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Pertelaan Morfologi Medinilla Spp. Di Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Tanaman Hias

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Pertelaan Morfologi Medinilla Spp. Di Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Tanaman Hias PERTELAAN MORFOLOGI MEDINILLA SPP. DI KEBUN RAYA “EKA KARYA” BALI DALAM RANGKA PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN HIAS MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF MEDINILLA SPP. IN BALI BOTANIC GARDEN IN ORDER TO DEVELOP AS ORNAMENTAL PLANT I Nyoman Peneng dan Wawan Sujarwo UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali–LIPI Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan 82191. Telp. (0368) 2033170, Fax. (0368) 2033171 e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT The morphological description of 13 species of Medinilla spp. (Melastomataceae) in Bali Botanic Garden has been conducted based on morphological characters, so that it could be evidence to be justifi ed as ornamental plant. The study was conducted on plant collections of Bali Botanic Garden and the species of Medinilla which is growing wild inside the garden. Morphological data and agronomic potential of each species were showed in order to support its development as ornamental plant. Based on the results of observation of morphological characterization, several species of Medinilla was suitable to be developed as ornamental plant in pots or planted directly in the fi eld. Further explanation of each Medinilla as ornamental plant will be discussed in this paper. Keywords: morphology, Medinilla spp., Bali Botanic Garden, ornamental plant ABSTRAK Pertelaan morfologi dari 13 jenis Medinilla spp. (Melastomataceae) di Kebun Raya Bali telah dilakukan dengan didasarkan pada karakter sifat morfologi, sehingga hal tersebut dapat menjadi bukti untuk menjustifi kasi sebagai tanaman hias. Penelitian dilakukan pada koleksi Medinilla Kebun Raya Bali dan juga spesies Medinilla yang tumbuh liar (pra koleksi) di dalam kebun. Data morfologi dan potensi agronomi dari setiap spesies Medinilla ditunjukkan untuk mendukung pengembangannya sebagai tanaman hias. Berdasarkan pada hasil observasi kara- kterisasi morfologi, beberapa spesies Medinilla cocok untuk dikembangkan sebagai tanaman hias di pot maupun ditanam secara langsung di lapangan. Penjelasan lebih lanjut dari setiap jenis Medinilla sebagai tanaman hias akan dibahas di dalam makalah ini. Kata kunci: morfologi, Medinilla spp., Kebun Raya Bali, tanaman hias PENDAHULUAN yang telah dikenal dan dikembangkan sebagai tanaman budi daya pada saat sekarang, sebenarnya Kebun Raya Bali mempunyai komitmen dalam merupakan keberhasilan dari proses penangkaran mengkonservasi jenis-jenis tumbuhan secara atau yang lebih dikenal dengan domestikasi. ex-situ khususnya dari Kawasan Timur Indonesia Pada dasarnya, proses domestikasi tumbuhan (KTI) untuk dipelihara sebagai sumber plasma adalah suatu kegiatan pemilihan atau seleksi nutfah tumbuhan tropis dataran tinggi. Tujuan terhadap keragaman karakter yang menghasilkan utama dari konservasi adalah untuk melestarikan kelompok-kelompok baru dengan kemampuan dan menggali potensi plasma nutfah. Tanaman Pertelaan Morfologi Medinilla spp.... | I Nyoman Peneng dan Wawan Sujarwo | 497 adaptasi yang sesuai dengan lingkungan baru. BAHAN DAN METODE Kelompok baru ini mempunyai karakter yang Bahan yang digunakan untuk kajian karakterisasi sesuai dengan kepentingan manusia. Salah adalah koleksi tumbuhan hidup Medinilla spp. satu komoditi pertanian yang bernilai ekonomi yang ada di Kebun Raya Bali, khususnya yang tinggi adalah produk hortikultura, termasuk di berasal dari Kawasan Timur Indonesia (Bali, dalamnya adalah tanaman hias. Indonesia Kepulauan Sunda Kecil, Sulawesi, Kepulauan memiliki ke ragaman hayati yang sangat tinggi Maluku, dan Papua). Karakter-karakter yang yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai diamati adalah sifat morfologi (bangun daun, tanaman hias. Salah satunya adalah tanaman dari perawakan, bunga, dan buah) sebagai tanaman marga Medinilla (Melastomataceae).1 hias dan potensi agronomi yang digali dari Medinilla dikenal dengan nama kappa-kapa, kearifan lokal masyarakat pedesaan di Bali, yang merupakan salah satu tanaman hias yang me- sedangkan identifi kasi jenis dilakukan dengan miliki 150 spesies, tetapi para ahli tanaman hias panduan Flora of Java Vol. I, II dan III.3 memperkirakan ada sekitar 418 spesies Medinilla yang termasuk dalam famili Melastomataceae. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Medinilla termasuk tanaman tropis yang tersebar dari kawasan Afrika khususnya Madagaskar, Asia Dari hasil pencatatan data morfologi dilapang- Selatan hingga pulau-pulau di kawasan Samudera an, didapatkan 13 jenis Medinilla spp. yang Pasifik khususnya Filipina, di mana terdapat merupakan koleksi tumbuhan Kebun Raya sekitar 80 spesies Medinilla yang jumlahnya Bali maupun jenis liar yang tumbuh di dalam terus berkurang seiring dengan meningkatnya kawasan Kebun Raya Bali. Ketiga belas jenis alih fungsi hutan di daerah tersebut. Dari berbagai Medinilla spp. dideskripsikan secara lengkap jenis Medinilla, ada yang hidup epifi t adapula sebagai berikut: yang hidup sebagai tumbuhan semak, bahkan adapula yang menjadi gulma bagi tumbuhan lain.2 1. Medinilla sp.1 (Petak XV.B, koleksi nomor Sebagian besar Medinilla merupakan 242/Sulawesi Selatan) tumbuhan semak dan ada yang merambat karena Tanaman berbentuk semak dengan batang, cabang batangnya memanjang dan terkulai, bunganya ada dan ranting berwarna putih abu-abu dan seolah- yang aksilaris dan ada yang terminalis serta yang olah berduri tumpul. Batang muda berwarna agak paling unik berbunga pada leher akar batangnya kecoklatan, pertumbuhan cabangnya banyak sehingga di sekeliling pangkal batangnya ditutupi sehingga kelihatan seperti payung membulat. oleh bunga yang sangat unik dan menarik. Kelim- Perbanyakan dapat dilakukan dengan biji, stek, pahan maupun keragaman jenis Medinilla lebih cangkok, dan runduk. banyak terdapat di dataran tinggi (di atas 1.000 m Kedudukan daun pada batang dan cabang dpl), hal ini karena Medinilla pada umumnya lebih berseling berhadapan. Daun tua berwarna hijau menyukai habitat yang dingin namun lembab. tua, daun muda berwarna hijau muda, sedangkan Mengingat beberapa jenis Medinilla ada yang daun yang masih kuncup berwarna coklat keabu- epifi t yang memerlukan pohon inang dan lebih abuan. Warna permukaan daun bagian atas hijau banyak terdapat di dataran tinggi, maka ancaman tua berkerut dan tampak jelas tulang daunnya, terhadap keberadaannya di alam semakin tinggi sedangkan urat daun hampir tegak lurus dengan karena laju kerusakan lingkungan dataran tinggi tulang daunnya sehingga kelihatan daunnya sudah banyak terjadi. Keadaan ini memerlukan berkerut. Permukaan daun bagian bawah berwarna perhatian yang lebih baik terhadap keberadaan hijau muda abu-abu dan tulang daunnya kelihatan Medinilla di alam dan konservasinya secara sangat menonjol. Bangun daun berbentuk oval/ ex-situ. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk bulat telur, panjang 10,5–22,5 cm, lebar 6,5–16,5 mengetahui karakter morfologi dari 13 jenis cm dengan ujung meruncing, pangkal berlekuk, Medinilla spp. yang ada di Kebun Raya Bali, tepi bergigi tumpul. Tulang daun sebanyak enam, sehingga dapat dijadikan suatu justifi kasi sebagai melengkung mengikuti bentuk daun, dua buah tanaman hias beserta potensi agronominya. tulang daun yang dekat dengan pangkal daun 498 | Widyariset, Vol. 14 No.3, Desember 2011 Gambar 2. Medinilla sp.2 Gambar 1. Medinilla sp.1 kecil dan kurang jelas sedangkan empat buah di 2. Medinilla sp.2 (Petak VIII.A, prakoleksi/ atasnya kelihatan sangat jelas dan menonjol pada Sulawesi Selatan) permukaan bawah daun. Tanaman berbentuk semak, batang dan cabang Bunga majemuk tak terbatas, karena tandan bulat, percabangan berkembang sangat pesat tumbuh terus seperti ujung batang, seolah-olah dengan sebagian merayap di sekitar pangkal tidak pernah berhenti pertumbuhannya sebelum batangnya sehinga kelihatan membulat berbentuk pohonnya mati, dan ujungnya ditumbuhi oleh setengah bola yang besar. Batang dan cabang tua bunga dan buah bergerombol. Tandan bunga membulat berwarna abu-abu sedangkan batang tumbuh berjejal pada leher akar dan ada juga muda berwarna hijau muda. yang di batang. Berjejalnya tandan bunga pada Daun tungal simetris, kedudukan daun sekeliling leher akar, seolah-olah bunga muncul berkarang, jumlah daun tiap ruas 3–7 helai, dari permukaan tanah di sekitar batangnya. bangun daun oblong/bulat memanjang. Panjang Berbunga sepanjang tahun warna mahkota putih daun 9,5–14,5 cm, lebar 4–6,5 cm, ujung daun 4–5 helai, kelopak bunga sangat kecil berwana meruncing, tepi rata. Tangkai daun bentuknya putih, benang sari lima berwarna kuning dengan pipih, berwarna putih kehijauan dengan panjang ujung melengkung ke dalam dan putiknya satu 2,5–4 cm, tulang daun tiga buah melengkung juga melengkung ke dalam berwarna putih bangun daunnya. Tulang daun yang di tengah- kekuningan. Tanaman ini terlihat sangat unik tengah permukaan daun merupakan terusan dari karena pertumbuhan bunga pada leher akarnya ibu tulang daun. Tulang daun ini tumbuh pada sangat rapat, tumbuh terus sepanjang tahun dan ibu tulang daun dekat dengan pangkal daun. tidak berhenti seperti tandan bunga yang lain. Permukaan daun bagian atas berwarna hijau Buah muda berwarna merah muda sedang- tua abu-abu dengan bercak kekuningan beralur kan buah tua berwarna merah hati dan buah masak tiga sesuai dengan kedudukan tulang daun di berwarna coklat kehitaman. Buah masak mulai bawahnya. Sedangkan warna permukaan daun dari pangkal tandan ke ujung sehingga tandan bagian bawah hijau muda abu-abu dan tulang yang telah gugur buahnya kelihatan bekas tangkai daunnya sangat menonjol sebanyak tiga buah. buah yang berjejal seperti roset. Pertelaan Morfologi Medinilla spp.... | I Nyoman Peneng dan Wawan Sujarwo | 499 Bunga aksilaris, cabang tumbuh pada buku
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