History of Modern Bulgarian Literature

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

History of Modern Bulgarian Literature The History ol , v:i IL Illlllf iM %.m:.:A Iiiil,;l|iBif| M283h UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES COLLEGE LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/historyofmodernbOOmann Modern Bulgarian Literature The History of Modern Bulgarian Literature by CLARENCE A. MANNING and ROMAN SMAL-STOCKI BOOKMAN ASSOCIATES :: New York Copyright © 1960 by Bookman Associates Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-8549 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY UNITED PRINTING SERVICES, INC. NEW HAVEN, CONN. Foreword This outline of modern Bulgarian literature is the result of an exchange of memories of Bulgaria between the authors some years ago in New York. We both have visited Bulgaria many times, we have had many personal friends among its scholars and statesmen, and we feel a deep sympathy for the tragic plight of this long-suffering Slavic nation with its industrious and hard-working people. We both feel also that it is an injustice to Bulgaria and a loss to American Slavic scholarship that, in spite of the importance of Bulgaria for the Slavic world, so little attention is paid to the country's cultural contributions. This is the more deplorable for American influence in Bulgaria was great, even before World War I. Many Bulgarians were educated in Robert Col- lege in Constantinople and after World War I in the American College in Sofia, one of the institutions supported by the Near East Foundation. Many Bulgarian professors have visited the United States in happier times. So it seems unfair that Ameri- cans and American universities have ignored so completely the development of the Bulgarian genius and culture during the past century. Even American Slavic scholars know little or nothing of modern Bulgarian literature. There have been a few transla- tions of the works of two of the greatest authors, Khristo Botev and Ivan Vazov, but these are now out of print. The other nineteenth- and twentieth-century authors are not even known by name in the United States. In short, any attempts to interpret Bulgarian literary culture have been either non-existent or so feeble that they have scarcely achieved their purpose of making the country known in the Anglo-Saxon world. Yet modern Bulgarian literature, from its scanty origins in the eighteenth century, has developed an individuality which dif- ferentiates it from the culture of the other Slavic nations and corresponds to the Bulgarian national character and to the unfortunate fate of the Bulgarian nation. The nation was forced to enter two World Wars on the losing side and, now under the terror of the Communists, it is under a government that is intent upon changing the entire traditional culture of the people and upon remodelling its customs and literature according to the Soviet pattern. It is our modest aim to help fill this vacuum in America with this study of modern Bulgarian literature, presented against the background of Bulgarian history, which offers a good example of the evolution of modern Slavic nationalism. We sincerely hope that this volume will lead to a better un- derstanding of the path which the Bulgarians have been com- pelled to travel. We believe that it will give a better under- standing to the people and encourage efforts to set the Bulgarian people free from their present yoke to resume their march toward membership in a free world and a world of peace, harmony, freedom, and democracy for all nations. At the present moment literary research in both Bulgaria and the Soviet Union is stressing the interrelations of Bulgarian and Ukrainian literature. These relationships have been almost completely disregarded by American scholars and so they have been more or less noted in this volume. As the Ukrainian authors are little known to Americans, footnotes have been appended for purposes of identification. In the last chapter we have added selections of Bulgarian poetry, for poetry is one of the most characteristic features of any literature. The transliteration system used in this book is based upon that of the Library of Congress with some necessary modifica- tions. To differentiate the ancient state of Kievan Rus from the rising Principality of Moscow, we have used for the former the term found in the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, the medieval English word, "Ruce." In conclusion we can only hope that in some degree this book will serve its purpose of making known to the American peo- ple a Slavic country which has had a remarkable and unfortunate history but which is still far from conquered and will ultimately play its own free role in the free world. New York, New York Milwaukee, Wisconsin October, 1958 Clarence A. Manning Roman Smal-Stocki Contents Chapter Page 1. The Historical Background 11 2. Old and Middle Bulgarian Literature 30 3. Father Paisi Khilandarski 45 4. Educators and Revolutionists 52 5. Khristo Botev 73 6. Ivan Vazov 80 7. The First Decades after Liberation 94 8. The Coming of Modernism 107 9. Bulgarian Prose and Drama 123 10. The Period of Discouragement 130 11. Toward Communism 145 12. The Communist Period 152 Conclusion The Characteristics of Bulgarian Literature 163 Selections of Bulgarian Poetry 167 Bulgarian Folksongs 167 Petko Rachev Slaveykov 171 Khristo Botev 174 Ivan Vazov 177 Pencho Slaveykov 181 Peyu Yavorov 184 Notes 187 Selected Bibliography 190 Index 192 CHAPTER ONE The Historical Background To understand the special situation in which modern Bul- garian literature developed, we must have at least a general idea of the history of the Bulgarian people in the past as well as in the present. We must take into account the geographical position of the land which likewise played an important role in the fate of the nation. The Bulgarian people, numbering almost 7,000,000, live in the eastern half of the Balkan peninsula and occupy much of the area in which the original Bulgarians first settled. Their territory is bounded on the east by the Black Sea and the European section of Turkey. In the south Greek Thrace, a narrow strip of territory which was once under Bulgarian rule, cuts them off from the Aegean Sea. In the west their territory abuts on Yugoslavia. The northern boundary of the state is the Danube River which separates them from Romania and near its delta creates the thorny Dobrudja question. The ter- ritory is cut almost in half by the Balkan Mountains with the fertile lands to the north sloping down to the Danube and those of the south toward the Greek border. The territory which the Bulgarians now inhabit was formerly a part of the Roman Empire and the course of the old Roman roads can still be traced, especially those running from the west to the east. With the division of the Roman Empire in the year 395, the present Bulgarian lands fell within the terri- tory of the Eastern Empire with its political and ecclesiastical capital at Constantinople or, as the Greeks liked to call it, "New Rome." This territory was then largely inhabited by Greeks, although it undoubtedly contained remnants of the pre-Greek 11 12 Modern Bulgarian Literature Thracians and Illyrians. These latter peoples, of whom we have little detailed knowledge, flowed over into Macedonia, originally the homeland of Philip and Alexander the Great. In the course of the sixth century this area was invaded by various East Slavic tribes, partly the ancestors of the present-day Belo-Ruthenians and Ukrainians, who overran the Balkan Penin- sula and even settled in the Peloponnesus. 1 At that time the entire territory from Mount Haemus to the Peloponnesus and the Aegean Sea was called Slavania or Slavonia. 2 How far these Slavs accepted Christianity is still uncertain but there was apparently little conflict at this period between the old inhabi- tants and the invaders. They were well on their way to being acclimated in the Byzantine Empire when the Bulgarian horde 3 made its appearance. This was a group of Altaic-speaking nomads, and their lan- guage was probably a mixture of Turkic dialects with some possible influences of the old Hunnic speech, something like modern Chuvash. They formed the nucleus of a state on the Volga in Black Bulgary where their leaders showed remarkable statesmanship. In the course of the seventh century, during the folk migrations, they moved westward across the Ukraine and into the present Romania. Finally, in 679, under Khan Asperukh, they crossed the Danube into the old province of Moesia. Fol- lowing wars with the Byzantines, they secured permission of the Byzantine Emperor to establish a Bulgarian state with its first capital at Pliska-Aboba in the northeastern part of modern Bulgaria. Since this was about the time when Constantinople was threatened by the first great assault of the Arabs, some scholars have thought that the Bulgarian horde had some un- derstanding with the other foes of Byzantium. For the next two centuries Bulgaria prospered. The Slavic cultivators, a sturdy and hard-working stock, soon Slavicized the Bulgarian nomads who formed a comparatively small dominant class. Giving up its nomadic habits, the horde merged with the surrounding Slavs and by intermarriage created a unified Slavic nation under the old Altaic name. By the beginning of the ninth century, even the original Bulgarian Altaic lan- guage had disappeared and had been replaced by a form of The Historical Background 13 Slavic. The process was similar to that which went on when the Franks, the Teutonic conquerors of Gaul, were completely assimilated by the native population but left the country and nation their name—France. In Bulgaria, too, the conquerors, the Altaic Bulgars, gave their name to the more civilized Slavic tribes whose customs and language they adopted.
Recommended publications
  • Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Bulgaria
    Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Bulgaria By Henry L. deZeng IV General Map Edition: November 2014 Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Copyright © by Henry L. deZeng IV (Work in Progress). (1st Draft 2014) Blanket permission is granted by the author to researchers to extract information from this publication for their personal use in accordance with the generally accepted definition of fair use laws. Otherwise, the following applies: All rights reserved. No part of this publication, an original work by the authors, may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the author. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This information is provided on an "as is" basis without condition apart from making an acknowledgement of authorship. Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Airfields Bulgaria Introduction Conventions 1. For the purpose of this reference work, “Bulgaria” generally means the territory belonging to the country on 6 April 1941, the date of the German invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia and Greece. The territory occupied and acquired by Bulgaria after that date is not included. 2. All spellings are as they appear in wartime German documents with the addition of alternate spellings where known. Place names in the Cyrillic alphabet as used in the Bulgarian language have been transliterated into the English equivalent as they appear on Google Earth. 3. It is strongly recommended that researchers use the search function because each airfield and place name has alternate spellings, sometimes 3 or 4.
    [Show full text]
  • CULTURAL HERITAGE in MIGRATION Published Within the Project Cultural Heritage in Migration
    CULTURAL HERITAGE IN MIGRATION Published within the project Cultural Heritage in Migration. Models of Consolidation and Institutionalization of the Bulgarian Communities Abroad funded by the Bulgarian National Science Fund © Nikolai Vukov, Lina Gergova, Tanya Matanova, Yana Gergova, editors, 2017 © Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum – BAS, 2017 © Paradigma Publishing House, 2017 ISBN 978-954-326-332-5 BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ETHNOLOGY AND FOLKLORE STUDIES WITH ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM CULTURAL HERITAGE IN MIGRATION Edited by Nikolai Vukov, Lina Gergova Tanya Matanova, Yana Gergova Paradigma Sofia • 2017 CONTENTS EDITORIAL............................................................................................................................9 PART I: CULTURAL HERITAGE AS A PROCESS DISPLACEMENT – REPLACEMENT. REAL AND INTERNALIZED GEOGRAPHY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MIGRATION............................................21 Slobodan Dan Paich THE RUSSIAN-LIPOVANS IN ITALY: PRESERVING CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS HERITAGE IN MIGRATION.............................................................41 Nina Vlaskina CLASS AND RELIGION IN THE SHAPING OF TRADITION AMONG THE ISTANBUL-BASED ORTHODOX BULGARIANS...............................55 Magdalena Elchinova REPRESENTATIONS OF ‘COMPATRIOTISM’. THE SLOVAK DIASPORA POLITICS AS A TOOL FOR BUILDING AND CULTIVATING DIASPORA.............72 Natália Blahová FOLKLORE AS HERITAGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF BULGARIANS IN HUNGARY.......................................................................................................................88
    [Show full text]
  • Vladimir Paounovsky
    THE B ULGARIAN POLICY TTHE BB ULGARIAN PP OLICY ON THE BB ALKAN CCOUNTRIESAND NN ATIONAL MM INORITIES,, 1878-19121878-1912 Vladimir Paounovsky 1.IN THE NAME OF THE NATIONAL IDEAL The period in the history of the Balkan nations known as the “Eastern Crisis of 1875-1879” determined the international political development in the region during the period between the end of 19th century and the end of World War I (1918). That period was both a time of the consolidation of and opposition to Balkan nationalism with the aim of realizing, to a greater or lesser degree, separate national doctrines and ideals. Forced to maneuver in the labyrinth of contradictory interests of the Great Powers on the Balkan Peninsula, the battles among the Balkan countries for superiority of one over the others, led them either to Pyrrhic victories or defeats. This was particularly evident during the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars (The Balkan War and The Interallied War) and World War I, which was ignited by a spark from the Balkans. The San Stefano Peace Treaty of 3 March, 1878 put an end to the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). According to the treaty, an independent Bulgarian state was to be founded within the ethnographic borders defined during the Istanbul Conference of December 1876; that is, within the framework of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to the treaty the only loss for Bulgaria was the ceding of North Dobroujda to Romania as compensa- tion for the return of Bessarabia to Russia. The Congress of Berlin (June 1878), however, re-consid- ered the Peace Treaty and replaced it with a new one in which San Stefano Bulgaria was parceled out; its greater part was put under Ottoman control again while Serbia was given the regions around Pirot and Vranya as a compensation for the occupation of Novi Pazar sancak (administrative district) by Austro-Hun- - 331 - VLADIMIR P AOUNOVSKY gary.
    [Show full text]
  • An Unsupervised Language Independent Method of Name Discrimination Using Second Order Co-Occurrence Features
    An Unsupervised Language Independent Method of Name Discrimination Using Second Order Co-Occurrence Features Ted Pedersen1, Anagha Kulkarni1, Roxana Angheluta2, Zornitsa Kozareva3, and Thamar Solorio4 1 University of Minnesota, Duluth, USA 2 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium 3 University of Alicante, Spain 4 University of Texas at El Paso, USA Abstract. Previous work by Pedersen, Purandare and Kulkarni (2005) has resulted in an unsupervised method of name discrimination that represents the context in which an ambiguous name occurs using second order co–occurrence features. These contexts are then clustered in order to identify which are associated with different underlying named entities. It also extracts descriptive and discriminating bigrams from each of the discovered clusters in order to serve as identifying labels. These methods have been shown to perform well with English text, although we believe them to be language independent since they rely on lexical features and use no syntactic features or external knowledge sources. In this paper we apply this methodology in exactly the same way to Bulgarian, English, Romanian, and Spanish corpora. We find that it attains discrimination accuracy that is consistently well above that of a majority classifier, thus providing support for the hypothesis that the method is language independent. 1 Introduction Purandare and Pedersen (e.g., [9], [10]) previously developed an unsupervised method of word sense discrimination that has also been applied to name discrim- ination by Pedersen, Purandare, and Kulkarni [8]. This method is characterized by a reliance on lexical features, and avoids the use of syntactic or other language dependent information. This is by design, since the method is intended to port easily and effectively to a range of languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Bulgarian Cooking Free
    FREE TRADITIONAL BULGARIAN COOKING PDF Silvia Vangelova Zheleva | 78 pages | 22 Dec 2015 | Createspace Independent Publishing Platform | 9781519718792 | English | United States Bulgarian Food: 18 Traditional & Tasty Dishes • A Little Nomad BulgariaWhere to Eat. If Bulgaria has a national dish, it is certainly shopska salad, the queen of all Bulgarian food. This Bulgarian dish is simple and best eaten in the height of summer, when tomatoes are at their very best. It is somewhat similar to a Greek salad but the ingredients and preparation are slightly different. A true shopska salad is made of roughly chopped fresh summer tomatoes and cucumbers, plus sweet green peppers and red or green onions with a truckload of finely grated sirene cheese a local Bulgarian feta and some parsley on top. This coats each bite of salad with delicious, salty cheese — just how it should be. Fun fact: the salad is the same colors of the Bulgarian flag! Funner fact: It is often served with a shot of rakia at the beginning of a meal, which is how I think all future salads should be consumed, tbh. Banitsa is a traditional breakfast pastry or anytime snack. It is similar to borek which is found in other Balkan countries but the filling is a little different and so is the shape of Traditional Bulgarian Cooking pastry. Made of a phyllo dough brushed with butter, inside it houses a blend of Bulgarian dairy deliciousness. Local Traditional Bulgarian Cooking, sirene cheese, and eggs are all mixed together and baked in their phyllo house, rolled into a snail-like coil which is then served in slices.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgarian Revival Culture - an Axiological Perspective in the Texts of Januarius Macgahan and Stanislas St
    English Studies at NBU, 2015 ISSN 2367-5705 (Print) Vol. 1, Issue 2, 41-54 www.esnbu.org BULGARIAN REVIVAL CULTURE - AN AXIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE IN THE TEXTS OF JANUARIUS MACGAHAN AND STANISLAS ST. CLAIR Zhivko Hristov New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria Abstract Analyzing the vocabulary and the stylistic techniques in the works of the two authors, dedicated to Bulgaria, the article aims to contribute to a change of the two seemingly contrasting attitudes in their Bulgarian reception. The first is the implicit attitude to MacGahan as a "dangerous" author whose work is not even published with its true title - "The Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria". The focus of the analysis are the passages that deal with the Bulgarian material culture and education, as well as their axiological charge. The second is the negative value-based perception of the Bulgaro-phobic texts of St. Clair, an author obviously considered ineligible for translating into Bulgarian. However, his work might be a valuable source of knowledge about the culture of the Bulgarian national revival, provided that our reception remains neutral and unaffected by his derogatory language. Key words: translation equivalence, connotation, axiology, irony, value-oriented motivation Article history: Received: 24 April 2015; Reviewed: 23 November 2015; Revised: 26 November 2015; Accepted: 21 December 2015; Published: 31 December 2015 Zhivko Hristov has an MA in Philosophy with a minor in English from St Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria. In 2001 – 2013, he taught English for International Relations and Psychology at Varna Free University. In 2014, he started his doctoral studies in Linguistics and Theory of Translation at New Bulgarian University.
    [Show full text]
  • First Study of Aerophytic Cryptogams on Monuments in Bulgaria 73-82 © Naturwiss.-Med
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Berichte des naturwissenschaftlichen-medizinischen Verein Innsbruck Jahr/Year: 2003 Band/Volume: 90 Autor(en)/Author(s): Stoyneva Maya P., Gärtner Georg Artikel/Article: First Study of Aerophytic Cryptogams on Monuments in Bulgaria 73-82 © Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Ber. nat.-med. Verein Innsbruck Band 90 S. 73 - 82 Innsbruck, Nov. 2003 First Study of Aerophytic Cryptogams on Monuments in Bulgaria by Georg GÄRTNER & Maya P. STOYNEVA*) Synopsis: The first study of aerophytic cryptogams from granite monuments investigated in the Bulgarian town Koprivshtitsa (Sredna Gora Mountains – 1058 m a.s.l.) compared with two iden- tical bronze and limestone copies in the capital town Sofia (650 m a.s.l.) is presented. Greenish lay- ers on the surface of one of the Koprivshtitsa monuments consisted of the aerophytic green alga Apatococcus lobatus together with free-living and lichenized green alga Trebouxia arboricola and the aerophytic green alga Coccomyxa sp. Some lichens as Lepraria cf. neglecta and Candelariella vitellina were also found. The same lichens together with further species like Protoparmeliopsis muralis var. muralis and Caloplaca sp. were detected on the surrounding stonework of the second Koprivshtitsa monument. On the surface of the calcareous statue in Sofia only some initial stages of Apatococcus lobatus were registered. The algal taxa have been studied in cultures and some com- ments on their taxonomy and distribution are given. Key words: aerophytic algae, lichens, granite, limestone, Apatococcus lobatus, Trebouxia arboricola, Bulgaria. 1. Introduction: Nevertheless that the algal, fungal, lichen and moss flora of Bulgaria has been well studied since many decades, the aerophytic cryptogams on monuments have not been inve- stigated (VODENICHAROV et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Relics of the Bulgarian National Epic
    PAISStt OF HILENDAR: FOUNDER OF THE NATIONAL IDEOLOGY In modern historiography the first centuries of the of the respectful image of Mediaeval Bulgaria. In Sremski Ottoman rule of Bulgarian lands are determined as Late Karlovci, one of the most active literary centres of the Middle Ages. The time from the beginning of the 18th time, Paissi read the book of Dubrovnik Abbot Mavro century to the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War is called Orbini "The Realm of the Slavs" in which he discovered Bulgarian National Revival. If the National Revival period considerable evidence about the Bulgarians' past. for Northern Bulgaria and the Sofia Region continued by In 1762 he completed "Slav-Bulgarian History, about 1878, for Eastern Rumelia it was by 1885 and for the People and the Kings, the Bulgarian Saints and All Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace by 1912-1913. Bulgarian Activities and Events". In 83 hand-written The National Revival in the Bulgarian lands witnessed pages the inspired Hilendar Monk interpreted using considerable economic progress. The Bulgarian were romantic and heightened tone the grandour of increasingly getting rid of their mediaeval restricted out- Mediaeval Bulgaria, the victory of the Bulgarian army look and helplessness and were gradually getting aware over Byzantium, the impressive bravery and manliness of as people, aspiring towards economic and cultural the Bulgarians, the historic mission of the Cyril and progress. Hilendar monk Paissii became a mouthpiece of Methodius brothers and other eloquent facts, worthy to these changes in the national self-awareness. He was be remembers and respected by the successors. Already the first to perceive the beginning of the new time and in the forward this noted Bulgarian appealed with gen- the need of formulating verbally the maturing historical uine sincerity towards his compatriots to love and keep prospects and tasks before the Bulgarian people.
    [Show full text]
  • BULGARIAN REVIVAL INTELLIGENTSIA Natural
    BULGARIAN REVIVAL INTELLIGENTSIA Natural Philosophy System of Dr. Petar Beron Petar Beron was born at year 1800 in the town Kotel, “a miniature of Nuremberg”, in a rich family of handcrafts and merchants. In Kotel he received his primary education at the cell school of Stoiko Vladislavov and Raino Popovich. He went further to Bucharest where he entered the school of Greek educator Konstantin Vardalach. The latter, a famous for his time pedagogue and encyclopedist, had influenced a lot for the formation of Beron as scientist and philosopher. In 1824 Beron is compelled to leave Bucharest, because he participated in a “Greek plot”, and goes to Brashov, another Rumanian town, where he compiled “The Fish Primer”. This book was fundamental for the Reformation in Bulgaria and an achievement for the young scholar. In 1825 Beron enrolled as a student in Heidelberg University, Germany, where he proceeded philosophy until two years later when he transferred to Munich to study medicine. On the 9 July 1831, after successfully defending a doctoral dissertation, Beron was promoted Doctor in Medicine. Dissertation was in Latin and concerned an operation technique in Obstetrics and Gynecology. The young physician worked in Bucharest and Craiova, but after several years of general practice he quit his job and started merchandise. After fifteen years he made a fortune and went to Paris where he lived as a renter. Here he started a real scientific career. His scope was to entail all the human knowledge by that time and to make a natural philosophy evaluation by creating a new “Panepisteme”. His encyclopedic skills were remarkable.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S
    The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800s-1900s February 2003 Katrin Bozeva-Abazi Department of History McGill University, Montreal A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Contents 1. Abstract/Resume 3 2. Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Names 6 3. Acknowledgments 7 4. Introduction 8 How "popular" nationalism was created 5. Chapter One 33 Peasants and intellectuals, 1830-1914 6. Chapter Two 78 The invention of the modern Balkan state: Serbia and Bulgaria, 1830-1914 7. Chapter Three 126 The Church and national indoctrination 8. Chapter Four 171 The national army 8. Chapter Five 219 Education and national indoctrination 9. Conclusions 264 10. Bibliography 273 Abstract The nation-state is now the dominant form of sovereign statehood, however, a century and a half ago the political map of Europe comprised only a handful of sovereign states, very few of them nations in the modern sense. Balkan historiography often tends to minimize the complexity of nation-building, either by referring to the national community as to a monolithic and homogenous unit, or simply by neglecting different social groups whose consciousness varied depending on region, gender and generation. Further, Bulgarian and Serbian historiography pay far more attention to the problem of "how" and "why" certain events have happened than to the emergence of national consciousness of the Balkan peoples as a complex and durable process of mental evolution. This dissertation on the concept of nationality in which most Bulgarians and Serbs were educated and socialized examines how the modern idea of nationhood was disseminated among the ordinary people and it presents the complicated process of national indoctrination carried out by various state institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Educational Practices of Bulgarians in the Period of Separatist Movement from the Ottoman Empire in Kosovo
    Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri • Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice - 11(3) • Summer • 1495-1498 ©2011 Eğitim Danışmanlığı ve Araştırmaları İletişim Hizmetleri Tic. Ltd. Şti. Educational Practices of Bulgarians in the Period of Separatist Movement from the Ottoman Empire in Kosovo Arzu M. NURDOĞANa Marmara University Abstract The aim of the research was to provide an unpretentious sample and contribution to the evaluations that educa- tion and schooling politics played a leading role for Bulgarian nationalist movement to gain a mass dimension like other separatist movements. With this purpose in mind, the efforts were made to address to modern edu- cation in native language move of Bulgarians that had not been adopted nation-state project only based on the- ir own internal dynamics with the dimension that was tried to be built via interventions of foreign countries rat- her than generating and discovering resources available within themselves, and it is a process of a pragmatic change-transformation concerning political practices. Key Words Ottoman, Abdulhamid II, Bulgarization, Indoctrination, Identity. The main hypothesis of the research is that the in- tion among non-Muslim –even Muslims -residents strumentalization of education placed in a central- of the empire with all aspects related to evolution of ized position by Bulgarians is actually a dimension Ottoman Empire at a political, cultural, social, re- of global trend of the period in terms of develop- ligious and economic base and evaluations regard- ment of nationalist discourse and movement, and ing the underlying reasons thereof. The purpose national educational transformation is an impor- of the research was to provide an unpretentious tant part of the phenomenon keeping up with the sample and contribution to the evaluations that education era initialized by state via Sultan Abdul- education and schooling politics played a leading hamid II (Akman, 2006; Anderson, 2001; Bozbora, role for Bulgarian nationalist movement to gain a 1997; Frasheri, 1964, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • 1Daskalov R Tchavdar M Ed En
    Entangled Histories of the Balkans Balkan Studies Library Editor-in-Chief Zoran Milutinović, University College London Editorial Board Gordon N. Bardos, Columbia University Alex Drace-Francis, University of Amsterdam Jasna Dragović-Soso, Goldsmiths, University of London Christian Voss, Humboldt University, Berlin Advisory Board Marie-Janine Calic, University of Munich Lenard J. Cohen, Simon Fraser University Radmila Gorup, Columbia University Robert M. Hayden, University of Pittsburgh Robert Hodel, Hamburg University Anna Krasteva, New Bulgarian University Galin Tihanov, Queen Mary, University of London Maria Todorova, University of Illinois Andrew Wachtel, Northwestern University VOLUME 9 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsl Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies Edited by Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover Illustration: Top left: Krste Misirkov (1874–1926), philologist and publicist, founder of Macedo- nian national ideology and the Macedonian standard language. Photographer unknown. Top right: Rigas Feraios (1757–1798), Greek political thinker and revolutionary, ideologist of the Greek Enlightenment. Portrait by Andreas Kriezis (1816–1880), Benaki Museum, Athens. Bottom left: Vuk Karadžić (1787–1864), philologist, ethnographer and linguist, reformer of the Serbian language and founder of Serbo-Croatian. 1865, lithography by Josef Kriehuber. Bottom right: Şemseddin Sami Frashëri (1850–1904), Albanian writer and scholar, ideologist of Albanian and of modern Turkish nationalism, with his wife Emine. Photo around 1900, photo- grapher unknown. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Entangled histories of the Balkans / edited by Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov. pages cm — (Balkan studies library ; Volume 9) Includes bibliographical references and index.
    [Show full text]