Candida Parapsilosis: a Review of Its Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects, Typing and Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Critical Reviews in Microbiology Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 2009; 35(4): 283–309 2009 REVIEW ARTICLE Candida parapsilosis: a review of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, typing and antimicrobial susceptibility Eveline C. van Asbeck1,2, Karl V. Clemons1, David A. Stevens1 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128 USA and Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, and 2Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Medical and Clinical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands Abstract The Candida parapsilosis family has emerged as a major opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen. It causes multifaceted pathology in immuno-compromised and normal hosts, notably low birth weight neonates. Its emergence may relate to an ability to colonize the skin, proliferate in glucose-containing solutions, and adhere to plastic. When clusters appear, determination of genetic relatedness among strains and identifica- tion of a common source are important. Its virulence appears associated with a capacity to produce biofilm and production of phospholipase and aspartyl protease. Further investigations of the host-pathogen inter- actions are needed. This review summarizes basic science, clinical and experimental information about C. parapsilosis. Keywords: Candida parapsilosis, epidermiology, strain differentiation, clinical aspects, pathogenesis, For personal use only. antifungal susceptibility Introduction The organism was first described in 1928 (Ashford 1928), and early reports of C. parapsilosis described the organ- Candida bloodstream infections (BSI) remain an ism as a relatively non-pathogenic yeast in the normal exceedingly common life-threatening fungal disease flora of healthy individuals that was of minor clinical and are now recognized as a major cause of hospital- significance (Weems 1992). Important factors that have acquired infection (Douglas 2003; Tortorano et al. 2006; contributed to the increasing incidence of C. parapsilo- Tortorano et al. 2004). It is now the fourth most common sis are the use of life support systems, such as parenteral organism recovered from blood cultures among hospi- nutrition, or central venous catheters (Eggimann et al. talized patients in the USA (Hobson 2003; Pfaller et al. 2003, Krcmery & Barnes 2002). The increased incidence 1998b, Rangel-Frausto et al. 1999; Schaberg et al. 1991). of candidemia due to C. parapsilosis also is associated Some years ago Candida albicans accounted for with extended hospital stay, which leads to increased Critical Reviews in Microbiology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by The University of Manchester on 11/20/12 70–80% of the Candida isolates recovered from infected cost of medical care. Its spectrum of clinical manifes- patients (Banerjee et al. 1991; Beck-Sague & Jarvis tations include fungemia, endocarditis, peritonitis, 17 March 2009 1993; Fidel et al. 1999). However, infections due to arthritis, and endophthalmitis. This species displays non- albicans species have emerged over the past two many interesting biological features that are presumed 23 June 2009 decades, and a shift from C. albicans to species such as to be directly related to its virulence, such as its selec- Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tive adherence to prosthetic materials and formation of 02 July 2009 tropicalis has occurred (Fidel et al. 1999; San Miguel biofilms on plastic surfaces (Branchini et al. 1994; Pfaller et al. 2005). C. parapsilosis is now the second or third 1995), secrection of extracellular proteases (Fusek 1040-841X most common cause of candidiasis, behind C. albicans. et al. 1993, Merkerova et al. 2006, Pichova et al. 2001), 1549-7828 Address for Correspondence: Karl V. Clemons, Ph.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, 751 South Bascom Ave., San Jose, CA 95128. Tel: (408) 998–4557, Fax: (408) 998–2723. E-mail:[email protected] © 2009 Informa UK Ltd (Received 17 March 2009; revised 23 June 2009; accepted 02 July 2009) MCB ISSN 1040-841X print/ISSN 1549-7828 online © 2009 Informa UK Ltd 10.3109/10408410903213393 DOI: 10.3109/10408410903213393 http://www.informahealthcare.com/mby 421513 284 van Asbeck et al. colonization of human hands (Bonassoli et al. 2005), of non-albicans species worldwide as a cause of BSI profileration in high concentration of glucose and lipids (Pfaller & Diekema 2002). The percentage of isolates of (Branchini et al. 1994), phenotypic switching (Laffey & non-albicans species varies considerably from region Butler 2005, Lott et al. 1993), and resistance to drugs and to region (Pfaller et al. 2006a; Pfaller et al. 2006b). In a inhibitors (Camougrand et al. 1986). Unfortunately, we previous study (Wingard 1995), spanning a period from have much to learn about the virulence of C. parapsi- 1952 to 1992, C. parapsilosis accounted for only 7% of losis and even more about the host defenses directed candidemia in cancer patients. Weems (1992) gave a against the organism. Therefore, studies increasing our summary of C. parapsilosis fungemia cases described knowledge about this pathogen are needed. before 1992. From 1962 to 1986, 11 different studies Since a previous review was written (Weems 1992), reported between 3% and 27% prevalence of C. parap- C. parapsilosis has only increased its standing as a silosis among Candida fungemia. Since 1990 C. parapsi- pathogen. It therefore is highly relevant to review the losis showed an increase in incidence and is the second recent literature on C. parapsilosis. While this article or third most common yeast species isolated from the was in preparation, last year an updated useful review blood in Asia and Latin American countries (Pfaller of many of the aspects of C. parapsilosis was presented et al. 2008a; Pfaller et al. 2000; Sandven 2000), and has (Trofa et al. 2008). We review the literature on C. parap- been commonly found in Europe as well (Pfaller et al. silosis; specific topics discussed include its epidemiol- 1999; Sandven 2000). Pfaller et al. (2002) reported the ogy, the molecular epidemiology, clinical perspectives, role of sentinel surveillance studies of candidemia and pathogenesis, and antimicrobial susceptibility and demonstrated differences among studies done between treatment. 1992 and 2001. The overall incidence in six different studies showed a prevalence between 7 and 21 percent of C. parapsilosis causing candidal BSI. They further Epidemiology showed that the distribution of C. parapsilosis caus- ing BSI in adults was 5–12% while the distribution in C. parapsilosis is a ubiquitous microorganism in the neonates was 24–45%. C. parapsilosis was most preva- natural environment. It is not only isolated easily from lent in patients less than 1 year of age. soil, seawater, and plants, but also can be isolated from Kao et al. (1999) conducted a prospective, active mucosal surfaces, skin and nails, where it belongs to the population-based surveillance for candidemia in two benign commensal flora of humans and mammals (De United States cities, Atlanta and San Francisco, during For personal use only. Bernardis et al. 1999; Kuhn et al. 2004; Sanchez et al. 1993; 1992 to 1993. C. parapsilosis was the second most com- Weems 1992). The epidemiology ofC. parapsilosis in the mon Candida species, and was recovered from 21% of hospital environment is unique among Candida species, isolates from different patient populations. C. parapsi- because it is frequently isolated from physical surfaces. losis was recovered from 45% of the cases of candidemia It is a frequent cause of opportunistic infection, associ- in neonates. ated with high morbidity and mortality rates in hospi- The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey talized immuno-compromised patients (Girmenia et al. (NEMIS) performed an 18-month prospective study, 1996; Jarvis 1995). Although C. parapsilosis is an oppor- in surgical intensive care units (SICUs) and neonatal tunistic pathogen, the majority of patients who develop intensive care units (NICUs), from several centers in the disseminated candidiasis due to C. parapsilosis are not United States (Rangel-Frausto et al. 1999). C. parapsilosis immunosuppressed in the classical sense (Spellberg & was isolated from the blood in 7% of the cases in the Edwards 2002). Rather, the predominant risk factors for SICU, whereas a prevalence of 29% of C. parapsilosis was disseminated candidiasis due to C. parapsilosis, which identified in the NICU. Critical Reviews in Microbiology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by The University of Manchester on 11/20/12 are held in common among afflicted patients, are iatro- A 10-year study, from 1992 through 2001, recorded genic and/or nosocomial factors (Spellberg et al. 2006). the distribution of BSI isolates of different Candida This species has been particularly associated with BSI species (Pfaller & Diekema 2004). Isolates were collected in very low birth weight neonates (Campbell et al. 2000; from 250 medical centers in 32 nations worldwide. da Silva et al. 2001; Damjanovic et al. 1993; Huang et al. C. parapsilosis accounted for 13% and was the third most 1998; Huang et al. 1999; Sarvikivi et al. 2005; Saxen et al. common Candida species isolated from BSI. 1995; Solomon et al. 1986; Welbel et al. 1996), but is also Pfaller et al. (1998a) previously reported C. parapsilo- seen frequently in patients with catheter-associated sis had a higher