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Univerza V Mariboru Filozofska Fakulteta UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA SOCIOLOGIJO DIPLOMSKO DELO Sara Gabrič Januar, 2010 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA SOCIOLOGIJO Diplomsko delo ŢENSKI LIKI V SLOVANSKI MITOLOGIJI Mentor: Kandidatka: red. prof. dr. Sergej Flere Sara Gabrič Maribor, 2010 Lektorica: Bojana Kovačič Zemljič, uni. dipl. prof. slo. jezika. Prevajalka: Danijela Kačinari, prof. ang. jezika ZAHVALA Posebna zahvala gre mentorju dr. Sergeju Flereju, tako za njegovo zavzeto delo pri usmerjanju in svetovanju, kakor tudi za njegove konstruktivne kritike, ki so spodbudile moje nadaljnjo razmišljanje in me prisilile k iskanju novih rešitev. Rada bi se zahvalila prijateljem in sorodnikom, ki so me vzpodbujali in mi svetovali ter mi pomagali pri iskanju literature. Najbolj pa se zahvaljujem mami in fantu za moralno podporo in spodbujanje, tako v času študija kot ob pisanju diplomskega dela. IZJAVA O AVTORSTVU Podpisana Sara Gabrič, roj. 14. 03. 1983, študentka Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, smer sociologija in filozofija, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Ţenski liki v slovanski mitologiji, pri mentorju dr. Sergeju Flereju, avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti niso prepisani brez navedbe avtorjev. Sara Gabrič Maribor, januar, 2010 POVZETEK V diplomskem delu je obravnavan del bogate slovanske mitologije, in sicer različna ţenska mitološka bitja, ki so jih častili Slovani. Cilj diplomskega dela je spoznati del slovanske mitologije. Vedenje o prvotnem verovanju Slovanov je namreč zelo slabo, več se namreč ve o mitologijah Rimljanov ali Grkov. Diplomsko delo je osredotočeno na predstavitev ţenskih likov v slovanskem verovanju ter pokazati njihov vpliv na vsakdanje ţivljenje Slovanov. Poleg teh boginj so obstajala še druga ţenska mitološka bitja, ki so jih Slovani častili, nekatera celo bolj od samih boginj. Res da je moški v starih civilizacijah bil tisti, ki je prinašal druţini hrano, vendar bi sam moški teţko preţivel in ohranil svoj rod brez pomoči ţenske. Stara ljudstva, med njimi tudi Slovani, so se tega dobro zavedali, kar se vidi v njihovem čaščenju ţenskih likov, ki so nekako pogosteje povezani z novim nastankom oziroma začetkom kot tudi z rodnostjo. V nasprotju z večino raziskovalcev, ki dajejo prednost bogovom in so jim boginje obstranskega pomena, je v tem diplomskem delu predstavljena teza, da so imele boginje velik vpliv na ljudstvo, in da ni bila le ena boginja, kot je marsikje predstavljeno, ampak jih je bilo več in je vsaka pokrivala pomembno področje vsakdanjega ţivljenja. KLJUČNE BESEDE: Slovani, mitologija, boginje, mitološka bitja, čaščenje. ABSTRACT The thesis is about a part of the rich Slavic mythology and the various female mythological creatures, which are worshipped by the Slavs. The aim of the thesis is to examine a part of the Slavic mythology. The knowledge of the original religion of the Slavs is poor, more is known about the Roman or Greek mythology. The thesis focuses on the presentation of female characters in the Slavic religion and shows their influence on the Slavic daily life. Besides the goddesses there were a lot of other female mythological creatures worshipped by the Slavs, and some of them were worshipped even more than the goddesses themselves. Admittedly, men in the old civilization were the ones who provided the family with food, but the men would hardly have survived, and it would have been even harder to take care of their families without the aid of women. Old nations, among them the Slavs, were well aware of that and this knowledge can be seen in their worship of female characters that are more frequently associated with the occurrence or the beginning of the new as well as with fertility. Contrary to the majority of the researchers, who favor the gods and put less importance on the goddesses, this thesis presents that the goddesses had a major impact on the people and that there was not only one goddess, as it is often presented. The Slavs had more goddesses and each of them covered an important area of everyday life. KEYWORDS: the Slavs, mythology, goddesses, mythological creatures, worship. KAZALO UVOD ................................................................................................................................. 1 SLOVANI IN NJIHOVA RELIGIJA ................................................................................. 2 BOGINJE ........................................................................................................................... 6 Mokoš ............................................................................................................................. 7 Ţiva ............................................................................................................................... 19 Vesna ........................................................................................................................... 29 Lada .............................................................................................................................. 37 Morana ......................................................................................................................... 42 Dogana ........................................................................................................................ 46 Vida, Dilvika................................................................................................................. 49 MITOLOŠKA BITJA ....................................................................................................... 52 Pehtra ........................................................................................................................... 52 Vile ................................................................................................................................ 57 Rojenice ....................................................................................................................... 71 Rusalke ........................................................................................................................ 77 Kresnice ....................................................................................................................... 81 Ţalik ţene, Sredozimka, Torka ................................................................................. 83 ZAKLJUČEK ................................................................................................................... 86 LITERATURA .................................................................................................................. 92 UVOD Vsa stara ljudstva so skozi lastno zgodovino imela različne tipe verovanj. Med najbolj zanimive in obseţne spada politeizem, kjer je več bogov kot tudi več boginj. Slovani pri tem niso bili izjeme, čeprav o teh bogovih vemo bore malo, saj so tukaj teţave z raziskovanjem tega področja. Gre namreč za pomanjkanje tako imenovanih prvotnih virov, torej opisov verovanj, šeg in mitov iz dobe, ko je bilo tako imenovano poganstvo uradna religija slovanskih plemen. Zato se je pri raziskovanju potrebno zadovoljiti le s sekundarnimi viri, kjer gre pogosto za zelo subjektivna poročila srednjeveških kronistov. Zaradi tega je pogosto potrebno iskati neka druga pričevanja, ki bi nam pomagala razumeti verovanje Slovanov. Tukaj gre predvsem za folklorne vire raznih slovanskih lokalnih tradicij, s katerimi lahko poskušamo ugotoviti prvotno stanje slovanske mitologije. Pomemben vir raznih podatkov so tudi bajke ljudstev, ki so se posredovale z ustnim izročilom in prav zaradi tega prihaja tudi do velikih razlikovanj med liki, saj so po nekaterih povestih ti liki bogovi, po drugih povestih pa bitja, ki sicer imajo nadnaravne sposobnosti, vendar se ne morejo primerjati z bogovi. Pri raziskovanju pa je potrebno upoštevati tudi, da kakšna mitska podoba ali motiv, s katerim se ukvarjamo, ni vedno prisotna v vseh lokalnih slovanskih tradicijah. Veliko nasprotovanj je pri slovanskih boginjah in pri ţenskih mitoloških bitjih nasploh. Večina avtorjev priznava obstoj boginji Mokoš, saj je bila edina boginja v znanem Vladimirjevem panteonu. Nadalje pa so si vsi avtorji različnega mnenja. Tudi najbolj znana boginja Vesna je marsikje jabolko spora, saj jo nekateri ne pripisujejo k boginjam. V nadaljevanju diplomskega dela bomo poizkušali predstaviti najpomembnejše ţenske like iz slovanske mitologije ter prikazati, kako so bili različni liki pomembni za navadne ljudi, saj so se jim na različne načine dobrikali in poizkušali pridobiti njihovo naklonjenost z različnimi darovi in obredi. 1 SLOVANI IN NJIHOVA RELIGIJA Po Barfordu so se Slovani prvič predstavili svetu v 6. stoletju z raznolikostjo in okretnostjo mnoţic, ki so poselile Balkan, Centralno in Vzhodno Evropo. Barford trdi, da so se po vsej verjetnosti slovanska plemena začela izza Karpatov seliti na sever, zahod in jugozahod. Slovani so tako tvorili tri velike etnične skupine, Juţni, Zahodni in Vzhodni Slovani (Barford, 2001). Po Makaroviču je bila pokrajina, na katero so Slovani prodrli in jo poselili, skoraj povsod poraščena z ogromnimi površinami gozdov, ki so bili prekinjeni z močvirji, jezeri in rekami. Ţiveli so od ribolova in lova, skrbeli so za ţivino na gozdnih jasah in na naravnih travnikih. Makarovič poudari, da so se Slovani, oziroma predvsem Slovanke, ukvarjale z intenzivno vrtnarsko proizvodnjo. V gozdu so pridobivali les, s katerim so gradili svoje hiše. Ţiveli so v majhnih skupinah druţin. Makarovič s pomočjo Selivanova opozarja,
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