6.0 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 6.1 Other Projects

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6.0 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ASSESSMENT This section presents the assessment of cumulative effects; that is, the overall effects on a VC as a result of the predicted likely residual environmental effects of the Project in combination with the likely residual effects from other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities. The environmental and socio-economic effects assessment presented in Section 5 provides identification and analysis of the predicted residual effects of the Project. The VCs and associated key indicators with predicted residual effects as a result of the Project were carried forward and considered in the assessment of potential cumulative effects in this section. The presence and likely residual effects from other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable physical activities are predicted based on publicly available information sources and professional judgement. The ultimate outcome of this section is the prediction of likely cumulative effects and the determination of their significance.

The steps used to assess cumulative effects are summarized in Section 4.6 of this ESA report.

Of the VCs evaluated in the environmental and socio-economic effects assessment (Section 5), residual effects as a result of the Project were not predicted for heritage resources, archaeological resources, navigation and navigation safety, and traditional land and resource use. Consequently, these VCs require no further analysis in the cumulative effects assessment. Residual effects of the Project were identified for all remaining VCs as discussed in Section 5, and these VCs are assessed for potential cumulative effects with other physical activities.

Additionally, no adverse environmental or socio-economic effects resulting from the effects of the environment on the Project (including contaminated soils, terrain instability, seismic activity, severe weather, flooding, wildfire, and changing climatic conditions) are predicted, as described in Section 5.22 (Effects of the Environment on the Project). Accordingly, these natural occurrences are not considered further in the assessment of cumulative effects.

The study areas used for the assessment of cumulative effects on each VC vary depending on the geographic extent of the residual effects of the Project on each VC. These study areas are generally equivalent to the VC Regional Study Areas (RSAs) or in cases where the Project residual effects were localized in nature, the VC Local Study Areas (LSAs). An exception was made for greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emissions, which are considered in a provincial and national context, as discussed in Section 6.2.9.

Temporal overlap was determined by focusing on past, present, and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities with the potential for their effects to occur during the construction phase of the Project, since this is the phase in which the majority of the residual adverse effects are predicted to occur (Section 5). These effects from past, present, and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities may also overlap with the residual effects of the Project predicted to extend into Project operation. 6.1 Other Projects and Activities The cumulative effects assessment considered past, present, and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities, including previous and ongoing activities, as well as physical activities that are considered certain (i.e., they have received approval, or the proponent has publicly announced its intention to seek the necessary approvals or other authorizations to proceed). In many cases, where projects are in the planning stage, only general locations could be identified for reasonably foreseeable projects and activities and it was therefore not possible to conduct a detailed spatial analysis for the cumulative effects assessment for all VCs. The assessment of cumulative

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effects based on these general locations for reasonably foreseeable projects was completed using professional judgement and based on previous experience with cumulative effects assessment for pipeline projects, and similar types of projects and activities.

Projects and activities considered in this assessment include existing, man-made disturbances and those projects and activities that are known and approved for the reasonably foreseeable future, including development assumptions that support and are consistent with long-term economic or financial assumptions, even if formal plans or applications have not yet been made. Future projects that are not considered are those for which formal plans have not been publicly disclosed and information was not available.

The following publicly available information sources were accessed to identify likely and reasonably foreseeable physical projects and activities within the cumulative effects assessment study areas:  NEB: Major Applications and Projects before the NEB website – Archived (NEB 2015b) and Major Applications and Projects before the NEB (NEB 2015c);  Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency: Canadian Environmental Assessment Registry website (CEA Registry 2015);  Major Projects Management Office (MPMO): Current Project Agreements website (MPMO 2012);  Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC): Environmental Assessments website (CNSC 2014);  Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC): List of Environmental Assessment Projects (MOECC 2015d) and Renewable Energy Projects Index (MOECC 2015e) websites;  Government of Ontario Environmental Registry website (Government of Ontario 2015b);  Ontario Energy Board (OEB): Applications Before the Board website (OEB 2015);  Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) online Renewable Energy Atlas (MNRF 2014e);  Ministry of Transportation – Ontario (MTO) Southern Highways Program 2015-2019 website (MTO 2015);  Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) Current Electricity Contracts website (IESO 2015);  Infrastructure Ontario projects website (Infrastructure Ontario 2015a);  Metrolinx Projects and Programs website (Metrolinx 2015);  Hydro One Networks Inc. (Hydro One) Transmission System Projects website (Hydro One 2009) and Transmission Network Maps (Hydro One 2012);  Ontario Power Generation (OPG) New Generation Projects website (OPG 2015);  Applicable growth management policies for the Province of Ontario including the Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe, 2006 (Ministry of Infrastructure 2013), Greenbelt Plan (Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing [MMAH] 2005), and Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan (MMAH 2002);  Websites of industry associations including the Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA no date), Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA 2015) and Ontario Waterpower Association (OWA 2013);

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 Enbridge Gas Distribution Inc. Pipeline and Construction Projects website (Enbridge Gas Distribution Inc. 2015a);  Toronto and Region Conservation Authority website (TRCA 2015c);  Municipality websites and official plans including: . Regional Municipality of York 2015 to 2018 Budget (Regional Municipality of York 2015d), Environment Resources website (Regional Municipality of York 2015e), Water and Wastewater Construction website (Regional Municipality of York 2015f), Road Construction Schedule website (Regional Municipality of York 2015g), and VivaNext (transit) website (VivaNext Transit 2015);

. City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, Capital Plan and Capital Budget 2015-2017 (City of Vaughan 2014f), Projects and Studies website (City of Vaughan 2015l), Planning and Growth Projects Website (City of Vaughan 2015m), and Projects List website (City of Vaughan 2015n);

. Township of King Annual Budgets website (Township of King 2013a), and Engineering & Public Works Department (Township of King 2013b) website;

. Region of Peel website for Brampton and Caledon (Region of Peel no date a,b), and Environmental Assessments website (Region of Peel no date c);

. City of Brampton Environmental Assessment map (City of Brampton no date a); and

. Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) Future Plans and Studies website (TTC 2015).

The maximum extent of the air emissions LSA (i.e., 5 km wide corridor) and the Socio-economic Study Area (SSA) (i.e., the City of Vaughan), as defined in Section 4.3.2, together represent the area within which past, present and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities were identified for consideration of cumulative effects. This area is hereby known as the cumulative effects study area, which is sufficiently large to capture all projects with the potential to act cumulatively with the residual effects of the Project. Although the cumulative effects study area was used to identify other projects and activities for the purposes of the cumulative effects assessment, the study area for the assessment of cumulative effects on each VC varies depending on the geographic extent of the residual effects of the Project on each VC, as described in Section 6.0.

The projects and activities that are considered in the cumulative effects assessment are presented in Table 6.1-1. These projects are divided into the following two categories: (1) projects located within 2.5 km on either side of the Project centreline; and, (2) projects that are located beyond 2.5 km on each side of the Project centreline, but within the SSA. Each project or activity was then screened to determine whether it would have the potential to result in effects on the environment that could overlap both spatially and temporally with residual effects predicted from the Project.

Present activities and associated disturbances within the LSA and RSA defined for each VC in Section 6.2 have been accounted for in the baseline conditions and effects assessment for the Project. They are also considered further in the cumulative effects assessment where environmental effects from ongoing operation or planned expansion have the potential to interact spatially and temporally with the residual effects predicted for the Project. In such cases, these present projects or activities are identified in Table 6.1-1 in relation to reasonably foreseeable projects and activities or disturbances.

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6.1.1 Local Context The primary land uses in proximity to the Project include agricultural and countryside areas, natural and recreational areas, and transportation and electricity transmission infrastructure. Based on a review of planned projects in the cumulative effects study area, a portion of the lands within the cumulative effects study area are slated for development in the near future. This future development includes projects or activities adjacent to the Project footprint associated to the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) West Transportation Corridor Project (GTA West project), and the initiatives presented in the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (City of Vaughan 2010) with respect to land designated as “community areas” (subdivision developments including residential and commercial development) and “employment areas” (development areas including industrial, manufacturing, and warehousing development). The projects and activities list presented in Table 6.1-1 include specific known projects within these “community areas” and “employment areas” where there is publicly disclosed information available.

Most of the Project footprint crosses Natural Areas and Countryside designated under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (see Section 5.12), which have been largely undeveloped to date, or used for agricultural and some recreational purposes (Figure 6.1-1; City of Vaughan 2010). Although there are various developments planned for the future within the cumulative effects study area, portions of the cumulative effects study area fall within areas designated for environmental protection under municipal (upper tier and lower tier) and provincial jurisdictions. As a result, it is assumed that future development will be required to abide by the relevant policies outlined in the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 regarding areas designated as Natural Areas and Countryside, as well as relevant policies associated with the regulation of development within and adjacent to the Natural Heritage Network Core Features of the City of Vaughan, as applicable (see Sections 5.3 and 5.12 for further discussion on the Natural Heritage Network Core Features). Future development will also be required to comply with the provisions of the Greenbelt Plan 2005 and policies, permitting requirements set out for conservation area lands managed by the TRCA (see Section 5.12), and may also be subject to permitting requirements under the Forest Conservation Bylaw (Regional Municipality of York 2013b) and policies under the York Region Official Plan 2013 (Regional Municipality of York 2013a) for the protection of Significant Forest designated by the Regional Municipality of York, where applicable.

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LEGEND !( City /" Compressor Station (CS) Road !! Utility Line AD RO Rail Line ING TOWNSHIP K Future 427 Transportation Corridor OF K IN G King’s North Connection Pipeline Project Pipeline (natural gas, underground) C old Watercourse C r e Wetland e k Waterbody N U N Municipality N mberR V i u v H Community Area IL e AD L r O CITY OF E N R ( A Employment Area r GH R i U O v VA VAU GH A N i G A è ) KIN Natural Area and Countryside D r er e Humb Conservation Area KP 8 KP 9 Natural Heritage Network Core Features " " H

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Table 6.1-1: Projects or Activities Considered in the Cumulative Effects Assessment for the Project

Potential that Environmental Company/Agency/ (a) (b)(c) Project or Activity Location Development Timeframe Effects May Overlap with the Specific Sources Operator Project Footprint Projects and Activities Located within 2.5 km of the Project Centreline Construction slated to begin in fall 2015 and last 9 to 12 months, King’s North Connection Pipeline Project (KNC City of Vaughan depending on weather and environmental conditions and equipment Yes Golder 2014 project) availability TransCanada Existing natural gas pipeline, ongoing operation and maintenance as Canadian Mainline (Line 200-2) City of Vaughan and City of Brampton Yes — needed Existing compressor station, ongoing operation and maintenance as Maple Compressor Station (Station 130) City of Vaughan Yes — needed CIMA+ 2014; information PowerStream Inc. Construction slated to being in January 2016 and to be completed end of Vaughan Transformer Station # 4 City of Vaughan (Kleinburg) Yes from project Open House (PowerStream). Summer 2016. Transformer station will be energized in March 2017. held on May 26, 2015. Beacon Environmental 2014; City of Vaughan Castlepoint Investment May 29, 2015 TRCA Council Meeting Agenda identified the project as Kleinburg Summit (Block 55 East Subdivision) City of Vaughan (Kleinburg) Yes 2014e; Malone Given Inc. having an application under O. Reg. 166/06(d) Parsons Ltd. 2013; TRCA 2014b Greenbelt Plan, which identifies areas to be protected and how future growth should be Plan was developed in 2005, and is scheduled for a mandatory review accommodated within the Greenbelt. Projects City of Vaughan Yes MMAH 2005, 2014b every 10 years. A review of the plan is occurring in 2015. within the Greenbelt will be developed following Government of Ontario the policies set out by the Plan. Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe, which aims at guiding decisions on City of Vaughan, City of Brampton, Ministry of Infrastructure 25-year plan developed in 2006, and amended in 2013. Yes development growth in the Greater Golden Township of King, Town of Caledon 2013 Horseshoe area. Stage 2 of individual environmental assessment currently underway. GTA West project route planning and Stage 2 commenced in February 2014 and is scheduled for completion in MOECC 2014c; City of Vaughan and City of Brampton Yes environmental assessment study 2018. The preferred GTA West project route will be determined in late GTA West 2014a,b MTO 2015. Highway 427 Transportation Corridor Environmental assessment approved in 2010. Construction anticipated to Ecoplans Ltd. et al. 2010; Expansion (northerly from Highway 7 to Major City of Vaughan and City of Brampton No begin in 2017. Target completion date is 2019. MOECC 2015f; MTO 2015 Mackenzie Drive) MNRF Potential Bolton Waterpower Site #1 and # 2 Town of Caledon None identified. No MNRF 2014e Infrastructure Ontario Seneca College King Campus Expansion Township of King Request for proposals planned for fall 2014(d) No Infrastructure Ontario 2014 Included in the 2013-2022 10-year Strategic Plan; no specific schedule TRCA Kortright Centre for Conservation City of Vaughan No TRCA 2015d provided (b) Project is in the environmental assessment Terms of Reference Hydro One GTA West Power Transmission Corridor City of Vaughan Yes GTA West 2014a preparation stage Hydro One; Hydro One 2012; Existing Regional Power Transmission Network City of Vaughan, Town of King Existing, ongoing maintenance work as needed Yes PowerStream. PowerStream 2015 Region of Peel and Road improvements on Highway 50 and Regional Municipality of City of Brampton and City of Vaughan Class environmental assessment completed in 2012(d) No Region of Peel 2012 Mayfield Road York Environmental assessment approved in July 2012. Implementation based Western Vaughan Transportation MOECC 2014d; Regional City of Vaughan on projected traffic needs and availability of funding through the Regional No Improvements Municipality of York 2015g Regional Municipality of Municipality of York’s ten-year capital plan(d) York Northeast Vaughan Water and Wastewater Class environmental assessment to be completed on 2016. Planned to Regional Municipality of City of Vaughan Yes Services meet future growth demands in Northeast Vaughan area to the year 2051(d) York 2015h

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Table 6.1-1: Projects or Activities Considered in the Cumulative Effects Assessment for the Project

Potential that Environmental Company/Agency/ (a) (b)(c) Project or Activity Location Development Timeframe Effects May Overlap with the Specific Sources Operator Project Footprint Teston Road urbanization and widening (Pine Class environmental assessment process underway. Construction planned Regional Municipality of City of Vaughan No Valley Drive to Weston Road) for 2019 York 2015h Construction of the portion from Highway 50 to Canadian Pacific (CP) rail tracks will coincide with 427 Transportation Corridor Expansion (see above) Major Mackenzie Drive Improvements (Road Regional Municipality of City of Vaughan CP rail tracks to Highway 27 (Summer 2016) No widening from two to six lanes) York 2015g Highway 27 to Pine Valley Drive (Construction tender to be released in January 2017) Pine Valley Drive to Highway 400 (mid-June 2015) Road projects and transit expansion projects Road and transit improvements are planned beyond 2018 as per the Regional Municipality of included in 10-year Roads and Transit Capital City of Vaughan 10-year Roads and Transit Capital Construction Program (including No York 2015i Construction Program improvements to Highway 50 and Mayfield Road) (d) Sanitary sewer construction on Highway 50 - Anticipated construction start date: May 2015 City of Brampton no date a; City of Brampton No Old Castlemore Road to Coleraine Drive Anticipated construction end date: October 2016 Region of Peel no date d City of Brampton and the Town of Class environmental assessment completed in 2013. Phased widening of Mayfield Road Improvements No Region of Peel 2013 Caledon Mayfield Road anticipated to go to 2031(d) Region of Peel Peel-Highway 427 Extension Transportation Master Plan, recommending improvements to City of Brampton Planning underway(d) Yes Region of Peel no date e existing roads, and a new road connecting Mayfield Road and Major Mackenzie Drive.

City-wide Water & Wastewater Master Plan, The Municipal Infrastructure which includes planned water and wastewater Group Ltd. and Fabian distribution infrastructure on West Vaughan, City of Vaughan Class environmental assessment completed June 2014 Yes Papa & Partners Inc. 2014 along Huntington Road, Nashville Road, Major

Mackenzie Road, Teston Road, and Highway 27. City of Vaughan 2014d Kleinburg-Nashville Major Mackenzie City of Vaughan Project approved for 2015 to 2018 (and beyond) capital budget No City of Vaughan 2014f Watermain

Pedestrian underpass of the CP railway tracks City of Vaughan Project approved for 2015 to 2018 (and beyond) capital budget No City of Vaughan 2014f within Block 61 (detail design and construction) Kleinburg-Nashville Transportation Plan, part of the City of Vaughan's Transportation Master Plan, recommending widening of Highway 27 north of Islington Avenue, major intersection (d) City of Vaughan City of Vaughan Transportation Master Plan finalized in 2012 Yes City of Vaughan 2015o improvements across the area, grade separation with the CP railway line crossing at Nashville Road and Huntington Road, as well as a pedestrian and cycling network. West Vaughan Employment Area (WVEA) Transportation Plan, part of the City of Vaughan's Transportation Master Plan, recommending further extension of Highway City of Vaughan Transportation Master Plan finalized in 2012(d) No City of Vaughan 2015o 427 north of Major Mackenzie Drive, local roadway improvements, transit and cycling networks. West Vaughan Secondary and Block Plans, City of Vaughan Official including the WVEA Secondary Plan, and the Finalized in 2009 and 2010. West Vaughan Employment Area Secondary Plan 2010; City of City of Vaughan No Nashville Heights Block 61 West Plan. Plans Plan approved in June 2014. To be implemented to 2031(d) Vaughan 2015p; Urban identify areas zoned for employment and Strategies Inc. 2014

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Table 6.1-1: Projects or Activities Considered in the Cumulative Effects Assessment for the Project

Potential that Environmental Company/Agency/ (a) (b)(c) Project or Activity Location Development Timeframe Effects May Overlap with the Specific Sources Operator Project Footprint residential use.

North Kleinburg-Nashville Secondary Plan, Adopted by Council on September 2010. Included as part of the City of The Planning Partnership outlining a plan for residential and mixed use City of Vaughan Yes Vaughan Official Plan (2010)(b) 2012 development, and associated amenities Huntington Road improvements from Langstaff Class environmental assessment underway. Required to be completed by Road to McGillvray Road and Major Mackenzie City of Vaughan No City of Vaughan 2014g 2021(d) Drive to Nashville Road

Works and Transportation Satellite Yards - (d) City of Brampton no date a, City of Brampton Class environmental assessment completed in August 2012 No North East Quadrant b; City of Brampton 2015 Highway 427 Industrial Secondary Plan City of Brampton Planning underway. City Council approved the Official Plan Amendment (Area 47), which guides the development of a City of Brampton on September 2014 to implement the Highway 427 Industrial Secondary No City of Brampton no date c complete community with residential, retail, Plan(d) institutional and employment land uses. Bolton Transportation Master Plan, including recommendations for King Street re-alignment Class environmental assessment began in March 2014 and is planned to Town of Caledon Town of Caledon No Town of Caledon 2015 and George Bolton Parkway extension east to be completed by September 2015(d) Industrial Road Water Master Plan and Water/Wastewater & Notice of commencement for the environmental assessment issued in Township of King Township of King No Township of King no date Stormwater Master Plans March 2014(d) Projects Located within the Socio-economic Study Area Developed in 2002. Long-term strategic plan that shall be reviewed Government of Ontario Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan City of Vaughan No MMAH 2002 approximately every 10 years. Highway Expansions and Rehabilitations in Various locations in the SSA on Expansion and rehabilitation work is underway/planned for highways in the MTO No MTO 2015 Central/Southern Ontario Highways 7, 400 and 427. SSA for 2015 to 2019. Potential waterpower sites within the City of Vaughan (Woodbridge Waterpower Site, Pine MNRF City of Vaughan None identified. No MNRF 2014e Grove Waterpower Site, Maple Waterpower Site) Infrastructure Ontario Mackenzie Vaughan Hospital (part of the Construction anticipated to begin in 2015, with target operation date of Infrastructure Ontario no City of Vaughan No and Mackenzie Health Vaughan Healthcare Centre Precinct) 2019 date Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension, Currently under construction. Service on the new subway extension is TTC (Including Vaughan Metropolitan Centre City of Vaughan No TTC no date planned to start in fall 2016 Station) Phase 1 under construction. Expected completion between December vivaNext Highway 7 West / Vaughan Transit Rapidway City of Vaughan No vivaNext no date 2016 and 2020 Class environmental assessment submitted in June 2013. The earliest project completion date is anticipated to be the end of 2017. Project Regional Municipality of West Vaughan Sewage Servicing City of Vaughan No schedule estimated at 54 months (including procurement, pre-design, York 2013g detailed design, tendering and construction) Regional Municipality of East Vaughan Pumping Station City of Vaughan Construction underway. Completion date planned for Q1 2016 No Regional Municipality of York 2015f York Jane Street Intersection improvements at Regional Municipality of City of Vaughan Construction planned for 2018 No Rutherford Road York 2015g Rutherford Road improvements from Jane Regional Municipality of City of Vaughan Construction planned for 2019 No Street to Keele Street York 2015g Rutherford Road/Carrville Road improvements Class environmental assessment underway and will be completed Regional Municipality of City of Vaughan No between Jane Street and Yonge Street in 2015(d) York 2015g

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Table 6.1-1: Projects or Activities Considered in the Cumulative Effects Assessment for the Project

Potential that Environmental Company/Agency/ (a) (b)(c) Project or Activity Location Development Timeframe Effects May Overlap with the Specific Sources Operator Project Footprint Regional Municipality of Highway 27 CP rail bridge replacement City of Vaughan Construction to start in fall 2017 No York 2015g Multiple road projects and transit expansion Road projects and transit improvements will be carried out throughout the Regional Municipality of City of Vaughan No projects SSA as per the 10-year Roads and Transit Capital Construction Program York 2015i Water and wastewater infrastructure and facilities will be constructed Multiple water and wastewater infrastructure Regional Municipality of City of Vaughan throughout the SSA as per the 10-year Capital Water and Wastewater No and facilities York 2015i Programs Vaughan Metropolitan Centre Secondary Plan established in 2010. Vaughan Metropolitan Centre City of Vaughan No City of Vaughan 2015r Planned to be completed by year 2031. Vaughan Metropolitan Centre Northeast City of Vaughan Project approved for 2015 and 2016 capital budget No City of Vaughan 2014f Stormwater management pond Adopted by the City of Vaughan Council on March 2014 and by York Vaughan Mills Centre Secondary Plan City of Vaughan No City of Vaughan 2015s Region Council on July 2014 with modifications Class environmental assessment for municipal services underway, Municipal Services for the Vaughan Healthcare City of Vaughan 2014h; City City of Vaughan construction on the site for the new Mackenzie Vaughan Hospital No Centre Precinct of Vaughan 2015t scheduled to begin in 2015 City Hall public square, underground parking and outdoor rink (Keele Street and Major City of Vaughan Project approved for 2017 capital budget No City of Vaughan 2014f Mackenzie Drive) Nashville Cemetery Road Extension City of Vaughan Project approved for 2017 capital budget No City of Vaughan 2014f Black Creek Renewal City of Vaughan Project approved for 2015 to 2017 capital budget No City of Vaughan 2014f Highway 400 Interchange Connections City of Vaughan Class environmental assessment approved for 2015 capital budget No City of Vaughan 2014f City of Vaughan Huntington Road construction (Langstaff Road City of Vaughan 2014f City of Vaughan Project approved for 2015 capital budget No to Rutherford Road) Maple Valley Plan – North Maple Regional Park Project approved for 2015 and 2016 (Phase I) and 2017 (Phase II) capital City of Vaughan 2014f City of Vaughan No Phase I and II Construction budget. Park and Parkette Developments (Various City of Vaughan 2014f City of Vaughan Projects approved for 2014, 2015-2017 capital budget No Locations) Weston Road and Highway 7 Secondary Plan City of Vaughan Planning underway(d) No City of Vaughan 2015u Block 27 Secondary Plan City of Vaughan Projected time of completion and Council consideration is fall of 2016 (d) No City of Vaughan 2015q Area and Site-specific plans described in the City of Vaughan Official City of Vaughan Various locations in SSA No City of Vaughan Official Plan (2010) Plan 2010 Road rehabilitation and watermain replacement will be carried out Road rehabilitation and watermain replacement City of Vaughan throughout the SSA as per the 2014 Capital Budget and 2015-2017 Capital No City of Vaughan 2014f (various locations) Plan Pavement management program Pavement management program will be carried out throughout the SSA as City of Vaughan No City of Vaughan 2014f (resurfacing/rehabilitation) per the 2014 Capital Budget and 2015-2017 Capital Plan Greater Toronto Area (GTA) Project (upgrade to Approval to proceed with the project granted by the OEB on January 30, Enbridge Gas Distribution Enbridge Distribution City of Vaughan No existing distribution system) 2014(d) Inc. 2015b

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Notes: (a) Location of the Project within the cumulative effects assessment study area. (b) Further to the sources listed in Section 6.1, which were used to identify the list of projects and activities presented herein, additional sources were accessed to obtain details on the timing and location of these projects and activities. (c) Sources without a publication date are indicated as n.d. (no date), followed by a letter indicating the specific reference in Section 10, where required (d) A specific implementation schedule for the project or activity listed was not found in publicly available sources. The project or activity has been added to Table 6.1-1 under the conservative assumption that implementation could occur anytime within the temporal boundaries of the cumulative effects assessment.

Yes The potential residual environmental effects from the project or activity may overlap spatially with the Project footprint No The potential residual environmental effects from the project or activity are not likely to overlap spatially with the Project footprint.

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6.2 Potential Cumulative Effects The potential for residual effects from the Project combining with the residual effects from other developments or activities is identified only when residual effects were predicted as a result of the Project (i.e., residual effects identified in Section 5). Residual effects have been predicted for the following VCs and are therefore subjected to the cumulative effects assessment:  soil and soil productivity;  vegetation;  surface water;  groundwater;  fish and fish habitat;  wetlands;  wildlife and wildlife habitat;  species at risk;  air emissions;  acoustic environment;  human occupancy and resource use;  social and cultural well-being;  human health and aesthetics;  infrastructure and services; and  employment and economy. Residual effects identified as a result of the Project (Section 5) are predominantly localized and occur within the LSA of most VCs. The residual effects determined for the Project are presented in Table 6.2-1, which also indicates whether an overlap of the Project residual effect with a residual effect from other past, present and reasonably foreseeable projects or activities listed in Table 6.1-1 is predicted (i.e., potential spatial and temporal interaction with the effects of another project or activity), and describes the predicted cumulative effect. If an overlap of effects in both time and space is not predicted, a cumulative effect is not predicted. The reasoning for inclusion or exclusion of projects and activities in the assessment of cumulative effects for each VC is detailed in the following sections.

The criteria used to describe a predicted residual effect are defined in Table 4.5-1. These criteria were considered in combination by the assessment team to assess the importance of an adverse residual cumulative effect on a key indicator. Cumulative effects are evaluated for significance using the same definition used for significance determination for residual Project effects, as described in Section 4.5.4.

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Although not a VC, adverse residual effects arising from accidents and malfunctions may also act cumulatively with effects from projects and activities that have been included in Table 6.1-1. Typically, these events are hypothetical and have a low probability of occurrence. Considerations related to accidents and malfunctions in the assessment of cumulative effects are described further in Section 6.2.16.

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Table 6.2-1: Preliminary Review of Potential for Cumulative Effects Possible Interaction with the Project Specific Effects Environmental Effects of Other Valued Component/ Projects and Activities Potential Cumulative Effect Key Indicator Predicted Spatial Temporal Predicted Residual Effect Significance (Yes/No) (Yes/No) Soil and Soil Productivity Terrain Change in terrain contour Not significant No Yes None identified Change in areal extent of productive soil Not significant Yes Yes Change in areal extent of productive soil Soil quality Change in soil capability or soil quality Not significant Yes Yes Change in soil capability or soil quality Vegetation Naturally Occurring Plant Alteration of deciduous forest Not significant Yes Yes Change in the total quantity and quality of deciduous forest Communities Alteration of grasslands and cultural meadow Not significant Yes Yes Change in the total quantity and quality of grasslands and cultural meadow Surface Water Natural drainage patterns Redirection of streamflow Not significant Yes Yes Change of natural drainage patterns Lateral and vertical stability Potential for scour or bank erosion Not significant Yes Yes Change in the lateral and/or vertical stability of watercourses Surface water quality Increase in sediment load and sediment deposition in and downstream of the ROW Not significant Yes No None identified Groundwater Groundwater quantity Change in groundwater flow and levels Not significant Yes Yes Change in groundwater recharge, flow and water level Fish and Fish Habitat Fish habitat quality or quantity, Change in the area of fish habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in the area of fish habitat including riparian areas Change in suitability of fish habitat Not significant Yes No None identified Wetlands Change in the total quantity and quality of wetland community types due to Alteration of wetland habitat Not significant Yes Yes alteration of wetland habitat Wetland Habitat and Function Change in the total quantity and quality of wetland community types due to Alteration of wetland function Not significant Yes Yes change in hydrological function Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat Change in available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat Nesting Waterfowl (Mallard) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Marsh Nesting Birds (Marsh Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat Wren) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Open Country Nesting Birds Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat (Vesper Sparrow) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Shrub/early successional birds Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat (Brown Thrasher) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat Frogs (Spring Peeper) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat Reptiles (Painted Turtle) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Changes in available to habitat Ungulates (White-tailed Deer) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Small Mammals (Meadow Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Changes to in available habitat Voles) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Changes to in available habitat Bats (all local species) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution

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Table 6.2-1: Preliminary Review of Potential for Cumulative Effects Possible Interaction with the Project Specific Effects Environmental Effects of Other Valued Component/ Projects and Activities Potential Cumulative Effect Key Indicator Predicted Spatial Temporal Predicted Residual Effect Significance (Yes/No) (Yes/No) Species at Risk Change in the area of Redside Dace habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in the area of Redside Dace habitat Redside Dace Change in suitability of Redside Dace Not significant Yes No None identified Bobolink and Eastern Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat Meadowlark Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat Western Chorus Frog Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Changes to in available habitat Little Brown Myotis Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat Monarch Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution Air Emissions Criteria Air Contaminants Increased emissions of CAC during construction affecting air quality Not significant Yes Yes Change in ambient CAC concentration during construction (CAC) Increased emissions of CAC during operation affecting air quality Not significant Yes Yes Change in ambient CAC concentration during operation Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Increased emissions of GHG during construction Not significant Yes Yes Change in ambient GHG concentration during construction Emissions Increased emissions of GHG during operation Not significant Yes Yes Change in ambient GHG concentration during operation Acoustic Environment Noise levels Increase in noise levels at points of reception (PORs) Not significant Yes Yes Change in noise levels at PORs Human Occupancy and Resource Use Land use planning Restrictions on future land use and development in proximity to the Project ROW Not significant Yes Yes Change in requirements for future land use and development Change in recreational land use in TRCA lands and along the Humber Parks and Protected Areas Disruption of recreational land use of TRCA lands and the Humber Valley Heritage Trail Not significant Yes Yes Valley Heritage Trail Renewable Natural Resource Disruption and constraints to agricultural land use Not significant Yes Yes Change in renewable resource use (agricultural land use) Use Social and Cultural Well-being Disruption of social and cultural well-being due to increased traffic and associated noise Traffic and associated noise Not significant Yes Yes Change in social well-being due to change in traffic and associated noise during construction Human Health and Aesthetics Decline in human health resulting from an increase in traffic accidents due to increased Change in mental or physical health due to increases in traffic or traffic Traffic accidents Not significant Yes Yes Project traffic accidents Visual aesthetics Alteration of viewscapes and visual aesthetics Not significant Yes Yes Alteration of viewscapes and visual aesthetics Infrastructure and Services Transportation and traffic Increased traffic volumes on highways and local roads used to access the Project Not significant Yes Yes Change in traffic levels Employment and Economy Labour force activity Increased employment opportunities Not significant Yes Yes Change in local employment opportunities Taxes and revenue Increased taxes and revenues for municipal governments Not significant Yes Yes Change in revenue Accidents and Malfunctions(a) Reduction in soil quality, water quality, and wetlands due to a spill or leak of hydrocarbon Not Significant Yes No None identified Spill or leak of hydrocarbon liquids liquids Alteration of social and cultural well-being due to increased traffic for clean-up activities due Not Significant Yes No None identified to a spill or leak of hydrocarbon liquids

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6.2.1 Soil and Soil Productivity The cumulative effects assessment for soil and soil productivity uses the soil and soil productivity RSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.1.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Terrain: As described in Section 5.2, the alteration of terrain contours resulting from subsidence of the backfill material in the trench and due to grading of slopes (e.g., banks at water crossings) will be of low magnitude and of long-term duration because it could occur as a result of pipeline construction and may persist beyond operations. The residual effect is of local extent since it will be restricted to the Project ROW within the soil and soil productivity RSA. Because development is restricted along the Project ROW once the pipeline is in place, additional subsidence over the trench and at water crossings is not likely during construction as a result of other projects and activities. As a result, there is no spatial overlap of effects, and no cumulative effects are predicted.

Soil Quality: The change in the areal extent of productive soil as a result of losses in topsoil due to wind or water erosion during soil handling is predicted to be of low magnitude, local in extent, and medium-term in duration. Similarly, the change in soil capability or soil quality as a result of the alteration of surface soil organic matter or the change in the textural properties of the soil due to topsoil-subsoil admixing and compaction and rutting is predicted to be of negligible magnitude, local in extent, and short- to medium-term in duration. Due to the localized nature of the Project’s residual effects on soil quality, cumulative effects would only occur if similar effects resulting from other projects and activities overlap the soil and soil productivity RSA. This would be possible if development occurred within the soil and soil productivity RSA, but would be unlikely within the Project ROW where development will not be permitted once the pipeline is in place.

Past, present and reasonably foreseeable land developments, such as the GTA West project, the KNC project north tie-in site (located by the Project’s west tie-in, as seen in Figure 6.1-1), the Kleinburg Summit (Block 55 East Subdivision), the PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station #4, and the construction of infrastructure associated with the Northeast Vaughan Water and Wastewater Services project, may disturb soil and contribute to the change in the areal extent of productive soil, and the change in soil capability or soil quality in the Project footprint, particularly in the TWS. This also includes maintenance activities associated with present linear projects that cross or are parallel to the Project, such as maintenance work along the Hydro One and PowerStream power transmission line corridors and the TransCanada Canadian Mainline (Line 200-2) and its associated facilities. These developments are expected to continue to operate, and other similar developments are expected to occur, for the duration of the Project. 6.2.1.2 Mitigation Mitigation outlined in Table 5.2-13, Table 5.21-1 and in the Environmental Protection Plan (EPP) (Appendix A) will be implemented to reduce the potential for cumulative effects on soils in the soil and soil productivity LSA. Environmental assessment reports for other developments in the area (e.g., the Kleinburg Summit [Block 55 East Subdivision] Environmental Impact Study, and the KNC project ESA), indicate that TransCanada and other proponents will implement similar mitigation measures, thus further minimizing the overall potential for cumulative effects.

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6.2.1.3 Determination of Significance Soil Quality: Potential cumulative effects on soil quality can occur as a result of the change in areal extent of productive soil and a change in the soil capability or soil quality, as described in Table 6.2-2.

The cumulative effect from changes in areal extent of productive soil is considered to be of low magnitude and medium-term duration. The geographic extent would be limited to effects overlapping within the soil and soil productivity RSA (i.e., regional). Thus, the predicted cumulative effects of changes in soil quality due to erosion are predicted to be of moderate importance.

The cumulative effect from changes in soil capability or soil quality is considered to be negligible in magnitude and short- to medium-term in duration because the effects can result from construction and may extend into operations, and would be regional (i.e., limited to effects overlapping within the soil and soil productivity RSA). Therefore, the predicted cumulative effects of changes in soil capability or soil quality are predicted to be of negligible importance.

Based on the analysis completed above, the cumulative effects on soil quality might be detectable, but are not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of soil and soil productivity beyond an acceptable level and therefore are predicted to be not significant. Table 6.2-2: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Soil and Soil Productivity Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Soil Quality Change in areal extent of Medium- Negative Low Regional Infrequent Possible Moderate productive soil term Short- to Change in soil capability or Negative Negligible Regional medium- Infrequent Possible Negligible soil quality term

6.2.2 Vegetation The cumulative effects assessment for vegetation uses the terrestrial RSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.2.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Naturally Occurring Plant Communities: Section 5.3 indicates that the alteration of naturally occurring plant communities (represented by the key indicators deciduous forest, and grassland and cultural meadow) due to the Project will be local in geographic extent, since removal of vegetation will not extend outside the Project footprint. As a result, predicted effects will occur only within the terrestrial LSA. The magnitude of the effect is predicted to be low since the Project will result in a change of approximately 1.8% of the deciduous forest, and approximately 4.2% of the grasslands and cultural meadow in the terrestrial LSA. The effect on naturally occurring plant communities is predicted to be short-term (grasslands/cultural meadow) and long-term (deciduous forest) in duration, resulting in a residual effect as a result of the Project of negligible importance for grasslands and cultural meadow, and low importance for deciduous forest.

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The residual effects of the Project on naturally occurring plant communities are a result of temporary removal of vegetation (i.e., Project footprint will be re-vegetated following construction), as opposed to permanent removal which may be the case for some reasonably foreseeable projects and activities within the terrestrial RSA (e.g., the GTA West project). Accordingly, the cumulative effect on naturally occurring plant communities considers the overlap in the effect of alteration of deciduous forest and of grassland/cultural meadow during the period of construction for the Project through to completion of reclamation. The amount of deciduous forest that will be altered due to the Project is approximately 0.30 hectares (ha), consisting of small patches of forest that are fragmented and disturbed by existing land use and disturbances. A total of 2.86 ha of significant forest designated by the Regional Municipality of York are located within the Project footprint, 1.09 ha of which will be removed as part of the Project. Also, approximately 7.71 ha of grasslands and cultural meadow are within the Project footprint, of which 6.22 ha will be cleared for the Project. Since it is not possible to accurately quantify the spatial extent of effects from other projects and activities listed in Table 6.1-1 due to the limited publically available information and various planning or implementation stages these other projects and activities are in, a quantitative analysis for cumulative effects on naturally occurring communities (i.e., identifying a total area of effect) is not possible. The assessment of cumulative effects based on the general locations for reasonably foreseeable projects was completed using professional judgement and based on previous experience with cumulative effects assessment for pipeline projects, and similar types of projects and activities.

Cumulative effects could occur if similar effects (i.e., alteration of naturally occurring plant communities) resulted from other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable projects within the terrestrial RSA. The cumulative effect would result in an incremental change to the quality and quantity of naturally occurring plant communities due to their alteration during construction or operation activities. Existing and reasonably foreseeable land developments, such as the KNC project, PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station # 4, and infrastructure associated with the Northeast Vaughan Water and Waste Water Services, may include removal of vegetation in places where the footprints of these projects intersect with, or are in proximity to, the Project footprint. Based on available information regarding the construction schedules for these projects, effects from each of these projects have the potential to overlap in time with the construction period or the period following initial reclamation for the Project. Additionally, residual effects on deciduous forest (short- to long-term in duration) may overlap with the potential effects associated with the GTA West project and future development associated with the Peel- Highway 427 Extension Transportation Master Plan, the Kleinburg-Nashville Transportation Plan, or the North Kleinburg-Nashville Secondary Plan in proximity to the Project footprint.

As discussed in Section 6.1.1 (Existing and Planned Disturbances and Developments - Local Context), a portion of the area within the cumulative effects study area is predicted to be developed in the near future (except for the Project ROW itself once the pipeline is in place). This development is associated with the GTA West project, and the initiatives presented in the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (City of Vaughan 2010) with respect to land designated as “community areas” (subdivision developments including residential and commercial development) and “employment areas” (development areas including industrial, manufacturing, and warehousing development). Residual effects on naturally occurring plant communities in the terrestrial RSA are likely as a result of the construction of reasonably foreseeable development in these designated ”community areas” and “employment areas” (Figure 6.1-1), which could overlap with the effects from both the construction of the Project and the period following reclamation.

In the longer term, residual effects on deciduous forest communities are also likely as a result of the GTA West project and Hydro One GTA West Power Transmission Corridor, which could overlap with the re-establishment

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period of deciduous forest removed for the Project. It is likely that effects of these projects will overlap with the long-term residual effects of the Project on deciduous forest, since it is anticipated that these projects will be constructed sometime during the operation phase of the Project. Although a route has yet to be selected for the GTA West project, several of the alternatives currently being considered by MTO (shown on Figure 6.1-1) may have effects on deciduous forest communities that would overlap with or be incremental to this Project’s long- term residual effects on deciduous forest.

Since no development will be allowed on the Project ROW once the pipeline is in place, it is likely that, following the planned reclamation, the Project ROW will eventually support naturally occurring plant communities, with the exception that trees and dense bush will no longer be allowed to grow over the Project ditch line. 6.2.2.2 Mitigation Naturally Occurring Plant Communities: Mitigation discussed in Table 5.3-4, Table 5.21-1 and the EPP (Appendix A) will be implemented to reduce the level of disturbance and promote re-vegetation of plant communities to reclaim the baseline vegetation composition within the Project footprint following construction.

Mitigation measures associated with re-vegetation of disturbed areas have also been indicated in publicly available environmental assessment documentation for other projects and activities listed in Table 6.1-1 (e.g., PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station # 4), and are similar to the measures proposed to mitigate the effects associated with the Project.

Where Toronto and Region Conservation Authority: Regulation of Development, Interference with Wetlands and Alterations to Shorelines and Watercourses (O. Reg. 166/06) permits are required, these will be obtained prior to construction activities (i.e., clearing) within the regulated area, and conditions outlined in the permit will be implemented. TransCanada understands that the Regional Municipality of York will not require TransCanada to apply for tree removal permits (Forest Conservation Bylaw – Bylaw No. 2013-68) and has advised the City of Vaughan accordingly. Other projects and activities would have to comply with conditions associated with TRCA permitting for tree clearing, as required, and may not have the exemptions utility projects do under municipal official plans and by-laws. Additionally, it is likely that deciduous forest, and grasslands and cultural meadow communities currently present within conservation area lands owned by the TRCA will continue to be protected. It is assumed that the terrestrial vegetation composition will be replaced, maintained and/or enhanced as per the management plans set out by the TRCA for these conservation areas.

Similarly, with respect to cumulative effects on deciduous forest, MTO, in consultation with the Greenbelt Transportation Advisory Group (GTAG), drafted a Guideline for Planning and Design of the GTA West project through the Greenbelt as part of their ongoing environmental assessment process. As noted by the GTA West project website, “the Guideline identifies key planning and design principles and recommendations for mitigation measures for placing new or expanded provincial highways/transitways within areas of the Greenbelt, in the GTA West study area” (GTA West 2014a,b). According to the website, these Guidelines are being taken into consideration as part of the route planning and preliminary design for the GTA West project to address potential effects on Greenbelt areas. In addition, TransCanada has been regularly meeting with, and will continue to meet with, the MTO to share Project information as required to inform their GTA West project.

As per Schedule 1 of the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, there are areas within the terrestrial RSA that are identified as Natural Areas and Countryside. The objective of identifying areas as such is to protect them for environmental, agricultural or rural purposes, to restrict the encroachment of urban uses into these areas, and to

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contribute to the overall environmental health of the City of Vaughan and wider region (City of Vaughan 2010). These areas are shown in Figure 6.1-1. It is assumed that, if relevant and applicable, other developments planned within the Natural Areas and Countryside within the terrestrial RSA will implement mitigation consistent with the policies outlined in the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010.

Similarly, there are areas within the terrestrial RSA that are identified as Natural Heritage Network Core Features, which are areas that are to be protected and enhanced as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010. The Natural Heritage Network Core Features within the terrestrial RSA include key natural heritage features and key hydrological features within the Greenbelt Plan area. The areas in the vicinity of the Project identified as Natural Heritage Network Core Features are shown in Figure 6.1-1. Development and/or site alteration is not expected to be permitted in such areas without habitat compensation, but as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, there are a exceptions which include infrastructure and utilities (including pipelines) “where such projects are necessary and deemed in the public interest after all alternatives have been considered” (City of Vaughan 2010). Therefore, it is assumed that, if relevant and applicable, other developments planned within the Natural Heritage Network Core Features within the terrestrial RSA will implement mitigation consistent with the policies outlined in the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 and the Greenbelt Plan. Other projects and activities may also be subject to compensation requirements. 6.2.2.3 Determination of Significance Naturally Occurring Plant Communities: Cumulative effects on vegetation can occur as a result of alteration of naturally occurring plant communities (deciduous forest, and grasslands and cultural meadow) where there is a spatial and temporal overlap with the effects of another project or activity in the terrestrial RSA. Additionally, cumulative effects can occur within the terrestrial RSA in areas planned for future development associated with a “community area” and “employment area” designation as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan, and as discussed above.

Construction activities in vegetated areas can include removal of vegetation, as well as compaction of soil, resulting in changes to naturally occurring plant communities. It may take a number of years for naturally occurring plant communities to return to baseline conditions, particularly for deciduous forest. The duration of cumulative effects will be long-term for deciduous forest. The magnitude of such effects would be low for deciduous forest since deciduous forest in the terrestrial RSA will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan (City of Vaughan 2010), the Greenbelt Plan, and TRCA management plans set out for conservation areas, and relative to baseline conditions (Section 5.3). The predicted cumulative effects on deciduous forest are limited to the terrestrial RSA (i.e., regional) and, therefore, are of moderate importance (Table 6.2-3).

For grasslands and cultural meadow, plant communities that resemble conditions present at baseline can be expected within one to two years following initial reclamation where disturbance occurs along the Project footprint. However, potential effects on plant communities from other projects and activities may extend further into the future. As a result, the duration of cumulative effects will be short- to medium-term for grasslands and cultural meadow, The magnitude of the cumulative effects on grasslands and cultural meadow would be low, since a relatively low proportion of total grassland and cultural meadow would be removed from the terrestrial RSA during the period where effects from the Project are predicted (i.e., during the construction phase through reclamation), based on publically available information on planned projects (Table 6.1-1). The predicted cumulative effects on grasslands and cultural meadow are limited to the terrestrial RSA (i.e., regional) and, therefore, are of low to moderate importance (Table 6.2-3).

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Based on the analysis completed above, the cumulative effects on vegetation might be detectable, but are not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of vegetation beyond an acceptable level and are predicted to be not significant. Table 6.2-3: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Vegetation Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Naturally Occurring Plant Communities Change in the total quantity and quality of deciduous Negative Low Regional Long-term Infrequent Probable Moderate forest Short-term Change in the total quantity to Low to and quality of grasslands Negative Low Regional Infrequent Probable medium- Moderate and cultural meadow term

6.2.3 Surface Water The cumulative effects assessment for surface water uses the aquatic LSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.3.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Interactions of Project effects with past, present and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities may result in changes to the natural flow patterns, the lateral and vertical stability of watercourses at watercourse crossings, and to surface water quality. Present and reasonably foreseeable linear projects such as transportation infrastructure and other linear projects typically include clearing of vegetation, soil disturbance, and watercourse crossings that may contribute to incremental changes in surface water in the aquatic LSA. These existing developments are expected to continue to operate, and other similar developments are expected to occur, over the duration of the Project.

Natural Drainage Patterns: Changes to watercourse flow paths (i.e., temporary diversion of water from its natural course) as a result of the Project will be of local extent and short- to medium-term duration (during construction and operation), and can occur where an isolated if flowing, open cut if dry or frozen, crossing technique is used. While these effects are of negligible to low importance, the Project effects may interact spatially and temporally with the effects of concurrent maintenance of linear projects (e.g., repair to existing adjacent Hydro One and/or PowerStream transmission lines, or maintenance of other infrastructure due to an accident or malfunction), potentially affecting natural flow patterns. If this situation occurs, coordination will be undertaken during construction to repair the infrastructure and that potential cumulative effects will be mitigated (see Section 6.2.16). Other projects, such as the GTA West project, subdivision developments (e.g., development associated with the Kleinburg Summit [Block 55 East Subdivision] and other development associated with the North Kleinburg-Nashville Secondary Plan), the PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station # 4, other pipeline infrastructure (e.g., KNC project, adjacent to the Project’s west tie-in), and transportation infrastructure (e.g., transportation infrastructure associated with the Peel-Highway 427 Extension Transportation

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Master Plan), may also have a spatial interaction with Project effects during their construction and operation, creating a potential cumulative effect on natural flow patterns.

Lateral and Vertical Stability: The predicted residual effect of the Project on lateral and vertical stability (i.e., increased erosion potential until re-vegetation is complete) was deemed to be of negligible to low importance. While this effect is predicted to be of local extent, low magnitude, and short- to medium-term duration (during construction and operation), it is a negative effect that may interact with past, present or reasonably foreseeable projects. There is the possibility for temporal and spatial interaction with other disturbance to riparian vegetation where there are multiple crossings on the same watercourse (e.g., crossings associated with the northern portion of the KNC project adjacent to the Project’s west tie-in, development within the Kleinburg Summit [Block 55 East Subdivision]) or an accident or malfunction may lead to unplanned work on the same watercourse in the aquatic LSA (e.g., work related to existing infrastructure such as the TransCanada Canadian Mainline [Line 200-2], the existing Hydro One and PowerStream power transmission corridors), or the PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station # 4 to be constructed by Fall 2016. Potential cumulative effects on lateral and vertical stability may extend into the re-vegetation phase during operations, but would not extend beyond the medium-term.

Surface Water Quality: Increased suspended sediment load and deposition as a result of the Project has a predicted low magnitude effect because suspended sediments are predicted to be within the range of baseline values or natural variability, of local extent since the effect will be confined to the isolation in the ROW, and of short-term duration as it will only occur during the construction of the watercourse crossing. In-stream activities associated with the construction of other projects and activities that have the potential to cause suspended sediment load and deposition in watercourses will not occur at the same time as the construction of the watercourse crossings for the Project thus, a cumulative suspended sediment load and deposition in watercourses from other projects and activities within the aquatic LSA is not likely. Since a temporal overlap of effects is not predicted, no cumulative effects on surface water quality are predicted. 6.2.3.2 Mitigation Implementation of mitigation outlined in Table 5.4-8, Table 5.21-1 and in the EPP (Appendix A) will likely reduce the potential for cumulative effects on surface water quality and quantity in the aquatic LSA. It is anticipated that other developments in the aquatic LSA will be required to comply with applicable regulatory authorities, such as the TRCA, and will therefore implement similar mitigation measures. It is also noted that other developments, including the KNC project, the Kleinburg Summit (Block 55 East Subdivision), and the PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station # 4 have identified similar mitigation through project-related approval documentation, which will also minimize the potential for cumulative effects. 6.2.3.3 Determination of Significance Natural Drainage Patterns: Given the implementation of mitigation presented in Section 6.2.3.2, the cumulative effect on natural flow patterns is predicted to be of low magnitude, reversible in the short- to medium-term, and of local extent, resulting in a predicted cumulative effect of negligible to low importance (Table 6.2-4).

Lateral and Vertical Stability: Taking into account the mitigation presented in Section 6.2.3.2, the cumulative effect on lateral and vertical stability is predicted to be of low magnitude, reversible in the short- to medium-term, and of local extent, resulting in a predicted cumulative effect of negligible to low importance (Table 6.2-4).

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Based on the above analysis, the cumulative effects might be detectable, but are not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of surface water beyond an acceptable level and therefore are predicted to be not significant. Table 6.2-4: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Surface Water Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Natural Drainage Patterns Short- to Change of natural drainage Negligible Negative Low Local medium- Infrequent Probable patterns to low term Lateral and Vertical Stability Change in the lateral and/or Short- to Negligible vertical stability of a Negative Low Local medium- Infrequent Probable to low watercourse term

6.2.4 Groundwater The cumulative effects assessment for groundwater uses the groundwater LSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.4.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Groundwater quantity: As a result of the construction of the pipeline trenches and HDD entry/exit excavation points, a residual effect on groundwater is predicted, which may temporarily modify the existing groundwater flow patterns and groundwater levels. These residual effects are predicted to be of low magnitude, local extent (i.e., within the groundwater LSA), and short- to medium-term in duration. As discussed in Section 5.5.2, with the implementation of planned mitigation for the Project, this localized residual effect is unlikely to affect nearby groundwater users (e.g., water wells), natural features (e.g., wetlands) or municipal wells.

Other present and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities that have the potential to contribute to incremental changes in groundwater flow and levels are construction projects that include below ground and dewatering activities within the groundwater LSA such as trenching and excavation for linear infrastructure or subdivision development, and construction activities that overlap with the construction of the Project. These other projects and activities include construction associated with planned linear infrastructure such as the 427 Transportation Corridor Expansion, and the Kleinburg-Nashville Major Mackenzie Watermain. Other projects and activities within the groundwater LSA, including residential development (e.g., the Kleinburg Summit [Block 55 East Subdivision]) or municipal developments (e.g., sewage and water projects) may also result in dewatering activities causing groundwater quantity effects that may overlap with the temporary effects on groundwater quantity as a result of the construction activities for the Project. These incremental changes may result in a cumulative change in groundwater quantity within the groundwater LSA.

In addition, the Project could also act cumulatively with other projects and activities, including the abovementioned, on groundwater availability for groundwater users that have been identified within the groundwater LSA.

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6.2.4.2 Mitigation Implementation of mitigation outlined in Table 5.5-2 and in the EPP (Appendix A) will likely reduce the potential cumulative effects on groundwater quantity. It is anticipated that other developments in the groundwater LSA will also be required to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, such as MOECC requirements for a PTTW, as applicable, and will implement similar mitigation measures. In addition, it is anticipated that other projects and activities will implement additional measures identified through permitting to mitigate potential effects on shallow groundwater-dependant natural environment features or private wells, where required. 6.2.4.3 Determination of Significance Groundwater quantity: The magnitude of the cumulative effect on groundwater quantity due to Project construction combined with other projects and activities is predicted to be of negative direction but low in magnitude since the nature of the projects are such that groundwater flow and levels will be only temporarily modified within the groundwater LSA. The geographic extent will be local, since the cumulative effect will be confined to the groundwater LSA. The cumulative effect is predicted to be of short- to medium-term in duration since the effect is predicted to last throughout construction, and may extend temporarily into operations. Thus, the cumulative effect of the Project on groundwater quantity combined with the effects from other projects and activities in the groundwater LSA is predicted to be of negligible to low importance (Table 6.2-5).

Based on the analysis described above, the cumulative effect might be detectable, but is not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of groundwater quantity beyond an acceptable level and is predicted to be not significant. Table 6.2-5: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Groundwater Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Cumulative Temporal Context Probability Importance Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Groundwater Quantity Change in groundwater Short- to Negligible recharge, flow and water Negative Low Local Medium- Infrequent Probable to low level term

6.2.5 Fish and Fish Habitat The cumulative effects assessment for fish and fish habitat uses the aquatic LSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). The cumulative effects assessment on fish species at risk is discussed in Section 6.2.8. 6.2.5.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Fish habitat quality or quantity, including riparian areas: A residual effect of Project construction on fish and fish habitat is predicted as a result of clearing, disturbance, and deposition of sediment on fish habitats. The residual effects on fish habitat are considered to be of low magnitude, short- to medium-term duration, and local extent since residual effects on fish habitat are generally limited to the watercourse crossings in the Project footprint within the aquatic LSA.

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Past, present and reasonably foreseeable linear projects, including other pipelines and transportation projects, typically include clearing of vegetation, soil disturbance, watercourse crossings, and maintenance activities that may contribute to incremental changes in fish and fish habitat in the aquatic LSA. These past, present and reasonably foreseeable developments are expected to continue to operate, and other similar developments are expected to occur, over the duration of the Project.

There is potential for spatial and temporal overlap of Project residual effects with residual effects from other activities on fish and fish habitat in the aquatic LSA in relation to clearing of riparian areas, disturbance, and deposition of sediment. Disturbance of riparian areas in or adjacent to the Project footprint, as a result of the Project and other activities, could result in a change to the quality and quantity of riparian habitat. Such residual effects of the Project are predicted to be temporary and localized; thus, the opportunity for potential cumulative effects to occur will be limited over the Project lifespan.

The residual effect of a change in area of fish habitat attributed to the Project will likely act cumulatively with effects from past, present and reasonably foreseeable developments since the proposed Project footprint will parallel or intersect other linear disturbances (e.g., infrastructure associated with the Northeast Vaughan Water and Wastewater Services and the Kleinburg Summit [Block 55 East Subdivision]) or be adjacent to other developments (e.g., PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station #4) along its length.

Potential cumulative effects associated with surface water quality are discussed in Section 6.2.3, and no cumulative effects are identified. 6.2.5.2 Mitigation Implementation of mitigation outlined in Table 5.6-5, Table 5.21-1, and in the EPP (Appendix A) will likely reduce the potential cumulative effects on fish and fish habitat. It is anticipated that other developments in the aquatic LSA will be required to comply with the requirements of applicable regulatory authorities, such as DFO, TRCA and MNRF, as required, and will implement similar mitigation measures. It is also noted that other developments, including the KNC project, the Kleinburg Summit (Block 55 East Subdivision) and the PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station # 4, have identified similar mitigation through project-related approval documentation, thus minimizing the potential for cumulative effects. 6.2.5.3 Determination of Significance Fish habitat quality or quantity, including riparian areas: The predicted cumulative effect on fish habitat due to clearing, disturbance and deposition of sediment is deemed to have a low magnitude, local extent and short- to medium-term duration. This effect is assessed to be negative in direction and probable to occur, but due to the low magnitude, local extent and short- to medium-term duration, the importance is considered to be negligible to low (Table 6.2-6).

Based on the analysis described above, the cumulative effect might be detectable, but is not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of fish and fish habitat beyond an acceptable level, and thus is predicted to be not significant. Table 6.2-6: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Fish and Fish Habitat

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Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Fish Habitat Quality or Quantity, Including Riparian Areas Short- to Change in the area of fish Negligible Negative Low Local medium- Infrequent Probable habitat to Low term

6.2.6 Wetlands The cumulative effects assessment for wetlands uses the terrestrial RSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.6.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Wetland habitat and function: As discussed in Section 5.7, residual effects from Project activities on wetlands were assessed as being of local extent and having negligible to low importance for alteration of wetland habitat, and negligible importance for the alteration of wetland function. These residual effects include indirect effects on wetland function from wildlife habitat alteration. Other projects and activities with effects that overlap spatially and temporally with the construction phase and re-vegetation period of the Project, such as the KNC project and the Kleinburg Summit (Block 55 East Subdivision), and that include site clearing within the same wetland units as the Project, may result in cumulative effects on wetland habitat and function.

As discussed in Section 6.1.1 (Existing and Planned Disturbances and Developments – Local Context), a portion of the area within the cumulative effects study area is predicted to be developed in the near future (except for on the Project ROW itself). This development is associated with the GTA West project, and the initiatives presented in the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (City of Vaughan 2010). Residual effects on wetlands in the terrestrial RSA (i.e., 2 km corridor centred on the proposed Project centreline) are likely as a result of the construction of future development in designated “community areas” and “employment areas” (Figure 6.1-1), which could overlap with the effects from both the construction of the Project, and the period following reclamation. Similarly, Project residual effects of long-term duration on the total quantity and quality of wetland habitat and function may overlap with similar effects on wetlands as a result of the GTA West project. Thus, a cumulative effect is predicted on wetland habitat and function in the terrestrial RSA.

Deciduous swamp (SWD) is comprised of mature trees that can take several decades to re-establish if removed. About 1.87 ha of the wetlands in the Project footprint are SWD and 0.09 ha are mixed swamp (SWM). The remaining wetland community types can become re-established in a shorter time period after disturbance. The residual effects of the Project on wetland habitat and function are a result of temporary removal of vegetation (i.e., wetlands disturbed by Project footprint will be reclaimed through natural recovery following construction), as opposed to permanent removal which may be the case for some future development within the terrestrial RSA (e.g., GTA West project). The area of wetlands to be affected (by ELC unit) in the terrestrial RSA as a result of surface disturbance during the Project’s construction is approximately 3.2 ha (approximately 310.58 ha of wetland ELC units are found within the terrestrial RSA). Therefore, the contribution of the Project to the cumulative effect in the terrestrial RSA is small compared to the overall area of wetland ELC units within the terrestrial RSA. Since it is not possible to accurately quantify the spatial extent of effects from other projects and

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activities listed in Table 6.1-1 due to the limited publically available information and various planning or implementation stages these other projects and activities are in, a quantitative analysis for cumulative effects on wetlands (i.e., identifying a total area of effect) is not possible. As discussed in Section 6.2.2 (Vegetation), the assessment of cumulative effects based on the general locations for reasonably foreseeable projects was completed using professional judgement and based on previous experience with cumulative effects assessment for pipeline projects, and similar types of projects and activities. 6.2.6.2 Mitigation Wetland habitat and function: Mitigation outlined in Table 5.7-2, Table 5.21-1 and in the EPP (Appendix A) will be implemented to reduce the potential for cumulative effects on wetlands in the terrestrial RSA. It is also likely that wetlands disturbed during construction will re-vegetate through natural successional processes from existing vegetation in the terrestrial RSA, and from seed and plant propagules in the surface organics. It is anticipated that, if relevant and applicable, other developments in the terrestrial RSA will comply with applicable regulatory requirements, such as the TRCA and municipal requirements, and will implement similar mitigation measures. In addition, similar mitigation measures have been indicated in publicly-available environmental assessment documentation for other projects and activities (e.g., Kleinburg Summit [Block 55 East Subdivision]) with respect to wetlands. Similar to the Project, it is also expected that other developers will be encouraged by regulators and will aim to avoid disturbance of wetlands, where feasible, particularly sensitive wetland communities such as provincially significant wetlands.

Mitigation options are limited with respect to the alteration of mature swamp tree stands, given the long regeneration timelines. Consultation with the TRCA will be undertaken, permit approval for clearing will be obtained from the TRCA where required, and specified conditions in the approvals will be adhered to accordingly. It is anticipated that, if relevant and applicable, other projects and activities will comply with the conditions associated with TRCA and municipal permits for tree clearing, and may not have the exemptions utility projects do under municipal official plans and by-laws.

With respect to cumulative effects on wetland habitat and function related to the GTA West project, MTO, in consultation with the GTAG, drafted a Guideline for Planning and Design of the GTA West project through the Greenbelt as part of their ongoing environmental assessment process, as discussed in Section 6.2.2 (Vegetation). According to the GTA West project website (GTA West 2014a,b), these Guidelines are being taken into consideration as part of the route planning and preliminary design for the GTA West project to address potential effects on Greenbelt areas, including wetlands. In addition, TransCanada has been regularly meeting with, and will continue to meet with, MTO to share Project information as required to inform their GTA West project.

As discussed in the cumulative effects assessment for vegetation (Section 6.2.2), there are areas within the terrestrial RSA that are identified as Natural Areas and Countryside as per Schedule 1 of the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010. Similarly, there are areas within the terrestrial RSA that are identified as Natural Heritage Network Core Features as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010. Areas designated as Natural Areas and Countryside, and Natural Heritage Network Core Features include wetlands as shown in Figure 5.7-1 and Figure 6.1-1. It is assumed that, if relevant and applicable, other developments planned within these designated areas within the terrestrial RSA will implement mitigation consistent with the policies outlined in the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010. Most of the remaining wetlands within the terrestrial RSA are likely to be protected through the management plans associated with TRCA conservation area lands and TRCA regulated areas,

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protection of the Greenbelt, the Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation (Section 5.7), the Provincial Policy Statement under the Planning Act (MMAH 2014) (Section 5.7.1.1), and municipal approval conditions for new developments. Other projects and activities may also be subject to compensation requirements.

Additionally, since no development will be allowed on the Project ROW once the pipeline is in place, it is likely that following reclamation of the Project footprint, the Project ROW will support natural habitat, including wetlands. As discussed in Section 5.7, research on the effects of pipeline construction activities in wetlands has shown that, in most cases, when proper mitigation is implemented, vegetation from adjacent natural areas encroaches onto the disturbed Project footprint and within three years vegetation cover becomes well established with a diverse array of wetland species (Shem et al. 1993). 6.2.6.3 Determination of Significance Wetland habitat and function: Cumulative effects on wetlands can occur as a result of the alteration of wetland habitat, including as a result of limited alteration of wetland habitat and function. Cumulative effects on wetlands are predicted to occur where there is a spatial and temporal overlap between the residual effects of the Project and the residual effects of another project or activity. Additionally, cumulative effects can occur within the terrestrial RSA, since portions of the terrestrial RSA are available for future development, associated with a “community area” and “employment area” designation as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 and the GTA West project, and as discussed in Section 6.2.6.1.

Mitigation will be implemented to reduce the disturbance of wetlands in the Project footprint and promote re- vegetation of wetland communities that resemble those present at baseline in the short- to long-term, depending on the wetland type disturbed (e.g., longer timelines are required for the regeneration of mature swamp tree stands). The magnitude of the cumulative effects are predicted to be low for changes in wetland habitat since wetlands in the terrestrial RSA will be protected as per the management plans associated with TRCA conservation area lands and TRCA regulated areas (relative to baseline conditions), as well as the municipal conditions if relevant for new developments. Consequently, the magnitude of the cumulative effect on wetland function is also predicted to be low.

The cumulative effects on wetlands are predicted to be of low magnitude within the terrestrial RSA (i.e., regional geographic extent), and of short- to long-term duration for the change in the quantity and quality of wetland habitat and function due to the alteration of wetland habitat, and of short-term duration for change in wetland habitat due to changes in hydrological and water quality function. This results in the prediction of low to moderate importance for changes in wetland habitat, and low importance for changes in wetland function (Table 6.2-7).

Based on the above analysis, the cumulative effects on wetlands might be detectable, but are not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of wetlands beyond an acceptable level and therefore are predicted to be not significant.

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Table 6.2-7: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Wetlands Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Wetland Habitat and Function Change in the total quantity and quality of wetland Short- to Low to Negative Low Regional Infrequent Probable community types due to long-term Moderate alteration of wetland habitat Change in the total quantity and quality of wetland community types due to Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Probable Low change in hydrological function

6.2.7 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat The cumulative effects assessment for wildlife and wildlife habitat uses the terrestrial RSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). The cumulative effects assessment on wildlife species at risk is discussed in Section 6.2.8. 6.2.7.1 Potential Cumulative Effects The residual effects of the Project can act cumulatively with the effects of other projects and activities and affect wildlife through the following pathways discussed in the Project-specific effects assessment (Section 5.8):  change in available habitat – due to direct (habitat clearing) or indirect (habitat avoidance due to sensory disturbance) habitat alteration or loss; and  change in abundance and distribution – direct mortality due to site clearance or vehicle-wildlife collisions, or indirect physiological stress associated with sensory disturbance and the use of suboptimal habitat resulting in reduced survival or reproductive stress.

Potential adverse Project effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat have been reduced by the Project routing and design, to align the Project with existing anthropogenic disturbances, where feasible (see Section 2.3). The pipeline will parallel existing disturbances for approximately 39% of its length, and three sections of the pipeline, from KP 1.75 to KP 2.25, KP 5.45 to KP 6.51, and KP 8.81 to KP 9.87, will be installed using trenchless methods, thereby avoiding surface disturbance and associated effects on woodlands and other habitats within these areas. As discussed in Section 5.8, the residual effects of the Project on wildlife and wildlife habitat were assessed to be of negligible to low in magnitude, local extent and were determined to be of short-term duration, except for bats for which the residual effects of the Project were determined to be of medium-term duration (i.e., during construction and/or operation). Thus, residual effects on wildlife were determined to be of negligible to low importance. The assessment indicates that effects on wildlife habitat might be detectable at times, but are not predicted to result in a change that will surpass natural variability levels or alter the sustainability of the wildlife and wildlife habitat beyond an acceptable level.

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Cumulative effects could occur if similar effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat (i.e., alteration of habitat, change in abundance and distribution) resulting from other projects or activities that overlap the effects of the Project within the terrestrial RSA. The residual effects of the Project on wildlife and wildlife habitat are a result of temporary construction activities and temporary removal of vegetation (i.e., Project footprint will be re-vegetated following construction), as opposed to permanent removal, which may be the case for some future development within the terrestrial RSA. Reasonably foreseeable land developments, such as the development associated with the North Kleinburg-Nashville Secondary Plan, the PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station #4, and the KNC project, may include clearing of vegetation, as well as activities that may increase traffic and produce noise and light emissions. Project activities including clearing, trenching, backfilling and reclamation may interact with these developments in places where the footprint of these projects intersect with the Project footprint, and may result in a change to the quantity or quality of available habitat, and wildlife abundance and distribution. Based on available information concerning construction schedules, these projects have the potential to overlap in time with the Project construction period or the period following initial reclamation for the Project. Additionally, the residual effects of the Project on bats (all local species), which are predicted to be of medium-term duration, may overlap with the potential effects associated with the GTA West project and Hydro One’s GTA West Power Transmission Corridor, and construction of infrastructure associated with the Northeast Vaughan Water and Wastewater Services project in proximity to the Project footprint.

As discussed in Section 6.2.2 (Vegetation) and Section 6.2.6 (Wetlands), a portion of the area within the cumulative effects study area is predicted to be developed in the near future (except for the Project ROW itself once the pipeline is in place). Residual effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat in the terrestrial RSA are likely as a result of the construction of future planned development in designated “community areas” and “employment areas” (Figure 6.1-1), which could overlap with the effects of both the construction and the period following planned reclamation, and thus a cumulative effect is predicted on the wildlife habitat availability in the terrestrial RSA.

Since the wildlife community is well adapted to the fragmented and urbanized agricultural conditions present in the terrestrial RSA and no additional effects of fragmentation on wildlife are predicted as likely (including species at risk), fragmentation was not considered for the cumulative effects assessment for wildlife and wildlife habitat.

The following discussion provides the assessment of cumulative effects on the wildlife and wildlife habitat VC focussing on nine key indicators, each with a representative species identified.

Nesting waterfowl (Mallard): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on nesting waterfowl. The Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of approximately 0.34 ha of habitat suitable for use by Mallard in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 92.16 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), thus having a small contribution to cumulative effects on Mallard in the terrestrial RSA. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial LSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. Although, waterfowl are capable of habituating to intermittent noise disturbance (Conomy et al. 1998), there is potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by nesting waterfowl in the terrestrial RSA and these effects could overlap with similar Project residual effects on nesting waterfowl, thus resulting in a potential cumulative effect on Mallard in the terrestrial RSA.

Mallards and other nesting waterfowl utilize a variety of aquatic and wetland habitat, including recently disturbed or created wet depressions, and are therefore able to adapt quickly to landscape changes, increasing their resiliency to potential cumulative effects. There is the potential that individuals could be temporarily displaced by

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the disturbance of habitat within the Project footprint and within the footprint or area affected by other projects and activities during construction or maintenance. Moreover, there is the potential that individuals could be temporarily displaced by sensory disturbance within the terrestrial RSA and within the area affected by sensory disturbance from other projects and activities during construction or maintenance. Although it is likely that nesting waterfowl will adapt quickly to landscape changes, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of nesting waterfowl (Mallard).

Marsh nesting birds (Marsh Wren): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on marsh nesting birds. The Project will not result in the direct alteration of habitat suitable for use by marsh nesting birds because no suitable habitat was identified within the Project footprint. However, habitat in the terrestrial LSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by marsh nesting birds in the terrestrial RSA and these effects could overlap with similar Project residual effects on marsh nesting birds, thus resulting in a potential cumulative effect on Marsh Wren in the terrestrial RSA.

Marsh Wren could be temporarily displaced by sensory disturbance within the terrestrial RSA and within the area affected by sensory disturbance from the Project and other projects and activities during construction or maintenance. Therefore, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of marsh nesting birds (Marsh Wren).

Open country nesting birds (Vesper Sparrow): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on open country nesting birds. The Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of approximately 7.71 ha of habitat suitable for use by Vesper Sparrow in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 3309.23 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), thus having a small contribution to cumulative effects on Vesper Sparrow in the terrestrial RSA. Although Vesper Sparrow specifically was not observed during the baseline studies at any of the breeding bird stations (Section 5.8.1), this habitat represents suitable habitat available for use by open country nesting birds. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial LSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by open country nesting birds in the terrestrial RSA and these effects could overlap with similar Project residual effects on open country nesting birds, thus resulting in a potential cumulative effect on Vesper Sparrow in the terrestrial RSA.

There is the potential that Vesper Sparrow could be temporarily displaced by the disturbance of habitat within the Project footprint and within the footprint or area disturbed by other projects and activities during construction or maintenance. However, it is likely that some of the areas disturbed will be quickly re-vegetated. Nonetheless, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of open country nesting birds (Vesper Sparrow).

Shrub/early Successional Birds (Brown Thrasher): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on shrub/early successional birds. The Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of approximately 1.24 ha of habitat suitable for use by Brown Thrasher in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 151.65 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), thus having a small contribution to cumulative effects on Brown Thrasher in the terrestrial RSA. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial LSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by shrub/early successional birds in the

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terrestrial RSA and these effects could overlap with similar Project residual effects on shrub/early successional birds, thus resulting in a potential cumulative effect on Brown Thrasher in the terrestrial RSA.

There is the potential that Brown Thrasher could be temporarily displaced by the disturbance of habitat within the Project footprint and within the footprint or area disturbed by other projects and activities during construction or maintenance. However, it is likely that some of the areas disturbed will be quickly re-vegetated and that shrub/early successional birds will adapt quickly to landscape changes. Nonetheless, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of shrub/early successional birds (Brown Thrasher).

Frogs (Spring Peeper): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on Spring Peeper. The Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of approximately 3.01 ha of habitat suitable for use by Spring Peeper in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 310.58 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), thus having a small contribution to cumulative effects on Spring Peeper in the terrestrial RSA. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial LSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by frogs in the terrestrial RSA and these effects could overlap with similar Project residual effects on frogs, thus resulting in a potential cumulative effect on Spring Peeper in the terrestrial RSA.

Spring Peepers could be temporarily displaced by the disturbance of habitat within the Project footprint and within the footprint or effect area of other projects and activities during construction or maintenance, but it is likely that some of the areas disturbed will be quickly re-established. Additionally, mortality of Spring Peeper individuals from construction and maintenance vehicles driving on local roads is possible, particularly if vehicles are driving at night. Consequently, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of frogs (Spring Peeper).

Reptiles (Painted Turtle): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on Painted Turtle. Although there is no open water habitat within the Project footprint, the Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of approximately 0.05 ha of habitat suitable for use by Painted Turtle in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 31.69 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), thus having a small contribution to cumulative effects on Painted Turtle in the terrestrial RSA. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial LSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by Painted Turtle in the terrestrial RSA, and these effects could overlap with similar Project residual effects on turtles, thus resulting in a potential cumulative effect on Painted Turtle in the terrestrial RSA.

Painted Turtles could be temporarily displaced by the disturbance of habitat within the Project footprint and within the footprint or area affected by other projects and activities during construction or maintenance. Moreover, there is the potential that individuals could be temporarily displaced by sensory disturbance within the terrestrial RSA and within the area affected by sensory disturbance from other projects and activities during construction or maintenance, but Painted Turtles have been known to habituate to sensory disturbances. Nonetheless, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of reptiles (Painted Turtle).

Ungulates (White-tailed Deer): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on White-tailed Deer. The Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of approximately 47.49 ha of habitat

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suitable for use by White-tailed Deer in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 2,045.13 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), thus having a small contribution to cumulative effects on White-tailed Deer in the terrestrial RSA. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial LSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by ungulates in the terrestrial RSA and these effects could overlap with similar Project residual effects on ungulates, thus resulting in a potential cumulative effect on White-tailed Deer in the terrestrial RSA.

There may be a sensory disturbance to White-tailed Deer during construction for the Project and other projects and activities, causing avoidance of the area, but they are likely to return shortly after disturbance associated to the Project or other projects and activities cease. Nonetheless, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of ungulates (White-tailed Deer).

Small Mammals (Meadow Voles): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on Meadow Vole. The Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of 7.99 ha of habitat suitable for use by Meadow Vole in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 365.92 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), thus having a small contribution to cumulative effects on Meadow Vole in the terrestrial RSA. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial RSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by small mammals in the terrestrial RSA and these effects could overlap with similar Project residual effects on small mammals, thus resulting in a potential cumulative effect on Meadow Voles in the terrestrial RSA.

Meadow Voles and other small mammals using open fields and pastures are adapted to changing landscapes and newly created habitat. Nonetheless, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of small mammals (Meadow Voles).

Based on the limited range requirements for Meadow Vole, the Project’s contribution to cumulative effects on Meadow Vole is predicted to be restricted to where site clearing and sensory disturbance effects associated with other projects and activities overlap with the effects of the Project within the terrestrial RSA.

Bats (all local species): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of low importance on bats. The Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of 4.11 ha of habitat suitable for use by bats in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 386.47 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), thus having a small contribution to cumulative effects on bats in the terrestrial RSA. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial RSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by bats in the terrestrial RSA and these effects could overlap with similar Project residual effects on bats, thus resulting in a potential cumulative effect on bats in the terrestrial RSA.

The removal of mature forest, as a result of the Project and other projects and activities, containing old trees and cavities has the potential to remove maternity roosts of bats. The Project is predicted to result in sensory disturbance to bats within the Project footprint, as a result of the operation of equipment and the presence of humans. Other projects and activities are also predicted to result in sensory disturbance to bats within their footprints, and their effects may overlap with the effects of the Project associated with sensory disturbance to

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bats. As a result, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of bats.

Since it is not possible to accurately quantify the spatial extent of effects from other projects and activities listed in Table 6.1-1 due to the limited publically available information and various planning or implementation stages these other projects and activities are in, a quantitative analysis for cumulative effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat (i.e., identifying a total area of effect) is not possible. As discussed in Section 6.2.2 (Vegetation) and Section 6.2.6 (Wetlands), the assessment of cumulative effects based on the general locations for reasonably foreseeable projects was completed using professional judgement and based on previous experience with cumulative effects assessment for pipeline projects, and similar types of projects and activities. 6.2.7.2 Mitigation Mitigation outlined in Table 5.8-9, Table 5.21-1 and in the EPP (Appendix A), will be implemented to reduce the potential for cumulative effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat. It is anticipated that, if relevant and applicable, other developments in the terrestrial RSA will comply with the requirements from applicable regulatory authorities, such as the TRCA, MNRF, and Environment Canada, and will therefore implement similar mitigation measures. It is also noted that other developments in the terrestrial RSA, the Kleinburg Summit (Block 55 East Subdivision), the PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station #4, and the KNC project, have indicated similar mitigation through project-related approval documentation, thus limiting the cumulative effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat.

Development of other projects and activities, including future development in designated “community areas” and “employment areas” in the terrestrial RSA are likely to include locating projects outside of preferred wildlife habitat, where possible, and following other mitigation measures for protection of wildlife and wildlife habitat (e.g., ensure that noise abatement equipment on machinery is in good working order, do not harass or feed wildlife or livestock), reducing the potential for cumulative effects on wildlife abundance and distribution. As well, other projects and activities may be subject to habitat compensation requirements.

The Ministry of Transportation (MTO), in consultation with the GTAG, has drafted a Guideline for Planning and Design of the GTA West project through the Greenbelt as part of their ongoing environmental assessment process, as discussed in Section 6.2.2 (Vegetation) and Section 6.2.6 (Wetlands). These Guidelines are being taken into consideration as part of the route planning and preliminary design for the GTA West project to address potential effects on Greenbelt areas, including wildlife habitat. In addition, TransCanada has been regularly meeting with, and will continue to meet with MTO, as needed, to share Project information as required to inform their GTA West project.

Additionally, as discussed in Section 6.2.2 (Vegetation) and Section 6.2.6 (Wetlands), naturally occurring plant communities and wetlands are likely to be protected in the terrestrial RSA consistent with the policies in the City of Vaughan Official Plan (2010), maintained or enhanced through the Greenbelt Plan, and protected through management plans set out for lands owned, maintained and regulated by the TRCA, and municipal approval conditions for new developments, as applicable. Other habitat associated with the wildlife key indicators discussed in Section 5.8, including thicket, natural grasslands, pasture, hayfields, and woodlands are also likely to be protected through municipal plans.

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Since no development will be allowed on the Project ROW once the pipeline is in place, it is likely that upon the planned reclamation of the Project footprint, the Project ROW will support natural habitat with the exception that trees and dense bush will no longer be allowed to grow over the Project ditch line. 6.2.7.3 Determination of Significance The cumulative effects identified for the wildlife and wildlife habitat VCs as a result of the Project residual effects in combination with the residual effects from other projects and activities result from a change in available habitat due to site clearing and sensory disturbance, as well as a change in abundance and distribution due to construction, increased vehicle-wildlife collisions, and sensory disturbance. The following discussion provides the assessment of significance of cumulative effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat VC focussing on the nine key indicators, each with a representative species.

The importance of the cumulative effects on each of the wildlife and wildlife habitat key indicators is summarized in the text and Table 6.2-8 below. Based on the analysis described below, the cumulative effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat might be detectable, but are not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of the VC beyond an acceptable level. Thus, the cumulative effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat are predicted to be not significant.

Nesting waterfowl (Mallard): The cumulative effect on the change in available habitat for nesting waterfowl (Mallard) is predicted to be negative in direction, of regional extent since the effects will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and of low magnitude because although additional residential and commercial development may occur throughout the terrestrial RSA based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, a portion of the preferred open water and marsh habitat for Mallard will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (with the exception of utilities), the protection of the Greenbelt, and management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA. The cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because it occurs during construction and is reversible during operations due to reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of Mallard habitat is predicted to be of low importance.

The cumulative effect on Mallard abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is predicted to be low and the cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration during construction.

Marsh nesting birds (Marsh Wren): The cumulative effect on the change in available habitat for marsh nesting birds (Marsh Wren) is predicted to be negative in direction, of regional extent since the effects will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and of negligible magnitude because although additional residential and commercial development may occur throughout the terrestrial RSA based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, a portion of the preferred open water and marsh habitat for Marsh Wren will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (with the exception of utilities), the protection of the Greenbelt, and management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA. In addition, no detectable alteration of available habitat by the Project is predicted from baseline values in the terrestrial RSA. The cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because it occurs during construction and is reversible during operations due to reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of Marsh Wren habitat is predicted to be of negligible importance.

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The cumulative effect on Marsh Wren abundance and distribution is predicted to be of negligible importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is negligible, since no habitat alteration will occur in the terrestrial RSA as a result of the Project, the level of sensory disturbance is predicted to be similar to existing levels, and the cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration during construction.

Open country nesting birds (Vesper Sparrow): The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for open country nesting birds is of regional extent since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and is predicted to be negative in direction, related to the alteration of open country nesting bird habitat. The magnitude of the cumulative effect is predicted to be low because, although additional residential and commercial development may occur throughout the terrestrial RSA based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, a relatively large proportion of the preferred grassland habitat (not including agricultural fields) for open country nesting birds will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (with the exception of utilities), the Greenbelt Plan, and management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA. Additionally, based on publically available information on planned projects (Table 6.1-1) a relatively low proportion of the terrestrial RSA would be developed resulting in overlapping effects on Vesper Sparrow during the period in time where effects from the Project are predicted (i.e., during the construction phase through reclamation). The cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because it occurs during construction and is reversible during operations due to reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of Vesper Sparrow habitat is predicted to be of low importance.

The cumulative effect on Vesper Sparrow abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is considered to be low and it is predicted to be of short-term duration during construction.

Shrub/early successional birds (Brown Thrasher): The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for shrub/early successional birds is of regional extent since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and is predicted to be negative in direction, related to the alteration of shrub and early successional habitat even though some shrub/early successional habitat will be created after disturbance of forested areas. The magnitude of the cumulative effect is predicted to be low because, although additional residential and commercial development may occur throughout the terrestrial RSA based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, a relatively large proportion of the preferred thicket habitat for shrub/early successional birds will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (with the exception of utilities), the Greenbelt Plan, and management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA. Additionally, based on publically available information on planned projects (Table 6.1-1) a relatively low proportion of the terrestrial RSA would be developed resulting in overlapping effects to Brown Thrasher during the period in time where effects from the Project are predicted (i.e., during the construction phase through reclamation). The cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because it occurs during construction and is reversible during operations due to reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of Brown Thrasher habitat is predicted to be of low importance.

The cumulative effect on Brown Thrasher abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is considered to be low, and it is predicted to be of short-term duration during construction.

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Frogs (Spring Peeper): The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for frogs is predicted to be of regional extent since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA. The cumulative effect is predicted to be of low magnitude due to the adaptive capacity of this species, the relatively large proportion of existing Spring Peeper habitat (i.e., wetlands) within the terrestrial RSA to be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (with the exception of utilities), the protection of the Greenbelt, and also because of the management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA. The cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because it occurs during construction and is reversible during operations due to reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of Spring Peeper habitat is predicted to be of low importance.

The magnitude of the cumulative effect on Spring Peeper abundance and distribution is predicted to be low due to the mobility of this species and because much of the available habitat within the terrestrial RSA is protected from development, which provides available habitat to displaced individuals. The extent of the disturbance is regional within the terrestrial RSA (i.e., regional). The cumulative effect is of short-term duration lasting through construction and potentially during maintenance. Therefore, the cumulative effect on Spring Peeper abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance.

Reptiles (Painted Turtle): The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for reptiles is predicted to be of regional extent since the effects will occur within the terrestrial RSA. The cumulative effect is predicted to be of low magnitude because a portion of existing Painted Turtle habitat (i.e., open water) will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (with the exception of utilities), the protection of the Greenbelt, and management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA. In addition, development of the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of Vaughan in the Official Plan 2010 are not likely to require the removal of other areas of open water. The cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because it occurs during construction and is reversible during operations due to reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of Painted Turtle habitat is predicted to be of low importance.

The cumulative effect on Painted Turtle abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is low, and it is predicted to be of short-term duration during construction.

Ungulates (White-tailed Deer): The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for ungulates is predicted to be of regional extent since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and it is predicted to be negative in direction. The magnitude of the cumulative effect is predicted to be low based on the limited area of habitat likely to be affected relative to available habitat within the terrestrial RSA, as well as the adaptive capacity of the species. Although additional residential and commercial development may occur throughout much of the terrestrial RSA (including areas currently under agricultural land use) based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” designation defined under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, a portion of the preferred habitat for ungulates currently present in the terrestrial RSA, particularly natural vegetation communities, will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (with the exception of utilities), the Greenbelt Plan, and management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA. Additionally, based on publically available information on planned projects (Table 6.1-1) a relatively low proportion of the terrestrial RSA would be developed, resulting in overlapping effects on White-tailed Deer during the period in time where effects from the Project are predicted (i.e., during the construction phase through

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reclamation). The cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because it occurs during construction and is reversible during operations due to reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of White-tailed Deer habitat is predicted to be of low importance.

The cumulative effect on White-tailed Deer abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional within the terrestrial RSA, the magnitude of the disturbance is considered to be low given the mobility of these species and the limited levels of disturbance expected, and the cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration during construction.

Small Mammals (Meadow Voles): The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for small mammals is predicted to be of regional extent since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and it is predicted to be negative in direction. The magnitude of the cumulative effect of incremental change in small mammal habitat as a result of Project combined with other projects in the terrestrial RSA is predicted to be low due to the adaptive capacity of the species. In addition, although additional commercial development may occur throughout much of the terrestrial RSA (including areas currently under agricultural land use), based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, a portion of the preferred habitat for Meadow Vole will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (with the exception of utilities), the Greenbelt Plan, and management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA, and portions of developed lands will also function as Meadow Vole habitat. Based on publically available information on planned projects (Table 6.1-1), a relatively low proportion of the terrestrial RSA would be developed during the period in time where effects from the Project are predicted and result in overlapping effects on Meadow Voles (i.e., during the construction phase through reclamation). The cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because it occurs during construction and is reversible during operations due to reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of Meadow Vole habitat is predicted to be of low importance.

The cumulative effect on Meadow Vole abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is low and due to the mobility of these species, and the cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration during construction.

Bats (all local species): The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for bats is predicted to be of regional extent since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and it is predicted to be negative in direction. The magnitude of the cumulative effect of incremental change in bat habitat as a result of the Project combined with other projects in the terrestrial RSA is predicted to be low. Although additional development may occur throughout much of the terrestrial RSA (including areas currently under agricultural land use) based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, a relatively large proportion of the preferred habitat for bats will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, the Greenbelt Plan, management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA, or through municipal approval conditions for new developments in proximity to wooded features containing habitat for bats. The cumulative effect is predicted to be of medium-term duration since it occurs during the construction and operation phase of the Project, as a result of reclamation and considering the time required for trees to mature. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of bat habitat is predicted to be of moderate importance.

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The cumulative effect on bat abundance and distribution resulting from the operation of equipment and the presence of humans is predicted to be of moderate importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is low and the cumulative effect is predicted to be of medium-term duration.

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Table 6.2-8: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Cumulative Effect Importance Geographic Temporal Context Probability of Direction Magnitude Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Nesting waterfowl (Mallard) Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Possible Low Changes to wildlife abundance and Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Possible Low distribution Marsh nesting birds (Marsh Wren) Change in available habitat Negative Negligible Regional Short-term Infrequent Possible Negligible Changes to wildlife abundance and Negative Negligible Regional Short-term Infrequent Possible Negligible distribution Open country nesting birds (Vesper Sparrow) Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Probable Low Changes to wildlife abundance and Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Possible Low distribution Shrub/early successional birds (Brown Thrasher) Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Probable Low Changes to wildlife abundance and Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Possible Low distribution Frogs (Spring Peeper) Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Probable Low Changes to wildlife abundance and Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Probable Low distribution Reptiles (Painted Turtle) Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Possible Low Changes to wildlife abundance and Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Possible Low distribution Ungulates (White-tailed Deer) Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Probable Low Changes to wildlife abundance and Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Possible Low distribution

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6.2.8 Species at Risk It is predicted that the residual effects of the Project will act cumulatively with the effects of past, present and reasonably foreseeable developments and can have an incremental effect on fish and wildlife species at risk or species of special concern identified for assessment for the Project, and for which residual effects have been predicted (i.e., Redside Dace, Bobolink, Eastern Meadowlark, Western Chorus Frog, Little Brown Myotis, and Monarch).

No residual effects were identified for vegetation species at risk (Section 5.9.1.2), and therefore they are not carried forward into the cumulative effects assessment. 6.2.8.1 Fish Species at Risk The cumulative effects assessment for fish species at risk uses the aquatic LSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.8.1.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Redside Dace: A residual effect of Project construction on Redside Dace habitat is predicted as a result of clearing, and disturbance or alteration of riparian vegetation. The residual effects on Redside Dace habitat are considered to be of low magnitude, short- to medium-term duration, and local extent since residual effects on Redside Dace habitat are generally limited to the watercourse crossings in the Project footprint within the aquatic LSA. As described in Sections 5.6 and 5.9.2, fish habitat in the East Humber River and Purpleville Creek and their tributaries is conservatively assumed to be used by all fish species including Redside Dace and, therefore, the potential cumulative effects on habitat supporting Redside Dace are similar to those discussed for fish habitat quality and quantity in Section 6.2.5.1, and are not repeated in this section.

Potential cumulative effects associated with surface water quality, particularly with regard to suspended sediment load and deposition, are discussed in Section 6.2.3, and no cumulative effects are identified. Thus, no cumulative effects are predicted on Redside Dace habitat as a result of increased suspended sediment load and sediment deposition. 6.2.8.1.2 Mitigation Implementation of mitigation outlined in Table 5.9-3, Table 5.21-1, and in the EPP (Appendix A) will likely reduce the potential cumulative effects on Redside Dace. It is anticipated that other developments in the aquatic LSA will be required to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, such as DFO, TRCA and MNRF requirements, including watercourse crossing and species at risk permitting for Redside Dace, as required, and will implement similar mitigation measures. 6.2.8.1.3 Determination of Significance Redside Dace: The predicted cumulative effect on Redside Dace habitat due to changes in riparian habitat is deemed to have a low magnitude, local extent and short- to medium-term duration. This effect is assessed to be negative in direction and probable to occur, but due to the low magnitude, local extent and short- to medium- term duration, the importance is considered to be negligible to low (Table 6.2-9).

Based on the analysis described above, the cumulative effect might be detectable, but is not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of Redside Dace beyond an acceptable level, and thus is predicted to be not significant.

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Table 6.2-9: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Fish Species at Risk Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Redside Dace Short- to Change in Redside Dace Negligible Negative Low Local medium- Infrequent Probable habitat to Low term

6.2.8.2 Wildlife Species at Risk The cumulative effects assessment for wildlife species at risk uses the terrestrial RSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.8.2.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Similar to wildlife and wildlife habitat (Section 6.2.7), the residual effects of the Project can act cumulatively with the effects of other projects and activities and affect wildlife species at risk through the following pathways discussed in the Project-specific effects assessment (Section 5.8):  change in available habitat – due to direct (habitat clearing) or indirect (habitat avoidance due to sensory disturbance) habitat alteration or loss; and  change in abundance and distribution – direct mortality due to site clearance or vehicle-wildlife collisions, or indirect physiological stress associated with sensory disturbance and the use of suboptimal habitat resulting in reduced survival or reproductive stress.

As noted in Section 5.9.3.2, residual effects were identified on wildlife species at risk, specifically Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark, Western Chorus Frog, Little Brown Myotis, and Monarch, and were assessed to be of negligible to low importance. Blanding’s Turtle, Barn Swallow and Bank Swallow, Chimney Swift, Eastern Wood- pewee, and Milksnake were not carried forward in the Project-specific effects assessment (Section 5.9.3.2), and therefore they are not carried forward into the cumulative effects assessment.

The general discussion provided for potential cumulative effects for wildlife and wildlife habitat in Section 6.2.7 also applies for wildlife species at risk and has not been repeated in this section, but has been considered in the assessment of cumulative effects on the wildlife species at risk key indicators. This section provides the assessment of cumulative effects on wildlife species at risk by key indicator, using representative species.

Species at risk (Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark): As discussed for Vesper Sparrow, the Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on open country nesting birds, including Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark. The Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of approximately 5.26 ha of habitat suitable for use by Bobolink in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 262.61 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), much of which has a shrub component that is not suitable for this species, thus resulting in a small Project contribution to cumulative effects on Bobolink in the terrestrial RSA. Eastern Meadowlark uses similar habitat to that used by Bobolink, but has higher tolerance for shrubs, trees, and large- leaved plants in its habitat. Since Eastern Meadowlark occupies a wider range of habitat types than Bobolink, cumulative effects on Eastern Meadowlark habitat would be similar to or smaller than the cumulative effects on

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Bobolink habitat. Consequently, Eastern Meadowlark is considered in conjunction with Bobolink in the cumulative effects assessment.

Habitat in the terrestrial LSA may also be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is also the potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark in the terrestrial RSA, thus having a cumulative effect on both species in the terrestrial RSA.

There is the potential that individuals could be temporarily displaced by the disturbance of habitat within the Project footprint and within the footprint or area affected by other projects and activities during construction or maintenance. However, it is likely that some of the areas disturbed will be quickly re-vegetated. TransCanada will also avoid the nesting season where feasible. However, if clearing occurs during the nesting season and in nesting habitat, adults, young or eggs could be harmed directly, but this will be mitigated by conducting pre- clearing nest surveys. Nonetheless, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark.

Species at risk (Western Chorus Frog): Similar to Spring Peeper, the Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on Western Chorus Frog. The Project is expected to result in the disturbance of approximately 3.01 ha of habitat suitable for use by Western Chorus Frog in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 310.58 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA), thus having a small contribution to cumulative effects on Western Chorus Frog in the terrestrial RSA. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial LSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is also the potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by Western Chorus Frog in the terrestrial RSA, thus having a cumulative effect on Western Chorus Frog in the terrestrial RSA.

Western Chorus Frog could be temporarily displaced by the disturbance of habitat within the Project footprint and within the footprint or effect area of other projects and activities during construction or maintenance. However, disturbed wetland habitat will be quickly re-established and allowed to re-flood following construction of the Project and Western Chorus Frog and other frogs are likely to reoccupy this habitat. As well, mortality of Western Chorus Frog individuals from construction and maintenance vehicles driving on local roads is possible, particularly if vehicles are driving at night. Consequently, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of Western Chorus Frog.

Species at risk (Little Brown Myotis): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible importance on the alteration of habitat for Little Brown Myotis, and of negligible importance on Little Brown Myotis abundance and distribution. The Project is predicted to result in the disturbance of 4.11 ha of habitat suitable for use by Little Brown Myotis in the terrestrial RSA (from approximately 386.47 ha of available suitable habitat within the terrestrial RSA). Some of this habitat is not mature enough to provide suitable roosting sites and therefore habitat alteration for Little Brown Myotis as a result of the Project is likely overestimated, as discussed in Section 5.9.3.2.5. Therefore, suitable habitat for Little Brown Myotis is likely less than 4.11 ha, and the Project will consequently have a small contribution to cumulative effects on Little Brown Myotis in the terrestrial RSA. Moreover, habitat in the terrestrial LSA may be indirectly altered as a result of sensory disturbance due to Project activities. There is also the potential for other projects and activities to have a similar indirect effect on habitat suitable for use by Little Brown Myotis in the terrestrial RSA, thus having a cumulative effect on Little Brown Myotis in the terrestrial RSA.

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The removal of mature forest, as a result of the Project and other projects and activities, containing old trees and cavities has the potential to remove maternity roosts of bats, including Little Brown Myotis. The Project is predicted to result in sensory disturbance to Little Brown Myotis within the Project footprint, as a result of the operation of equipment and the presence of humans. Other projects and activities are also predicted to result in sensory disturbance to Little Brown Myotis within their footprints, and their effects may overlap with the effects of the Project associated with sensory disturbance to Little Brown Myotis. As a result, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of Little Brown Myotis.

Species at risk (Monarch): The Project is predicted to have a residual effect of negligible magnitude on Monarch. The Project is predicted to result in the direct alteration of a small patch of milkweed suitable for use by Monarch within a young plantation located along the Project footprint. Similarly, milkweed was observed in several vegetation community types in the terrestrial LSA during the Project-specific surveys, and available evidence suggests that milkweed is relatively common within the terrestrial LSA. Thus, it is predicted that the Project will have a small contribution to cumulative effects on Monarch and its habitat within the terrestrial RSA. Since no indirect habitat alteration through sensory disturbance was considered a potential effect on Monarch as a result of the Project, no cumulative effects are predicted as a result.

Monarch could be temporarily displaced by the disturbance of habitat within the Project footprint and within the footprint or effect area of other projects and activities during construction, having a cumulative effect on Monarch abundance and distribution due to the disturbance of habitat. Since changes in abundance and distribution due to sensory disturbance were not considered a potential effect on Monarch as a result of the Project, no cumulative effects are predicted as a result. Based on the above, there is potential for cumulative effects on both the available habitat and the abundance and distribution of Monarch. 6.2.8.2.2 Mitigation Implementation of mitigation outlined in Table 5.9-7, Table 5.21-1, and in the EPP (Appendix A) will likely reduce the potential cumulative effects on wildlife species at risk. The mitigation discussed for wildlife and wildlife habitat with respect to other projects and activities in Section 6.2.7.2 also applies as mitigation of potential cumulative effects on wildlife species at risk. Additionally, it is anticipated that, if relevant and applicable, other projects and activities will comply with the stipulations of both the Species at Risk Act and the Endangered Species Act, 2007 and be subject to species at risk permitting, and comply with the associated permit conditions. Similar to the Project, it is also likely that the proponents of other projects and activities will consult with MNRF and Environment Canada (Canadian Wildlife Service), as required, to identify any additional mitigation measures deemed appropriate by each agency with respect to the wildlife species at risk under their jurisdiction. In addition, it is also expected that other developers will be encouraged by regulators and will aim to avoid species at risk habitat, where feasible. 6.2.8.2.3 Determination of Significance The cumulative effects identified for the species at risk VCs as a result of the Project residual effects in combination with the residual effects from other projects and activities result from a change in available habitat due to site clearing and sensory disturbance, as well as a change in abundance and distribution due to construction, increased vehicle-wildlife collisions, and sensory disturbance. The following discussion provides the assessment of significance of cumulative effects on the wildlife species at risk VC focussing on four key indicators, each with a representative species identified.

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Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark: The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark is predicted to be of regional extent since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA is, and it is predicted to be negative in direction. The cumulative effect is predicted to be of low magnitude because, although additional residential and commercial development may occur throughout the terrestrial RSA based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, any other development with the potential to disturb Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark and their habitat will have to comply with the Endangered Species Act, 2007 and associated permitting requirements, as required. The cumulative effect would be of short-term duration since it occurs during construction and is reversible during operations, due to reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark habitat is predicted to be of low importance.

The cumulative effect on Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is considered to be low and it is predicted to be of short-term duration during construction.

Western Chorus Frog: The cumulative effect on Western Chorus Frog habitat is predicted to be regional since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and of low magnitude because any other development with the potential to disturb Western Chorus Frog and its habitat will have to comply with the Species at Risk Act and associated permitting requirements, as required. The effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because the effect occurs during construction and is reversible during operations, due to a result of reclamation. Thus, the cumulative effect on the availability of Western Chorus Frog habitat is predicted to be of low importance.

The cumulative effect on Western Chorus Frog abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is low and the cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration.

Little Brown Myotis: The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for Little Brown Myotis is predicted to be regional since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and is predicted to be negative in direction. The magnitude of the cumulative effect is predicted to be low, since Little Brown Myotis only uses a portion of the available habitat for bats in the Project footprint, but may use available habitats in the footprint of other projects and activities. Also, although additional development may occur throughout much of the terrestrial RSA (including areas currently under agricultural land use) based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, any other development with the potential to disturb Little Brown Myotis and its habitat will have to comply with the Species at Risk Act and the Endangered Species Act, 2007 and associated permitting requirements, as required. The effect is predicted to be of medium-term duration as a result of reclamation and considering the time required for trees to mature, thus resulting in an effect of moderate importance.

The cumulative effect on Little Brown Myotis abundance and distribution is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is low and the cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration.

Monarch: The cumulative effect of change in available habitat for Monarch is predicted to be regional since the effect will occur within the terrestrial RSA, and is predicted to be negative in direction. The magnitude of the cumulative effect is predicted to be low because, although additional development may occur throughout much of the terrestrial RSA based on the “community areas” and “employment areas” defined under the City of

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Vaughan Official Plan 2010, a portion of the preferred habitat for Monarch will be protected as per the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (with the exception of utilities), the Greenbelt Plan, and management plans set out for conservation area lands owned and maintained by the TRCA in the terrestrial RSA. The effect is predicted to be of short-term duration because habitat alteration will occur during construction, after which habitat will be rehabilitated, thus resulting in an effect of low importance.

The cumulative effect on Monarch abundance and distribution resulting from the temporary displacement of individuals and mortality during construction is predicted to be of low importance because although the geographic extent is regional, the magnitude of the disturbance is low and the cumulative effect is predicted to be of short-term duration.

The importance of the cumulative effects on wildlife species at risk are summarized in Table 6.2-10. Based on the analysis described above, the cumulative effects on wildlife species at risk might be detectable, but are not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of the VC beyond an acceptable level. Thus, the cumulative effects on wildlife species at risk are predicted to be not significant.

Table 6.2-10: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Wildlife Species at Risk Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Cumulative Effect Temporal Context Probability Importance Geographic Direction Magnitude Extent of Duration Frequency Occurrence Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Probable Low Changes to wildlife abundance Negative Low Regional Short-termInfrequent Possible Low and distribution Western Chorus Frog Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Probable Low Changes to wildlife abundance Negative Low Regional Short-termInfrequent Probable Low and distribution Little Brown Myotis Medium- Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Infrequent Probable Moderate term Changes to wildlife abundance Negative Low Regional Short-termInfrequent Possible Low and distribution Monarch Change in available habitat Negative Low Regional Short-term Infrequent Probable Low Changes to wildlife abundance Negative Low Regional Short-termInfrequent Probable Low and distribution

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6.2.9 Air Emissions The cumulative effects assessment for air emissions uses the air emissions LSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.9.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC): Background air quality described in Section 5.10 characterizes the cumulative effect of CAC emissions from regional sources, and sources beyond the region, on air quality in the LSA. There are currently no notable sources of CAC emissions within the air emissions LSA. Even when the effects of the Project CAC emissions are combined with background air quality, relevant criteria would not be exceeded.

The primary sources of CAC emissions from construction activities are off-road equipment (e.g., front end loaders, dozers), on-road equipment (e.g., pick-up trucks and haul trucks), land clearing, fugitive dust, and on- site trailer heating. The Project CAC effects occur primarily during construction activities, which means that for a cumulative effect to occur during the construction of the Project and other present and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities in the air emissions LSA, the construction activities causing the effect on air emissions (e.g., use of on-road equipment) would need to occur concurrently. Although a temporal overlap of effects is not likely, there is still the potential for effects of other projects and activities to overlap with the effects of the Project on air emissions, resulting in a cumulative effect in the air emissions LSA. Construction activities for projects whose effects could overlap the air emissions LSA (e.g., the 427 Transportation Corridor, Maple Compressor Station [Station 130]) would have similar effects to those from the Project, which are localized and of low magnitude.

There are limited CAC emissions predicted during Project operations, which will result from site-specific maintenance activities and aerial patrol of the Project. It is not predicted that the cumulative effects from combining background air quality with these emissions, or emissions from projects whose effects could overlap with the air emissions LSA would exceed any relevant criteria.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The management of GHG emissions is a provincial and national issue and, as a result, cumulative effects of GHG emissions need to be considered on the same scale. The GHG emissions from the Project can occur during construction (by-product of fossil fuel combustion by engines), and operations (maintenance activities, fugitive emissions from leaks). Although these GHG emissions will combine with other GHG emissions in the province, the Project emissions are of negligible magnitude and, therefore, there are no predicted measurable cumulative effects due to Project-related GHG emissions. 6.2.9.2 Mitigation Since there are no notable cumulative effects for either CAC or GHG emissions predicted, no specific mitigation for cumulative effects is required. The small potential contribution of Project CAC and GHG emissions to cumulative effects will be reduced through the Project mitigation and management practices, as outlined in Table 5.10-7, Table 5.21-1 and in the EPP (Appendix A). It should be noted that any reasonably foreseeable projects being proposed, whose effects could overlap the air emissions LSA during Project construction and operation (e.g., the GTA West project, 427 Transportation Corridor expansion), will be required by applicable regulatory authorities, such as the MOECC, to implement similar best practices aimed at reducing emission effects as those implemented for the Project.

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6.2.9.3 Determination of Significance Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC): The cumulative effect of the CACs from this Project, when considered in combination with the effects from existing sources in the region and beyond (background air quality), and the effects of CACs from projects with effects that overlap the air emissions LSA during Project construction and operation are predicted to be low in magnitude, localized, of short-term (construction) or medium-term (operations) duration, and therefore, of negligible to low importance (Table 6.2-11).

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The cumulative effect of the GHGs from the Project, when considered in combination with existing GHG emissions in the province, as well as GHG emissions from projects whose effects could overlap the air emissions LSA during Project construction and operation are predicted to be beyond regional, since GHG contributes to climate change, which is a global issue. The cumulative effect of GHG emissions is considered irreversible, but negligible in magnitude, and therefore of negligible importance (Table 6.2-11).

Based on the assessment completed above, the predicted cumulative effects on air emissions might be detectable, but are not predicted to result in a change that will alter the sustainability of air emissions beyond an acceptable level, and therefore are predicted to be not significant. Table 6.2-11: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Air Emissions Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC) Change in ambient CAC concentration during Negative Low Local Short-term Frequent Probable Negligible construction Change in ambient CAC Medium- concentration during Negative Low Local Frequent Probable Low term operation Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Change in ambient GHG Beyond concentration during Negative Negligible Permanent Frequent Probable Negligible Regional(a) construction Change in ambient GHG Beyond concentration during Negative Negligible Permanent Frequent Probable Negligible Regional(a) operation Notes: (a) GHG contributes to climate change, which is a global issue. The geographic extent of the residual effect would be described as ‘Beyond local’ because the air assessment has only one study area, identified as the air emissions LSA. For the purpose of determining the importance of the residual effect, however, the geographic extent (i.e., ‘Beyond local’) is considered equivalent to ‘Beyond regional’.

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6.2.10 Acoustic Environment The cumulative effects assessment for acoustic environment uses the acoustic environment LSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.10.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Noise levels: An increase in noise levels at identified representative PORs are predicted to be of moderate magnitude and local extent as a result of baseline conditions in combination with construction and operation of the Project. Interactions of Project noise with the residual noise effects from other projects and activities are predicted to result in a potential temporary cumulative increase in noise levels at identified representative PORs. Information regarding the location of the identified representative PORs in relation to the Project is provided in Section 5.11.1.

Based on publicly available data, industrial noise sources in the acoustic environment LSA that overlap Project construction and operation, have the potential to produce a cumulative noise effect. The list of projects that may result in noise contribution within the cumulative effect study area is provided in Table 6.1-1. Some specific examples include the KNC project, the GTA West project, the 427 Transportation Corridor, Maple Compressor Station (Station 130), the PowerStream Vaughan Transformer Station # 4, and construction associated with industrial, manufacturing and warehousing development (e.g., the WVEA) or municipal and subdivision development. Noise emissions from construction equipment at the sites and vehicle traffic on adjacent access roads are predicted to contribute to ambient noise levels; however, noise contributions from other projects and activities identified, are likely to be generally below ambient noise levels at the majority of identified representative PORs. 6.2.10.2 Mitigation Mitigation outlined in Table 5.11-4 and described in the EPP (Appendix A) will be implemented to limit the potential for cumulative effects on the acoustic environment. It is anticipated that all new developments will adhere to municipal, provincial and/or federal noise guidelines where applicable, including the MOECC guidelines outlined in the Publications Noise Pollution Control (NPC) -115 and NPC-300 (MOECC 1978; MOECC 2013) for stationary point sources and MTO’s Environmental Guide for Noise, 2006 for highway work. It is anticipated that proponents of other development projects will abide by relevant regulatory requirements for the acoustic environment (e.g., applicable MOECC requirements and municipal by-laws) and follow best practices to attenuate increased noise levels. 6.2.10.3 Determination of Significance Noise levels: A summary of the predicted cumulative effect on the acoustic environment as a result of the Project in combination with other projects and activities in the acoustic environment LSA, and their importance, are presented in Table 6.2-12.

The magnitude of the cumulative effect on the acoustic environment due to Project construction and operations combined with other industrial projects and activities is predicted to be moderate in magnitude at all identified representative PORs. The duration of effect at any one location along the Project footprint is predicted to be limited (short-term) and, although frequent, it will be intermittent. Therefore, cumulative effect with other projects and activities is predicted to be limited in duration and intermittent. The geographic extent will be local, since noise levels attenuate with distance, and therefore, any cumulative noise effects are not predicted to extend

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beyond the acoustic environment LSA. Thus, the cumulative effect of the Project noise during construction and operation, combined with noise from other projects and activities in the acoustic environment LSA, is predicted to be of low importance.

At times, the cumulative noise effect on the acoustic environment might be detectable and similar to, or slightly above, ambient noise levels. However, the effect is not predicted to result in a substantial change to ambient levels that will alter the status or integrity of the acoustic environment beyond an acceptable level and is predicted to be not significant. Table 6.2-12: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Acoustic Environment Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Noise levels Change in noise levels at Negative Moderate Local Short-term Frequent Certain Low PORs

6.2.11 Human Occupancy and Resource Use The resource use RSA described in Section 4.3.2 is used for the cumulative effects assessment on human occupancy and resource use (land use planning, parks and protected areas and renewable natural resource use). 6.2.11.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Land Use Planning: Project activities on land use planning are predicted to restrict future land use and development within proximity to the Project ROW during operation of the Project, and are predicted to have a residual effect of moderate importance on land use planning. The residual effects of the Project on land use planning are local since restrictions to development identified in existing municipal land use plans would fall within the resource use LSA. Therefore, only other land use proposals overlapping the Project footprint or in the immediate vicinity of the Project could have a cumulative effect on land use planning.

Pipeline and transportation infrastructure developments within 2.5 km of the Project (e.g., the KNC project, the 427 Transportation Corridor, and the GTA West project) are predicted to have similar effects on land use planning during their operation as the Project. Consequently, land use and future development are likely to face further restrictions in the cumulative effects study area. However, all other developments in the cumulative effects study area are expected to comply with municipal land use plans, as required.

Parks and Protected Areas: The disruption of recreational land use and enjoyment of TRCA conservation lands in the City of Vaughan and the Humber Valley Heritage Trail as a result of the Project represents a residual adverse effect due to construction activities within and adjacent to these protected areas. This residual effect of the Project on these parks and protected areas are predicted to be of moderate importance. Other projects and activities in the resource use RSA, including improvements along Major Mackenzie Drive (road widening from two to six lanes), may also disrupt recreational land use in TRCA conservation lands and act cumulatively with the residual effects of the Project on parks and protected areas. The residual effects of the Project on parks and protected areas may also act cumulatively with similar effects of other projects and

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activities, including the GTA West project, during operation since vegetation on the Project ROW may not return to baseline conditions until after operations (i.e., large trees on the Project ROW will hinder pipeline operation and maintenance activities, and therefore, will not be permitted during operations). This may continue to disrupt recreational land use that existed pre-construction.

Renewable Natural Resource Use: Agriculture, as a component of renewable resource use, is predicted to experience residual effects within the resource use LSA as a result of the disruption and constraints to agricultural use by the Project. This residual effect would be medium-term, given their occurrence during construction and operation, and of moderate importance. Due to the localized nature of the Project residual effect, a cumulative effect would only occur if similar effects resulted from other projects and activities in the resource use LSA. Some of these lands have already been slated for future development for the 427 Transportation Corridor, the GTA West project, and the KNC project as well as other residential, commercial and wastewater developments (described in Table 6.1-1). These reasonably foreseeable land developments are likely to disturb agricultural land use in the resource use RSA during construction and operation. 6.2.11.2 Mitigation Land Use Planning: Since future land use and development may be restricted or reduced by the Project ROW and other infrastructure and development proposed in the resource use RSA, TransCanada will consult with any proponents of future developments proposed in areas adjacent to, or near the Project ROW. It is expected that each project proponent would also communicate with TransCanada, the Cities of Vaughan, Brampton and the Towns of King and Caledon, as appropriate, to ensure compliance with local land use planning requirements. For instance, for proposals in the City of Vaughan, applicants submitting development proposals within 200 m of the pipeline ROW are required to pre-consult with TransCanada (or its designated representative) early in the process, in order to accurately assess the feasibility of proposed developments as per section 8.4.3.1 of the City of City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010 (City of Vaughan 2010). Likewise, approvals for activities on or within 30 m of the ROW such as excavation, blasting and any movement of heavy equipment (e.g., farm equipment) will be required by proponents, as per section 8.4.3 of the City of Vaughan Official Plan 2010, to ensure the safety and integrity of the pipeline.

Parks and Protected Areas: Potential cumulative effects on parks and protected areas will be limited by the control measures built into the Project design outlined in Section 5, and the implementation of mitigation outlined in Table 5.12-6 and described in the EPP (Appendix A), including the reclamation measures post-construction. It is assumed that other reasonably foreseeable projects in the resource use RSA will need to implement similar measures and be compatible with all applicable land use plans, policies and zoning by-laws needed to proceed with their construction and operation.

Renewable Natural Resource Use: Mitigation outlined in Tables 5.3-4, 5.12-6, and 5.21-1, and in the EPP (Appendix A) including topsoil salvage and reclamation that will support the mitigation of effects on agriculture, will be implemented to reduce the potential for cumulative effects on agricultural land use in the Project footprint. It is assumed that other reasonably foreseeable projects in the resource use RSA will need to implement similar measures for reclamation or otherwise be compatible with all applicable land use plans, policies and zoning by- laws as required to proceed with their construction and operation.

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6.2.11.3 Determination of Significance Land Use Planning: The cumulative effects on land use planning are of moderate magnitude, given that the Project and other reasonably foreseeable projects in the resource use RSA will be located within the Greenbelt Plan area and Natural Areas and Countryside in the City of Vaughan, which have extensive conditions associated with development within these areas when applicable. These effects are negative in direction and medium-term in duration since changes are predicted to extend throughout the operation phase. The effects are local because restrictions to development identified in existing municipal land use plans would fall within the resource use LSA. Consequently, the cumulative effects are assessed to be of moderate importance.

Parks and Protected Areas: The cumulative effect on the recreational use of parks and protected areas is low in magnitude because although the spatial overlap of effects would be minimal, it could still disrupt the use and enjoyment of the TRCA conservation area lands and the Humber Valley Heritage Trail. In addition, the Project and other projects and activities would be subject to the permitting requirements and conditions associated with TRCA lands. The geographic extent is local because the residual effects of the Project are limited to a relatively small portion of the TRCA conservation lands in the northwestern area of Vaughan. Additional lands may be affected by the TWS, but these will be re-vegetated and reclaimed following construction. Furthermore, other projects and activities identified are not expected to require a large footprint relative to the total extent of the TRCA conservation lands. The cumulative effect would be probable through construction and operation and, while fully reversible, it would persist beyond abandonment before returning to baseline conditions, and is thus considered long-term in duration. Consequently, the cumulative effect is considered to be of low importance.

Renewable Natural Resource Use: Project construction will involve the restoration of agricultural lands back to pre-disturbance land use capability, which will largely allow the continued agricultural use of lands during the operation phase, thus minimizing the potential for cumulative effects in the resource use LSA. Within the resource use LSA, the cumulative effects are predicted to be negative in direction. The magnitude is predicted to be moderate given that the changes in farming capacity have the potential to be noticeable in the socio- economic setting given the range of projects overlapping existing agricultural lands. The effects would be local and would be identified as medium-term, given their occurrence during construction and operation. The cumulative effect is therefore assessed to be of moderate importance.

The importance of these cumulative effects is summarized in Table 6.2-13. Based on the assessment above, the cumulative effects on human occupancy and resource use (land use planning, parks and protected areas, and renewable resource use) are measurable at the individual, family, or community level, and strong enough to be detectable at the population level, but are not predicted to result in substantial change in the well-being of defined populations and communities. Therefore, the cumulative effects on human occupancy and resource use are predicted to be not significant.

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Table 6.2-13: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Human Occupancy and Resource Use Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Land Use Planning Change in requirements for Medium- future land use and Negative Moderate Local Infrequent Probable Moderate term development Parks and Protected Areas Change in recreational land use in TRCA lands and Negative Low Local Long-term Continuous Probable Low along the Humber Valley Heritage Trail Renewable Natural Resource Use Change in renewable Infrequent Medium- resource use (agricultural Negative Moderate Local to Certain Moderate term land use) Continuous

6.2.12 Social and Cultural Well-being The cumulative effects assessment for social and cultural well-being uses the SSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.12.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Traffic and Associated Noise: The residual effect of the Project as a result of the disruption of social and cultural well-being due to increased traffic and associated noise during construction is predicted to act cumulatively with similar effects of other present and reasonable foreseeable projects and activities in the SSA, due to the increase in traffic on highways and local roads, as well as an increase in traffic-associated noise linked to these construction activities. The residual effect of the Project and social and cultural well-being due to traffic and associated noise is predicted to be of short-term duration and low importance. The Project could add an estimated 250 vehicles to transportation routes, travelling daily to and from Project worksites. Numerous other reasonable foreseeable projects include (but are not limited to) the Maple Compressor Station (Station 130), roadworks on or transecting Langstaff Road, Rutherford Road and Major Mackenzie Drive (i.e., through the 427 Transportation Corridor extension), Nashville Road and Kirby Road (i.e., through the GTA West project), as well as road improvements to Highway 50, Major Mackenzie Drive, Mayfield Road, and Huntington Road. These and other present and existing foreseeable projects would likely generate additional traffic and traffic-associated noise on highways and local roads during the same time as the Project’s construction phase. 6.2.12.2 Mitigation Traffic and Associated Noise: Mitigation measures intended to reduce the disruption to social well-being related to traffic and associated noise is provided in Table 5.17-1 and described in the EPP (Appendix A). Other developers in the area are expected to adhere to applicable regulatory requirements and follow industry best practice, including establishing a traffic management plan, working with local authorities to inform them and the public about road use schedules, any planned road closures or detours, and other strategies that are similar to those enforced by TransCanada to help mitigate their effect on traffic and associated noise.

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6.2.12.3 Determination of Significance Traffic and Associated Noise: The predicted cumulative residual effect of disruption to social well-being as a result of increased traffic and associated noise during construction is predicted to be of moderate magnitude, due to a predicted noticeable traffic increase in the SSA, local geographic extent and of short-term duration (i.e., during Project construction), and is therefore assessed to be of low importance (Table 6.2-14).

Based on the above assessment, the cumulative effect is measurable at the individual, family, or community level, and strong enough to be detectable at the population level, but is not predicted to result in substantial changes in the well-being of defined populations and communities. Therefore, the cumulative effect on social and cultural well-being is predicted to be not significant. Table 6.2-14: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Social and Cultural Well-being Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Traffic and Associated Noise Change in social well-being due to change in traffic and Negative Moderate Local Short-term Frequent Probable Low associated noise

6.2.13 Human Health and Aesthetics The cumulative effects assessment for human health and aesthetics uses the SSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.13.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Traffic Accidents: The residual effects of the Project on human health resulting from an increase in traffic accidents due to increased Project traffic is predicted to be of low importance. This residual effect of the Project on human health will act cumulatively with similar effects of present and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities in the SSA, and potentially affect human health through traffic accidents as a result of the increased traffic on Highways 427, 50, as well as on numerous local roads used to access the Project during construction. Traffic from other present and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities, along with the increased traffic resulting from construction of the Project, could potentially result in additional traffic accidents.

Visual Aesthetics: The Project-related clearing of trees in the TRCA conservation lands and other wooded areas in the SSA will result in a residual effect on visual aesthetics due to the alteration of viewscapes and visual aesthetics in the Project ROW, where trees will be removed during construction and cannot be replaced over entire ROW while the Project is in operation. This residual effect is predicted to be of moderate importance. Other projects and activities in the SSA, including major road development and improvement transformer station, residential, commercial and educational developments will contribute to a larger visual shift, as the region evolves from a predominantly agricultural, countryside area to a more urban one. Planned infrastructure, residential, commercial and Official Plan developments will collectively alter visual aesthetics in the SSA, acting cumulatively with the Project.

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6.2.13.2 Mitigation Traffic Accidents: Potential cumulative effects on traffic accidents are likely to be limited by the control measures built into the Project design outlined in Section 5.18, and the implementation of mitigation outlined in Table 5.18-2, Table 5.21-1 and described in the EPP (Appendix A). These measures include communicating Project-specific traffic, road-use, and safety protocols to the workforce and enforcing such measures to reduce the likelihood for traffic accidents to occur. In addition, the Project will coordinate with emergency service providers in the SSA to develop joint management plans to respond to Project-related traffic accidents. Other industrial operators in the area are expected to follow similar industry standards to reduce the probability of traffic accidents.

Visual Aesthetics: Potential cumulative effects on parks and protected areas are predicted to be limited by the control measures built into the Project design, and the implementation of mitigation outlined in Table 5.18-2 and described in the EPP (Appendix A), including minimizing disturbances within TRCA conservation lands, reclaiming the Project ROW, and reclaiming the TWS (including potential tree restoration, if necessary). Additionally, mitigation identified in Section 6.2.2 (Vegetation) will help to reduce effects on the visual environment. It is anticipated that other projects and activities in the SSA will need to implement measures in compliance with applicable municipal and TRCA requirements, and be compatible with all applicable land use plans, policies, provincial plans (e.g., the Greenbelt Plan), and zoning by-laws needed to proceed with their construction and operation. 6.2.13.3 Determination of Significance Traffic Accidents: Given the proposed mitigation, the cumulative effect on human health due to an increase in traffic accidents is predicted to be of low magnitude on highways and local roads, local in geographic extent and short-term in duration, and therefore is considered to be of low importance. The consequence of a traffic accident ranges from low (i.e., no property damage or personal injury) to catastrophic (i.e., fatality).

Visual Aesthetics: The cumulative effect associated with the alteration of viewscapes and visual aesthetics is negative in direction and long-term in duration given the length of time it will take to re-vegetate during operations. This is also predicted to be the case for re-vegetation efforts associated with other projects and activities in the SSA, including other linear development (e.g., road developments or improvements on or transecting Highway 427, Highway 50, Langstaff Road, Rutherford Road, Major Mackenzie, Nashville Road and Kirby Road, Mayfield Road, and Huntington Road). The cumulative effect on visual aesthetics is predicted to be of moderate magnitude because there would be a noticeable change in the local landscapes when combined with the reasonably foreseeable projects which will modify the socio-economic setting (Table 4.5-1). The cumulative effect is predicted to be of local extent and long-term duration. As a result, the cumulative effect is predicted to be of moderate importance.

The importance of these effects is summarized in Table 6.2-15. Based on the assessment above, the cumulative effects are measurable at the individual, family, or community level, and strong enough to be detectable at the population level, but are not predicted to result in substantial changes in the well-being of defined populations and communities. Therefore, the cumulative effects on human health and aesthetics are predicted to be not significant.

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Table 6.2-15: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Human Health and Aesthetics Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Traffic Accidents Change in mental or physical health due to Negative Low Local Short-term Infrequent Unlikely Low increases in traffic or traffic accidents Visual Aesthetics Alteration of viewscapes and Negative Moderate Local Long-term Continuous Probable Moderate visual aesthetics

6.2.14 Infrastructure and Services The cumulative effects assessment for infrastructure and services uses the SSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.14.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Transportation and traffic: The residual effects of the Project on infrastructure and services will overlap temporally and spatially with similar effects of present and reasonably foreseeable projects in the SSA. As a result, it is predicted that there will be cumulative effects on infrastructure and services due to increased traffic on highways and local roads used to access the Project during construction. The Project is predicted to add an additional 250 vehicles travelling to and from the Project footprint, making two trips on Project workdays during the construction phase. Many of the other planned developments in the SSA are for road improvements and works and will occur during the construction phase of the Project. 6.2.14.2 Mitigation Transportation and traffic: Mitigation presented in Table 5.18-2, Table 5.19-2 and in the EPP (Appendix A) will likely reduce vehicle and equipment traffic on highways and local roads. Mitigation will also make road users and relevant government agencies aware of the Project schedule and proposed use of highways and roads for the Project, particularly during the construction phase. Other development proponents in the SSA are expected to implement similar mitigation plans to reduce pressure on highways and local roadways. 6.2.14.3 Determination of Significance Transportation and traffic: With the implementation of the proposed mitigation, the cumulative effect on highway and local road traffic during construction is predicted to be negative in direction, of moderate magnitude on highways and local roads, of local geographic extent (i.e., experienced in the SSA exclusively), and of short-term duration, and is therefore, considered to be of low importance.

The importance of this effect is summarized in Table 6.2-16. Based on the assessment above, the cumulative effects on infrastructure and services are measurable at the individual, family, or community level, and strong enough to be detectable at the population level, but are not predicted to result in substantial changed in the well- being of defined populations and communities. Therefore, the cumulative effects on infrastructure and services are predicted to be not significant.

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Table 6.2-16: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Infrastructure and Services Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Transportation and Traffic Change in traffic levels Negative Moderate Local Short-term Frequent Certain Low

6.2.15 Employment and Economy The cumulative effects assessment for employment and economy uses the SSA as the cumulative effects study area (Section 4.3.2). 6.2.15.1 Potential Cumulative Effects Labour force activity: The Project residual effects on labour force activity are predicted to be of low importance and will act cumulatively with similar effects of past, present or reasonably foreseeable projects and activities in the SSA as a result of the modest temporary increase in employment opportunities that may occur during Project construction. The Project’s direct workforce is predicted to be approximately 250 employees during the construction phase, and may or may not employ workers residing in the SSA. The majority of other planned developments are infrastructure projects (e.g., road improvements, hospital construction and wastewater infrastructure expansion) are not expected to have high employment numbers, compared to the total labour force of 158,990 workers in the SSA in 2011 (Section 5.20).

Taxes and Revenue: The Project residual effects on taxes and revenue are predicted to be of moderate importance. The Project residual effects on taxes and revenue will act cumulatively with similar effects of present and reasonably foreseeable projects in the SSA as a result of the modest increase in tax revenues and investments generated for the City of Vaughan municipal government, as well as a modest increase in revenues for workers, contractors, and supplier firms, including those providing goods and services needed for the construction and operation of the Project. Many of the planned developments proposed are infrastructure projects (e.g., road improvements, hospital construction and wastewater infrastructure expansion) that are funded by municipal and provincial governments, and therefore, will not lead to increased revenues for the municipalities. 6.2.15.2 Mitigation The cumulative effects on employment and economy are positive in nature and, therefore, no mitigation is required. 6.2.15.3 Determination of Significance Labour Force Activity: When considered in the context of the total labour force of the SSA, the cumulative effect of the Project and other planned developments on associated with the change in local employment opportunities is predicted to be of low magnitude, of beyond regional geographic extent and of short-term duration, and is therefore considered to be of low importance (Table 6.2-17).

Taxes and Revenue: The Project’s contribution to the municipality (City of) Vaughan from taxation and investment revenues is predicted to be of moderate magnitude. The cumulative effect associated with the

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change in revenue due to tax generation and other municipal revenues is predicted to be of low magnitude in consideration of total municipal budget for the City of Vaughan. The effect will be localized in the SSA and long- term in duration, and is therefore considered to be of low importance (Table 6.2-17).

Based on the assessment above, the positive cumulative effects on employment and the economy are measurable at the individual, family, or community level, and strong enough to be detectable at the population level, but are not predicted to result in substantial changes in the well-being of defined populations and communities. Therefore, the cumulative effects on employment and economy are predicted to be not significant. Table 6.2-17: Cumulative Effects Assessment and Importance for Employment and Economy Effects Assessment Criteria Potential Temporal Context Probability Importance Cumulative Effect Geographic Direction Magnitude of Extent Duration Frequency Occurrence Labour Force Activity Change in local employment Beyond Positive Low Short-term Frequent Certain Low opportunities Regional Taxes and Revenue Change in revenue Positive Low Local Long-term Continuous Certain Low

6.2.16 Accidents and Malfunctions Adverse residual effects arising from Project accidents and malfunctions may also act cumulatively with the effects of other identified projects and activities, and were included in the cumulative effects assessment as per the Operational Policy Statement: Assessing Cumulative Environmental Effects under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 (CEA Agency 2013b). Typically, these events are hypothetical and have a low probability of occurrence. This recognized probability is consistent with the Cumulative Effects Assessment Practitioners’ Guide (Hegmann et al. 1999), which acknowledges that such events are “rare” and should be assessed as “unique scenarios”, because their potential effects are too extreme to be assessed together with those caused by normal Project activities. Due to the rare nature of malfunctions and accidents, it is unlikely that the residual effects of these events will interact spatially and temporally with other projects and activities (Table 6.2-1); thus, no cumulative effects are predicted.

Although still unlikely, small volume spills or leaks of a deleterious substance (e.g., construction fluids) could occur sporadically during equipment operation and maintenance, fuelling, or fuel storage during construction and operation. Small volume spills or leaks would be of local extent and restricted to areas along the Project ROW during construction and operation (as discussed in Section 5.21). TransCanada will promptly respond to these events, should they occur, following contingency plans including the Spills Contingency Plan and the Directional Drilling Procedures and Instream Drilling Mud Release Contingency Plan (both presented in the EPP [Appendix A]). During the construction of the trenchless crossings, an emergency response plan will be implemented in the event of sediment releases or spills of deleterious substances. Because development is restricted along the permanent ROW once the pipeline is in place, additional spills or leaks from other projects and activities are not likely and, as a result, there is no spatial overlap of effects and no cumulative effects are predicted.

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6.3 Summary of Cumulative Effects The results of the cumulative effects assessment indicate that incremental environmental and socio-economic effects may result from the interaction of the residual effects of the Project with the residual effects from other projects and activities in the cumulative effects study areas. Potential cumulative effects were identified for the following VCs:  physical VCs including soil and soil productivity, surface water, air emissions, acoustic environment;  biological VCs including vegetation, fish and fish habitat, wetlands, wildlife and wildlife habitat, species at risk; and  socio-economic VCs including human occupancy and resource use, social and cultural well-being, human health and aesthetics, infrastructure and services, and employment and economy.

Adverse Project effects arising from accidents and malfunctions may also act cumulatively with effects from other projects and activities.

The cumulative residual environmental and socio-economic effects predicted in relation to the Project are summarized in Table 6.3-1.

These cumulative effects are considered to be primarily adverse and of negligible to moderate importance, with two positive socio-economic cumulative effects of low importance (i.e., increased employment, and increased taxes and revenue). The cumulative effects are predicted to be not significant, and additional mitigation beyond what is planned for the Project (as identified in public environmental assessment documents and other regulatory applications) and anticipated to be implemented by other proponents, is not considered necessary to eliminate or reduce the predicted cumulative effects on the specific VCs.

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Table 6.3-1: Summary of Assessed Cumulative Effects and Predicted Significance Possible Interaction Project Specific Effects with Other Environmental Potential Cumulative Effects Valued Component/ Effects Key Indicator Predicted Spatial Temporal Additional Predicted Predicted Residual Effect Potential Cumulative Effects Significance (Yes/No) (Yes/No) Mitigation(a) Significance Soil and Soil Productivity Terrain Change in terrain contour Not significant No Yes None identified N/A N/A Change in areal extent of productive soil Not significant Yes Yes Change in areal extent of productive soil None Not Significant Soil quality Change in soil capability or soil quality Not significant Yes Yes Change in soil capability or soil quality None Not Significant Vegetation Alteration of deciduous forest Not significant Yes Yes Change in the total quantity and quality of deciduous forest None Not Significant Naturally Occurring Plant Change in the total quantity and quality of grasslands and cultural Communities Alteration of grasslands and cultural meadow Not significant Yes Yes None Not Significant meadow Surface Water Natural drainage patterns Redirection of streamflow Not significant Yes Yes Change of natural drainage patterns None Not Significant Lateral and vertical Potential for scour or bank erosion Not significant Yes Yes Change in the lateral and/or vertical stability of watercourses None Not Significant stability Increase in sediment load and sediment deposition in and Surface water quality Not significant Yes No None identified N/A N/A downstream of the ROW Groundwater Groundwater quantity Change in groundwater flow and levels Not significant Yes Yes Change in groundwater recharge, flow and water level None Not Significant Fish and Fish Habitat Fish habitat quality or Change in the area of fish habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in the area of fish habitat None Not Significant quantity, including riparian areas Change in suitability of fish habitat Not significant Yes No None identified N/A N/A Wetlands Wetland Habitat and Alteration of wetland habitat Not significant Yes Yes Alteration of wetland habitat None Not Significant Function Alteration of wetland function Not significant Yes Yes Change in wetland hydrological and water quality function None Not Significant Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat Nesting Waterfowl Change in available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant (Mallard) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Marsh Nesting Birds Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant (Marsh Wren) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Open Country Nesting Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant Birds (Vesper Sparrow) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Shrub/early successional Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant birds (Brown Thrasher) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant Frogs (Spring Peeper) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant Reptiles (Painted Turtle) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Ungulates (White-tailed Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant Deer) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Small Mammals Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant (Meadow Voles) Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Bats (all local species) Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant

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Table 6.3-1: Summary of Assessed Cumulative Effects and Predicted Significance Possible Interaction Project Specific Effects with Other Environmental Potential Cumulative Effects Valued Component/ Effects Key Indicator Predicted Spatial Temporal Additional Predicted Predicted Residual Effect Potential Cumulative Effects Significance (Yes/No) (Yes/No) Mitigation(a) Significance Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Species at Risk Change in the area of Redside Dace habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in the area of Redside Dace habitat None Not Significant Redside Dace Change in suitability of Redside Dace Not significant Yes No None identified N/A N/A Bobolink and Eastern Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant Meadowlark Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant Western Chorus Frog Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant Little Brown Myotis Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Alteration of available habitat Not significant Yes Yes Change in available habitat None Not Significant Monarch Change in abundance and distribution Not significant Yes Yes Changes to wildlife abundance and distribution None Not Significant Air Emissions Increased emissions of CAC during construction affecting Not significant Yes Yes Change in ambient CAC concentration during construction None Not Significant Criteria Air Contaminants air quality (CAC) Increased emissions of CAC during operation affecting air Not significant Yes Yes Change in ambient CAC concentration during operation None Not Significant quality Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Increased emissions of GHG during construction Not significant Yes Yes Change in ambient GHG concentration during construction None Not Significant Emissions Increased emissions of GHG during operation Not significant Yes Yes Change in ambient GHG concentration during operation None Not Significant Acoustic Environment Noise levels Increase in noise levels at PORs Not significant Yes Yes Change in noise levels at PORs None Not Significant Human Occupancy and Resource Use Restrictions on future land use and development in Land use planning Not significant Yes Yes Change in requirements for future land use and development None Not Significant proximity to the Project ROW Parks and Protected Disruption of recreational land use of TRCA lands and the Change in recreational land use in TRCA lands and along the Humber Not significant Yes Yes None Not Significant Areas Humber Valley Heritage Trail Valley Heritage Trail Renewable Natural Disruption and constraints to agricultural land use Not significant Yes Yes Change in renewable resource use (agricultural land use) None Not Significant Resource Use Social and Cultural Well-being Traffic and associated Disruption of social and cultural well-being due to Change in social well-being due to change in traffic and associated Not significant Yes Yes None Not Significant noise increased traffic and associated noise during construction noise Human Health and Aesthetics Decline in human health resulting from an increase in Change in mental or physical health due to increases in traffic or traffic Traffic accidents Not significant Yes Yes None Not Significant traffic accidents due to increased Project traffic accidents Visual aesthetics Alteration of viewscapes and visual aesthetics Not significant Yes Yes Alteration of viewscapes and visual aesthetics None Not Significant Infrastructure and Services Increased traffic volumes on highways and local roads Transportation and traffic Not significant Yes Yes Change in traffic levels None Not Significant used to access the Project Employment and Economy Labour force activity Increased employment opportunities Not significant Yes Yes Change in local employment opportunities None Not Significant Taxes and revenue Increased taxes and revenues for municipal governments Not significant Yes Yes Change in revenue None Not Significant

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7.0 INSPECTION, MONITORING AND FOLLOW-UP This section describes the programs and practices that TransCanada will implement prior to and throughout the construction and operation phases of the Project. These include:  on-going environmental field surveys;  compliance and orientation;  environmental inspection and monitoring during construction;  post-construction monitoring and maintenance; and  environmental compliance during operation. Recommended mitigation measures and commitments made in this ESA report will also be included in the site-specific practices and programs.

To further describe the planned environmental mitigation and protection measures that will be implemented, information contained in the following subsections address Guide A.2.8 Inspection, Monitoring, and Follow-up of the NEB Filing Manual (NEB 2015).

7.1 On-going Environmental Field Surveys On-going field surveys are proposed to support construction planning, support preparation of provincial and municipal regulatory applications, confirm that the environmental mitigation measures identified in the ESA report and EPP (Appendix A) are appropriate, and, if required, identify additional mitigation measures for the Project-specific EPP and Environmental Alignment Sheets (Appendix B). An updated EPP and Environmental Alignment Sheets will be prepared prior to construction.

The survey type, rationale, schedule and methodology for the on-going surveys are provided in Table 7.1-1. If required, additional surveys may also be undertaken prior to construction to meet provincial or local regulatory requirements.

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Table 7.1-1: Continuing Environmental Field Surveys Planned Survey Type Survey Rationale Survey Method Survey Date  To be consistent with TransCanada’s standard  Field inspections and sampling for soil characteristics will be Soil Survey Scope of Work, conducted at an intensity of six soil inspections (four topsoil checks of approximately 30 cm deep, and two deep-detailed samples to Soil and Soil data will be collected for Fall 2015 trench depth at approximately 2.5 m) per 800 m on the portion of the Productivity Survey the remaining 28% of the soil and soil productivity Project footprint that crosses agricultural land. LSA to support  In areas that are expected to require special handling, samples to construction and trench depth will be performed every 100 m. reclamation planning.  An inventory of trees will be conducted in areas of the proposed ROW that have been identified for clearing, if required.  If required, data collected Spring/Summer Each tree meeting the criteria identified by the applicable regulator Tree Inventory will support the tree  removal permitting 2016 will be measured for diameter-at-breast height (DBH), size, identified requirements. to species and evaluated for general health condition and potential as a heritage tree. Each tree will be numbered and labelled on a set of figures for the Project.  Required to support provincial requirements of  A Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment using combination of the Ontario Heritage Act pedestrian survey and field testing will examine areas where the Archaeological and as outlined in the September 2015 to Project footprint intersects lands identified as having archaeological Assessment Standards and Guidelines May 2016 potential during the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment. for Consultant  The Stage 2 Archaeology Survey will determine if a recommendation Archaeologists (MTCS for a Stage 3 Archaeology Survey is required. 2011)

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7.2 Compliance and Orientation 7.2.1 Environmental Policy TransCanada will implement the TransCanada Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Commitment (Appendix F) as it relates to the Project. The policy applies to all phases of the Project, and TransCanada representatives and contractors are required to comply with the policy as a condition of their employment. TransCanada will also implement all mitigation identified in this ESA report, the EPP (Appendix A), and the Environmental Alignment Sheets for the Project (Appendix B), including contingency and management plans and other Project-specific documents. 7.2.2 Environmental Protection Planning The objective of all environmental protection and mitigation measures in this ESA report, the EPP and the Environmental Alignment Sheets is to anticipate, prevent, minimize or manage conditions resulting over the life of the Project that could potentially adversely affect the biophysical and socio-economic environment. The EPP has been written in construction specification format so that it can be easily interpreted and followed in the field, as well as to facilitate inclusion in the construction contract bid documents and specifications. Should any conflict arise between the construction contract and the EPP, the more stringent condition will apply. Workers who show careless neglect of the environment or disregard the mitigation outlined in the EPP will not be permitted on the worksite. A copy of this ESA report and associated and supporting documents will be kept at the field office on site in a location accessible to all construction personnel. TransCanada will also acquire and maintain a copy of all required federal, provincial and local permits, authorizations and exemptions at the field office on site. 7.2.3 Orientation and Training TransCanada will conduct an environmental orientation with key contractor supervisory personnel and TransCanada’s Inspectors at a meeting prior to construction. All key construction and inspection staff will be briefed on TransCanada’s expectations, key environmental issues, and corresponding mitigation. 7.3 Environmental Inspection during Construction Engineering requirements, environmental considerations, community consultation, social issues, and safety considerations have all been incorporated into the Project.

TransCanada will retain the services of an Environmental Inspector(s) during all critical phases of Project construction. The Environmental Inspector(s) will be familiar with pipeline construction in an agricultural and urban setting in Ontario, as well as with the potential effects and mitigation available to avoid or reduce these effects. The Environmental Inspector(s) will be responsible to promote and monitor continuous and consistent compliance with this ESA report and EPP, as well as all permit and approval conditions, environmental laws and guidelines, and other environmental commitments. The Environmental Inspector(s) will report directly to the TransCanada Construction Manager and indirectly to the TransCanada Environmental Advisor, and be recognized as an integral part of the construction management team. The TransCanada Environmental Advisor will be available to the Environmental Inspector(s) for decision-making support and resolution of environmental resource issues arising on site.

The Environmental Inspector(s) will monitor construction and prepare reports of activities and conditions. The environmental issues identified in Section 6 of this ESA and the implementation of the mitigation measures in the

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EPP (Appendix A) will be carefully monitored by the Environmental Inspector(s). If the mitigation measures are not found to be effective, the Environmental Inspector(s) will consult either the Construction Manager or TransCanada's Environmental Advisor. The Environmental Inspector(s) would then implement adaptive management measures in accordance with the change management procedures outlined in Section 4.0 of the EPP (Appendix A). The Environmental Inspector(s) will also be responsible for enforcing compliance with environmental commitments, approvals and permits, recommending additional or alternative mitigation measures, noting potentially adverse environmental effects, identifying site-specific issues, and determining the status of environmental issues following construction of the Project.

The Environmental Inspector(s) will have the authority to modify or suspend construction activity at a particular location if a problem has been detected (e.g., wet or thawed soil conditions). The Environmental Inspector(s) will be responsible for making recommendations with regard to temporary suspension of construction.

Following completion of construction, the Environmental Inspector(s), in collaboration with TransCanada's Environmental Advisor, will compile daily reports, photos and records of government and other stakeholder liaison, a description of the construction program, mitigation that was employed, and the status of outstanding environmental issues. 7.4 Monitoring during Construction The construction monitoring programs are intended to address and resolve any outstanding environmental issues, evaluate the effectiveness of measures taken to mitigate potentially adverse effects, identify and mitigate unanticipated environmental issues experienced during construction, and determine any corrective actions required (NEB 2015). Monitoring will be carried out by resource specialists, as appropriate, and will allow TransCanada to respond to issues, where remedial action is required, in a proactive manner as outlined in the EPP (Appendix A). If required, adaptive management would be implemented using the change management procedures outlined in Section 4.0 of the EPP (Appendix A). 7.5 Post-construction Monitoring and Maintenance TransCanada proposes to conduct a Post-Construction Monitoring Program (PCMP) intended to:  assess the success of mitigation measures implemented during construction;  document opportunities for procedural learnings and improvement; and  review the success of re-establishing equivalent land capability. The PCMP will commence during the first full growing season after final clean-up. By initiating the program in year one, issues identified and remedial actions taken during the first year can be assessed and any residual outstanding issues can be managed during the subsequent year.

Assessments will be done during the most appropriate time of the season, which depends on the various biophysical resources and their growth stage or lifecycle. Generally, these will be conducted early in the season and involve identifying deficiencies and proposing recommendations for corrective actions for that same year.

In the absence of an Ontario reclamation guideline, TransCanada will use the Alberta Pipeline Reclamation Criteria for pipelines (ASRD 2001) and associated facilities (ESRD 2013) to evaluate the success of restoring an equivalent land capability (soil, landscape and vegetation components).

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Preliminary work will entail a review of relevant planning, construction and environmental reports and any other documentation of potential issues encountered during construction phase to create an Environmental Issues List. The Environmental Issues List will form the basis for monitoring issues that were identified during the construction and reclamation phases of the Project.

Preliminary work will be followed by ground and/or aerial reconnaissance during the first year after construction. During the reconnaissance, TransCanada will inspect the conditions of the ROW to assess the effects of pipeline construction and the effectiveness of mitigation and reclamation measures. The Environmental Issues List will be used to document issues as they occur during construction and post-construction monitoring, and will be updated as issues are resolved. When an issue is identified, the extent of the problem area will be delineated, and where warranted, the problem area will be scheduled for repair. 7.5.1 Pipeline Right-of-Way Monitoring Site inspections will be completed along the pipeline construction ROW during the PCMP. Methods used to monitor the status of environmental effects of the Project will be based on the principle that success of land reclamation is measured against adjacent representative site conditions while taking into consideration the status of reclamation at the time of the assessment.  Reclamation monitoring: Reclamation monitoring involves an assessment of the final clean-up along the construction ROW, which includes: grade restoration, upper surface material replacement, seeding where required, drainage restoration, debris removal, trench settlement, slope stability and any other special measures required for the Project.  Revegetation monitoring: Revegetation monitoring involves a visual inspection of the re-establishment of vegetation, as well as the identification of any weed infestations along the construction ROW. Vegetation is the main factor in determining whether a soil issue exists. If vegetation is observed to have established well (i.e., equal or greater when compared to off pipeline ROW), a soil issue often does not exist. If a vegetation issue is observed, then further investigation into potential soil issues will be conducted (e.g., with respect to soil depth and structure, and compaction). The soil assessment component of the PCMP involves a field analysis of three common construction-related soil issues: subsoil compaction, topsoil depth, and topsoil- subsoil admixing.  Erosion monitoring: Erosion monitoring involves an assessment of the effect of wind and water along the reclaimed construction ROW, as well as the assessment of effectiveness of any erosion control measures implemented during construction.  Watercourse crossings: The riparian area, banks and approach slopes at the watercourse crossings will be inspected for stability, erosion, vegetation establishment and presence of invasive species.  Wetlands: Wetland function observed along the reclaimed ROW will be compared to the wetland function determined for the baseline conditions or observed either adjacent to or in close proximity to the ROW. The comparison will be used to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of mitigation and remedial measures and provide support for the determination of loss or “no net loss” of wetland functions. Additional expertise will be sought to assess specific issues that arise, if necessary. The appropriate specialists will recommend and oversee the implementation of any remedial measures and conduct follow-up site inspections.

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7.5.2 Criteria for Success TransCanada has adopted the principle that the success of land reclamation is measured against pre- disturbance and/or adjacent representative site conditions while taking into consideration the land use and the status of reclamation at the time of assessment. Therefore, where there are no evident limitations relative to adjacent site conditions during the timeframe for the PCMP, mitigation measures are determined to be successful and the environmental issues resolved. 7.5.3 Post-construction Reporting PCMP reports will be created following the first, third and fifth years of monitoring and provided to the Board. The PCMP reports will document all environmental issues identified during the inspections, monitoring and PCMP, as well as any follow-up assessments and mitigation plans to resolve those issues. Issues that have been successfully mitigated will be listed as they are resolved. TransCanada will continue to monitor the ROW, as needed, during operations to identify any issues and implement mitigation on a timely basis. Routine monitoring by TransCanada personnel will be continuous for the life of the Project. 7.5.4 Selection of Remedial Measures In the event that the PCMP identifies a location where the mitigation was unsuccessful in avoiding or reducing Project effects, the site will be assessed during the course of the PCMP. Remedial measures will be selected based on consideration of the severity of the issue, aerial extent and location of the residual effect where mitigation was ineffective, and the likely causes that resulted in, or contributed to, the ineffective mitigation. Based on this assessment, a decision will be made to either continue monitoring (e.g., at a location where poor revegetation is evident but droughty conditions have occurred) or implement remedial measures. Where appropriate, mitigation or contingency measures included in the EPP (Appendix A) will be used to remediate a site. In the unlikely event that issues arise that are not addressed in the EPP or existing available regulatory guidelines/standards, then remedial measures will be discussed with the landowners and appropriate regulatory agencies. 7.5.5 Stakeholder Consultation TransCanada and/or its consultants will initiate a post-construction dialogue with landowners and other stakeholders as necessary after construction clean-up to discuss reclamation progress to date, and address and/or resolve any issues. TransCanada has an on-going Public Awareness Program with stakeholders. Any future construction-related issues that are raised during on-going operation will be addressed by TransCanada. 7.6 Environmental Compliance during Operation TransCanada’s Operating Procedures (TOPs) will be implemented on a day-to-day basis to operate and maintain the pipeline safely and efficiently during the Project’s life. In addition, regular preventative maintenance programs have been and will be incorporated into the pipeline design and operation. This includes aerial patrols, internal inspections, cathodic protection monitoring and installing pipeline markers at highway, road, rail, and watercourse crossings.

TransCanada’s Emergency Response Procedures are part of a comprehensive program that includes a Project- specific ERP. As well, TransCanada will implement Integrity Management Programs ensuring the on-going requirements of the pipeline are met throughout their service lives. This process uses advanced inspection and

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mitigation technologies within a comprehensive risk-based approach to identify any potential pipeline integrity issues and develop specific integrity maintenance activities. The objective of this integrity process is to minimize environmental adverse effects, protect the pipeline, maintain its reliability, and ensure the safety of TransCanada employees and the public. 7.7 Decommissioning and Abandonment The Project has been designed to operate for 30 years or more. There is no specific timeline for the future decommissioning and eventual abandonment of Project facilities. A decision on when to abandon these facilities will be influenced by future service requirements. At the time of decommissioning or abandonment of the Project, it is expected that TransCanada will review and consider current options, issues and regulatory requirements, in consultation with stakeholders having an interest in the proposed works.

The specific approach to decommissioning and abandoning Project facilities will be guided by the decision of the NEB in Stream 3 of the Land Matters Consultation Initiative (LMCI) proceeding, as well as accepted industry practices and technologies at the time these facilities are removed from service. Approval from the NEB and other applicable authorities will be required before these future decommissioning and abandonment activities are initiated.

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8.0 CONCLUSION The proposed construction and operation of the Vaughan Mainline Expansion Project has undergone an environmental and socio-economic effects assessment in accordance with the NEB Act and NEB Filing Manual (NEB 2015).

Based on the knowledge of the Project and the environmental setting as described in this ESA report, and taking into account the implementation of the mitigation described in the ESA report and the EPP (Appendix A), the effects associated with the Project are similar to those normally encountered during pipeline construction and operation in the developed area of southern Ontario. The environmental or socio-economic effects can be readily mitigated by standard and specific environmental protection measures. Adverse residual environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the Project are predicted to be not significant.

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9.0 CLOSURE The material contained in this report reflects Golder’s best judgment based on the information available and provided at the time of preparation. Golder has relied upon the representations or opinions of persons or representatives of organizations contacted during the preparation of this report. The accuracy of these representations and opinions will affect the accuracy of this report.

The reported information is believed to provide a reasonable representation of the Project being proposed at this time and the general environmental conditions at the Project location. Any use of this report, or any reliance on or decisions based on, this report by a third party is the responsibility of such third party. Golder will not be held responsible or liable for any damages to the physical environment, any property, or to life, which may have occurred from actions of decisions based upon any of the information within this report.

If you have any questions, please contact the undersigned.

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Report Signature Page

Alyson Beal, B.A.Sc., P.Eng. Associate, Environmental Assessment Lead

Tamara Skillen, B.E.S., M.P.A.(M) Curtis Campbell, M.Sc. Project Manager, Senior EIA Specialist Principal, Environmental Project Director

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10.0 REFERENCES AECOM, Province of Ontario and MMM Group. 2015. GTA West Newsletter (February 2015). Available at: http://www.gta-west.com/consultation-newsletters.html. Accessed June, 2015.

Alberta Agriculture. 1987. Soil Quality Criteria Relative to Disturbance and Reclamation (Revised). Soil Quality Criteria Working Group, Alberta Soils Advisory Committee, Alberta Agriculture. Edmonton, Alberta.

Alberta Environment. 2013. Air Quality Model Guideline. Government of Alberta. ISBN: 978-1-4601-0598-6.

Archibald, D.J., W.B. Wiltshire, D.M. Morris, and B.D. Batchelor. 1997. Forest Management Guidelines for the Protection of the Physical Environment. Version 1. Report MNR #51032. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

Bailey, V. 1924. Breeding, Feeding, and Other Life Habits of Meadow Mice (Microtus). Journal of Agricultural Research 27: 523-535.

BCI (Bat Conservation International). 2013. Bat Ranges. Available at: http://www.batcon.org/.

BCMF (British Columbia Ministry of Forests). 1999. Hazard assessment keys for evaluating site sensitivity to soil degrading processes guidebook. 2nd edition. Version 2.1. British Columbia Forest Practices Code of British Columbia Guidebook. For. Prac. Br., British Columbia Min. For., Victoria, BC.

Beacon Environmental. 2014. Kleinburg Summit (Block 55 East), City of Vaughan, Revised Environmental Impact Study.

Bee, M.A. and E.M. Swanson. 2007. Auditory masking of anuran advertisement calls by road traffic noise. Animal Behaviour 74(6); 1765-1776.

BSC (Bird Studies Canada). 2008. Marsh Monitoring Program Training Kit and Instructions for Surveying Marsh Birds, Amphibians, and their Habitats.

Bonn, A., A.S.L. Rodrigues and K.J. Garton. 2002. Threatened and endemic species: are they good indicators of patterns of biodiversity on a national scale? Ecological Letters 5(6):733-741.

Brown, C.L., A.R. Hardy, J.R. Barber, K.M. Fristrup, K.R. Crooks and L.M. Angeloni. 2012. The effect of human activities and their associated noise on ungulate behavior. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40505. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040505.

Burgess, D., G.R. Larocque, and D.G. Brand. 2001. Forest growth and future yields: The importance of today’s regeneration practices. Cited in: R.G. Wagner, S.J. Colombo (eds.), Regenerating the Canadian forest – principles and practices for Ontario. Ftizhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham, Ontario, p.p. 604-624.

Cadman, M.D., D.A. Sutherland, G.G. Beck, D. Lepage and A.R. Couturier (eds.). 2007. Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario, 2001–2005. Bird Studies Canada, Environment Canada, Ontario Field Ornithologists, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and Ontario Nature, Toronto, ON. xxii + 706

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Canadian Environmental Protection Act/Federal–Provincial Advisory Committee. 1998. National Ambient Air Quality Objectives for Particulate Matter. Part 1: Science Assessment Document. Canadian Environmental Protection Act/Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee Working Group on Air Quality Objectives and Guidelines. ISBN 0-662-63486-1.

Canadian Heritage River System. 2011. Humber River. Available at: http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Humber/Humber- F_e.php#4. Accessed August 8, 2015.

Canadian Standards Association (CSA). 2015. Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems. CSA Z662-15.

CanWEA (Canadian Wind Energy Association). 2015. Installed Capacity. Available at: http://canwea.ca/wind- energy/installed-capacity/. Accessed June 2015.

Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA). n.d. Pipeline Maps. Available at: http://www.cepa.com/map/index-en.html. Accessed June 2015

CAPP (Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers). 2004. Planning Horizontal Directional Drilling for Pipeline Construction. CAPP Guideline, Publication No. 2004-0022. Prepared by TERA Consultants. September 2004.

CAPP and CEPA. 1996. Hydrostatic Test Water Management. Prepared by Tera Environmental Consultants and CH2M Gore and Storrie Ltd. Calgary, AB. CAPP Pub. #1996-0014.

CAPP, CEPA and CGA (Canadian Gas Association). 2005. Pipeline Associated Watercourse Crossings Guidelines. Publication No. 2005-0038. October 2005. 202 p.

Castelle, A. J., A. W., Johnson and C. Connoly. 1994. Wetland and Stream Buffer Size Requirements - A Review, Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol. 23, pp. 878-882.

CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). 1995. Protocol for the Derivation of Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Available at: http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/download/en/226

CCME. 1999. Canadian National Ambient Air Quality Objectives: Process and Status 1999. Available at: ceqg- rcqe.ccme.ca/download/en/133/

CCME. 2006. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines (CWQG). Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Winnipeg.

CEA Agency (Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency). 2013b. Operational Policy Statement, Assessing Cumulative Environmental Effects under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012. Issued May 2013. ISBN: 978-1-100-22263-9

CEA Agency. 2015. Operational Policy Statement Addressing “Purpose of” and “Alternative Means” under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012. Updated March 2015.

CEA Registry. 2015. Canadian Environmental Assessment Registry (CEA Registry). Available at: http://www.ceaa- acee.gc.ca/050/index-eng.cfm. Accessed June 2015

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Central Health Line. 2015. Health Care Facilities. Available at: http://www.centralhealthline.ca/listCategories.aspx?id=10009. Accessed June, 2015.

Chapman, L.J. and Putnam, D.F. 1984, The Physiography of Southern Ontario, 3rd Edition. Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto. 270p.

Chief Drinking Water Inspector. 2014. 2014 Annual Report from Ontario’s Chief Drinking Water Inspector. Available at: http://docs.files.ontario.ca/documents/4473/cdwi-2013-14-web-ready-adoa-final-english.pdf. Accessed June, 2015.

CIMA+, 2014. Powerstream Vaughan Transformer Station #4 Class Environmental Assessment Final Draft Environmental Study Report. October 24, 2014. 620pp.

City of Brampton. n.d.a. Brampton Maps: Environmental Assessments. Available at: http://maps.brampton.ca/roadworks/default.aspx?selectedfeeds=f_EnvironmentalAssessments. Accessed June 2015.

City of Brampton. n.d.b. Brampton Maps: Road Works Group. Available at: http://maps.brampton.ca/roadworks/default.aspx?lon=- 79.8138438630358&lat=43.6814203313273&zoom=16&selectedfeeds=g_RoadWorksGroup. Accessed June 2015.

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