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Programa Fondecyt Informe Final Etapa 2015 Comisión Nacional De Investigacion Científica Y Tecnológica Version Oficial Nº 2

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Programa Fondecyt Informe Final Etapa 2015 Comisión Nacional De Investigacion Científica Y Tecnológica Version Oficial Nº 2 PROGRAMA FONDECYT INFORME FINAL ETAPA 2015 COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACION CIENTÍFICA Y TECNOLÓGICA VERSION OFICIAL Nº 2 FECHA: 24/12/2015 Nº PROYECTO : 3130417 DURACIÓN : 3 años AÑO ETAPA : 2015 TÍTULO PROYECTO : EVOLUTIONARY AND DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF THE DIVERSITY OF FLORAL CHARACTERS WITHIN OXALIDALES DISCIPLINA PRINCIPAL : BOTANICA GRUPO DE ESTUDIO : BIOLOGIA 1 INVESTIGADOR(A) RESPONSABLE : KESTER JOHN BULL HEREÑU DIRECCIÓN : COMUNA : CIUDAD : REGIÓN : METROPOLITANA FONDO NACIONAL DE DESARROLLO CIENTIFICO Y TECNOLOGICO (FONDECYT) Moneda 1375, Santiago de Chile - casilla 297-V, Santiago 21 Telefono: 2435 4350 FAX 2365 4435 Email: [email protected] INFORME FINAL PROYECTO FONDECYT POSTDOCTORADO OBJETIVOS Cumplimiento de los Objetivos planteados en la etapa final, o pendientes de cumplir. Recuerde que en esta sección debe referirse a objetivos desarrollados, NO listar actividades desarrolladas. Nº OBJETIVOS CUMPLIMIENTO FUNDAMENTO 1 1. Creating a database of morphological TOTAL La base de datos ya se encuentra en el sistema characters of perianth and androecium in the 52 PROTEUS y cuenta con el 733 registros genera of the Oxalidales from data gained from correspondientes a información acerca de 24 literature revision and direct observation of living variables morfológicas para 56 taxa de los collection and herbaria. Traits to be considered Oxalidales representando las siete familias y 51 are: presence or absence of calix and corolla, géneros del orden. aestivation pattern of calix and corolla, number of stamina, number of androecial cycles, relative position of stamina cycles (alternate-opposite), direction of stamen initiation, kind of stamina proliferation (primary or secondary). 2 2. Reconstructing the character state evolution of TOTAL Se ha hecho el estudio de reconstrucción de the abovementioned attributes using the available estados de carácter en base a parsimonia con phylogenetic data. ayuda del software Mesquite. 3 3. Performing developmental studies in ten TOTAL Este estudio se llevó a cabo obteniendo genera comprising Elaeocarpaceae, información para 22 especies correspondientes a Cephalotaceae, Oxalidaceae and Cunoniaceae 13 géneros y 5 familias. Se obtuvieron más de departing from garden material in order to reveal 4400 imágenes durante dos estadías de developmental processes and constraints investigación en el Jardín Botánico de Edimburgo determining the aestivation of the perianth and the increase of the androecial parts in the group. 4 4. Performing developmental study of the TOTAL Este estudio fue llevado a cabo en O. arenaria different morphs of tristylous Oxalis coming from Bertero, O. cinerea Zucc. y Oxalis rosea [Feullée] natural populations in order to reveal the early ex Jacq. ontogenetic basis of heterostyly. 5 5. Categorizing ontogenetic information into a PARCIAL No fue posible categorizar la información database for phylogenetic character ontogenética de modo estandarizado para todos reconstruction in order to understand how far los taxa estudiado debido a la gran diferencia de parallelisms of floral characters in the group relay planes florales entre los relativamente distantes on common developmental pathways. taxa (entre familias). La apreciación del efecto de patrones comunes del desarrollo incidiendo sobre paralelismo de caracteres florales se enfocó sobre el estudio del desarrollo de la obdiplostemonía en el orden. Otro(s) aspecto(s) que Ud. considere importante(s) en la evaluación del cumplimiento de objetivos planteados en la propuesta original o en las modificaciones autorizadas por los Consejos. Objetivo 1. Los taxa estudiados fueron adaptados . Finalmente se estudiaron 24 variables florales, muy por sobre las nueve variables propuestas en un comienzo Objetivo 2. De modo adicional, a través de cooperaciones optamos por crear filogenias originales para el orden en base a las secuencias disponibles en Genbank para realizar los análisis. Objetivo 3. El estudio del desarrollo de las especies se llevó a cabo finalmente en 22 especies involucrando a tres géneros y una familia más a lo originalmente propuesto. Además, se realizó un estudio detallado adicional de la variabilidad floral en el género Eucryphia involucrando siete especies de este taxón. General. A partir de la interacción durante el desarrollo del proyecto se estableció una red de cooperación entre científicos de Edimburgo (UK), Mainz (Alemania) y Tokio (Japón) y Santaigo (Chile) que fue llamada Flower Research Synectics (FLO-RE-S) y que permitirá seguir interactuando en el futuro a través de estudios florales. RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS: Para cada uno de los objetivos específicos, describa o resuma los resultados. Relacione las publicaciones y /o manuscritos enviados a publicación con los objetivos específicos. En la sección Anexos incluya información adicional que considere pertinente para efectos de la evaluación. La extensión máxima de esta sección es de 5 páginas (letra tamaño 10, Arial o Verdana). 1. Creating a database of morphological characters of perianth and androecium in the 52 genera of the Oxalidales from data gained from literature revision and direct observation of living collection and herbaria. Traits to be considered are: presence or absence of calix and corolla, aestivation pattern of calix and corolla, number of stamina, number of androecial cycles, relative position of stamina cycles (alternate- opposite), direction of stamen initiation, kind of stamina proliferation (primary or secondary). La base se datos de datos generada se encuentra en lel sistema PROTEUS que está alojada en la Universidad de Viena la cual alberga información de variados proyectos de diversos laboratorios del mundo interesados en reconstrucción filogenética de caracteres florales, los que a su vez son coordinados por la iniciativa eFLOWER (www.eflower.org). La información de este proyecto se encuentra en la matriz denominada 'Oxalidales' (Fig 1) y contiene información relativa a 56 especies representando 51 géneros de las siete familias del orden Oxalidales (ver Anexo 9). Se registró información atingente a 24 variables morfolgicas florales (ver Anexo 9). El levantamiento de datos se desarrolló principalmente consultando la literatura y en base a observaciones propias. Todo dato ingresado está respaldado por al menos una referencia, en su gran mayoría bibliográfica, provenientes de trabajos de morfología y desarrollo, así como monografías taxonómicas y floras regionales. En total se ingresaron 733 registros consultando más de 100 referencias bibliográficas. La información fue recogida para cada especie en cuestión. Sólo se conideró información genérica cuando no cabía duda acerca de su validez para la especie en cuestión. Figura 1. Captura de pantalla del software PROTEUS alojado en servidores en la Universidad de Viena y accedido a través de escritorio remoto. Se muestra matriz “Oxalidales” la que alberga la información primaria registrada durante el proyecto. 2. Reconstructing the character state evolution of the abovementioned attributes using the available phylogenetic data. A partir de la matriz de datos primarias generó una segunda matriz para efectuar los análisis. Acá se seleccionaron las variables para ser sometidas a estudio y además se discretizaron aquellas variables que habían sido ingresadas como variables contínuas (funcionalidad incluida en PROTEUS). A pesar de que en un comienzo se propuso realizar este estudio en base a la información filogenética disponible, se optó por generar una filogenia ad-hoc para el estudio del grupo. Para esto se definió al menos un taxón representante por género y en colaboración con Javiera Chinga se generaron filogenias del orden en la plataforma CIPRES (https://www.phylo.org/) por procedimientos de Máxima Verosimilitud y Bayesiano. Esto determinó cuáles especies fueron escrutinadas en sus caracteres morfológicos. La reconstrucción filogenética de caracteres morfológicos fueron hechas por el método de parsimonia sobre los áboles obtenidos. En general se observa que en la base de los Oxalidales, el más parsimonioso aspecto de la flor ancestral incluye una flor pentámera, bisexual, hipogínea, de cáliz y pétalos libres con dos verticilios de estambre. Si la configuración de estos verticilios hubiera sido diplostémona u obdiplostémana desde un principio no queda claro a partir del análisis (ambiguo). De todos modos la obdiplostemonía encontrada en Oxalidaceae y Cunoniaceae se habría originado de modo independiente. En el caso de las Elaeocarpaceae, la configuración obdiplostémona quedaría en duda ya que sería más bien producto de la reducción de androceos configugrados a partir de “tripletes”. Otros caracteres florales en Oxalidales que el análisis indica como de aparición paralela son la generación de androceos poliándricos 3 veces de modo independiente en Cunoniaceae y una vez en Elaeocarpaceae, la fusión de la base de los sépalos en Cunoniaceae y Oxalidaceae y la fusión completa en Afrostyrax (Huaceae) y Crinodendron (Elaeocarpaceae). Tal vez el transcurso más inesperado de transformación de un carácter floral fue la pérdida de pétalos, que habría ocurrido sólo una vez en el ancestro del linaje que daría a lugar Elaeocarpaceae, Brunelliaceae, Cephalotaceae y Cunoniaceae (Fig. 2) y no en múltiples ocasiones como hubiese sido intuitivo esperar. Estaríamos entonces más bien en un escenario que indicaría la recuperación paralela de pétalos en estos linajes de modo independiente. Figura 2. Captura de pantalla con una de las reconstrucciones de caracteres hecha en Mequite en base
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