal jelly hashas aa reputationreputation as anan Recommendations. After logging aphrodisiac, a panacea and aa rejuve-rejuve­ concessions werewere closedclosed inin 1989, rain treetree nator. (Samanea saman),saman) , the lac host trees, became very popular forfor woodwood carving,carving, Propolis is usedused on aa smallsmall scalescale handicraft manufacture, and furniture. medicinally for its bacteracidal Large trees now sell for BtBt 20,00020,000 asas properties. timber, and smaller trees sell for Bt 2,000 to Bt 3,000. Because of the resulting harvest of Bee venom isis usedused medicinallymedicinally for rain tree for otherother uses, thethe numbernumber of lac desensitizing people hyper-allergic toto host treestrees hashas drasticallydrastically declined.declined. It isis bee stings and as a folkfolk medicinemedicine to necessary to promote rain tree plantations in prevent arthritis. rural areas, especiallyespecially in thethe areasareas laclac hadhad previously been cultivated. Research on lac • Bees are soldsold toto otherother producersproducers toto production in all thethe aspectsaspects shouldshould bebe form newnew hives.hives. initiated. Bees and beebee productsproducts cancan provideprovide extraextra Honey income forfor people inin rural areas. InIn somesome cases, beekeeping can be a full-time Honey waswas previouslypreviously classified as a occupation (Chuntanaparb, etet al., 1985).1985). protected NWFP butbut in 1988 it was reclassified as an unprotected NWFP.NWFP. Honey production. TheThe officialofficial productionproduction There are fourfour speciesspecies ofof honeybeehoneybee inin and value figures for honeyhoney collectedcollected fromfrom Thailand. Three species occur naturallynaturally in natural forests with RFD permits are givengiven forests: the giant bee, oror rockrock beebee (Apis(Apis in Table 8. The figures significantly dorsa/a);dorsata); the hive bee (A. cerana); andand thethe underestimate total production. little bee (A. florea). AA fourthfourth speciesspecies (A.(A. mellifera)melllfera) has beenbeen introducedintroduced forfor honeyhoney No estimatesestimates of thethe amountamount of honeyhoney fromfrom production inin Thailand. Here areare sevenseven beekeeping throughout the country are commercial productsproducts fromfrom bees. Honey is available. It maymay bebe assumedassumed thatthat northernnorthern the mainmain product.product. The othersothers areare wax,wax, Thailand is the bestbest placeplace forfor beekeeping.beekeeping. pollen, royaljelly,royal jelly, propolis, venomvenom and bees

138 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Thailand

water. The honey is extracted by centrifugal Table 8. Honey production iriforest force. The extracted honey is left in a honey areas of Thailand storage tank for severalseveral days to allowallow airair Year Quantity Value bubbles, bits of wax,wax, andand anyany finefine particlesparticles (tons) (1,000 baht) to rise toto thethe top.top. TheseThese areare skimmedskimmed off 1979 23,80 1,904.0 before bottling.bottling. 1980 0.03 4,2 1981 1982 1983 1.00 121.2 Table 9. Exports and imports of honey, 1984 0.$0 64,8 1919-1988 Exporta Imports

year Quantity Value Quantity Value There areare aboutabout 50,00050,000 hiveshives in thethe North,North, Outs) (400 ikk» lious) (IMB.16 It 1979 640 88 137.237 8,555 and 3,000 to 6,000 hives inin the south. It is 1980 012 2 66 428 1)296 estimated thatthat 1 hivehive producesproduces aboutabout 4040 1981 .010 4 31.472 5,620 1982 12.142 234 123.002 5,139 kilograms of honey.honey. ThereforeTherefore thethe honeyhoney 1983 69,829 1,104 192.346 7,290 production from beekeeping could be 1984 116 899 160 3,378.359 3,788 1985 288,900 5,199 130,359 5,267 estimated at aboutabout 2,000 tonstons perper annum.annum. 1986 139 511 4,191 1,240 00/ 24,080 1987 748 813 11,464 148 579 6,922 1988 1,749 76 24,548 143,236 5,088 Exports andand imports.imports. InIn 1988,1988, 1,7501,750 tonstons 2 of honey,honey, worthworth 24.524.5 millionmillion baht,baht, werewere exported. TheThe quantityquantity ofof honey honey exportedexported SoI.roo:Source: DcputmeltDeFertment of CustomsCuotom. increased rapidly between 1987 and 19881988 reflecting thethe considerable promise of honey Recommendations. If beekeepersbeekeepers wantwant toto export markets.markets. ImportsImports decreaseddecreased fromfrom achieve thethe maximum maximum high-qualityhigh-quality honeyhoney 1,240 tons in 19861986 to onlyonly 143.2143.2 tonstons inin production, theythey mustmust havehave informationinformation on 1988 as domestic production increased.increased. pollen and nectar sources. It is,is, therefore,therefore, essential to support additional study of the Collection and processing. ForFor wildwild honey,honey, phenology of flowers.flowers. hives are smoked with a torch made of fresh leaves and dry grass until the bees flee from Gums and ResinsResins the hive. TheThe honeyhoney isis thenthen removedremoved fromfrom the hive.hive. ThisThis methodmethod is used used forfor ApisApis Gums and resins are products obtained from dorsata andand A. cerana hives.hives. For A. florea, the exudation of plants.plants. Resins from a cigar is used instead of a torch. The honey different sources show great differencesdifferences in is thenthen extracted, filteredfiltered andand placedplaced inin jars. their chemicalchemical compositioncomposition and properties.properties. Harvest time is fromfrom AprilApril toto June.June. The mostmost importantimportant resinsresins producedproduced inin Thailand are navalnaval storesstores (oleoresin),(oleoresin), usedused For beekeeping,beekeeping, combscombs shouldshould bebe removedremoved in thethe paper,paper, rubber,rubber, ink,ink, andand adhesiveadhesive from thethe colonycolony toto extractextract thethe honey.honey. TheThe industries; and yang oil or "gurjan,"gurjan," " honey combs are broughtbrought into aa bee-tightbee-tight produced from the resin ofof DipterocarpusDipterocatpus room forfor uncappinguncapping andand extracting.extracting. TheThe alatus Roxb.Roxb. andand otherother dipterocarps,dipterocarps, whichwhich uncapping tool is a sharp knifeknife heatedheated byby hothot is used forfor makingmaking varnish.varnish.

139 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Thailand

Other gums and resins produced in Thailand Exports andand imports.imports. ThailandThailand importsimports aa include gamboge fromfrom Garcinia hanburvi;hanburvi; large quantityquantity of gumgum oleoresinoleoresin (Table(Table 11)11) Chinese lacquerlacquer fromfrom Melanorrhoea Melanorrhoea usitata; gums, resins,resins, andand chinesechinese lacquerlacquer (Table(Table wall benzoinbenzoin fromfrom StyraxStyrax bezoin;bemin; guttagutta 12), although quantities fluctuate percha from PalaguiumPalaguium obovatumobovatum Engler;Engler; considerably from year to year. Jelutong from Dyera costulata;costulata; andand otherother dipterocarp resins. Gum damardamar from Collection and processing.processing. GumGum oleoresinoleoresin dipterocarps which which can can bebe used for thethe and yang oil are protected NWFPs. Permits manufacturing varnish can also bebe collectedcollected are required from the Royal Forest in Thailand.Thailand. Department for harvesting. People are allowed to collect up toto 10 ldlogramskilograms Gum oleoresinoleoresin inin ThailandThailand isis tappedtapped fromfrom without a permit. Pinus merkusiimerkusii Jungh.Jungh. ItIt isis foundfound inin naturalnatural forests, onon mountainsmountains moremore thanthan 700700 metersmeters Tapping is by traditional methods. For pine,pine, above sea level, oror onon highhigh plateausplateaus aboutabout tapping isis by cutting into the trunktrunk of thethe 100-200 meters above seasea level.level. tree. TheThe firstfirst cutcut isis usuallyusually 1515 centimeterscentimeters long, 1010 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters There are twotwo productsproducts ofof gumgum oleoresinoleoresin in deep. Every 7,7, daysdays thethe resinresin isis colle,cted collected Thailand: and and the wound is enlarged with a freshfresh cut. After 11 year,year, thethe woundwound shouldshould notnot bebe • Gum rosin,rosin, whichwhich isis usedused inin makingmaking longer than 30 centimeters.centimeters. The widthwidth andand paper, paints, andand adhesives.adhesives. and the depth should not be more than the firstfirst cutting. Only trees of a minimumminimum girth of Gum turpentine,turpentine, whichwhich isis mostlymostly 120 centimeters areare allowed to bebe tapped.tapped. used in paint manufacturingmanufacturing andand Resin is tappedtapped onlyonly fromfrom treestrees in thethe pharmaceuticals. natural forest.

Gurjan oror yangyang oiloil isis also also tapped tapped fromfrom To tap yang oil, a holehole about 30 centimeters various DipterocatpusDipterocarims species. It is usedused toto wide by 3030 centimeterscentimeters high and 20 centi-centi­ make torches, varnish,varnish, printingprinting ink, andand meters deep is made inin the trunk of the tree. (mixed with gums damar) toto caulkcaulk boatsboats andand The tapper collects thethe oiloil everyevery 10 to 1515 waterproof bamboo baskets. It isis commonlycommonly days. At each collection, aa freshfresh firefire is lit used as a preservativepreservative for woodwood andand for 22 minutesminutes toto meltmelt thethe hardeninghardening resinresin bamboo. Recently, yangyang oil hashas been used to and stimulatestimulate flow.flow. Only trees with aa produce balsam oil for perfumeperfume base.base. YangYang minimum girthgirth of 200200 centimeterscentimeters are oil and gum oleoresin are protected NWFPs. allowed to be tapped.tapped.

Gum and resinresin production.production. InIn 1989,1989, thethe Recommendations. Traditional resin production of of yangyang oil waswas 639.5639.5 tons,tons, tapping methods areare very harmful to trees,trees, valued at 1616 millionmillion baht (Table(Table 10).10). GumGum thus the opportunities for expanding oleoresin production was 271.3 tons, valued valued production under current methods are at 88 millionmillion baht.baht. PermitsPermits areare nono longerlonger limited. Training and extension inin improved needed for other resins, soso productionproduction data tapping techniques are needed.needed. are notnot available.available.

140 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products ThailandTluJiland

Table 10. Gum and resin production in Thailand, 1986-1989

Year Gum oleoresin Yang oil (gurjan) Other resins

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value (tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 WU)

1986 245.6 6,877.7 682.4 10,918.8 31.50 851.2 1987 254.3 7,121.4 661.9 11,897.3 0.01 0.2 1988 313.6 8,781.7 531.9 10,107.2 .. 1989 271.3 7,597.4 639.5 15,986.9 -

Table 11. Exports and imports of natural resins and spirits of ttuventinne Exports Exports Year Quantity 'Value Quantity Value (tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht)

1979 1 18 220 3,175 1980 17 275 212 3,480 1981 1 85 218 3,829 1982 - .. 97 1,125 1983 - - 339 5,812' 1984 1 69 1 191 1985 1 42 262 4,720 1986 2 105 73 2,442 1987 6 756 126 1,884 1988 17 499 230 3,137

Source: Department of Customs

141 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products ThaikmdThailand

Table 12. Exports and imports of gum, resins and chinese lacquer Exports Imports Year Quantity Value Quantity ' Value (tons) (1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht)

1979 783 8,245 347 6,027 1980 1,321 13,565 372 10,410 1981 766 14,146 200 18,509 1982 1,453 22,821 671 5,905 1983 1,442 14,490 356 6,019 1984 1,565 13,891 551 18,153 1985 2,176 21,905 529 16,163 1986 2,093 20,965 892 18,600 1987 1,947 29,395 2,300 23,454 1988 2,348 24,957 739 18,127

Source: Department of CustomsCustoms

142 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest Products Thailand

Table 13. -Uses or selected bark species in Thailand

Local Name -Botanical Name FanailY Utilization

Mahaat Artocarpas takoocha Roxb Moraceae Tannin ia used, for astringents,

Paper Mulberry liroussonelia papyrilera Vent Moracea6 Bark is raw Material for paper- (Po krasaa) making, rope making and fibre material for other industries,

Up chool Cinnanonam befolghota Sweet Lauraceae Spice and flavour

Kilian Cotyleloblum lanceolatun Craib Dipterocarpaceae Tannin is used for tannery, astringent and anti-fermentation in palm juice.

Phayon Shorea floribunda Kurz, Dipterocarpaceae Tannin is used for astringent and anti-fermentation

Takhian Hopea odorata Rota), Dipterocarpaceae, Tannin for tanning

See siat Pentace buranka Kurz. Tilliaceae Tannin for tanning

Sanae Ceriops tagal (Perr,) C,B. Rob Rhizophoraceae Tannin for tanning

Mangrore Rhizophora candelaria DC Rhizophoraceae Tannin for tanning dyeing (R. conjugata Kurz.) astringent and cure diabetese mullion

Red 1Vlangrove Rhizophora nacronata Lank. Rhizophoraceae - (R. longissina Blanco)

Pagaceae Tannin is used as an astringent 10 Castanopsis indica A. DC

Yaang Bong Perstra kurzil kostetn, Lauraceae loas sticks

143 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Thailand

Bark Recommendations.Reconunendations. BarkBark isis aa goodgood sourcesource of tannintannin forfor thethe tanningtanning industry,industry, butbut Bark is aa sourcesource ofof tannintannin andand naturalnatural dye.dye. Thailand thusthus far hashas notnot succeededsucceeded inin Some bark is usedused medicinallymedicinally or asas spicesspices producing commercial quantities to meetmeet (Table 13). Permits are required for local needs. Thailand has to import harvesting some species such as ArtoccupusArtocarpus considerable quantitiesquantities ofof tannin.tannin. More than lakoocha Roxb., BroussonetiaBroussonetia papyriferapapyri/era 30 centimeters.centimeters. After peeling,peeling, thethe woundwound Vent.Vent., , Cinnammom bejolghota Sweet, should bebe paintedpainted with tar oil or anti-fungus Shorea floribundafloribunda Kurz.,Kurz. , and PentacePentace solvent to preventprevent fungifungi attack.attack. Bark is bunnanicaburmanica Kurz.Kurz. dried in thethe open air.

Persea kurziikurdi KostermKosterm (yang(yang bong),bong), whichwhich Agarwood is oneone ofof thethe elementselements ofof kobauk,kobauk, isis thethe most important bark harvestedharvested from ThaiThai Agarwood is thethe tradetrade namename ofof aromaticaromatic forests. Kobauk isis aa binderbinder compoundcompound resin permeated wood of AguilariaAguilaria spp.,spp., composed ofof yang bong bark and saw dust family . TheThe treetree isis a largelarge used for makingmaking joss sticks.sticks. evergreen 1818 toto 21 meters tall, and 1.5 toto 1.8 metersmeters inin girth,girth, distributeddistributed throughoutthroughout Bark production.production. The The production production ofof barkbark in India, Pakistan,Paldstan, Nepal, Bangladesh,Bangladesh, Sri 1979 was 1,997.11,997.1 tonstons valuedvalued atat BahtBaht 7.17.1 Lanka, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, million. Production has decreased Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and substantially to to onlyonly 55.655.6 tons, valuedvalued atat Thailand. 778,000 baht in 1989.1989.

iawe 14. cara proaamon from Forest areas Exports. TheThe quantity quantity andand valuevalue ofof exports exports in Thailand of kobuakkobuak is veryvery high,high, surpassingsurpassing 5,0005,000 Year Quanlity Value tons and 4040 millionmillion bahtbaht inin mostmost yearsyears (1,000 kg) (1,000 bahQ (Table 15).15). 1979 1,997.1 7,147.3 1980 960.9 4,347.3 Collection andand processing.processing. PermitsPermits areare 1981 170.1 1,147.4 1982 316.3 3,479.5 required for harvesting some typestypes ofof 1983 145.3 1,743.2 economic bark. 1984 499.6 5,9954 1985 618.9 7,426.3 1986 201.0 2,412.4 The methodmethod of de-barkingde-barking makes useuse of a 1987 232.3 2,787.6 sharp to peel along the trunk of thethe 1088 62.1 807 7 tree. The sizesize ofof thethe woundwound shouldshould notnot bebe 1989 55.6 777.8 more than 2020 centimeterscentimeters widewide by 8080 centimeterscentitneters long andand 1 centimetercentimeter deep.deep. TheThe· space space betweenbetween each woundwound shouldshould be Agarwood cancan be usedused inin differentdifferent ways.ways. more than 30 centimeters. After peeling, the Low grade agarwood is distilled to produce wound should be painted with tar oil or anti­anti- agar attar, whichwhich is usedused in thethe perfume and fungus solvent to prevent fungi attack. Bark tobacco industries.industries. High-gradeHigh-grade agarwoodagarwood is is dried inin thethe openopen air.air. exported to Arab countries, where it is usedused as incense and in thethe manufacturemanufacture of joss

144 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products ThaililndThaikmd

Edible Mushrooms Table 1. Exports of bobuakpowder Year Quantity Value Mushrooms havehave becomebecome anan importantimportant (tons) (1,000 baht) forest product in Thailand and have recently 1979 1,983 58,823 earned the countrycountry substantialsubstantial moneymoney fromfrom 1980 1981 - exports. 1982 5,345 52,646 1983 4,804 48,634 In Thailand, mushroomsmushrooms are foundfound inin forestsforests 1984 3,946 42,106 1985 3,346 48,534 in allall regions,regions, especiallyespecially duringduring thethe rainyrainy 1986 5,045 50,067 season. Some wildwild mushroomsmushrooms such asas 1987 - 1988 5,003 47,891 TennitomycesTermitomyces spp.,spp., and RussulaRussula delica, are delicacies and are sold. sticks. The woodwood has been variously Many edible mushrooms are described as as aa stimulant,stimulant, aa tonictonic and aa ectomycorrhiza, suchsuch asas R. delica,delica, which,which, carminative, and is anan ingredientingredient of severalseveral mycorrhizae with dipterocarp species, help medical preparations for rheumatism,rheumatism, bodybody trees to up take phosphorus. Boletus pains, and heart palpitation. AgarwoodAgarwood sellssells griseiputpureusgriseipurpureus also formsforms mycorrhizaemycorrhizae for US$15-692 per lcilogram,kilogram, depending on with various trees, including Acacia quality, while oil distilleddistilled from thethe woodwood auriculaeformis,au ric ula efo nn is, A. mangium and sells for US$US$ 154-192154-192 perper 1010 millimetermillimeter Melaleuca leucadendra. ItIt is is estimatedestimated that bottles. this mushroom cancan earn Bt2,000 to 3,0003,000 per rai,rai, atat aa sellingselling priceprice ofof BahtBaht 40 toto 6060 Collection and processing.processing. To collectcollect per kilogram.kilogram. agarwood from the forest,forest, villagersvillagers fellfell thethe trees to look for it. Most Most treestrees will yield no Medicinal Plants and SpicesSpices agarwood, butbut aa well-ladenwell-laden tree cancan provide several thousand dollarsdollars worth of wood.wood. Humans have used plantsplants asas traditional This illegal activity causes serious ecological remedies forfor centuries. In thethe properproper andand damage and the loss of the trees. safe use ofof plantsplants for medicine,medicine, it is Therefore, muchmuch research has been done to necessary toto know plants well. There are find waysways ofof changingchanging normalnormal woodwood toto many kinds of medicinal plants in thethe forestsforests agarwood. SomeSome successsuccess hashas beenbeen attainedattained of Thailand. Of 5,8005,800 plant species in inducing agarwood formation by indigenous to Thailand, 1,9001,900 speciesspecies havehave wounding trees. Introduction of fungi on the already been studiedstudied forfor theirtheir medicinalmedicinal trees alsoalso appearsappears toto enhanceenhance agarwoodagarwood value. OverOver 800800 speciesspecies areare describeddescribed inin formation. Thai traditionaltraditional recipes. AboutAbout 400400 speciesspecies are available from traditional drug vendors, AgarwoodAgarvvood to to bebe usedused asas incense is soldsold in and about 50 species are usedused byby traditionaltraditional unprocessed form.form. For medicine,medicine, thethe woodwood medicine manufacturers. is ground or chipped.chipped. For essentialessential oil, thethe wood is groundground andand steamsteam distilled.distilled. TheThe Drugs are derivedderived from various parts of wood powder, after oil is distilled,distilled, is usedused plants including fruits, flowers, leaves, in makingmaking joss sticks.sticks. stems and roots of trees,trees, vines,vines, shrubsshrubs andand

145 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products Thailand herbs. TheseThese rawraw materialsmaterials areare exportedexported or FUTURE DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONS FORFOR processed into modern and traditional DEVEWPINGDEVELOPING NWFPS medicine. Traditional medicines include drugs from nature which can be usedused inm Statistics and data in this paper illustrate that their naturalnatural statestate oror slightlyslightly modified.modified. the uses of NWFPsNWFPs areare widespread, especially in in ruralrural areas ofof thethe country.country. The mostmost importantimportant activeactive constituentsconstituents are People can readilyreadily collectcollect bamboo,bamboo, rattan,rattan, alkaloids such as reserpine, saponin, gums andand resin,resin, bark, lac, honey,honey, etc. forfor colchicine and peperazine. SomeSome traditionaltraditional extra income. Statistics show that for somesome medicinal plants with potentialpotential commercialcommercial species, such as rattan, thethe availabilityavailability of value include: Rauvolfia serpentina, raw materialsmaterials is limited.limited. ForFor certaincertain otherother Gloriosa superba, Cassia angustifolia,angusttfolia, species, however,however, the export potentialpotential is Amomum krevanh, Dioscorea spp., promising. Unfortunately, itit is difficultdifficult toto CarlharanthusCartharanthus roscus, Strychnos nux­nux- get data on the actual productionproduction of NWFPs, vomica, Diospyros mollis, Costus speciosus, because most harvesting is donedone illegally.illegally. DDerris err i sellelliptica, i p tic a , HHydrocarpus Y dr 0 carp u s Collection methodsmethods areare still primativeprimative forfor anthelmintica, Calophyllum inophyllum,inophyllum, most NWFPs.NWFPs. ManyMany wildwild species are and Stemona tuberosa. ignored because little is known aboutabout them.them. Recommendations to promote NWFPs are as Spices are usedused forfor artificialartificial flavoringflavoring toto follows: enhance taste and aroma, andand toto stimulatestimulate enzymes for digestion. Most spices thrive in • Improve the statistical data on the tropicaltropical zone of Asia.Asia. productivity, domestic uses, imports,imports, and exports of NWFPs. To Most spices consist of essentialessential oils. SomeSome understand the demand for NWFPsNWFPs important species from the forest are and thethe potentialpotential supplysupply throughthrough Amomum krevanh, CinnamomumCinnamomum iners,iners, proper management, systematic and C.C. bejolghota.bejolghota. SomeSome cultivatedcultivated spicespice studies should bebe undertaken.undertaken. CaseCase trees inin thethe countrycountry areare exotic exotic species.species. studies of each majormajor productproduct couldcould These are EugeniaEugenia caryophyllus,caryophyllus, ApiumApium be useful.useful. graveolens, Cinnamomum verum,verum, and Myristica fragrans.fragrans. • Study thethe marketingmarketing ofof NVVFPs. NWFPs. The details on productproduct requirementsrequirements In mostmost years,years, ThailandThailand hashas exportedexported moremore and market preferences are important spices than itit imports.imports. ExportExport quantitiesquantities for thethe promotion of NWFPs.NWFPs. peaked in 1982 atat 8,2408,240 tons. QuantitiesQuantities of spices exported declined significantlysignificantly sincesince Promote the cultivationcultivation of NWFPsNWFPs the mid-1980s,mid-1980s, but revenuerevenue reachedreached nearlynearly by focusingfocusing on:on: Bt140Bt140million million in 19881988 as higher-valuehigher-value spicesspices were exportedexported (Table(Table 16).16). multi-purposemUlti-purpose trees; including rattan, bamboo, rainrain tree, and Acacia catechu;

146 Non-WoodNo,.· Wool FOrl,tForest Productsl'roducts Thailand

Table 16.Exports and MSof spices Exports I 1 Year Quantity Value Quantity Value (tons)I(1,000 baht) (tons) (1,000 baht)

1979 262 12,791 1,046 26424 1980 283 18,125 720 19,763 1981 356 65,148 710 20,909 1982 8,240 108,191 857 28,874 1983 582 106,619 1,004 32,243 1984 2203, 150,942 1,231 3 /,420 190 2,315 129,800 854 36,434 1986 1,123 57,481 888 27,555 1987 771 26,143 1,094 30,293 1988 410 137,722 235 13441,

Source: Department of Customs

lac cultivationcultivation and beekeep-beekeep­ ecology, propagation, and ing; reproduction;

edible mushroommushroom productionproduction methods of cultivation;cultivation; in forest plantations;plantations; improving thethe processing andand wild plantsplants whosewhose productsproducts utilization of NVVFPsNWFPs to are most in demand in increase their quality andand commerical markets, market value; including lacquer trees, pinepine trees, gutta percha trees, improving harvesting and Cinnamomum sp.,sp., and thethe post-harvest techniques.techniques. aromatic plants (Aquilaria(Aquilada sp. and Persea sp).sp). • Revise legislationlegislation andand regulationsregulations which are out of datedate andand notnot basedbased • Promote the utilizationutilization of NWFPsNWFPs on scientific knowledge.knowledge. without cutting trees (e.g. utilizationutilization of barkbark forfor tannintannin extraction;extraction; dyedye • Impose strict controls to reduce making from bark, leaves or fruits ofof illegal transport and illegal trees; varnish production from harvesting. natural gums and resins).resins). • Introduce improvedimproved technologiestechnologies toto • Research supportsupport on:on: villagers throughthrough trainingtraining coursescourses and study tours. natural NWFP resources,resources, their abundance, distribution,distribution, • Establish a NVVFPNWFP centre inIn

147 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products ThaiJIJndThailand

Southeast Asia to exchangeexchange researchresearch findings and share information among countries.countries.

Currency EquivalentsEquivalents

1 US$ = BtBt 25.7025 .70 1 Baht = US$US$ .039.039 (July 1991)1991)

High-quality bamboo and rattan furniturefurniture has become aa major foreignforeign exchangeexchange earnerearner forfor Southeast Asian countries.countries.

148 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products ThailandTlUliIond

REFERENCFSREFERENCES

Anon. 1989. D. asper shootsshoots and products. JournalJournal ofof Technology. Technology. 10(2):10(2): 2-27.

Bhat, K.M.et al.al. 1987. Management andand utilizationutilization ofof rattanrattan resources in India. pp. 33-45.33-45. In Rao,Rao, A.N.A.N. andand I.I. Vongkaluang Vongkaluang (ed.)(ed.) Recent research onon rattans.rattans. KasetsartKasetsart University. Bangkok.Bangkok.

Boonkurd, S.S. 1985. Bamboo in Thailand.Thailand. Forest Publication Fund,Fund, Faculty of Forestry,Forestry, Kasetsart University. 198 p.

Boonyaratanagongit, L.L. and T. Supavita.Supavita. (undated).(undated). TheThe namesnames ofof medicinal medicinal plantdplantd andand uses.uses. 107 p. de 1ala Cruz,Cruz, Virgin°.Virgilio. 1989.1989. Small-scale harvesting operations of woodwood andand non-woodnon-wood forest products involvinginvolving ruralrural people.people. FAD.FAO. Rome. pp. 3-31.3-31.

Doungpet,Dpungpet, M.M. 1990. Finishing ofof rattanrattan furniture. furniture. UniversityUniversity Pertanian, Malaysia.Malaysia. Serdang,Serdang, Selangor. 49 p.

Chuntanaprad, L., P. SriSri -- AnonAnon andand W.W. HoaHoa Muangkew.Muangkew. 1985.1985. Non-woodNon-wood forest forest productsproducts in Thailand. FAOFAD Bangkok Bangkok 180p.18Op.

Greenhalgh, P. 1982. The production,production, marketingmarketing andand utilisation ofof , TropicalTropical Products Institute, Overseas DevelopmentDevelopment Administration.Administration. London. London. 117 p.

Jenneh derder beerbeer andand Melanic.Melanic. J.J. McDermott McDermott H.H. (1989).(1989). The economic value of non-timber forest products in South EastEast Asia.,Asia., Amsterdam, TheThe Netherlands.Netherlands. 175p.175p.

Niyomiit, N.N. 1989.1989. ShootShoot products.products. JournalJournal of of Technology Technology 10(2):10(2): 28-31.28-31.

Office of Agricultural Economics. (undated) RattanRattan situation. MinistryMinistry ofof AgricultureAgriculture andand Co-Co­ operative. Bangkok.Bangkok. 1919 p.

Office of agricultural Economics. 1989. The preliminarypreliminaly study on rattan industiyindustry cooperationcooperation and developmentdevelopment in agricultural industiyindustry center.center. Report No. 85/1989.85/1989. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.Cooperatives .. Bangkok. 44 p.p.

Prasad, B.N. 1985.1985. Non-woodNon-wood forestforest productsproducts industries.industries. FAO.FAD. Bangkok.Bangkok. 57p.57p.

Ponglux, D., etet al.al. 1987.1987. Medicinal Medicinal plants.plants. MedicinalMedicinal Plants Plants Exhibition Exhibition Committee.Committee. Victor Power Point Corp., Ltd. 279 p.

149 Non-WoodNo,,-Wood Forest Products ThailandTlwilond

Putarakza, S. 1987.1987. BeeBee keepingkeeping industryindustry inin Thailand,Thailand, problemsproblems andand improvementimprovement trends.trends. Kasetsart University. Bangkok.78Bangkok.78 p.

Royal Forest Department. 1979. Bamboo. RoyalRoyal ForestForest Department.Department. Bangkok.Bangkok. 3939 p.p.

Royal Forest Department. 1988.1988. Bamboo.Bamboo. RoyalRoyal Forest Department. Bangkok.Bangkok. 4141p. p.

Royal Forest Department. 1943. Some woodwood andand non-woodnon-wood products products in in Thailand.Thailand. RoyalRoyal ForestForest Department. Bangkok. 229 p.

Subansenee, W.W. 1986.1986. SticklacSticklac production/developmentproduction/development inin Thailand - aa casecase study.study. FAO.FAD. Kuala Lumpur. 23 p.

Subansenee, W.W. 1987. Study on gum naval storesstores productionproduction inin Thailand.Thailand. Forest ProductsProducts Research Division, Royal Forest Department. Bangkok. 36 p.

Tanthivat, P. 1978.1978. MedicinalMedicinal plants.plants. ThaiThai Medicinal Medicinal Plant Plant Society Society ofof Thailand. Thailand. Bangkok.Bangkok. 202202 p.P.

Tanthivat, P. 1987.1987. Spices.Spices. InternationalInternational CongressCongress onon NaturalNatural Products, Bangkok. 119 p.

Tesoro, F.O. 1987.1987. Rattan processingprocessing andand utilizationutilization in in the the Philippines. Philippines. pp.pp. 169-177.169-177. In Rao, A.N.A.I'{. andand I.I. Vongkaluang Vongkaluang (ed.)(ed.) recentrecent researchresearch onon rattans.rattans. Kasetsart University.University. Etangkok.Bangkok.

Urapeepatanapong, C. and N. Champathong. 1982.1982. StudyStudy onon economic, production and trading of rattan. RoyalRoyal Forest Forest Department. Department. Bangkok.Bangkok. 40 p.

Vatcharapuk, C.C. 1989. Bamboo. FacultyFaculty ofof Forestry, Forestry, KasetsartKasetsart University.University. l3angkok.Bangkok. 6060 p.p.

Waikakul,Wailcakul, Y. Y. (undated).(undated). Guide toto beekeepingbeekeeping (For(For Khao Khao Phoo Phoo Luang Luang Project). Project). Royal Forest Department. Bangkok. 54 p.

William, H. Brown.Brown. 1921.1921. MinorMinor products of Philippine forests.forests. Vol.Vol. 2. BureauBureau of Forestry.Forestry. Manila. 410 p.

150 Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest ProductsProduds Vietnam VIETNAM

Lauong VanVan TienTien Director, SpecialSpecial Forest ProductsProducts Research CenterCenter

INTRODUCTION CURRENT STATUS OF FORESTS ANDAND NWFP RFSOURCESRESOURCES Forests in Vietnam,Vietnam, containcontain abundantabundant animal and treetree resources.resources. Besides timber,timber, the The followingfollowing statistics are relevantrelevant inin forests provide a widewide rangerange ofof NWFPsNWFPs considering NWFP development in Vietnam: which in Vietnam are commonly referred to as "Special"Special Forest Products."Products." Total Iand area 330,363 lon2 Population 64,412,000 These resources are diversediverse in speciesspecies and Population density 195 peopIe/lonl form. TheyThey include:include: Forests and forest lands 57.7 percent of the total land 113 producers of resins arca Forested area per capita 0.14 ha 458 producers of essentialessential oils Timber reserves per 473 speciesspecies yieldingyielding fatty oil person 9 m3 800 speciesspecies producingproducing tannintannin 242 speciesspecies producing fibre 557 species of drug plants During thethe tighttight economiceconomic conditionsconditions in 27 speciesspecies producing starch recent years, thethe forestryforestry sectorsector hashas pursuedpursued a strategy of earningearning revenuesrevenues fromfrom forestsforests These NWFPs areare highlyhighly appreciatedappreciated for to developdevelop forestryforestry and society. However,However, their social andand economiceconomic values.values. Under the the rate ofof deforestationdeforestation duringduring thethe 1980s1980s economic conditions in the remote mountainmountain was alarming:alarming: 60,00060,000 toto 100,000100,000 hectareshectares areas, communicationscommunications andand transport are (or 0.7 percentpercent ofof thethe forestedforested area)area) perper lacking. Commerical wood extraction is year. The totaltotal areaarea ofof denudeddenuded hills hills andand difficult or impossibleimpossible as thethe forestforest covercover open land byby nownow totalstotals 9.75 million has beenbeen destroyed.destroyed. The farmingfarming of hectares (Table 1). TheThe forestforest covercover hashas NWFPs, therefore,therefore, hashas becomebecome anan importantimportant been reduced by one-thirdone-third in thethe pastpast 4545 business, forfor itit requiresrequires lessless investmentinvestment andand years from 42 percent to 2828 percentpercent ofof thethe lower transporttransport costscosts andand cancan provideprovide largelarge country's totaltotal area. TheThe mainmain causecause ofof thisthis profits. is increasingincreasing demand forfor foodfood andand fuel.fuel. Forests have beenbeen encroachedencroached on andand To take advantage of the resources destroyed by , wild fires, available, NWFPs mustmust bebe developeddeveloped forfor abusive exploitation, and carelesscareless woodwood export toto meetmeet thethe following following objectives:objectives: harvestingharvesting.. earning of foreignforeign exchange, balanced forestry development,development, socialsocial andand economiceconomic Vietnam possesses significant bamboo development inin the mountainmountain areas,areas, andand resources (Table(Table 2)2) which are ofof majormajor increased employmentemployment opportunitiesopportunities for importance for commerical and local use. uplanders.

151 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Vietnam

Table 1. Forests and forest lands in Vietnam, 1990 Description Area (1000 ha) Natural forests 8,686.7 Plantations 629.0 Total foreste,d area 9,315.7 Non-forested lands classified as "forest land" 9,750.0

Total forests and forest land ' 19,065.7

Table 2. Bamboo resources in Vietnam, 1989 Total area 1,120 800 ha Inventory in natural stands, 5,590.2 million culms Inventory in plantations 75.4 million culrns Total inventory 5,665.6 million calms

Table 3. Area under NVVFPs production, 1989 I. Pine 388,000 10,700 10,000 Aleurites 24,900 Host trees for lac cultivation 3,600 Styrax 87,000 Cashew 100,000 Castor 2,000 Drug plants +Coscinum 5,000 +Ammomum 1,500 +Cinchona 100 Total 632 000

152 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Vietnam

Most bamboo resources areare grown in thethe chestnut and condiments, edible central Highlands and thethe centralcentral coast.coast. mushrooms,

Past forest inventories paid attention only to • pythons, monkeys, birds, deer, thethe supply of timbertimber and bamboos. There is geckos, honey. , a severe shortage ofof informationinformation on NWFPs on a national basis. TheThe limitedlimited informationinformation As producer of fatty oils:oils: on NWFPNWFP productionproduction areas is providedprovided inin Table 3. • Thea oleosa, AleuritesAleurites molucana.

VietnamV.ietnam hashas a widewide range of NWFPsNWFPs thatthat As producer ofof resinsresins andand gums: gums: are usefuluseful forfor thethe followingfollowing purposes:purposes: • Toxicodendron succedanea, Extraction ofof essentialessential oils:oils: LiquidambarLiquidambarfonnosana, fonnosana, CanariumCanarium spp. DipterocatpusDipterocarpus aiatus,alatus, AltingiaAltingia • From rootsroots andand stumps:stumps: CupressusCupressus takhtadjanii. funebris,funebris, Dianella enstfolia,ensifolia, Fokienia hodgensii, Aquilara As dye- and tannin-givingtannin-giving species: species: crassna CD Rhizophora . • From fruits:fruits: LitseaLitsea cubebacubeba As fiber producers: • From leaves: mint, citronella, ocinum,ocinum,cajenut cajenut trees,trees, EucalyptusEucalyptus • agave,Ceibaagave, Ceiba pentantra, citriodora Rhamnoneuron balansea.halansea.

As medicinal plants: For making bamboo andand rattan articles:articles: • Fruit and/orand/or seeds:seeds: AmomumAmomum spp., • fishing-rod bamboo, big-sized Cassia toratom bamboo. • Flowers: Sophora japonica UTILIZATION OF NWFPsNWFPs • Bark: Eucmonia ulmoides, Harvesting and processingprocessing Phellodendron anurence To supportsupport NVVFPNWFP developmentdevelopment on a Roots: Morinda officinalis,officin a lis , sustained basis, the Special Forest ProductsProducts Dioscorea persimilispersimilis Exportation Company waswas setupset up inin 1976.1976. Its mainmain tasks are to manage,manage, protect, farm,farm, • Leaves: ArtemisiaArlemisia annua. exploit, buy, and process NWFPsl\TWFPs forfor domestic andand foreignforeign markets.markets. ItIt hashas devel-devel­ As food crops: oped three branches, in Hanoi,Hanoi,' QuyQuy NhonNhon and HoHo ChiChi Minh City; two Forest • , gInger,ginger, cashewnut, Enterprises, in SoniaSonIa and Laichau Provinces;

153 Non-Non-WoodWood ForestForest Products Vie""""Vietnam • Three factories for shellac processing and a shellac and vegetable resin processing - atat HadongHadong (equipment(equipment from IndiaIndia factory at Hadon. through a UNDP/FAOUNDP/FAO project;project; capacity ofof 300 tons per year), andand In 1990, three National Production Services, two plants at Sonia. and Export-Import Forest Corporations (named NAFORIMEXNAFORIMEX 1,11,111,LILIII, respectively, • One production line forfor processingprocessing were set up) in thethe Northern,Northern, CentralCentral andand and refining tung oil (capacity(capacity of 200 Southern provincesprovinces ofof Vietnam to provide a tons of oil per year)year) erectederected at CaoCao better networknetwork dealing with woodwood andand Bang. In addition,addition, therethere isis small-small­ NWFPs. Some provincesprovinces also havehave theirtheir scale manual pressingpressing ofof tung oil at own networknetwork ofof companiescompanies andand factoriesfactories localities where seeds areare availableavailable de,alingdealing withwith these resources. in largelarge quantities.quantities. Supporting these institutionsinstitutions areare variousvarious • One production line for thethe distilla-distilla­ policies de,alingdealing with landland allocationallocation to tiontion of anise essential oil (capacity(capacity of collective cooperatives, individual 300 tonstons ofof essentialessential oil perper year)year) households andand privateprivate persons.persons. Thus, thethe established at Langson. Eight private sectorsector hashas beenbeen developeddeveloped handhand inin manual processing lineslines are alsoalso hand with thethe state-owned enterprises, located around Cao Bang and LangLang providing a better opportunity for the Son. development of NWFPs. • One rattanrattan processingprocessing lineline with aa Table 4 showsshows thethe amountamount ofof NWFPsNWFPs capacity ofof 10,000 linear meters of extracted andand processed overover the last fivefive end-products, established in years. The collection,collection, harvesting andand Quynhon. Other rattanrattan processingprocessing processing of these products havehave beenbeen done units are running in Hanoi, Ho1:10 ChiChi by variousvarious forestforest enterprises,enterprises, otherother indus-indus­ Minh City, andand ThuanhaiThuanhai provinceprovince tries, andand provinces.provinces. with equipment imported from Taiwan. Vietnam has several factories which process NWFPs: • One pilot small plant in HoHo ChiChi Minh City for mechanical processing • Two factories for mechanical of cashew nuts, with capacity of 400 processing ofof pine resinresin atat QuangQuang tons ofof rawraw nuts.nuts. ThereThere areare overover 1212 Ninh (capacity:(capacity: 1,500 tons of resinresin other processingprocessing units forfor cashewcashew per year) and at LamLam Doing,Doing, nuts, with a total capacity of 17,00017,000 (capacity: 2,0002,000 tons of resinresin perper tons perper year, but only 4 of these are year). running duedue toto a shortageshortage of rawraw nuts. • Nine otherother factories for manualmanual processing ofof pine resin, withwith totaltotal capacity of 1,200 tons per year.year.

154 Non-WoodNon- Wood Forest Products VUttnamVietnam

Table 4. Major NWFIN harvested and processed by the Forestry Sector

Products Unit 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Cinnamomum bark tons 1,520 1,450 1,080 1,901 2,100 Aloeswood tons '78.5 81.7 454 369 20,0 Anise essential oil tans 1,500 1,310 1,305 4,321 2,-000- Tung seeds tons 1,378 1.088 4,082 * * Timg oil tons 150 90 60 10 10-

Castor seeds tons 250 )- 190 210 229 23(1 Pine resin tons 2,400 2,323 2,560 2,570 2,500 Rosin tons 2,359 1,511 1,508 1,500 1,500 Turpentine tons 868 378 401 50 100 Canarium _resin tons 58 100 153 * * Yang oil tOti8 178 31 165 * * Damar tons 213 411 375 * * Thick bamboo ' million culins 135.2 121.9 131.2 128.7 132 7 Thin bamboo million culnis 179.0 155.7 177.1 149.5 149.5 Thick tattan million meters 321.7 290,7 311,3 * * Thin rattan million meters 7,7 8.7 8.4 * * Decorative bamboo million culms 70.6 78 4 117 5 * * A. tsao kwa tons 153 137 19 * * Amomum spp. tons 103 114 83 * * Polygonum tons 19 18 19 * * Morinda tons 31 93 114 * I Other medicinal plants tons 3,303 2,193 3,691 * * Mushroon tons 108 161 134 * * Jew's tar mushrooms tons 182 185 164 * * Fresh bamboo shoots tons 251 24.2 25.1 * * Dried bamboo shoots tons 975 475 321 * * Chestnut tons 72 134 85 * * Sterculla nut tons 232 239 234 * * cashew nut tons 150 130 210 * * Sticklao tons 89 143 92 * * Gecko 1000 pieces 44.6 22.8 106 0 * * Python 1000 pieces 10.7 6.6 8,3 * * WO bor tons 82 89 '72 * *

Wild meat tons , 597 860 619 * * Wild honey tons 351 277 108 * * Cannery varnish tons 10 8 8 * * Varnish for electric insulation tons 15 15 22 * * Polish lacquer tons 110 90 60 * I Electric insulation resin tOnI3 1 5 5 * *

* data not available

155 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products VietnamVutnam

• One factory in Hanoi for essential oil commodities accountsaccounts forfor 3.63.6 percentpercent of the distillation managed by VietnamVietnam country's totaltotal foreignforeign exchangeexchange earnings.earnings. National Institute of SciencesSciences withwith equipment provided byby UNDP/FAOUNDP/FAO In past years, the markets for forest project. The factoryfactory isis producingproducing products were limited to thethe SovietSoviet UnionUnion over 1212 differentdifferent essentialessential oils fromfrom and Eastern Europe through protocols signed forest plants and trees.trees. between governments. Recently, however,however, Vietnam has increasingly lookedlooked to otherother • One factory in Hanoi for essential oil countries inin selling itsits forest products.products. ByBy distillation, managed by VietnmVietnm 1990, two-thirds of all exports forest National institute of Sciences,Sciences, withwith product were going to non-socialist equipment provided by a countries. UNDP/FAO project.project. TheThe factoryfactory is producing over 1212 differentdifferent essentialessential Since 1981, the MinistryMinistry of ForestryForestry hashas oils from forest plants and trees. increased itsits focus on thethe protectionprotection andand development ofof NWFPNWFP resources for export. NVVFPNWFP exportsexports During the late 1980s,1980s, thethe foreignforeign earningsearnings from NWFPs exports increased considerably Previously, the export of wood and NWFPs and are nownow valuedvalued at moremore thanthan $10$10 was carried out byby foreignforeign tradetrade agencies,agencies, million per year,year, (not(not includingincluding earningsearnings with the Ministry of Forestry supplyingsupplying the from bamboobamboo andand rattan exported by exports commoditiescommodities as stipulatedstipulated in statestate BARQTEX), makingmaldng up a highhigh percentagepercentage plans. AtAt the the beginning beginning ofof 1985, 1985, however,however, of total earnings in the forestry sector.sector. the MinistryMinistry ofof ForeignForeign TradeTrade transferredtransferred the NationalNational ForestForest andand NativeNative ProductsProducts It isis clearclear thatthat NWFPsNWFPs playplay anan importantimportant Export-Import Corporation (NAFORIMEX)(NAFORIMEX) role in Vietnam's foreignforeign trade.trade. TheThe export to the Ministry ofof Forestry.Forestry. ThisThis hashas causedcaused of NWFPs should be givengiven high priority inin change inin the forestry sector, allowing itit to view of theirtheir potentialpotential toto supportsupport non-non­ develop its organizational structures to destructive forest use. promote the exportexport ofof forestforest products.products. Since AprilApril 1990, three NAFORIMEXNAFORIMEX Social andand environmental benefitsbenefits departments have beenbeen exportingexporting forest products produced byby thisthis sector. The According to statistics for 1989, 24.3 Forest Sector has supplied raw materials andand million Vietnamese livelive inin or nearnear forests,forests, helped other industrial agencies and fully 38 percent ofof the country's population. provinces export theirtheir end-products,end-products, (e.g.(e.g. The labor force in forestry amounts toto 1.12 BAROTEX forfor the export of bamboobamboo andand million workers,workers, of which some 130,000 are rattan articles, PROMEXIM forfor the export working in the state owned-forest of wood and wood products, and enterprises, and 990,000 work in thethe private ENTEROIL for the export of essential oils).oils). and otherother se,ctors.sectors. During the last fivefive years, somesome 500,000500,000 shiftingshifting cultivatorscultivators The export of forest products has have been assisted in adopting fixed contributed considerably to nationalnational devel-devel­ cultivation systems,systems, thus raising the number opment. The exportexport valuevalue fromfrom thesethese of former shiftingshifting cultivatorscultivators earning their

156 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products VktnamVietnam living from fixed cultivation systems toto 1.9 boo. Each year, 5 toto 66 million million million. culms are harvested,harvested, andand thousandsthousands of tons of freshfresh bamboobamboo shootsshoots areare Of the country's 24 millionmillion inhabitants inin oror collected. near forests, 2.92.9 millionmillion areare stillstill activelyactively engaged in shifting cultivation in 90 districts • One hectare of mintmint can produceproduce 50 of thethe highhigh mountains.mountains. lcilogramskilograms of essential oil, the equivalent of 3 tons of rice.rice. Development of of NWFPs is anan importantimportant element ofof thethe strategystrategy toto settlesettle shiftingshifting • One hectare planted with ArtemisinaArlemisina cultivators. SomeSome examplesexamples include:include: anua cancan produceproduce 1 tonton everyevery 66 months, worthworth at 1.5 tonstons of rice. • At thethe communecommune ofof KilplanhonKilplanhon HaHa (Lam DongDong Province),Province), there areare It is clear that in mountainmountain areasareas the 1,300 people, of whichwhich 5050 percentpercent production of NWFPs yieldsyields higherhigher incomes are in the KohoKoho tribe. These potential than ricerice cultivation.cultivation. When hillhill tribesmen havehave been tappingtapping pinepine tribesmen become aware of thethe income from resin, producingproducing about 300 tons of NWFPs, they are moremore willingwilling toto abandonabandon resin perper year,year, whichwhich hashas allowedallowed their traditionaltraditional shiftingshifting cultivation in favor them to buy over 150150 tonstons of rice.rice. of NWFP production. TheyThey cancan becomebecome thethe In thethe entireentire provinceprovince of Lam Dong, masters andand the mainmain beneficiariesbeneficiaries ofof the hill tribesmentribesmen produced at least 5050 forest resources, andand thisthis encouragesencourages themthem percent of allall pinepine resinresin harvested.harvested. to protectprotect andand developdevelop thethe forestforest resourceresource for theirtheir ownown benefit.benefit. • In thethe districtdistrict ofof Vanyen Vanyen (Hoang(Hoang Lien SonSon Province),Province), somesome 1,0001,000 More thanthan 320,000320,000 peoplepeople areare involvedinvolved in hectares of CinnamomumCinnamomum cassiacassia NWFP production. Generally spealdng,speaking, 11 have be,enbeen cultivated and maintainedmaintained hectare of NWFPsNWFPs requiresrequires 33 laborers,laborers, by thethe DzaoDzao tribe.tribe. The moneymoney which is 10 times the number needed forfor the obtained from 1 hectare of cultivation ofof tree cropscrops forfor timber.timber. The Cinnamomum buysbuys 22 tons of rice. promotion of NWFPs therefore, cancan provide more employmentemployment toto thethe uplandersuplanders andand • Seventy percent of sticklac facilitate the establishment of forestforest villagesvillages cultivators are fromfrom hilltribes.hilltribes. One which provide betterbetter conditionsconditions forfor socialsocial kilogram ofof sticklacsticklac buys to 5 and cultural development. ByBy doingdoing so, aa kilograms ofof rice; the yieldyield from 11 better awareness of forest resource hectare pays for up toto 33 tonstons of rice.rice. protection will prevail amongamong thethe tribesmen,tribesmen, and environmentalenvironmental preservationpreservation will bebe • During the last fivefive years,years, thethe tribaltribal improved over largelarge are,as.areas. The resultingresulting people in ThanhThanh HoaHoa ProvinceProvince havehave reliable supply of NWFPsNWFPs will also cultivated thick-walled bamboo. encourage the establishment of new Their cultivation extends over 20,000 processing factories,factories, providingproviding additionaladditional hectares, accountingaccounting for 6060 percentpercent employment opportunities and further of thethe areaarea underunder thisthis kindkind ofof bam-bam- supporting upland development.development.

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GUIDELINES AND OBJECTIVES FOR proposed for effective development of NVVFPNWFP DEVEWPMENT DEVELOPMENT NWFPs in the nextnext decade:decade: If previouslypreviously thethe forestryforestry sectorsector ignoredignored • Sustain effortsefforts to protect and enrich NWFPs, itit waswas becausebecause therethere waswas nono existing forests for higher production awareness ofof the roles of thesethese productsproducts inin of NWFPsNWFPs through appropriate economic andand socialsocial developmentdevelopment and inin management plans. environmental protection.protection. WithinWithin thethe pastpast 5 years, however,however, therethere hashas beenbeen aa shiftshift withwith • Establish new plantations to the Ministry of ForestryForestry nownow recognizingrecognizing consolidate the productionproduction ofof NWFPsNWFPs the potentialpotential valuevalue ofof NWFPsNWFPs for export and into new key production zones. for meetingmeeting thethe demandsdemands ofof thethe domesticdomestic market. • Emphasize short-term crops, especially through interplantinginterplanting inin The Ministry of Forestry hashas formulatedformulated a rehabilitated forests,forests, or intercroppingintercropping programme onon exportexport ofof NWFPs for thethe in various agroforestry systems, and period 1986 toto 1995. ThereThere are,are, however,however, with treestrees plantedplanted throughthrough variousvarious a number of problemsproblems toto overcome:overcome: social forestry programmes. • There isis no coordinationcoordination ofof thethe • Promote improved NWFP harvesting production of NWFPs in thethe foretryforetry techniques. Technical assistance sector, and nono clearclear divisiondivision ofof should reach every forest enterprise, responsibilities betweenbetween the centralcentral cooperative, andand household interested and provincialprovincial agencies,agencies, and thethe in growinggrowing NWFPs.NWFPs. forestry sector and other sectors ofof the national economy.economy. This leads to • Intensify the processingprocessing of NWFPsNWFPs ad hoc and uncoordinated marketing, to enhance theirtheir value, to make them and subsequent resource depletion. suitable forfor foreign markets, and to produce new commodities of higherhigher • The networknetwork ofof productionproduction unitsunits value, eveneven fromfrom second-ratesecond-rate rawraw dealing with NWFPsNWFPs isis poorly materials. structured, with little planningplanning for forestry zones and enterprises. • Research the flows of NWFPsNWFPs intointo Investment to developdevelop thethe resourceresource and out of thethe countrycountry toto determinedetermine base isis lacldng.lacking. appropriate levels of production. • Policies currently inin force do notnot • Collaborate more closely with create adequate incentives for various various programs on settling shiftingshifting sectors to develop andand cultivatecultivate cultivators to motivate them to adoptadopt NWFPs. NWFP production systems.systems. General guidelines andand key tasks • Take greater advantageadvantage of technicaltechnical assistance from international organi-organi­ The followingfollowing. guidelinesguidelines. andand - taskstasks. areare zations, of joint.joint -ventures with

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foreign companies, andand of loansloans and processingprocessing of thethe resources.resources. ValuableValuable from internationalinternational banlcs.banks. non-wood forest products should be carefully inventoried toto support their Building upup the NWFP resource base sustainable development.

The Ministry of ForestryForestry hashas submittedsubmitted toto Adequate investment and verticalvertical expansionexpansion the Government aa program toto "build"build up 55 should be encouragedencourage(' forfor the production of million hectares of forests on denudeddenuded hillshills the valuablevaluable NWFPs,NWFPs, bothboth naturalnatural andand and open lands" which includes the cultivated. establishment of 500,000 hectares of forestsforests for the production ofof NWFPs.NWFPs. TheThe planplan isis The .threethree corporationscorporations dealing with thethe to create 14.314.3 millionmillion hectareshectares of forestsforests asas production, processing andand export of forest forest estates and toto increaseincrease thethe nationalnational products should give high priority to forest cover toto 4343 percent.percent. establishing long-term co-production agreements withwith provinces, which are thethe Based upon thethe natural,natural, economic,economic, andand main producers of NWFP raw material.material. social conditions forfor the productionproduction ofof N'WFPsNWFPs andand thethe marketingmarketing situation situation thatthat Incentives prevails, significantsignificant expansion of NWFPs is planned between nownow andand the yearyear 20002000 Research should be carried out toto elaborateelaborate (Table 5). incentive policies to encourage NWFPNWFP production, especially for the mountainmountain areas and forfor tribaltribal groups.groups. Forest andand Table 5. Planned expansion ot`141WFTs forest lands should be allocate('allocated to individual production in Vietnams1991-2000 households (which,(which, in thethe mountainmountain areas,areas, Description 19914945 1996-2000 are the basic units for land use and (1,000110) (1,0001*.) farming), according toto policies now inin Cionsusorrtuot sessis 10 20 force. Pious merkusil 100 150 Host trees fbr Ise 2 .2 TongWA 10 20 Strengthening and consolidating state-owned Castor tree 5 10 Cashew tree 20 SG forest enterprises should be acceleratedaccelerated to Products of cm oil 7 10 provide neededneeded tecluticaltechnical assistance andand Anise 1 2 product marketing in thethe NWFPNWFP areas.areas. Medicinal Pions 1 Rattan 2- 101 15 Investments should be'be made for Other 22 16 comprehensive implementation ofof variousvarious Total 200 300 projects ~latedrelated to thethe productionproduction of non-non­ wood fore,stforest productsproducts ofof major importance, Management and operation planning following approvedapproved feasibilityfeasibility studies. studies. An investment ofof about $300 to $400 is neededneeded It isis necessarynecessary toto quicklyquickly inventoryinventory thethe to establishestablish a 1 1 hectare hectare plotplot for for NVVFP NWFP areas, yield andand qualityquality of NWFPsNWFPs inin production. IndividualIndividual householdshouseholds could be Vietnam. ThisThis willwill bebe thethe basisbasis ofof various various given $500$500 atat the outset as financial programmes for thethe cultivation,cultivation, harvestingharvesting assistance. ForFor newly newly establishedestablished settlement

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areasareas in which people are willingwilling to grow NWFPs for profit, assistanceassistance of about 500 kilogramskilograms ofof ricerice per hectare of newnew plantation, andand 300300 kilogram ofof rice perper hectarehectare ofof re-habilitatedre-habilitated natural forests, shouldshould be provided as support and incentives.

RESEARCH ANDAND TRAINING

There is a particularparticular need to strengthenstrengthen the research capability ofof thethe SpecialSpecial ForestForest Products ResearchResearch CentreCentre toto enableenable itit to more effectively support NWFP development andand extension. Scientific workers and field officers should be trained and should attend refresher coursescourses withinwithin and outside the country,country, withwith anan emphasisemphasis on socialsocial forestry, which is newnew toto mostmost forest officers. The trainingtraining of locallocal extension technicians forfor various work with ethnic groups is also very important.important.

International cooperationcooperation

Under thethe present economiceconomic conditions,conditions, it isis necessary to attract new sources of investment from internationalinternational organizationsorganizations and foreign entrepreneurs forfor jointjoint ventures.ventures.

Several FFAO/UNDP AO/UNDP projects havehave provided valuable supportsupport inin the developmentdevelopment of Vietnam's NWFPs, includingincluding work in thethe areas ofof laclac cultivationcultivation andand cashewcashew nutnut production. MoreMore effortsefforts ofof these these typestypes areare needed, includingincluding support for studystudy tourstours and fellowshipsfellowships in foreignforeign countries.countries.

BamboofoundBamboo-found throughoutthroughout AsiaisAsia-is perhapsperhaps thethe Vietnam is committedcommitted to thethe sustainablesustainable region's most commonlycommonly usedused NWFP.NWFP . development of its NWFPNWFP resources.resources. It isis firmly believed thatthat with thethe valuable assistance of FAO,FAO, UNDP,UNDP, andand other international organizations, the great potential of this fieldfield willwill bebe realized.realized.

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LITERATURE CITEDCITED

Dot, P.X.P.X. 1991. Let's consolidateconsolidate achievementsachievements gained duringduring 1986-19901986-1990 andand implementimplement renovation policiespolicies forfor developingdeveloping our our sector.sector. ForestryForestry ReviewReview No.6.No. 6.

General Statistical Office. 1990.1990. StatisticalStatistical data data R. R. S. S. VietnamVietnam (1976-1989). Statistical Publishing House. Hanoi.Hanoi.

Ministry of Forestry. 1989.1989. ForestForest statisticalstatistical datadata duringduring 1986-1988.1986-1988. Statistical PublishingPublishing House. Hanoi. 1989.1989. .

Ministry of Forestry.Forestry. 1991.1991. 3030 years years construction construction andand development development ofof forestry forestry (1961-1990).(1961-1990). Statistical Publishing House. Hanoi.

Thy. T.S.T.S. 1991.1991. RenovationRenovation policiespolicies implementedimplemented in the last fivefive years.years. Forestry reviewreview No.No.6. 6.

Tien. L.V.L. V. 1990.1990. TropicalTropical ForestryForestry ActionAction PlanPlan inin thethe fieldfield ofof special special forestforest products.products. SpecialSpecial forest products review No 1.1.

UNDP/MOF/FAO.UNDP/M0F/FAO. 1991. 1991. Forestry Forestry sector sector review review 'VIE/88/037: VIE/88/037: summarysummary ofof main report -- TropicalTropical Forestry Action Plan.Plan. Hanoi.

Vi. T. 1992.1992. SomeSome mainmain specialspecialforest forest products: productionproduction variantvariant ofof a afew few SFPSFP duringduring 1988-1988- 1992.

Xuan. P.T. 1991.1991. ProgrammeProgramme forfor reafforestingreafforesting 5 millionmillion haha andand establishingestablishing agroforestryagroforestry systems 22 millionmillion ha ha ofof open open lands. lands. Forestry Review No.6.No. 6.

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