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Non-Wood Forest Products in Asiaasia

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Non-Wood Forest Products in Asiaasia RAPA PUBLICATION 1994/281994/28 Non-Wood Forest Products in AsiaAsia REGIONAL OFFICE FORFOR ASIAASIA AND THETHE PACIFICPACIFIC (RAPA)(RAPA) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OFOF THE UNITED NATIONS BANGKOK 1994 RAPA PUBLICATION 1994/28 1994/28 Non-Wood ForestForest Products in AsiaAsia EDITORS Patrick B. Durst Ward UlrichUlrich M. KashioKashio REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIAASIA ANDAND THETHE PACIFICPACIFIC (RAPA) FOOD AND AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OFOF THETHE UNITED NTIONSNTIONS BANGKOK 19941994 The designationsdesignations andand the presentationpresentation ofof material in thisthis publication dodo not implyimply thethe expressionexpression ofof anyany opinionopinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,country, territory, citycity or areaarea oror ofof its its authorities,authorities, oror concerningconcerning thethe delimitation of its frontiersfrontiers oror boundaries.boundaries. The opinionsopinions expressed in this publicationpublication are those of thethe authors alone and do not implyimply any opinionopinion whatsoever on the part ofof FAO.FAO. COVER PHOTO CREDIT: Mr. K. J. JosephJoseph PHOTO CREDITS:CREDITS: Pages 8,8, 17,72,80:17, 72, 80: Mr.Mr. MohammadMohammad Iqbal SialSial Page 18: Mr. A.L. Rao Pages 54, 65, 116, 126: Mr.Mr. Urbito OndeoOncleo Pages 95, 148, 160: Mr.Mr. Michael Jensen Page 122: Mr.Mr. K. J. JosephJoseph EDITED BY:BY: Mr. Patrick B. Durst Mr. WardWard UlrichUlrich Mr. M. KashioKashio TYPE SETTINGSETTING AND LAYOUT OF PUBLICATION: Helene Praneet Guna-TilakaGuna-Tilaka FOR COPIESCOPIES WRITE TO:TO: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the PacificPacific 39 Phra AtitAtit RoadRoad Bangkok 1020010200 FOREWORD Non-wood forest productsproducts (NWFPs)(NWFPs) havehave beenbeen vitallyvitally importantimportant toto forest-dwellersforest-dwellers andand rural communitiescommunities forfor centuries.centuries. Local people collect, processprocess andand marketmarket bamboo,bamboo, rattan, beedibeedi (Diospyros(Diospyros melanoxylon) leaves,leaves, resins,resins, gums,gums, lac,lac, oil seeds, essential oils, medicinal herbs,herbs, and tanning materials.materials. RuralRural communitiescommunities also draw upon forests for food such as honey,honey, mushrooms,mushrooms, fruits, nuts, tubers,tubers, leaves,leaves, bushbush meat,meat, andand numerousnumerous other forestforest foods.foods. Although foresters never completelycompletely ignored NWFPs, for decadesdecades theirtheir managementmanagement received only secondarysecondary or tertiary attention relative to timber management. IncreasedIncreased concern over the degradationdegradation and loss of forests in recent years, however,however, hashas broughtbrought new attentionattention toto NWFPs.NWFPs. NWFPs are increasinglyincreasingly being seen asas offeringoffering newnew alternatives to timber extraction, forest conversion, and more destructive forms of forest exploitation. Recognizing that successfulsuccessful conservation of forests willwill depend on developing alternatives or complementscomplements to timbertimber harvestingharvesting in manymany areas,areas, conservation-mindedconservation-minded foresters andand scientists are "rediscovering""rediscovering" the non-timber productsproducts ofof thethe forest.forest. RenewedRenewed emphasisemphasis is being placed onon managingmanaging forests for aa multitudemultitude ofof productsproducts toto directlydirectly benefitbenefit thosethose people whosewhose actionsactions mightmight otherwiseotherwise destroydestroy thethe forest.forest. Multi-purpose forestforest management is being complemented with improvements in the processing,processing, marketing,marketing, andand commercialization of of NAATFPs. NWFPs. New forestforest policiespolicies andand strategiesstrategies areare likewiselikewise beingbeing promulgated to enhance the development ofof NWFPs. FAO has recentlyrecently steppedstepped up its supportsupport forfor thethe developmentdevelopment of NWFPsNWFPs byby improvingimproving data collection,collection, compilingcompiling case studiesstudies on thethe successfulsuccessful managementmanagement ofof NWFPs,NWFPs, facilitating information dissemination, organizing workshops and consultations,consultations, andand formulating newnew projectsprojects relatedrelated toto NWFPNWFP development.development. This publication isis a product of FAO's enhancedenhanced attentionattention toto thisthis long-neglectedlong-neglected area of forestry. It containscontains reportsreports describing the status, management,management, and importance of NWFPs in eleveneleven Asian countries. These reports should be useful in supportingsupporting thethe effortsefforts ofof foresters,foresters, conservationists,conservationists, and rural developmentdevelopment workers inin helpinghelping locallocal communitiescommunities increase their benefits from nearby forests. 2 'j'. 6()-t~~ / A)A.~.M....M. Obaidullah Khan ~ Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative of FAOF AO TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTS Pages BANGLADESH 1 CHINA 9 INDIA 19 INDONESIA 49 MALAYSIA 55 NEPAL 73 PAKISTAN 81 PHILIPPINES 97 SRI LANKALANKA 117 THAILAND 127 VIETNAM 151 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products BANGLADESH ShaflqueShafique A. Khan Deputy Conservator of Forests Forest UtilizationUtilization DivisionDivision INTRODUCTION In a developing country like Bangladesh, the coffincoffin inin partsparts ofof Bangladesh Bangladesh andand non-wood forest products (NWFPs) play other developingdeveloping countries.countries. a vitalvital rolerole inin thethe economiceconomic andand socio-socio­ political arenas of thethe country.country. ThoughThough branded as "minor"minor forestforest products"products" inin Table I, Production, or bamboo old forestryforestry literatureliterature andand departmentaldepartmental in Bangladesh records, they areare certainlycertainly notnot "minor""minor" Year Quantay products inin thethe contextcontext ofof thethe feeblefeeble (1,000 cuing) Bangladeshi economy.economy. TheyThey deservedeserve to 1975-76 47,268 be given due attentionattention in their own right. 197647 62,$79 1977-78 73,586 MAJORMAJORNWFPs NVVFPs 197849 60,135 1979-80 78,115 Bamboo (Melocanna bacc(era,bacci/era, 1980-81 74,028 1981-82 77,865 Bambusa tulda, etc.)etc.) isis oftenoften calledcalled thethe 1982.8a 92,335 "poor man'sman's timber"timber" inin BangladeshBangladesh andand 1983-84 92,061 in other Southeast Asian countries. 198445 76,989 Although officially grouped asas a minorminor 1985-86 75,786 forest product, it playsplays aa crucialcrucial rolerole inin 198647 92,616 the ruralrural economyeconomy ofof Bangladesh. Bangladesh. It earns a handsome revenue for thethe Forest Source: SlallslladSlall.lIaal YearV",r Book Book of 0( Bangladesh Bangladeth 19891989 Directorate atat homehome andand abroad,abroad, butbut alsoalso Sungrass (Imperata(lmperata spp.) is thethe mostmost is anan essentialessential materialmaterial forfor constructionconstruction common roofing andand thatchingthatching materialmaterial of temporarytemporary housinghousing for the ruralrural for temporarytemporary low-costlow-cost housing in thethe people, especially the hill tribetribe people. villages and forests ofof Bangladesh.Bangladesh. The qualitiesqualities of bamboobamboo can not bebe Sungrass grows naturally,naturally, especiallyespecially inin over-emphasized. BambooBamboo is thethe fastestfastest the forests of low-lying areas, oror aroundaround growing plant in thethe world,world, andand growsgrows the denuded andand barren hills unfit forfor well on aa varietyvariety ofof sites. sites. Over 2020 growing high-quality timber trees. Table species of bamboo grow in Bangladesh's 2 summarizes the production of sungrasssungrass natural forestsforests andand villagevillage homesteads.homesteads. in BangladeshBangladesh during thethe yearsyears 1975-761975-76 BambooBaml;oo is used for hundreds of to 1986-87.1986-87. purposes. It cancan honestlyhonestly be saidsaid thatthat bamboo is required-required from the cradle to Stone is oneone ofof the the most most important important NWFPs, availableavailable only in some areas of 1 Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products Bangladesh reserved forests.forests. CanesCanes areare usedused forfor Table 2. Production of domestic purposes by the rural sungrass in Bangladesh population, and for sophisticated Year Quantity furniture and luxuryluxury souvenirssouvenirs suitablesuitable (1!000 bundles) for export.export. Recently, attemptsattempts havehave 1975-76 1,772 been made to growgrow thesethese speciesspecies fromfrom 1976-77 6,831 seed imported fromfrom Malaysia.Malaysia. In somesome 1977-78 1,784 areas of Sylhet,Sylhet, ChittagongChittagong HillHill TractsTracts 1978-79 1,534 and Chittagong,Chittagong, domesticdomestic varieties of 1979-80 3,795 canes are grown.grown. 1980-81 6,706 1981-82 2,432 198243 1,390 Pati pata or MurtaMurta (Clinogynae 1983-84 1,279 dichotoma) grows naturally in thethe low-low­ 1984-85 1,295 lying areas of Sylhet and also inin ruralrural 1985-86 859 areas of TagailTagail andand DhakaDhaka districts.districts. It 1986-87 1,710 can be growngrown artificiallyartificially in otherother areasareas Source:Sou""" StallelkalSIaUslk:aJ YearV ...r BookBook of 0( Bangladesh Banllad.. h 1989.1989. of thethe countrycountry usingusing suitablesuitable plantingplanting material. Pati-pata is an excellent Bangladesh, such as Sylhet, Hill Tracts, material for floor mats, and is and Dinajpur.Dinajpur. StoneStone isis required
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