Taxonomic Index

Home , Abutilon megapotamicum, Acer griseum, Afzelia quanzensis, Anisadenia, Aphanes arvensis, Ardisiandra

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-49346-8 - Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution Louis P. Ronse de Craene Index More information

Taxonomic index

Abuta, 135 Adoxa, 43, 337–338 Alismatales, 88–90, 91, 93, Abutilon, 227 Adoxaceae, 334, 95, 144, 355, 356 Abutilon megapotamicum, 227 337–338 alismatids, 23, 46 Acaena, 288 Aegiceras, 304 Alliaceae, 60, 98, 103 Acalyphoideae, 257 Aegicerataceae, 307 Allium, 46, 103 Acanthaceae, 34, 324, Aegilitis, 175 Alnus, 281 330–331, 342 Aegle, 230 Aloe, 100 Acanthus, 331 Aegopodium podagraria, 341 Aloe elgonica, 100 Accacia, 276 Aesculus, 228 Alopecurus, 121 Acer, 5, 228, 230 Aextoxicaceae, 24, 152, Alpinia, 126 Acer griseum, 228 153–154 Alpinieae, 125 Aceraceae, 228 Aextoxicon, 24, 153–154 Alsinoideae, 179, 181 Achariaceae, 245, 256 Aextoxicon punctatum, 153 Althaea ofﬁcinalis, 223 Achillea, 346 Afzelia, 24, 274, 278 Alzateaceae, 209 Achlys, 29, 136 Afzelia quanzensis, 276 Amaranthaceae, 43, 176, 177, Aconitum,21,42,137, Agave,46 178, 181–182, 359 139, 140 Agrimonia, 25, 217, 285, Amaranthus, 181 Aconitum lycoctonum, 137 287, 288 Amaryllidaceae, 42, 98 Acoraceae, 90, 91–92 Aizoaceae, 176, 177, 178, Ambavia,73 Acorales, 88 184, 359 Amborella, 11, 29, 64, 69, 353 Acorus, 46, 88, 89, 90, 91, Aizoaceae-clade, 182 Amborella trichopoda,63,64 92, 356 Aizooideae, 184 Amborellaceae, 64–65 Acorus calamus,91 Akania, 233 Amborellales, 64, 353 Acridocarpus, 248 Akaniaceae, 233 Amelanchier, 288 Actaea, 137, 139 Akebia, 134 Amentiferae, 281 Actinidia,18 Albizia, 276 Amherstia, 276, 278 Actinidiaceae, 299 Alchemilla, 288 Amphipterygium, 232 Adansonia digitata, 221 Alisma,95 Anacampseros, 191 Adenogramma, 184 Alismataceae, 18, 90, Anacardiaceae, 17, 227, 228, Adonis, 139 94–96, 356 232–233

414

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-49346-8 - Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution Louis P. Ronse de Craene Index More information

Taxonomic index 415

Anacardium, 233 Araceae, 84, 88, 89, 90, 92, 96, Astrantia, 341 Anacardium occidentale, 233 97, 144 Atherosperma,81 Anagalis, 307 Aragoa, 328 Atherospermataceae, ANA-grade, 63, 353 Aralia, 340 80–81, 82 Ancistrocladaceae, 164 Aralia elata, 340 Aulax, 142 Androsace, 305 Araliaceae, 18, 31, 45, 338, Austrobaileyaceae, 7, 68, Anemone, 137, 354 339, 340–341, 361, 69, 354 Anemopsis,86 362, 363 Austrobaileyales, 68, angiosperms, 3, 5, 11, 13, 22, Archaefructus,62 353, 354 25, 31, 48, 49, 59, 60, 61, Archidendron, 274 Averrhoa, 268 62, 63, 71, 85, 92, 99, Ardisiandra,60 Averrhoa carambola, 268 110, 137, 142, 149, 193, Arecaceae, 112–113, 356 Azara, 257 223, 287, 298, 351, 353, Arecales, 112 Azara microphylla, 257 359, 360, 361, 364 Arenaria tmolea, 179 Azara serrata, 256 Anigozanthos, 114 Aristolochia,83–85 Anigozanthos ﬂavidus, 114 Aristolochiaceae, 33, 82–87, Backea, 214 Anisadenia, 252 105, 354 Baldellia,95 Anisophyllaceae, 57 Aristotelia, 13, 267 Balsaminaceae, 37, 298, Annona,47,73 Aristotelia fruticosa, 267 299–301, 361 Annona montana,75 Armeria, 174 Bambusoideae, 121 Annonaceae, 8, 13, 16, 32, 47, Artabotrys hexapetalus,73 Barbacenia, 111 70, 73–75, 95, 354 Aruncus, 288 Barberetta, 114 Anomochloa, 122 Asarum,83–85 Barbeyaceae, 290 Anthoxanthum, 121 Asarum caudatum,83 Barnadesia, 347 Anthoxanthum odoratum, 120 Asarum europaeum,84 Barneoudia, 137 Anthriscus, 341 Asclepiadaceae, 34, 320 Barringtonia, 308, 309 Antirrhinum, 49, 50, 328 Asclepias, 322 Barteria, 253 Aphanes arvensis, 288 Asclepioideae, 322 basal angiosperms, 6, 7, 8, 16, Aphanocalyx, 278 Askidiosperma, 119 19, 29, 30, 31, 33, 49, 60, Apiaceae, 29, 43, 338, 339, Asparagales, 61, 98, 100, 61, 62, 63, 65, 69, 76, 83, 341, 361, 362, 363 101, 105 86, 88, 90, 91, 129, 144, Apiales, 338, 339, 340, 363 higher, 98 172, 352, 353, 354, 355, Aploleia, 117 lower, 98 356, 358 Apocynaceae, 33, 42, 318, Asphodelaceae, 100 basal asterids, 292 320–322 Asphodelus, 100 basal core eudicots, 146, 149 Apodostigma, 360 Aspicarpa, 248 basal eudicots, 29, 30, 60, 63, Aponogetonaceae, 88–90, 98 Asteraceae, 5, 7, 8, 33, 43, 129, 142, 353, 354, Apostasia, 100 336, 343, 346–347, 356, 357 Apostasioideae, 100 362, 363 Basellaceae, 190, 191 Aptenia, 185 Asterales, 342–343, 363 Bassia, 302 Aquifoliales, 62, 333 asterids, 43, 60, 62, 152, 159, Bataceae, 233, 234 Aquilegia,10,21,42, 201, 292, 298, 339, 358, Bataceae-clade, 233 137, 139 361, 362 Bauera, 201 Arabidopsis,49,85 Asteroideae, 347 Baueraceae, 265

416 Taxonomic index

Bauhinia, 26, 48, 278 Bonnetiaceae, 245, 310 Caesalpinia, 276 Bauhinia divaricata, 276, 278 Boraginaceae, 42, 315–316 Caesalpinioideae, 27, 274, Bauhinia galpinii, 278 Boscia, 239 275, 276, 280 Bauhinia malabarica, 276 Bougainvillea, 177, 187 Cajophora, 296, 297, 298 Begonia, 272 Bougainvillea spectabilis,185 Cajophora hibiscifolia, 296 Begonia albo-picta, 271, 272 Bourreria, 315 Calandrinia, 191 Begonia argenteomarginata,272 Brachychiton, 227 Calceolaria, 326 Begonia bogneri, 272 Brasenia,67 Calceolariaceae, 322, 324, Begonia ferruginea, 272 Brasenia schreberi,66 325–326 Begonia galinata, 272 Brassicaceae, 17, 25, 29, 48, Caldcluvia paniculata, 265 Begonia heracleifolia, 271 57, 61, 234, 238, 240–242 Caldesia,95 Begonia incana, 272 Brassicaceae sensu lato, 241 Caldesia parnassifolia,95 Begoniaceae, 269, 270, Brassicales, 26, 61, 203, 228, Calla,96 271–272 233–234 Calliandra, 275, 276 Berberidaceae, 8, 132, Bretschneidera, 228, 233 Calliandra 135–137, 142 Brexia, 43, 264, 265 haematocephala, 275 Berberidopsidaceae, 24, Brexia madagascariensis, 262 Calligonum, 170, 174 152–153 Brexiaceae, 262 Callisia, 117 Berberidopsidales, Bromeliaceae, 118 Callisia navicularis, 117 152–154, 357 Broussaissia, 296 Callisia warscewicziana, 116 Berberidopsis, 152, 153, 154 Browallia, 317 Callistemon, 23, 212, 214 Berberidopsis corallina, Brunelliaceae, 265 Callistemon citrinus, 51, 212 152, 153 Brunoniaceae, 343, 363 Callitrichaceae, 26, 326 Berberis, 43, 136 Buddleja, 329 Callitriche, 328 Bergenia, 194 Buddlejaceae, 328 Calochortus, 105 Bersama, 38, 208 Burmanniaceae, 103, 104 Calycanthaceae, 7, 70, 75, Besseya, 328, 361 Burseraceae, 9, 227 76–77, 354, 355 Betula, 281 Butomaceae, 14, 93 Calycanthus,10,77 Betulaceae, 44, 280, 281 Buxaceae, 5, 146, 147–148, Calycanthus ﬂoridus,76 Bignoniaceae, 324, 329, 152, 354, 357 Calyceraceae, 343, 345, 362, 363 Buxales, 129, 147, 149, 357 347, 363 Bixaceae, 217 Buxus,44,147 Camellia, 310, 311 Bixalean clade, 217 Buxus sempervirens, 147 Campanula, 344 Blackstonia, 319 Byttnerioideae, 8, 221, Campanulaceae, 35, 342, Blumenbachia, 298 224–225 343, 363 Blutaparon vermiculare, 181 Campanulids, 292, 333, 352, Bocagea,73,75 Cabomba, 66, 67, 354, 355 361, 363 Bocconia, 132 Cabombaceae, 13, 65, Campanuloideae, 343, 344 Boenninghausenia, 230 66–67, 355 Cananga,16 Boenninghausenia Caccinia, 315 Canellaceae, 71 albiﬂora, 230 Cactaceae, 178, 190, 191, Canellales, 62 Boerhaavia, 187 192, 359 Canna, 127 Bombacaceae, 220, 227 Cadia, 280 Canna edulis, 127, 128 Bombacoideae, 221 Cadia purpurea,50 Canna indica, 128

Taxonomic index 417

Cannabaceae, 285 Cathedra, 156 Clematis, 137, 139 Cannaceae, 27, 123, 127–128 Ceanothus, 290 Cleomaceae, 61, 234, 241, 242 Canotiaceae, 262 Ceanothus dentatus, 289 Cleome, 241, 242 Canscora, 320 Cecrocarpus, 287 Cleome isomeris, 241 Caperonia, 259 Ceiba pentandra, 221 Cleomoideae, 61, 238 Capparaceae, 20, 27, 46, 61, Celastraceae, 43, 262–265, 360 Clermontia, 344 234, 238–239, 240, 241, Celastrales, 243, 262 Clerodendrum, 331, 333 242, 276 Centranthus, 336, 337 Clerodendrum petasites, 331 Capparis, 238, 239, 242 Centrospermae, 163 Cleyera, 312 Capparis Cephalotaceae, 265 Cleyera japonica, 311 cynophallophora, 238 Ceratonia, 276, 278 Clidemia, 215 Capparis yco,47 Ceratophyllaceae, 62, 63, 88 Cliffortia, 285, 288 Caprifoliaceae, 7, 25, 27, 28, Ceratostigma minus, 174 Clusia, 248, 248, 251 60, 330, 334–337, 363 Cercidiphyllum,23,29 Clusia gundlachii, 251 Caprifolieae, 336 Cercis, 278 Clusiaceae, 29, 245, Cardiandra, 296 Cestrum parqui, 316 248–251, 264 Cardiospermum, 228 Chaetonychia cymosa, 179 Clusiaceae sensu lato, 248 Carica,44 Chamaelaucium, 214 Clusioideae, 248, 251 Carica papaya, 235 Chelyocarpus, 113 Clutia, 257, 259 Caricaceae, 8, 44, 233, 234, Chenopodiaceae, 181 Cneorum, 230 235–237, 361 Chenopodium, 182 Cnidoscolus, 259 Cariniana micrantha, 309 Chimonanthus, 355 Coccoloba, 170, 174 Carpenteria, 296 Chionanthus, 325 Cocculus, 135 Carpinus, 281 Chiranthodendron, 220 Cocculus laurifolius, 134 Carpinus betulus, 281 Chloranthaceae, 26, 62, 63, 88 Cochliostema, 117 Caryophyllaceae, 16, 20, 42, Chloranthales, 62 Codiaeum, 259 170, 175, 176, 177, 178, Chrysobalanaceae, 15, 42, Cola, 227 179–181, 182 245–247 Colletia, 290 Caryophyllaceae-clade, 179 Chrysobalanaceae sensu Colobanthus, 181 Caryophyllales, 13, 21, 159, lato, 245 Colubrina, 290 163, 167, 170, 172, Chrysobalanus, 245 Comandra, 159 175–178, 190, 191, 359 Chrysobalanus icaco, 245 Combretaceae, 209, 215 Caryophyllales sensu lato, 163 Chrysosplenium, 194, 203 Combretum, 216, 217 caryophyllids, 33, 60, 152, Cichorioideae, 347 COM-clade, 243, 360 159, 163–164, 358, 359 Circaea, 209, 210 Commelinaceae, 26, 113, Caryophylloideae, 179 Cissampelos, 135 116–118 Caryota, 113 Cistaceae, 168, 217, 218 Commelinales, 112, 113 Caryotoid palms, 113 Cistus, 219, 220 Connaraceae, 265, 268 Casearia, 257 Cistus creticus, 219 Conostegia, 214, 215 Casearia bracteifera, 257 Cistus ladanifer, 219 Contortae, 57, 322, 362 Cassia, 26, 278 Cistus salviifolius, 218, 219 Convallariaceae, 355 Castanea,5,284 Citrus, 18, 230 Convolvulaceae, 25, 315 Castanea sativa, 282 Clavija, 304 Coprosma, 319 Casuarinaceae, 44 Claytonia, 191 Corbichonia, 183–185

418 Taxonomic index

Corbichonia decumbens, 182 Cruciferae, 240 Dicentra, 133 Cordia, 315 Crudia, 278 Dichapetalaceae, 245, 261 core asterids, 292 Ctenolophonaceae, 251, 253 Dichroa, 296 core Brassicales, 233, 234, Cucurbita, 270 Dichroa febrifuga, 294 238, 241 Cucurbita palmata, 269, 270 Didesmandra, 161 core Caryophyllales, 163, Cucurbitaceae, 20, 21, 184, Didiereaceae, 190, 191 174, 175, 178, 359 251, 264, 269–270, 361 Didymelaceae, 147 core eudicots, 5, 7, 13, 16, Cucurbitales, 243, 269, Diervilleae, 336 17, 21, 29, 30, 31, 45, 46, 358, 360 Digitalis, 328 49, 60, 129, 140, 147, Cunonia capensis, 266 Dillenia, 161 148, 149, 152, 154, 160, Cunoniaceae, 7, 14, 22, Dilleniaceae, 42, 159–162, 193, 195, 197, 251, 344, 265–266, 269 164, 197, 255 346, 354, 355, 356, 357, Cuphea, 39, 211, 212 Dilleniales, 159, 358 358, 359 Cuphea micropetala, 211 Dilleniidae, 159 core Malvaceae, 220 Cyclamen, 305 Diogoa, 156 Coriaria,6 Cyclanthaceae, 108, 109, 355 Dionaea, 166, 167 Coriariaceae, 9, 269 Cyclanthera, 270 Dioncophyllaceae, 164, 359 Coridaceae, 307 Cymodoceaceae, 23, 90 Dioscorea, 46, 104 Coris, 60, 308 Cyperaceae, 118 Dioscoreaceae, 104, 105, 108 Cornaceae, 23, 292 Cypripedioideae, 100 Dioscoreales, 103–105 Cornales, 292–293, Dioscoreophyllum, 135 298, 361 Dactyladenia, 246 Diospyros, 302 Cornus,24 Dactylaena, 241, 242 Diospyros lotus, 302 Correa,33 Dalechampsia, 260 Diplopanax, 341 Corydalis, 25, 42, 133 Datiscaceae, 269, 272 Dipsacaceae, 334 Corydalis lutea, 130, 131 Davidsonia, 265 Dipsacales, 334, 363 Corylopsis, 196 Davidsoniaceae, 265 Dipsaceae, 336, 337 Corylus, 281 Davilla, 160 Dipsacus, 336 Corynocarpaceae, 269 Decaisnea, 134 Dipterocarpaceae, 217 Costaceae, 123, 124, 128 Decodon, 212 Dipterocarpalean clade, 217 Costus curvibracteatus, 124 Decumaria, 294, 296 Dirachmaceae, 25, 285, 290 Coula, 155, 156 Degeneriaceae, 70 Disanthus, 196 Coula edulis, 155 Deherainia, 304 Dissochaeta, 215 Crassula, 200 Deinanthe, 294, 296 Distylium, 196 Crassulaceae, 193, 194, Deinbollia, 228 Ditaxis, 259 200, 361 Delphinium, 139, 140 Dodecatheon, 305 Crataegus, 287, 288 Deutzia, 296, 298 Donatia, 345 Crinodendron, 267 Dialium, 278 Donatia fascicularis, 344 Crinodendron patagua, 266 Dialypetalanthaceae, 318 Donatiaceae, 343, 344 Crocanthemum, 220 Dialypetalanthus, 315, 319 Douglasia, 305 Crossosomatales, 62, 203 Dianthus, 179 Dovea, 119 Croton, 259 Diapensiaceae, 298 Dovyalis, 257 Croton sarcopetalus, 259 Diascia, 22, 41, 328, 329 Dovyalis caffra, 257 Crotonoideae, 257 Diascia vigilis, 328 Drimys,76

Taxonomic index 419

Drosera, 166 Ercilla, 189 Fabaceae, 272 Drosera capensis, 166 Ercilla volubilis, 187 Fabales, 243, 272, 274 Droseraceae, 163, 164, Eremopanax, 341 fabids, 193, 243 166, 168 Erica,5 Faboideae, 46, 274, 275, Droseraceae-clade, 164 Ericaceae, 5, 9, 298, 299, 278, 280 Drosophyllaceae, 164 312–314 Fagaceae, 5, 31, 280, 281–284 Duparquetia, 278 Ericales, 61, 292, 298–299, Fagales, 5, 243, 280–281, 360 Durio, 352 309, 310, 361 Fagopyrum, 172 Eriocaulaceae, 118 Fagus, 284 early diverging eudicots, see Erodium, 206 Fallopia, 170, 172 basal eudicots Erodium leucanthemum, 204 Fallopia japonica, 170 Ebenaceae, 299, 302–303 Erythraea, 319 Fedia, 336 Ebenales, 298 Erythrochiton, 230 Fenerivia,73,75 Ecdeiocolea, 121 Escallonioideae, 201 Filipendula, 287 Ecdeiocoleaceae, 122 Eschscholzia, 132 Flacourtiaceae, 57, 60, 152, Echinodorus,95,96 Eschscholzia californica, 130, 131 245, 256 Echinops, 346, 347 Euadenia, 238, 242 Flagellariaceae, 122 Echinopsis formosa, 192 Euadenia eminens, 238 Fothergilla, 196 Echium, 316 euasterids, 292, 293, 298, Fouquieriaceae, 299 Echium hierrense, 315 361, 362, 363 Fragaria, 287 Eichhornia, 116 euasterids I, 314 Francoa, 42, 201, 208 Eichhornia crassipes,115,116 euasterids II, 333 Francoa sonchifolia, 206 Elaeagnaceae, 285, 291 Eucalyptus,34 Francoaceae, 204 Elaeagnus, 291 Eucnide, 297 Frankenia, 167, 170 Elaeagnus umbellata, 291 Eucnide section Frankenia boissieri, 168 Elaeocarpaceae, 8, 14, 265, 267 Sympetaleia, 297 Frankenia laevis, 168 Elatinaceae, 245 Eucryphia, 266 Frankenia pulverulenta, 168 Elegia cuspidata, 118 Eucryphiaceae, 265 Frankenia triandra, 168 Elliotia, 312 eudicots, 60, 88, 356, 360 Frankeniaceae, 163, 167, 168 Embelia, 307, 307 Euphorbia, 22, 23, 260 Fraxinus,5,325 Emblingiaceae, 234 Euphorbiaceae, 17, 20, 44, Fremontodendron, 220, 221 Empetraceae, 312 60, 152, 245, 257–260, Fuchsia, 210 Endiandra,78 261, 358 Fumaria, 133 Enkianthus, 314 Euphorbiaceae sensu lato, 261 Fumariaceae, 130, 132 Ensete, 123 Euphorbiaceae sensu Fumarioideae, 25, 132 Epacridaceae, 312 stricto, 258 Ephedra,22 Euphorbioideae, 260 Gaertnera, 318 Ephippiandra,81,82 Euphroniaceae, 245 Galenia, 184 Ephippiandra myrtoidea,81 Eupomatiaceae, 10, 70, 354 Galipea, 230 Epidendroideae, 100 Eusideroxylon,78 Galipea riedeliana, 230 Epilobium, 26, 210 Exaceae, 320 Galipeineae, 230 Epilobium angustifolium,209 Exacum, 40, 320 Galium, 319 Epimedium, 136, 137 Exacum afﬁne, 319 Galopina, 319 Epimedium × versicolor, 135 Exbucklandia, 196 Galphimia, 247

420 Taxonomic index

Galphimia glauca, 247 Greyia, 42, 208 Hedera, 340 Garcia, 259 Gronovioideae, 296, 297 Hedera helix, 340 Garcinia, 248, 251 Grossulariaceae, 20, 193, Heisteria, 155, 156 Garcinia spicata, 248 200–201, 203 Heisteria pentandra, 156 Gaudichaudia, 248 Guiera, 216 Heliconiaceae, 123 Gaylussacia, 312 Guiera senegalensis, 215 Helleborus, 10, 139 Geissos, 265, 266 Gunnera, 149, 151 Hemigraphis, 331 Gelsemiaceae, 318 Gunnera manicata, 150 Hepatica, 137, 139 Gentialales, 363 Gunneraceae, 146, Hermannia, 225 Gentianaceae, 8, 40, 42, 318, 149–152, 357 Hernandia,79 319–320, 322 Gunnerales, 148, Hernandia nymphaeifolia, Gentianales, 34, 315, 318, 149–150, 357 79, 80 322, 362 Gustavia, 309 Hernandiaceae, 79–80, 354 Geonoma, 113 Gymnadenia, 100 Heteranthera, 116 Geonomeae, 113 gymnosperms, 4, 21, 59 Heteropyxis, 214 Geophila, 319 Gymnostachys,97 Heterosmilax, 108 Georgeantha, 122 Gymnotheca, 85, 86, 92 Heterotropa,84 Geraniaceae, 9, 21, 27, 57, Gymnotheca chinensis,85 Heuchera richardsonii, 203 204–206, 252, 269 Gyrocarpus,79 Hibbertia, 45, 160, 161 Geraniales, 203, 204, 208, Gyrostemonaceae, 234 Hibbertia cuneiformis, 159, 162 358, 360 Hibbertia empetrifolia, 161 Geranium, 206 Haematoxylon, 278 Hibbertia grossulariifolia, 161 Gesneriaceae, 50, 322, 324, Haematoxylum, 276 Hibbertia hypericoides, 161 362, 363 Haemodora, 114 Hibbertia salicifolia, 161 Gethyum, 103 Haemodoraceae, 27, 35, 98, Hibbertia stellaris, 161 Gillbea,22 113–114, 116 Hibbertia subg. Adrastea, Gillenia, 285 Halenia, 320 161, 162 Gilliesia, 98, 103 Halophila,93 Hibiscus, 221, 223, 227 Gladiolus, 26, 102 Haloragaceae, 149, Hieracium, 347 Gladiolus communis, 101 193, 198 Hillebrandia sandwicensis, 272 Glaux, 304, 307 Haloragis, 198 Hilleria, 189 Gleditsia, 277 Haloragis erecta, 198 Himantandraceae, 70 Glinus, 183, 184 Hamamelidaceae, 194, 195, Hippocastanaceae, 228 Glinus lotoides, 182, 184 196, 281 Hippocrateaceae, 262, 264 Globba, 125, 126 Hamamelidae, 142, 193 Hippocrateoideae, 264 Globulariaceae, 326 Hamamelidoideae, 196 Hippophae, 291 Gluta, 233 Hamamelis, 195 Hippuridaceae, 326 Gnetales, 22 Hamamelis japonica, 195 Hippuris, 328 Goethea, 227 Hamamelis virginiana, 196 Hiptage, 247, 248 Goodeniaceae, 35, 342, 343, Hamelia, 319 Hirtella, 246 347, 363 Harungana, 251 Holboellia, 134 Gratiola, 328 Havetiopsis, 248 Holboellia angustifolia, 133 Grevilloideae, 142, 143 Hebe, 328 Holoptelea, 289 Grewioideae, 221 Hebe cheesemanii, 326 Homalium, 257

Taxonomic index 421

Homalium abdessammadii, 257 Iberis, 240 Koelreuteria, 234 Hoplestigmataceae, 315, 362 Iberis amara, 240 Koelreuteria paniculata, 230 Hortonia,82 Idiospermaceae, 76 Koenigia, 174 Houttuynia,85,86 Idiospermum, 354 Koenigia islandica, 174 Huertales, 203 Illiciaceae, 16, 68, 69 Krameriaceae, 243 Hugonioideae, 252 Illicium,16,69 Huidobria, 298 Illicium simmonsii,69 Labiatae, 331 Humiriaceae, 251 Impatiens,6,21,299 Labichea, 276 Hydatellaceae, 62, 65, 353 Impatiens platypetala, 299 Lacandonia, 110 Hydnoraceae, 82, 85 Indorouchera, 252 Lacandonia schismatica, 109 Hydrangea, 296 Iridaceae, 26, 98, 101–102 Lacandoniaceae, 110 Hydrangeaceae, 14, 23, Iridoideae, 101 Lacistemataceae, 26, 358 43, 292, 293–296, Iris, 101 Lactoridaceae, 82, 85 297, 338 Isoberlinia, 274 Lafoensia, 211 Hydrangeoideae, 201, 294 Isolona,75 Lagerstroemia, 211 Hydrocera, 299, 301 Iteaceae, 193, 201 Lamiaceae, 15, 17, 316, 322, Hydrocharis,93 Ixonanthaceae, 251, 253 331–333 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae,92 Lamiales, 10, 26, 27, 28, 315, Hydrocharitaceae, Jacquinia, 304 322–324, 325, 328, 336, 92–93, 356 Jacquinia macrocarpa, 304 342, 361, 362, 363 Hydrocharitoideae, 93 Jasminum, 325 Lamiids, 292, 314, 362, 363 Hydrocotyle, 340 Jatropha, 44, 257, 259 Laportea, 285 Hydrocotyloideae, 338 Jatropha aconitifolia, 259 Lardizabalaceae, 129, Hydroleaceae, 315 Jatropha integerrima, 259 133–134 Hydrophyllaceae, 315 Joinvilleaceae, 122 Lauraceae, 76, 77–79, 354 Hydrothryx, 114, 116 Jovellana, 326 Laurales, 70, 75, 76, 355 Hymanthera, 262 Jovellana violacea, 325 Laurelia,81 Hymenandra, 307 Juglandaceae, 280, 281 Laurelia novae-zelandiae,80 Hymenocallis,42 Juncaginaceae, 46, 89, 90, Laurus,78 Hypecoum, 14, 133 97–98 Lechea, 220 Hypericaceae, 245, 248 Lecythidaceae, 26, 42, 299, Hypericoideae, 248, 251 Kadsura,69 302, 308–309 Hypericopsis, 169 Kalanchoe, 200 Lecythidoideae, 308 Hypericum, 11, 45, 251 Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi, 200 Leguminosae, 24, 26, 27, 46, Hypericum aegypticum, 251 Kibara,82 48, 50, 272–280 Hypericum androsaemum, 251 Kielmeyeroideae, 248 Lennoa, 315 Hypericum olympicum, 251 Kirengeshoma, 14, 296 Lennoaceae, 315 Hypericum perforatum, 248 Kirengeshoma palmata, 293 Leonia, 262 Hypertelis, 183 Kitaibelia, 18, 223 Leonia triandra, 262 Hypertelis salsoloides, 176 Kleinhovia, 225 Lepidium, 48, 240, 241 Hypodiscus aristatus, 118 Knautia, 336 Lepidobotrys, 262 Hypoxidaceae, 100 Knema,71 Leptopus chinensis, 260 Hypseocharis, 206 Koeberlinia, 234 Lepuropetalon, 201 Hypserpa, 135 Koeberliniaceae, 233 Leucadendron,5,142

422 Taxonomic index

Levenhookia, 345 Lopezia, 22, 210 Maloutchia,71 Lewisia, 190, 191 Lophiocarpaceae, 183 Malpighia, 248 Lewisia columbiana, 190 Lophiocarpus, 183 Malpighiaceae, 22, 245, Lewisia rediviva, 191 Lophostemon, 214 247–248 Leycesteria, 336, 337 Loranthaceae, 25, 31, 155, Malpighiales, 61, 233, Ligularia, 346, 347 156, 157–158, 174 243, 244–245, 310, Ligularia dentata, 346 Loranthus, 158 358, 360 Lilaea,98 Loropetalum, 196 Malva,25 Lilaeaceae, 97 Lower asterids, 361 Malvaceae, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, Liliaceae, 105 Lowiaceae, 122, 123 18, 25, 33, 45, 46, 60, Liliales, 105–108 Ludwigia, 209, 210 161, 217, 220–227, Lilium,46 Lumnizera, 216 296, 297, 298, 322, Limeum, 177, 183, 184 Luronium,95 352, 360 Limnobium,93 Lychnis,20 Malvaceae sensu stricto, 220 Limnocharitaceae, 90, 356 Lysania, 158 Malvales, 33, 168, 203, 217, Linaceae, 17, 18, 251–253, Lysimachia, 304, 307 220, 267, 358 261, 269 Lysimachiaceae, 307 Malvatheca clade, 221, 227 Linaria,21 Lysoloma, 276 malvids, 193, 203 Lindera,78 Lythraceae, 13, 14, 18, 25, Malvoideae, 217, 221, 223, Linnaea, 336 209, 211–212 227, 352 Linnaeaeae, 336 Mangifera, 233 Linoideae, 252 Macarthuria, 177, 183, 184 Manihot, 259 Linum, 252 Macleania stricta, 312 Manihot esculenta, 259 Linum lewisii, 252 Macleaya,5,96,132 Manilkara, 31, 32, 174, 302 Linum monogynum, 251, 252 Macleaya microcarpa, 130, 131 Manilkara zapota, 301 Linum perenne, 252 Maesaceae, 60, 303, 304 Marantaceae, 27, 123, Liriodendron tulipifera,73 Magnolia,73 127, 128 Lisianthus, 320 Magnolia denudata,73 Maranthes, 245 Lithocarpus, 284 Magnolia paenetalauma,71 Marcgravia, 300 Lithophragma, 203 Magnolia stellata,72,73 Marcgraviaceae, 23, 299, 300 Litsea,78 Magnoliaceae, 6, 19, 29, 70, Mastixiodendron, 319 Loasa, 297, 298 71–73, 354 Matisieae, 221 Loasaceae, 10, 21, 292, 293, Magnoliales, 13, 70, 71,73, Matudea, 196 296–298 75, 354 Meconella, 132 Loasoideae, 293, 297 Magnoliidae, 63, 142 Medinilla, 215 Lobelia, 344 magnoliids, 16, 88 Medinilla magniﬁca, 214 Lobelia tupa, 343 Magodendron, 302 Medusagynaceae, 245, Lobeliaceae, 343 Mahonia, 136 255, 256 Lobelioideae, 35, 342, Maidenia,93 Megacarpaea, 241 344, 345 Maingaya, 196 Melaleuca, 214 Loganicaceae, 318 Malesherbiaceae, 254 Melaleuca nesophila, 214 Lomatia, 142 Maloideae, 288 Melampyrum,24 Lonicera, 39, 336, 337 Malope, 18, 223 Melanthiaceae, 105, Lonicera giraldii, 334 Malopeae, 223 106–107, 356

Taxonomic index 423

Melastomataceae, 22, Molluginaceae sensu stricto, Myconia, 215 214–215 183, 184 Myoporaceae, 328 Meliaceae, 8, 227 Mollugo, 45, 184 Myosurus, 18, 139 Melianthaceae, 26, 38, Mollugo cerviana, 184 Myricaria, 168 42, 48, 204, Mollugo nudicaulis, 184 Myriophyllum, 198 206–208 Monanthotaxis,32,73 Myristica,71 Melianthus, 38, 48, 208 Monanthotaxis whytei,73 Myristica fragrans,70 Melianthus major, 207 Monimiaceae, 16, 76, 80, Myristicaceae, 70–71, Meliosma, 140 81–82, 354 166, 352 Meliosma dilleniifolia, 140 Monococcus, 189 Myrothamnaceae, 6, 149, 150 Meliosmaceae, 140 Monococcus echinophorus, 189 Myrsinaceae, 17, 60, 303, Memecylon,22 monocots, 4, 7, 12, 16, 21, 24, 304, 305, 307–308 Mendoncia, 331 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 46, 49, Myrsine, 307 Menispermaceae, 129, 60, 63, 65, 88, 90, 91, Myrtaceae, 20, 21, 23, 209, 134–135, 136, 140, 103, 105, 110, 148, 172, 212–214, 276, 286, 287, 142, 352 353, 354, 355, 356, 358 358, 360 Mentzelia, 296, 297, 298 basal, 8, 88, 90, 353 Myrtales, 203, 209, 358 Menyanthaceae, 343, 347 commelinid, 17, 88, 112 Mercurialis, 259 lilioid, 88 Nandina, 136 Meryta, 340 Monodora,75 Napoleonaea, 33, 42, 308, 309 Mesembryanthemoideae, 184 Monopetalanthus, 278 Napoleonaea vogelii, 308 Mesembryanthemum, 185 Monotropaceae, 312 Narcissus,42 Mesembryanthemum Monsonia, 206 Nartheciaceae, 104 nodiﬂorum, 184 Montia, 191 Nasa, 298 Mespilus, 288 Montia fontana, 191 Nelsonia, 331 Metanarthecium,46 Montiniaceae, 35, 315, 361 Nelumbo, 144 Michelia champaca,72 Montinioideae, 201 Nelumbo nucifera, 144 Michelia ﬁgo,72 Monttea, 328 Nelumbonaceae, 29, 142, Michelia montana,73 Moraceae, 285 144, 357 Micromyrtus, 214 Morina, 336 Nemacladus, 344 Mimosa, 276 Morinaceae, 334 Nemacloideae, 344 Mimosoideae, 274, 276 Morineae, 336 Nepenthaceae, 163, 164, Mimusops commersonii, 302 Moringa, 228 165, 352 Mirabilis, 187 Moringa concanensis, 238 Nepenthes, 71, 167, 225 Misodendraceae, 155 Moringa oleifera, 237 Nepenthes alata, 165 Mitchella, 319 Moringaceae, 25, 26, 233, Nepenthes hirsuta, 165 Mitella, 203 237–238 Neptunia, 276 Mitrasacmopsis, 318 Moringaceae-clade, 235 Nerium, 322 Mohavia,50 Muraltia, 274 Nerium oleander, 320 Molluginaceae, 8, 176, 178, Musa, 123 Neurada, 25, 217 185, 189, 359 Musa campestris, 123 Neurada procumbens, 217 Molluginaceae p.p., 176 Musaceae, 27, 122, 123 Neuradaceae, 217 Molluginaceae sensu lato, Mussaenda, 24, 319 Neviusia, 287 176, 178, 182–184 Mutisia, 329 Nicandra, 317

424 Taxonomic index

Nicotiana, 317 Orontioideae, 97 Parnassiaceae, 22, 262 Nieuwiedia, 100 Orophea,73 Paronychioideae, 179 Nigella, 43, 139 Oroxylum, 324 Parrotia, 196 Nipoideae, 113 Orphium, 320 Parrotiopsis, 196 Nitraria,14 Oryza sativa, 120, 121 Passiflora, 253 Nitrariaceae, 14 Osmanthus delavayi, 325 Passiflora coriacea, 253 nitrogen-fixing clade, 243, 360 Osyris, 159 Passiflora vitifolia, 253 Nothofagaceae, 281, 284 Ottelia,93 Passifloraceae, 20, 25, 42, Notobuxus, 148 Ouratea, 255 253–254 Nuphar,68 Oxalidaceae, 57, 265, Patrinia, 336 Nuytsia, 158 268–269 Patrinia pentandra, 336 Nyctaginaceae, 175, 177, 178, Oxalidales, 243, 265, 358 Pavonia,18, 221, 223 185–187, 189 Oxalis,33 Peganum,13,14 Nymphaea,68 Oxybaphus, 187 Pelargonium, 27, 41, 42, 206 Nymphaea alba,67 Oxygonum, 174 Pelargonium abrotanifolium, Nymphaeaceae, 14, 65, 66, Oxyria, 174 206 68, 144, 354 Pelargonium mutans, 206 Nymphaeales, 65–66, 67, 95, Pachynema,42 Penaeaceae, 209 134, 353 Pachyphragma Penstemon, 329 macrophyllum, 240 Penstemon fruticosus, 326 Ochlandra, 121 Pachysandra, 148 Pentadiplandra, 234, 242 Ochna atropurpurea, 255 Paederia, 34, 319 Pentadiplandraceae, 234 Ochna multiflora, 255 Paeonia officinalis, 198 Pentaphylax, 312 Ochnaceae, 245, 255–256, 358 Paeonia potaninii, 196 Pentaphyllaceae, 311 Ochroma, 221 Paeoniaceae, 29, 195, 196 Pentastemona, 109, 355 Odontonema strictum, 330 Palandra, 113 Penthorum, 198 Oftiaceae, 328 Palisota, 117 Peperomia,85,87 Olacaceae, 25, 154, 155–157 Panax, 340 Pereskia, 192 Olax, 155, 156, 157 Pancratium,42 Pereskia aculeata, 192 Oleaceae, 5, 322, 324–326 Pandanaceae, 108, 109, 257 Periploca, 322 Oliniaceae, 209 Pandanales, 355 Periploca graeca, 320 Onagraceae, 20, 22, 26, Panicum, 121 Perovskia, 331 209–211 Panke, 151 Persea americana,77 Oncidium,99 Papaver, 17, 43, 132 Persicaria, 170, 172, 174 Oncidium altissimum,99 Papaveraceae, 5, 11, 13, 14, Persicaria lapathifolia, 170 Ondinea,68 17, 25, 43, 57, 96, 129, Persicaria virginiana, 174 Ophiocaryon, 140 130–133, 240, 354 Petalonyx, 297 Opiliaceae, 155, 157 Papilionoideae, 278 Petermaniaceae, 105 Orchidaceae, 17, 26, 33, Pararistolochia,84 Petiveria, 189 37, 38, 48, 98, Parietales, 57 Petunia, 317 99–100, 356 Paris, 106, 355 Peumus, 82 Orchidoideae, 100 Paris polyphylla, 106 Pharnaceum, 184 Orobanchaceae, 24, 42, Paris tetraphylla, 107 Phellodendron, 228 328, 362 Parnassia, 22, 201, 264 Philadelphus, 296

Taxonomic index 425

Philbornea, 253 Platytheca, 267 Portulacaceae-clade, Philodendron,96 Pleiogynium, 232 176, 190 Phlebocarya, 114 Plerandra, 340 Portulacaria afra, 191 Photinia, 285 Plethiandra, 215 Potamogeton,23 Phthirusa, 157, 158 Pleuropetalum, 178, 181, 182 Potamogetonaceae, 23, 46, Phthirusa pyrifolia, 157 Pleurostylia, 265 88, 90, 98, 144 Phylidraceae, 113, 114 Plinthus, 184 Potentilla, 25, 285, 287, 288 Phyllanthaceae, 257, Plowmanianthus, 117 Potentilla fruticosa, 285 260–261 Plowmanianthus perforans, 117 Poteranthera, 215 Physalis,6,317 Plumbaginaceae, 17, 163, Poupartia, 233 Phytelephantoid palms, 113 172, 174–175, 182, Praravinia, 319 Phytolacca, 178, 189 306, 361 Primulaceae, 9, 16, 60, 299, Phytolacca acinosa, 189 Plumbago, 175 303, 304, 305–306 Phytolacca americana, 189 Poaceae, 38, 49, 118, Primulales, 298, 303 Phytolacca dioica, 189 120–122, 356 primuloid clade, 60, 298, 299, Phytolacca dodecandra, 187, Poales, 5, 118–122, 355 303, 304 189, 190, 191 Podophyllum, 136, 137 Primuloids, 302 Phytolacca esculenta, 189 Podophyllum peltatum,135,136 Proserpinaca, 198 Phytolaccaceae, 13, 24, 175, Podostemaceae, 248 Protea, 142, 143 176, 177, 178, 181, Podostemoideae, 248 Proteaceae, 5, 142–143, 187–190 Podostemonaceae, 245 158, 313 Picodendraceae, 257, 260, 261 Polanisia, 241, 242 Proteales, 57, 129, 140, 142, Piper, 23, 86, 87 Polemoniaceae, 298, 299 144, 352, 357 Piperaceae, 82–87 Polemoniales, 298 Prunoideae, 288 Piperales, 82–87, 91, 354 Polygala,6,48,274 Pseudosmilax, 108 Pisonia, 187 Polygala × dalmaisiana, 273 Psiloxylon, 214 Pistacia, 232 Polygalaceae, 48, 272, Psittacanthus, 158 Pittosporaceae, 338, 273–274 Pteridophyllum, 133 339–340, 361 Polygonaceae, 13, 21, 31, 158, Pterostegia, 172 Pittosporum,33 163, 167, 174, 175, 176, Pterostemonaceae, 201 Pittosporum tobira, 339 177, 284, 359 Ptychosperma, 113 Placospermum, 143 Polygonaceae-clade, 170, 359 Ptychosperma mooreanum, 112 Plagiopteraceae, 262 Polygonales, 61, 163, 164, Pulsatilla, 139 Plagiopteron, 265, 360 170, 177, 178, 359 Punica, 18, 212 Plagiospermum, 287 Polygonella, 174 Punicaceae, 211 Plantaginaceae, 35, 42, 50, Polygonum, 170, 172, 174 Putranjivaceae, 233, 257 322, 324, 326–328, 329, Polygonum molliaeforme, 174 Pyrola, 312 331, 361, 362 Pontederia, 116 Pyrolaceae, 312 Plantago, 328, 329 Pontederiaceae, 113, 114, Pyrrorhiza, 114 Platanaceae, 142, 143, 115, 116 356, 357 Popowia,75 Quercus, 284 Platanus, 143 Populus, 257 Quiinaceae, 245, 255, 256 Platycrater, 296, 297 Portulaca, 191 Quillajaceae, 272, 274 Platystemon, 132 Portulacaceae, 190–191 Quinchamalium, 159

426 Taxonomic index

Ramonda,50 Romneya, 132 Samolaceae, 304 Ranalisma, 95, 356 Rondeletia laniflora, 318 Samolus, 60, 304 Ranunculaceae, 5, 6, 10, 18, Rosaceae, 5, 8, 16, 18, 25, 33, Sanchezia, 331 19, 31, 42, 43, 129, 46, 214, 217, 284–285, Sanguinaria canadensis, 132 137–140, 197, 354, 357 291, 360 Sanguisorba, 5, 285, 288 Ranunculales, 63, 129, 135, Rosales, 243, 284–285, 358 Sanguisorba tenuifolia, 285 139, 154, 352, 354, Roscoea, 125 Santalaceae, 7, 155, 157, 356, 357 Roscoea cautleoides, 125 158–159 Ranunculus, 10, 18, 137, 139 Roscoea purpurea, 125 Santalales, 25, 33, 154–155, Ranunculus auricomus, 139 Roscoea scillifolia, 125 156, 159 Ranunculus chilensis, 139 Rosidae, 142 Santalum, 159 Ranunculus ficaria, 137, 139 rosids, 20, 33, 60, 62, 160, Sapindaceae, 5, 17, 25, 44, Rapateaceae, 118 193, 201, 208, 227, 244, 227, 228–230, 233 Reaumuria, 11, 167, 168, 170 247, 269, 270, 272, 274, Sapindales, 203, 227, 358 Reaumuria vermiculata, 167 298, 355, 358, 359, 361 Sapotaceae, 31, 32, 174, 298, Restionaceae, 18, 44, 48, Rosoideae, 288 299, 301–302, 304 118–119, 121 Rouchera, 252 Saraca, 48, 278 Rhabdodendraceae, 159, 178 Rubiaceae, 5, 8, 24, 34, 35, Sarcoccoca, 148 Rhamnaceae, 43, 285, 315, 318–319, 322, 362 Sargentodoxa, 134 289–290 Rubus, 287, 288 Sargentodoxaceae, 133 Rheum, 172, 174 Rumex, 170, 174 Sarraceniaceae, 309 Rheum webbiana, 170 Rumiceae, 31, 172, 174 Sarraceniales, 298 Rhizophoraceae, 31, 267 Ruschioideae, 184 Saruma,83–85, 105 Rhododendron, 312, 314 Ruta,43 Saruma henryi,84 Rhododendron Rutaceae, 9, 46, 227, 228, 230 Saururaceae, 82–87, 92 tolmachevii, 312 Saururus,87,92 Rhodoleia, 196 Sabia, 140, 141 Sauvagesia, 255 Rhoeadales, 57, 240 Sabiaceae, 140–142, 357 Saxifraga, 194, 203 Rhus, 228, 233 Sabiales, 140, 356 Saxifraga fortunei, 201, 203 Rhynchocalycaceae, 209 Sagittaria,95,96 Saxifragaceae, 8, 9, 193, Ribes, 194 Sagittaria cuneata,95 201–203, 294 Ribes alpinum, 200 Sagittaria latifolia,95 Saxifragales, 193–195, Ribes malvaceum, 200 Sagittaria montevidensis,95 196, 197 Ribes sanguineum, 200 Salacia viridiflora, 264 Scabiosa, 336 Ribes speciosum, 200 Salicaceae, 57, 245, 256–257 Scheffleria aff. elliptica, 340 Ricinus, 259 Salicornia, 181 Scheuchzeriaceae, 98 Rinorea, 262 Salix, 22, 256, 257 Schisandra,69 Ritchiea, 239 Salpiglossis, 317 Schisandraceae, 68, 69 Rivina, 189 Salvadora, 234 Schismocarpus, 297, 298 Rivinoideae, 175, 178, 187, Salvadoraceae, 233 Schizanthus, 317 189, 190 Salvia, 125, 331 Schoepfia, 156, 157 Rochelia, 316 Sambucus, 338 Schotia, 278 Rodgersia, 194, 203 Sambucus ebulus, 338 Sciadotenia, 135 Rodgersia aesculifolia, 201 Sambucus javanica, 338 Sciaphila, 109

Taxonomic index 427

Sciaphila rubra, 109 Soldanella, 304, 305 Struthanthus, 157 Scleranthus annuus, 181 Soldanella villosa, 305 Stylidiaceae, 342, 343, Scleranthus perennis, 180 Sonneratia, 212 344–345 Sclerochiton, 331, 342 Sonneratiaceae, 211 Stylidium, 344–345 Scoliopus, 105 Sophoreae, 280 Stylidium adnatum, 345 Scrophularia, 329 Sorindeia, 233 Stylidium graminifolium, Scrophulariaceae, 22, 26, Spathiphyllum,96 344, 345 50, 60, 322, 326, Spathiphyllum patinii,96 Styloceras, 148 328–329, 362 Spermacoce, 319 Styracaceae, 299 Scytopetalaceae, 309 Sphenocleaceae, 315 Surianaceae, 272, 274 Seguieria, 189 Spiraea, 288 Swartzia aureosericea, 278 Selaginaceae, 328 Spiraea salicifolia, 285 Swartzieae, 280 Sempervivum, 200 Spondias, 232, 233 Symbolanthus, 320 Sempervivum × Spondias pleiogyna, 232 Symmeria, 170 fauconnettii, 200 Stackhousia, 264, 265 Sympetalae, 57 Senna, 26, 27, 276, 278 Stackhousiaceae, 262 Symphonia, 251 Serjania, 228 Stegnosperma, 175 Symphonia globulifera, 248 Serjania glabrata, 228 Stegnospermaceae, 175, 176 Symphoricarpos, 336, 337 Sesuvium, 185, 359 Stemonaceae, 108, 109, 355 Symphyonema, 142 Setchellanthaceae, 234 Stemotria triandra, 326 Symplocaceae, 298 Seychellaria, 110 Stenomeris, 104 Synaphea, 143 Shepherdia, 285, 291 Stephanandra, 287, 288 Synthyris, 328 Shiekia, 114 Stephania, 135 Syzygium, 214 Sibbaldia, 288 Sterculia, 227 Syzygium australe, 212 Sibthorpia,50 Sterculia coccinea, 225 Silene,20 Sterculia foetida, 225 Tacca, 105 Silvaea,78 Sterculiaceae, 220 Tacca palmatiﬁda, 104 Simaroubaceae, 227 Sterculioid clade, 220 Taccaceae, 104–105 Simmondsia, 178 Sterculioideae, 221, Talinum, 191 Simmondsia chinensis, 178 223, 225 Talinum napiforme, 191 Simmondsiaceae, 175, 178 Steriphoma, 241 Talinum portulacifolium, 191 Sinadoxa, 338 Stewartia, 310, 311 Tamaricaceae, 11, 163, Sinocalycanthus,77 Stewartia pseudocamellia, 309 167–168, 169, 359 Siparunaceae, 82 Stigmaphyllon, 247, 248 Tamaricaceae-clade, 167 Siphonodon, 264 Stratiotes,93 Tamarindus, 278 Sisyrinchium striatum, 101 Strelitziaceae, 122, 123 Tamarix, 168 Sloanea, 267, 267 Strephonema, 216 Tambourissa,16,82 Smeathmannia, 253 Streptochaeta, 121, 122 Telipogon, 100 Smilacaceae, 108 Streptothamnus, 152, 153 Terminalia, 216 Smilax, 108 Strobilantheae, 331 Terminalia tetrandra, 216 Smilax aspera, 108 Strobilanthinae, 331 Ternstroemia, 312 Solanaceae, 46, 315 Strombosia, 155, 156 Ternstroemiaceae, 311 Solanales, 315, 361, 362, 363 Strongylodon Ternstroemieae, 312 Solanum, 317 macrobotrys, 279 Ternstroemioideae, 310

428 Taxonomic index

Testulea, 255 Tonteleia, 263, 264 Tropaeolum,21,26,37,41,42, Tetilla, 208 Tourettia, 324 233, 234 Tetracarpaea, 198 Toussaintia,75 Tropaeolum majus, 234 Tetracentron, 144–147, 152 Toxidendron, 233 Tropaeolum pentaphyllum, 234 Tetracentron sinense, 144 Toxidendron Tropaeolum peregrinum, 234 Tetracera, 160 vernicifluum, 232 Tropaeolum umbellatum, 234 Tetradoxa, 338 Tradescantia, 117 Tulbaghia, 103 Tetragonia, 185 Tremandraceae, 266, 267 Tulbaghia fragrans, 103 Tetramelaceae, 269 Trichopus, 104 Tupidanthus, 18, 45, 341 Tetrameristaceae, 310 Trichostigma, 189 Turneraceae, 254 Tetraplesandra, 340 Trichostigma Typhaceae, 118 Tetraplesandra gymnocarpa,341 peruvianum, 187 Tetratheca, 267 Tricyrtis, 105 Ulmaceae, 285, 288–289 Teucrium, 331 Tricyrtis puberula, 105 Umbellularia,78 Thalictrum, 5, 137, 139 Triglochin,23,90, 97 Urena, 18, 223 Theaceae, 29, 299, Triglochin maritima,97 Ureneae, 223 309–311 Trigoniaceae, 245 Urtica, 285 Theales, 298, 310 Trilliaceae, 106 Urticaceae, 285 Theligonaceae, 318 Trillium, 106 Urticales, 18, 285, 289 Theligonum, 5, 315, 319 Trillium apetalon, 107 Themidae, 98 Trimeniaceae, 16, 68, 69 Vacciniaceae, 312 Theobroma, 13, 225 Triostemum, 336 Vahlia, 201 Theobroma cacao, 224 Tripetaleia, 313 Valeriana, 336, 337 Theophrastaceae, 10, 60, 299, Triplaris, 170 Valeriana repens, 334 303, 304 Triplostegia, 336 Valerianaceae, 334 Theophrastaceae (incl. Triplostegiaceae, 334 Valerianeae, 336 Samolaceae), 304 Tripogandra, 117 Vallea, 267 Thesium ebracteatum, 159 Tripterococcus, 264 Vallisneria,93 Thesium strictum, 158 Trithuria,66 Vancouveria, 136 Thismiaceae, 103, 104, 105 Triumfetta, 161 Vellozia, 111 Thottea,84 Triuridaceae, 108, 109, 110, Vellozia jolyi, 111 Thottea tomentosa,85 352, 355 Velloziaceae, 108, 109, Thryptomene, 214 Triuris, 109, 110 110, 356 Thunbergia, 330, 331 Triuris brevistylis, 110 Verbascum, 324, 329 Thymelaeaceae, 217 Triuris hexophtalma, 110 Verbena, 324 Tiarella, 203 Trochodendraceae, 5, Verbenaceae, 322, 331 Ticorea, 230 144–147, 148 Veronica, 328 Tilia, 225 Trochodendrales, 129, 144, Veroniceae, 326, 328 Tilia × europaea, 225 149, 357 Viburnaceae, 337 Tiliaceae, 220 Trochodendron,5,29,144–147 Viburnum, 334, 337–338 Tilioideae, 225 Tropaeolaceae, 20, 25, Viburnum grandiflorum, Tofieldia,46 233, 234 337, 338 Tofieldiaceae, 89, 90 Tropaeolaceae-clade, Vicia, 280 Tolmiea, 203 233, 234 Victoria,68

Taxonomic index 429

Viola, 21, 42, 262 Westringia fruticosa, 331 Xylopia,73 Viola tricolor, 261 Wiesneria,95 Xymalos,82 Violaceae, 8, 261–262 Wiesneria triandra,95 Xyridaceae, 118 Violales, 57 Wilkiea,82 Viscaceae, 155, 157 Winteraceae, 31, 76, 354 Zea mays, 121 Vismia, 251 Wissadula, 227 Zelkova serrata, 288, 289 Visnea, 312 Zieria, 230 Vitaceae, 9, 193 Xanthium, 5, 347 Zingiberaceae, 27, 122–127 Vitales, 358 Xanthorhiza, 139 Zingiberales, 122–128 Vitis,34 Xerophyta, 111 Zingibereae, 125 Vochysiaceae, 27, 209 Xerophyta splendens, 110 Zippelia,86 Xerosicyos pubescens, 270 Zosteraceae, 90 Wachendorﬁa, 27, 114 Xiphidium, 114 Zygophyllaceae, 243 Welwitschia,22 Xiphidium coeruleum, 114 Zygophyllales, 62

Subject index

abortion quincuncial, 32, 160, 168, 189, 191, 192, 195, carpel, 114 184, 189, 212, 234, 196, 221, 223, 225, ﬂower, 336 238, 262, 272, 296, 251, 309, 358, 359 gender, 44, 225, 228, 232 315, 317 centripetal, 11, 95, 113, organ, 44, 48, 53 valvate, 32, 73, 109, 110, 212, 358, 360 stamen, 50 113, 114, 142, 155, inversed, 167, 176, 177, aestivation, 32–33, 38 156, 158, 159, 168, 181, 190 apert, 32, 200 187, 198, 209, 216, lateral, 18, 84, 212 cochleate, 32, 212, 265 220, 227, 230, 234, spiral, 73, 129 ascending, 166, 208, 268, 257, 259, 265, 267, multistaminate, 11, 90, 135, 275, 315 276, 284, 285, 289, 189, 192, 195, 197, 239, descending, 206, 262, 291, 296, 302, 315, 296, 310, 311, 356 268, 275, 280, 331 317, 318, 338, 340, ring primordium, 11, 132, contorted, 32, 57, 166, 167, 341, 343, 347, 360, 362 144, 160, 161, 185, 168, 198, 208, 214, induplicate, 265, 343 191, 192, 219, 221, 219, 220, 236, 237, variable, 319, 324, 331 223, 239, 248, 251, 245, 248, 251, 255, ancestry, ancestral, xiv, 7, 10, 257, 276, 280, 287, 256, 259, 265, 268, 29, 38, 48, 58, 65, 68, 296, 299, 309, 310, 269, 296, 307, 315, 71, 85, 86, 90, 91, 132, 358, 359 317, 318, 319, 322, 362 160, 161, 172, 176, 176, androgynophore, 20, 220, decussate, 212 193, 196, 197, 221, 241, 225, 227, 230, 241, imbricate, 32, 73, 112, 113, 270, 281, 287, 288, 301, 253, 264, 360 114, 160, 166, 175, 336, 338, 356, 359 androphore, 20, 110, 165, 259 178, 181, 200, 203, androecium, 4, 8, 358 anther 225, 230, 245, 248, common primordium, appendage, 312 251, 255, 259, 265, 160, 257, 358, 359 asymmetrical, 270 272, 286, 296, 299, evolution, 11 connivent, 8, 262, 343, 347 302, 305, 307, 308, initiation dehiscence 312, 315, 318, 338, 340 centrifugal, 11, 45, 113, poricidal, 215, 255, 273, plicate, see aestivation, 117, 159, 161, 168, 307, 312, 314, 320 valvate 176, 177, 184, 187, valvate, 76, 78, 79, 196

430

Subject index 431

extrorse, 8, 71, 75, 76, 84, bilateral symmetry, see carpel, 3, 4, 14, 245, 265, 97, 98, 105, 109, 110, monosymmetry, 274, 337 134, 165, 167, 168, 169, zygomorphy biovulate, 257 174, 178, 264, 272, 302, bract, 4, 6, 7, 24, 25, 36, 51, fusion, 16, 75, 84, 161, 356 304, 338, 344, 352 68, 85, 88, 120, 121, increase, 17, 18, 45, 84, 96, half, 14, 110, 123, 128, 133, 122, 195 109, 132, 134, 144, 143, 221, 223, 338 absence of, 88, 92, 96, 116, 146, 178, 189, 217, introrse, 8, 168, 174, 247, 123, 240 223, 230, 232, 239, 253, 275, 301 adaxial, 83 256, 288, 312, 315, inversed, 312, 314 deciduous, 51, 123, 140 358, 362, 363 latrorse, 8, 75, 272 fusion, 187, 260 lateral, 18, 161, 215, 341 organization involucral, 85, 137, 159, loss, 135, 334 disporangiate, 78, 111, 187, 190, 191, 281, orientation, 46, 337 140, 196 284, 341, 346, 362, 363 diagonal, 144 dithecal, 270 loss, 88, 89, 340 inversed, 168, 169, monothecal, 221, 270, nectariferous, 23 171, 262 309, 352 petaloid, 24, 92, 124, 125, median, 46, 87, 162, 203 orientation, 78, 238 196, 203, 216, 260, oblique, 46, 189, 317, 320 oblique, 320 319, 330 transversal, 46, 133, 162, variable, 238 reduction, 88, 289 171, 230 anthocarp, 186, 187 shift, 24, 190 variable, 78, 143 anthophore, 20, 179 spathe, 84, 96 reduction, 16, 44, 82, 119, apetaly, 147, 163, 170, 174, transversal, 191 121, 123, 139, 161, 175, 179, 194, 196, bracteole, 4, 24, 25, 51, 155 174, 178, 223, 233, 220, 225, 259, 261, abaxial, 71 281, 288, 356, 358 265, 284, 286, 309, 359 absence of, 163, 167, 178, shape primary, 6 208, 212, 274, 276 ascidiate, 16, 67, 134, secondary, 6, 291, 360 adaxial, 24, 108, 125, 355 137, 144 apocarpy, see gynoecium, caducous, 232 plicate, 16, 69, 134, 146 apocarpous fusion, 156, 170 uniovulate, 18, 110, 112, apomorphic tendencies, see loss, 24, 46, 132, 200, 319 134, 257 cryptic apomorphy orientation, 51 carpellode, 4, 21, 44, 53, 96, apomorphy, 356 petaloid, 124 135, 257, 259 cryptic, 59, 262, 351, 352, reduction, 289, 312 catkin, catkin-like, xiv, 359, 360 transversal, 24, 25, 46, 144, 284 asymmetry, 27, 49, 122, 123, 146, 168, 251, 253, 355 character 276, 334, 336 buzz-pollination, 100, 298, anatomical, 217 autapomorphy, 305, 307, 317, 320 embryological, 140, 163, 299 autapomorphic, 351 ﬂoral, 134, 143, 167 calicle, see epicalyx ﬂoral anatomy, 7, 98, 126, Bauplan, 25, 30, 37, 49, 88, 98, calyculus, 24–25, 155, 156, 172, 201, 270, 291, 99, 123, 142, 149, 155, 158, 159 304, 311, 329, 351 172, 241, 255, 273, 311, calyptra, 6, 34, 70, 132, 154, micromorphological, 140, 322, 351, 352, 359 212, 214, 278, 296 146, 154, 299, 361

432 Subject index

character (cont.) dicliny, 58 enantiostyly, 27, 114, 276 molecular, 57, 58, 59, 163 dicycly, 12, 356 endosperm, 292 morphological, 57, 58, 60, dimery, dimerous flowers, 11, haustoria, 292 61, 98, 101, 172, 203, 30, 31, 76, 78, 82, 90, reduction, 284 244, 294, 299, 356, 362 97, 98, 109, 113, 119, epicalyx, 6, 24–25, 33, 179, 211, non-molecular, 360 121, 132, 135, 136, 139, 217, 220, 225, 227, 285, phytochemical, 163, 203, 142, 144, 147, 151, 172, 308, 336, 357, 360 217, 233, 240 174, 175, 198, 209, 240, euanthium, euanthial, 3 wood anatomy, 154, 159 241, 271, 272, 291, 326, evolutionary pattern, 9, 16, chasmogamous flowers, 43 354, 356 27, 29, 62, 66, 76, 149, cleistogamous flowers, 43, dimorphism, 43, 44, 113, 118, 160, 161, 172, 174, 178, 110, 220 134, 135, 141, 234, 235, 179, 193, 204, 255, 328, colleter, 281, 318 251, 257, 259, 269 354, 356, 359 columella, 185 diplostemony, 9, 11, 12, 13, compitum, 15, 355 14, 139, 155, 156, 167, filament, 8, 73 external, 16, 82 168, 176, 187, 193, connivent, 301 complex polyandry, see 196, 198, 209, 210, forked, 281, 298, 338 polyandry: secondary 211, 214, 217, 227, incurved, 209, 214, 289, 341 complex primordium, see 228, 232, 233, 237, inflated, 169, 181, 344 primordium: common 242, 244, 245, 251, monoliform, 117 connective 252, 255, 257, 259, tube, 345, 359 appendage, 214 262, 265, 274, 276, floral apex, 28, 31, 44, 47, 73, extension, 75, 104, 105, 285, 287, 288, 291, 76, 113 107, 128, 153, 262, 322 292, 294, 296, 297, residual, 63, 65, 68, 69, convergence, convergent 299, 302, 309, 312, 146, 185, 192, 259 evolution, 57, 58, 71, 338, 341, 356, 358, floral axis, see receptacle 144, 148, 217, 221, 233, 359, 360, 361 floral bud, 26, 34, 77, 276 273, 352, 359, 360, 363 complex, 168, 219 floral construction corona, 41, 42, 98, 103, 111, disymmetry, 25, 31, 85, 116, brush-flowers, 266, 276 245, 251, 253, 254, 132, 133, 228, 230, flag-flowers, 27 255, 309, 319, 322 233, 234, 238, 240, lip-flowers, 27 cupule, see bract: involucral 242, 271 floral cup, see hypanthium cyathium, 22, 23, 260 divergence angle, 28 floral development, 20, 26, 44, divergence, divergent 45, 47, 48, 49, 68, 83, 87, de´doublement, 13, 14, 136, evolution, 46, 109, 208, 98, 110, 116, 117, 124, 172, 187, 216, 241, 233, 251, 328, 351 126, 152, 155, 161, 174, 253, 278, 287 214, 227, 237, 253, 268, dichasial cymes, see elaiophore, 22, 247, 307, 274, 277, 289, 306, 309, dichasium 328, 329 311, 312, 324, 345, 352 dichasium, 81, 137, 157, 159, embryo, 121, 233 floral evolution, 5, 29, 61, 110, 168, 170, 179, 187, emergence 140, 149, 152, 155, 241, 191, 198, 220, 235, receptacular, 4, 93, 155, 304, 322, 353, 359 237, 281, 284, 326, 336 196, 197, 255, 264 floral reduction, 118, 149, dichogamy, 58 staminodial, 10 256, 281

Subject index 433

floral symmetry, 25–28, 30 growth haplostemony, 8, 12, 13, 14, flower common, see zonal growth 166, 168, 172, 193, cyclic, 129, 353, 354, 357 differential, 26 198, 200, 204, 210, epigynous, 20, 93, 114, 334 intercalary, see growth: 211, 230, 232, 252, hypogynous, 19, 200, 315 zonal 254, 259, 261, 262, inversed, 319, 338 zonal, 19, 20, 33, 34, 174, 265, 267, 270, 276, orientation, 27, 36, 37, 275, 299, 304, 318, 334, 361 285, 292, 296, 297, 276, 344 gynoecium, 4, 14–16 298, 299, 301, 312, oblique, 117 apocarpous, 14, 16, 27, 73, 315, 317, 320, 338, variable, 142 75, 90, 93, 96, 98, 113, 340, 343, 356, 358, perigynous, 20, 200 134, 135, 139, 144, 360, 362, 363 reduction, 22, 70, 85, 90, 161, 197, 200, 288, 356 complex, 219 93, 98, 120, 135, 155, secondary, 16, 189, 197, heptamery, heptamerous 174, 182, 233, 280, 285 223, 227, 230, 322, 358 flowers, 79, 158 spiral, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 49, isomerous, 17, 46, 149, 155, herkogamy, 58 75, 137, 139, 152, 197, 161, 167, 168, 184, 185, hermaphrodite flowers, see 353, 357 203, 206, 210, 212, 215, sex distribution: tube, 61 223, 228, 230, 232, 265, bisexual flowers whorled, 28, 29, 137 266, 269, 272, 288,312, heteranthy, 26, 114, 116, 117, food-bodies, 10, 77, 354 315, 341, 344, 361, 363 161, 278 fossil diversity, 61, 142 monocarpellate, 16, 75, 78, heterochrony, 44, 48 fossil flower, 61, 62, 266, 79, 82, 87, 97, 118, heteromorphism, 43, 44, 281, 357 132, 137, 143, 154, 141, 262, 302, fossil record, 61, 79, 352 187, 190, 278, 288, 319, 320 fruit, 6, 80, 121, 152, 170, 291, 354, 358 heterostyly, 44, 268, 304 181, 186, 241, 301, pluricarpellate, 18, 339 heterotopy, heterotopic, 304, 322, 331, 339 pseudoapocarpous, 255 123, 300 capsular, 101, 315 pseudosyncarpous, 75 hexamery, hexamerous drupaceous, 292, 338 ring primordium, 16, 304 flowers, 31, 50, 86, 156, types, 288 symplicate zone, 15, 41 158, 170, 174, 209, 211, valve, 304 synascidiate zone, 15, 41 265, 271, 272, 281, 284, funiculus, 17, 175, 228 syncarpous, 14, 15, 16, 58, 289, 291 fusion 83, 87, 90, 92, 98, 113, homeosis, 44, 96, 107, congenital, 7, 16, 20, 33–34, 129, 139, 141, 181, 110, 113, 132, 139, 211,264,297,300,358 189, 288, 299, 302, 259, 278, 280, postgenital, 8, 16, 33–34, 90, 354, 355, 358 288, 344 100, 133, 142, 230, 265, gynophore, 20, 73, 143, 189, homology, homologous, 3, 6, 281, 297, 339, 355, 356 233, 238, 239, 274, 360 7, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25, 46, gynostegium, 33, 322 49, 51, 85, 110, 123, gene duplication, 49, 100 gynostemium, 33, 83, 84, 99, 135, 146, 148, 150, 154, gene expression pattern, 48, 100, 344 240, 264, 285, 355 49, 50, 85, 110, 285, homoplasy, homoplasious, 300, 355, 359 hair, see trichome 306, 352 glume, 120, 121, 122 half-stamen, see anther: half hydathode, 21, 152

434 Subject index

hypanthium, 8, 18–20, 21, 33, panicle, 23, 140, 232, 339 lodicule, 49, 118, 121, 122 34, 39, 41, 42, 53, 65, polytelic, 22, 23, 203, 363 66, 68, 70, 73, 76, 77, raceme, racemose, 22, 23, merism, 11, 30–31 82, 87, 105, 111, 116, 73, 99, 100, 109, 110, increase, 18, 31, 200, 211, 159, 170, 172, 179, 185, 112, 114, 116, 124, 228, 302 187, 192, 193, 195, 196, 136, 137, 165, 167, variable, 27, 43, 68, 73, 76, 197, 200, 203, 208, 209, 189, 200, 208, 216, 79, 106, 109, 134, 160, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217, 240, 247, 270, 274, 211, 257, 259, 261, 227, 233, 234, 238, 245, 276, 280, 285, 289, 271, 289, 294, 246, 247, 253, 254, 257, 296, 304, 307, 336, 296, 319 262, 265, 278, 344, 346 micropyle, 17 284, 285, 286, 287, spike, spicate, 83, 85, 89, mimicry, mimic, 23, 85, 137, 288, 289, 291, 293, 90, 92, 97, 100, 101, 237, 253, 272 297, 304, 355, 360 144, 147, 181, 216 monadelphous, see stamen: growth, 11, 20, 33, 123, 194, thyrsoid, 336 tube 200, 214, 270, 287, 296, umbel, 23, 103, 206, monochasial cyme, see 354, 356, 358, 359 240, 294, 340, 341, monochasium loss, 285 352, 363 monochasium, 80, 93, 114, petaloid, 20, 82, 193, 200, initiation sequence, 4, 25, 28, 170, 174, 179, 203, 290 31, 36, 38, 45, 51, 86 191, 217 tube, 20, 103, 114, 123, chaotic, 29, 76 monocycly, 12, 356 211, 302 inversed, 181 monosymmetry, zygomorphy, urceolate, 82, 104 simultaneous, whorled, 10, 25–27, 39, 40, 45, 46, hyperstigma, 76, 82 13, 32, 68, 75, 95, 139 49, 51, 61, 83, 84, 85, 92, spiral, 7, 29, 32, 75, 132, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, inﬂorescence, 3, 22–23, 43 139, 144, 152, 154, 113, 114, 121, 122, 135, axis, 36, 51 170, 234, 251, 284, 137, 140, 142, 158, 161, capitate, 43, 181, 216 296, 299, 310, 312, 354 189, 206, 208, 209, 210, capitulum, 23, 216, 336, 340, unidirectional, 26, 32, 86, 212, 225, 227, 230, 233, 341, 346, 347, 352, 363 92, 161, 241, 277, 280 238, 240, 241, 242, 245, cyme, cymose, 22, 65, 73, whorled, 354 255, 262, 271, 272, 273, 136, 160, 165, 167, 181, integument, 155, 156, 158, 159 274, 276, 299, 300, 301, 200, 227, 228, 230, 253, 308, 309, 312, 315, 317, 259, 260, 271, 280, 285, labellum, lip, 27, 99, 102, 123, 319, 320, 324, 328, 331, 294, 296, 302, 304, 305, 125, 126, 127, 128, 329 334, 341, 342, 347, 354, 310, 316, 319, 325, lower, 27, 46, 102, 326, 356, 357, 359, 360, 361, 336, 338 328, 331, 362 362, 363 cincinnus, 114, 116, 123, petaloid, 124 median, 102, 116, 133, 204, 166, 315 upper, 27, 328 234, 280, 315, 320, monopodial, see lemma, 49, 120 324, 336, 344 inﬂorescence:raceme, ligule, 41 oblique, 25, 37, 113, 114, racemose locule 16 117, 228, 233, 234, monotelic, 22, 23, 24, 201, reduction 116, 119, 124, 238, 245, 247, 248, 237, 336, 363 289, 363 315, 316, 317, 344

Subject index 435

transversal, 25, 113, 129, epigynous, 209, 216, 298, obdiplostemony, 9, 14, 118, 133, 161, 336 344, 362 161, 168, 181, 193, mustard oils, 233 extrastaminal, 203, 228, 358 195, 196, 200, 203, gynoecial, 21, 147, 148, 204, 206, 208, 209, nectar, 21, 22, 41, 42, 66, 68, 304, 305, 325, 339, 216, 220, 221, 225, 139, 155, 208, 272, 341, 358, 362, 363 230, 248, 259, 280, 308, 331, 354 interstaminal, 241 265–269, 294, 311, nectar chamber, 344 intrastaminal, 163, 168, 175, 312, 314, 360, 361 nectar container, 5, 10, 21, 181, 182, 184, 185, 189, obhaplostemony, 9, 61, 155, 298, 322 191, 192, 203, 246, 253, 172, 209, 211, 214, nectar gland, 22, 247 288, 291, 358, 360 248, 257, 259, 261, nectar guide, 5 origin, 21–22 285, 290, 298, nectar leaf, 134, 135, 136, perigonal, 90, 96, 100, 101, 302–305, 358, 137, 139, 140 105, 107, 118 360, 361 nectariole, 67, 77, 85, 355 petal, 196, 215 complex, 212, 311 nectary, 4, 10, 21–22, 34, pistillode, 237 obturator, 17, 132, 37, 43, 66, 79, 90, 93, pistillodial, 44, 113 175, 228, 257, 137, 144, 147, 148, receptacular 261, 341 208, 259, 269, 270, extrastaminal, 204 oil gland, see elaiophore 288, 304, 317, 320, scale, 21, 125, 133, 143, 154, organ identity, 48 355, 359 172, 200, 206, 245, 251, osmophore, 10, 96, 109 absence of, 44, 70, 77, 96, 252, 257–259, 262, 265, ovary, 15 98, 104, 107, 108, 117, 320, 322, 362 half-inferior, 20, 39, 41, 118, 136, 144, 167, adaxial, 241 53, 76, 146, 152, 178, 190, 215, 220, extrastaminal, 238, 261, 159, 185, 191–193, 237, 248, 256, 267, 268, 360 196, 201, 208, 212, 272, 298, 299, 329, 338 interstaminal, 143, 266 216, 257, 266, 288, adaxial, 206, 208, 212, 345 intrastaminal, 196, 290, 292, 308, 311, antesepalous, 257 266, 358 360, 361 disc, 21, 142, 155, 158, 159, septal, 21, 90, 92, 98, 99, inferior, 20, 33, 34, 39, 41, 172, 197, 200, 209, 245, 100, 101, 103–105, 107, 53, 53, 76, 79, 83, 84, 257, 262, 264, 275, 290, 108, 111, 113, 114, 116, 87, 93, 98, 100, 101, 299, 302, 303, 315, 316, 118, 123, 124, 126, 128, 105, 108, 111, 123, 320, 322, 328, 331, 148, 355, 356 124, 125, 128, 155, 333, 338, 355, 358, shift, 21, 204, 212, 356, 358 158, 159, 185, 191, 360, 362 staminodial, 21, 80, 251, 192, 196, 198, 201, epigynous, 209, 292, 264, 268 203, 209, 212, 214, 296, 319, 343, stylar, 21 216, 262, 266, 269, 358, 362 tepal, see nectary: perigonal 270, 272, 288, extrastaminal, 153, 228, trichomatic, 21, 108, 220, 290–292, 304, 308, 253, 264 223, 225, 227, 233, 304, 312, 318, 319, 334, intrastaminal, 228, 230, 307, 334, 337, 338, 363 337–339, 341, 347, 233, 265, 267, 270, extrastaminal, 270 352, 356, 358, 274, 296, 308, 312, 362 nucellar beak, 257 360–363

436 Subject index

ovary (cont.) parsimony, parsimonious, 135, 137, 140, 142, multilocular, 16 234, 299, 352 144, 150, 152, 154, semi-unilocular, 320 pedicel, 24, 37, 90, 100, 140, 175, 190, 251, 358 shift, 20, 356 247, 260, 275, 320, 345 secondary, 7 superior, 19, 20, 34, 84, 98, peduncle, 225 perisperm, 163 105, 107, 140, 155, pentamery, pentamerous petal, corolla, 3, 4, 5, 8, 51, 328 159, 167, 170, 187, ﬂowers, 9, 31, 32, 33, appendage, 8, 37, 41, 42, 191, 196, 203, 206, 46, 106, 129, 136, 137, 84, 129, 167, 168, 170, 209, 211, 212, 214, 139, 140, 142, 149, 180, 228, 245, 273, 228, 230, 233, 238, 152, 158, 160, 163, 305, 316, 319, 344, 360 244, 251, 253, 254, 172, 174, 177, 189, biﬁd, 7, 141, 180 256, 258, 262, 265, 193, 233, 234, 244, blade, 42 266, 268, 274, 288, 261, 271, 272, 284, caducous, 95, 212, 238 290, 312, 315, 316, 285, 304, 310, 342, clawed, 8, 180, 210, 234, 322, 324, 325, 331, 355, 357, 359, 360 238, 240, 247, 253, 262, 333, 358, 362 perianth, 4, 5–8, 24, 32, 51 276, 284, 286, 341, 360 secondary, 114, 318, absence of, 83, 85, 93 connivent, 280 339, 341 bipartite, 6, 84, 137, 139, contorted, 360 tetralocular, 328 149, 154, 187, 357, crest, 300 trilocular, 117 358, 360 crumpled, 132, 160, 211, 219 unilocular, 16, 75, 100, differentiated, 3, 5, 7, 24, cucullate, 8, 125, 225, 290 158, 182, 198, 260, 31, 66, 68, 72, 90, 93, fusion, 8, 28, 46, 135, 251, 270, 285, 328, 341 95, 99, 100, 104, 105, 270, 274, 303, 305, ovule, 4, 14 107, 118, 119, 123, 307, 312, 313, 324, bitegmic, 361 135, 136, 139, 148, 326, 363 form 149, 152, 155, 170, hoodlike, see petal, corolla: anatropous, 17, 71, 78, 354, 356, 358 cucullate 175, 252, 291 fusion, 71, 186 increase, 144, 259 campylotropous, 17, loss, 29, 38, 83, 87, 118, lateral, 341 159, 163, 233, 360 136, 146, 148, 151, loss, 5, 7, 8, 13, 20, 29, 107, orthotropous, 17, 65, 92, 196, 281, 285, 356 142, 151, 163, 165, 119, 171 orientation, 46 180, 196, 198, 203, initiation petaloid, 359 209, 211, 216, 220, centrifugal, 182 reduction, 5, 44, 82, 93, 98, 228, 234, 239, 240, orientation 109, 113, 118, 121, 253, 257, 259, 261, apotropous, 284 144, 170, 257, 260, 265, 267, 271, 274, epitropous, 257, 259, 261 281, 325, 354 278, 281, 288–291, reduction, 5, 44, 118, 208, shape 294, 359 281, 296, 362 bilabiate, 143 orientation, 27, 46, 274, unitegmic, 292, 299, 361 tube, 42, 83, 187 329, 331, 336, 347, 363 undifferentiated, 5, 7, 49, diagonal, 46 palea, 49, 120, 121, 346 61, 65, 68, 79, 81, 83, reduction, 8, 44, 45, 151, paracorolla, see corona 85, 90, 104, 105, 107, 193, 195, 198, 209, 211, parallel evolution, 49, 174 109, 113, 118, 123, 234, 272, 277, 278, 294

Subject index 437

retarded growth, 29, 45, phylogeny, 57, 58, 75, 82, 85, 116, 125, 132, 152, 67, 107, 195, 203, 206, 88, 105, 118, 172, 201, 163, 167, 168, 169, 268, 360 258, 284, 299, 334, 178, 201, 203, 233, ring primordium, 292, 293, 336, 364 237, 238, 239, 241, 304, 347, 362 pistillode, 93, 95, 113, 119, 245, 253–257, 262, scale, see petal, corolla 148, 225, 251, 261, 269, 270, 272, 289, appendage 289, 302, 312 296, 320, 339, sepaloid, 212 placenta, placentation, 14, 356, 362 shape 16–17 intruding, 166, 220, bilabiate, 39, 46, 324, apical, 17, 92, 108, 113, 296, 322 331, 362 119, 143, 144, 152, protruding, 93, 132 shift, 208, 220, 312 154, 178, 196, 198, protruding-diffuse, 132, staminodial, 51, 129, 137, 216, 274, 285, 289, 137, 209, 298, 312 176, 180, 285, 286, 357 296, 303, 334, 337, U-shaped, 214, 296 tube, 20, 33, 200, 275, 293, 338, 341, 343, 362 plastochron, 6, 28, 29, 148 310, 315, 317, 319, axile, 16, 41, 98, 100, 105, plesiomorphy, 334, 361, 362, 363 107, 114, 116, 123, 125, plesiomorphic, 85, 90, loss, 315 128, 148, 156, 166, 178, 95, 181, 195, 196, 241, petaloidy, 50, 51, 175, 300, 359 184, 185, 200, 203, 204, 262, 274, 280, 285, petiole, 3, 7 208–210, 212, 214, 215, 288, 299, 301, 339, 362 phalanges, see fascicles 223, 228, 230, 245, 247, pollen, 5, 14, 15, 17, 20, 75, pherophyll, see bract 251, 255, 259, 265, 268, 144, 151, 292, 345 phyllotaxis, 4, 28–29, 31, 38, 272, 290, 296, 299, 302, dimorphism, 26, 117 45, 68, 71, 75, 137, 310 308, 312, 317, 319, 320, increase, 11, 13 chaotic, 75, 134, 354 322, 325, 326, 329, 343, monosulcate, 60 decussate, 6, 24, 65, 69, 76, 356, 360, 362, 363 tricolpate, 60 78, 81, 82, 140, 148, basal, 17, 18, 71, 76, 96, 97, tube, 14, 15 152, 154, 168, 184, 98, 110, 114, 143, 162, pollen ﬂower, 85, 117, 120, 251, 330, 354 163, 167, 170, 171, 159, 197, 215, 267, 272 distichous, 83, 101, 120, 175, 178, 181, 182, pollination, 4 151, 152 187, 189, 208, 233, animal, 4, 58, 299 Fibonacci series, 28, 76, 139 285, 290, 291, 306, bee, 159, 280 orthostichies, 28 311, 316, 319, 343, beetle, 73 parastichies, 28, 68, 75, 347, 362 bird, 208, 210, 272 96, 356 basal-laminar, 192 deceit, 100, 117 simultaneous, whorled, 354 free-central, 16, 17, 61, gnat, 104 spiral, 6, 24, 29, 63, 65, 68, 155, 163, 178, 181, hawkmoth, 210 70, 72, 75, 76, 81, 148, 299, 303, 304, 306 insect, 5, 22, 66, 85, 113, 154, 190, 353, 354 laminar-diffuse, 14, 67, 68, 118, 137, 163, 170, 281 whorled, 29, 31, 33, 63, 66, 73, 134 water, 4, 58, 93, 98 68, 70, 72, 75, 76 marginal, 14, 16, 93, 137, wind, 4, 5, 22, 44, 58, 61, phylogenetic tree, 58, 59, 146, 355, 356 66, 98, 113, 118, 120, 193, 203, 314, 333, parietal, 16, 17, 41, 57, 75, 132, 137, 150, 151, 351, 352, 353 87, 93, 100, 105, 107, 170, 178, 182, 194,

438 Subject index

195, 232, 280, 281, primary, 10, 11, 14, 37, 47, secondary pollen 284, 288, 318–320, 211, 212, 245, 267, 276 presentation, 127, 325, 355, 359, 360 prophyll, see bracteole 133, 143, 301, 342 secondary, 5 pseudanthium, secondary pollination pollinium, 100, 322 pseudanthial, 3, 22, mechanism, 347 polyandry, 161, 245, 256, 23, 26, 89, 96, 109, sepal, calyx, 3, 4, 5, 7, 259, 265, 285, 287, 110, 118, 142, 194, 24, 51 297, 308, 340 196, 260, 292, 319, accrescent, 155, 156, 302 complex, see polyandry: 334, 341, 346, 361 appendage, 179, 262 secondary pseudocorolla, 309 biseriate, 302 cyclic, 287 pseudodiplostemony, 176, 177 crest, 176, 253, 359 primary, 10–13, 288, 356 pseudoﬂower, see cucullate, 175, 184, secondary, 10, 11, 13, 45, pseudanthium, 208, 359 47, 90, 113, 160, 178, pseudanthial deciduous, 7, 132 215, 223, 296, 358, pseudofruit, 76 fusion, 7, 135, 156, 167, 360, 361 pseudomonomery, 16, 181, 211, 220, 230, true, 11 17–18, 97, 113, 114, 267, 272, 302, 305, polycycly, 12, 356 116, 118, 119, 121, 322, 330, 331, 338 polysymmetry, 232, 245, 265, 285, keel, 320 actinomorphy, 25, 27, 289, 316, 319, 331, loss, 7, 155, 278, 326, 328, 61, 98, 103, 114, 117, 334, 337, 338, 341, 330, 336, 352, 363 142, 203, 206, 208, 343, 345, 347, 354, orientation 219, 227, 230, 232, 356, 358, 363 median, 46 237, 238, 241, 262, pseudonectary, 22, 344 transversal, 200 275, 280, 309, 315, pseudoperianth, 82 persistent, 7, 107, 151, 152, 316, 319, 324, 325, pseudostaminode, 42–43, 159, 181, 198, 203, 338, 341, 342, 347, 182, 257, 264 315, 362 362, 363 pseudo-sympetaly, 33 petaloid, 6, 8, 20, 134, 170, secondary, 10, 50, 315, 176, 181, 185, 191, 324, 328, 329, radial symmetry, see 194, 200, 203, 253, 336, 362 polysymmetry, 257, 271, 273, 289, primordium actinomorphy 290, 300, 359 common, 18, 86, 110, 137, receptacle, 4,16,18–20, 21, reduction, 7, 155, 156, 191, 161, 196, 221, 255, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 139, 276, 281, 319, 328, 287, 288, 298, 304, 144, 208, 217, 272, 334, 336, 338, 341, 338, 359 289, 354, 362 347, 352 ﬂower-bract, 346 growth, 11, 20 retarded growth, 341 stamen-petal, 45, 95, replum, 241 secondary, 24 107, 127, 151, 174, resupination, 37, 46, 51, 99, shift, 46, 319 176, 206, 212, 287, 133, 208, 300, 320, tube, 20, 33, 124, 168, 289, 304, 307 331, 344 179, 275 stamen-sepal, 191 ring meristem, see ring septum, 16, 191, 270, 290, 311 complex, see primordium: primordium apical, 17, 319 common ring primordium, 280 basal, 17, 319, 345

Subject index 439

false, 17, 18, 148, 241, 245, sterile flowers, 284, 338 195, 196, 209, 215, 252, 261, 288, 303, unisexual flowers, 4, 5, 216, 217, 221, 227, 312, 315, 316, 44, 64–66, 69, 71, 76, 233, 241, 242, 255, 328, 333 78–81, 93, 95, 96, 98, 265, 276, 287, 293, reduction, 16, 17, 156, 163, 109, 112, 118, 121, 298, 299, 356, 363 178, 181, 191, 192, 129, 134, 135, 147, 149, centrifugal, 11, 184, 189, 212, 216, 299, 363 151, 152, 158, 175, 181, 211, 219, 239, 256, sex distribution 182, 196, 198, 200, 257, 266, 267, 293, bisexual flowers, xiv, 44, 69, 220, 225, 228, 230, 232, 298, 310, 311, 359 70, 76, 80, 81, 95, 109, 234, 253, 257, 258, 261, centripetal, 11, 211, 255, 112, 113, 158, 170, 269, 270, 280, 285, 289, 256, 272, 276, 287, 181, 189, 198, 209, 296, 302, 312, 318, 325, 293, 297 235, 291, 302 352, 354 lateral, 11, 111, 166, 170, dioecious, 81, 108, 118, unisexual inflorescences, 206, 228, 230, 241, 135, 142, 165, 170, 347 253, 266, 296, 302, 178, 189, 230, 271, shoot, 3, 4, 65, 120, 142, 144, 312, 340 276, 296, 304 195, 353, 354 partial, 280 monoecious, 81, 96 spadix, 96 loss, 27, 28, 38, 50, 87, 101, pistillate flowers, 44, 48, spikelet, 118, 120, 121, 122 104, 118, 123, 133, 151, 65, 70, 71, 80–82, 93, sporangium 155, 168, 172, 177, 184, 95, 96, 108–110, 113, megasporangium, 4 204, 212, 221, 227, 228, 119, 123, 134, 135, microsporangium, 4, 81 230, 241, 242, 264, 273, 147, 148, 150, 154, sporophyll, 3 274, 278, 311, 312, 324, 165, 166, 178, 198, megasporophyll, 3, 14 334, 336, 356, 361, 362 200, 232, 235, 237, microsporophyll, 3 orientation, 9, 26, 255 251, 259, 260, 269, spur, 21, 37, 41, 42, 58, 100, variable, 172 270–272, 280, 284, 129, 132, 133, 137, pair, 11, 13–14, 29, 67, 73, 289, 302, 312, 347 139, 206, 234, 262, 75, 76, 85, 86, 90, 93, pistillate inflorescences, 300, 320, 329, 337, 357 95, 132, 139, 157, 172, 118, 289 inverted, 42 176, 177, 184, 189, proterandry, 262, 301, 342 stamen, 3, 4, 8 190, 191, 211, 214, proterogyny, 69, 70, 354 appendage, 37, 42, 78, 81, 227, 245, 251, 264, staminate flowers, 44, 65, 90, 97, 125, 182, 301 265, 267, 270, 287, 70, 71, 80–82, 93, 95, didynamous, 324, 331 299, 302, 309, 361 96, 108, 109, 113, 119, fascicle, 11, 111, 214, 225, petaloid, 68, 124 122, 123, 134, 135, 248, 251, 259, 264, reduction, 11, 12, 26, 44, 147, 148, 150, 154, 297, 303, 311 78, 90, 93, 99, 103, 158, 165, 189, 198, fusion, 117, 140, 178, 184, 114, 117, 118, 225, 232, 235, 251, 241, 252, 259, 265, 121–123, 128, 174, 259, 260, 269, 268–270, 280, 310 177, 178, 181, 200, 270–272, 276, 280, increase, 8, 11, 12, 71, 75, 206, 209, 216, 221, 281, 284, 302, 312 84, 95, 96, 110, 121, 233, 242, 246, 269, staminate inflorescences, 132, 136, 144, 160, 278, 324, 331, 358 118, 178 169, 177, 181, 187, retarded growth, 14, 246

440 Subject index

stamen (cont.) antesepalous, 216, 225, gynobasic, 15, 103, 110, shift, 9, 13, 14, 107, 172, 237, 303, 305 245, 255, 288, 176, 177, 206, 220, cucullate, 298 331, 333 241, 264, 314, inner, 70, 75–78, 81, 84, 93, orientation, 26 316, 359 117, 139, 354 oblique, 114, 316 triplet, 14, 111, 133, 156, loss, 225, 238 petaloid, 128 184, 214, 221, 225, nectariferous, 196 terminal, 15, 117, 209, 214, 227, 257, 284, 296 outer, 75, 76, 98, 117 255, 333 tube, 33, 163, 167, 175, 176, petaloid, 123, 128, 176, style-flower, 152 181, 187, 191, 223, 227, 178, 181, 210 stylode, 15, 107, 126, 252, 262, 269, 273, 304, reduction, 363 198, 296 344, 362 stigma, 15 stylopodium, 341 stamen-petal tube, 20, 33, asymmetrical, 273 sympetaly, 8, 33, 34–35, 58, 34–35, 39, 41, 57,125, bifid, 260, 261 61, 194, 292, 297, 298, 158, 174, 185, 237, 292, dish-shaped, 275 299, 302, 303, 318, 303, 304, 315, 331, 334, shape 360, 361 338, 344, 347, 358, 361, capitate, 334 early, 20, 34, 293, 318, 334, 362, 363 club-shaped, 143 338, 339, 342, 347, reduction, 328, 334 funnel, 331 352, 362, 363 stamen-style tube, 345 slit, 68, 96 late, 34, 315, 324, 352 stamen-tepal tube, 101, 142 umbrella, 104, 309 loss, 34 staminal column, see stigma lobe synandrium, 71, 109, 129, synandrium carinal, 15, 53, 93, 119, 134, 135, 165, 259, 270 staminode, 4, 9, 10, 21, 22, 167, 168, 171, 181, synapomorphy, 41–44, 48, 65, 68, 69, 184, 201, 203, 233, synapomorphic, 61, 73, 75–77, 85, 93, 95, 245, 260, 265, 272, 98, 105, 155, 163, 220, 99, 100, 108, 110, 288, 289, 311, 312, 227, 246, 262, 284, 113–119, 123–126, 317, 325, 334, 298, 303, 315, 319, 135, 139, 140, 143, 338, 355 322, 334, 347, 351, 156, 161, 176, 182, commissural, 15, 53, 100, 352, 360 184, 185, 196, 197, 168, 181, 262, morphological, 233, 322 200, 206, 208, 215, 312, 337 syncarpy, see gynoecium: 225, 230, 246, 247, stipule, 3, 7, 25, 111, syncarpous 251–253, 257, 264, 182, 285 synorganization, 29, 49, 85, 270, 278, 284, 289, interpetiolar, 318 322, 353 297, 298, 302, 304, style, 15, 53 syntepaly, 33, 34 307, 309, 312, 315, appendage, 77, 93 316, 324, 331, 336, bifid, 258 tepal, 4, 5, 6,7,51,146 347, 354, 358, 360, carinal, see stigma lobe: appendage, 109, 111 361, 363, 373 carinal crest, 105 abaxial, 328, 329 cleft, 290 fusion, 100 adaxial, 206 commissural, see stigma loss, 92, 96, 121 antepetalous, 216, 230, lobe: commissural petaloid, 5, 7, 73, 110, 137, 233, 255, 262, 264, 268 connivent, 142 139, 192

Subject index 441

reduction, 96 trichome, 21, 36, 41, 53, 78, 261, 284, 285, 313, sepaloid, 5, 73 96, 105, 121, 123, 127, 354, 355 tube, 33, 108 155, 159, 165, 208, tetramery, tetramerous 238, 253, 262, 270, unipartite cyme, see ﬂowers, 9, 28, 31, 273, 275, 281, 307, monochasium 46, 80, 106, 113, 319, 339, 344, 345, 142, 158, 174, 175, 347, 352, 363 vascular bundle, 36, 71, 119, 184, 189, 193, 198, peltate, 291 221, 259, 264, 265, 208, 209, 211, 233, trimery, trimerous ﬂowers, 281, 289, 300, 305, 234, 238, 240, 241, 11, 30, 31, 66, 70, 73, 326, 329, 341, 343 266, 267, 271, 284, 76, 83, 88, 90, 91, 97, trunk bundle, 11, 144, 221 285, 288, 291, 304, 110, 119, 121, 132, 324, 326, 329, 360, 134, 135, 136, 139, zygomorphy, see 362, 363 158, 172, 174, 177, monosymmetry, torus, see receptacle 198, 220, 230, 259, zygomorphy