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Mlcrisilms International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the Him is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the Him inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been Hlmed, you will Hnd a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a deHnite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin Hlming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the Hrst row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. UniversiV MlcriSilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7 9 1 7 3 4 6 GODSON, SUSAN HALL THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMPHIBIOUS WARFARE IN WORLD WAR I I AS REFLECTED IN THE CAMPAIGNS OF ADMIRAL JOHN LESSLIE HALL, J R ., USN. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1979 UniversiV Micnjfilms International 300 n . z e e b r o a d, a n n a r b o r, mi a sio g © COPYRIGHT BY SUSAN HALL GODSON 1979 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMPHIBIOUS WARFARE IN WORLD WAR II AS REFLECTED IN THE CAMPAIGNS OF ADMIRAL JOHN LESSLIE HALL, JR., USN by Susan Hall Godson Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Signatures of Committee: Chairman : Robert L. Beisner Dean of the College David J. Brandenburg Date; ^~^SL(Li_ ^ C L x * ____ Dean C . Allard, Jr. 1979 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 3BE AltEEICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY s & s y Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without pemrissich. CONTENTS LIST OF M A P S ........................................................... i l l INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1 CHAPTER I. THE PREWAR SETTING ........................................ 10 CHAPTER II. OPERATION TORCH: NORTH AFRICA AND THE NORTHWEST AFRICAN SEA FRONTIER ..................... 46 CHAPTER III. OPERATION HUSKY: SICILY ............................ 89 CHAPTER IV. OPERATION AVALANCHE : S A L E R N O ......................... 129 CHAPTER V. PREPARING FOR NORMANDY .................................. 166 CHAPTER VI. OPERATION NEPTUNE-OVERLORD: THE OMAHA BEACHES OF NORMANDY .....................................213 CHAPTER VII. OPERATION ICEBERG: OKINAWA .......................... 265 CHAPTER VIII. OPERATION OLYMPIC: KYUSHU AND AFTER .............. 322 CHAPTER IX. AN E V A L U A T I O N ........................................... 354 APPENDICES .............................................................. 382 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................... 397 IX Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF MAPS Landings at Fedala and the Capture of Casablanca .................. 387 The Mediterranean ..................................................... 388 Operation Husky: Sicily ............................................. 389 Invasion Plans— Salerno ..................................... 390 Naval Bases in British Isles ..........................................391 Legend for Preceding M a p .............................................. 392 Final Overlord P l a n ....................................... 393 Pacific Theater ................................................ 394 Operation Iceberg: Okinawa ......................................... 395 Operation Olympic: Kyushu ...................................... 396 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION As the years following World War II turned into decades, a number of accounts of the navy's wartime activities appeared; and these books described, with varying degrees of competence and accuracy, aspects of naval operations, ships, and leadership. Yet, the study of the navy's amphibious operations, vital in executing the Anglo-American strategy of transporting Allied armies to engage the Axis on their own territory, has received little attention from historians and other writers. The Literature Still the best method of studying United States naval actions of the second World War is through Samuel Eliot Morison's fifteen-volume History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1947-1962), although the author does not provide sufficient detail on the evolution of amphibious warfare. Other published works concentrate on operations in the Pacific, to the total exclusion of amphibious campaigns in the European theater. Although there are a number of books covering various aspects of specific assaults in the Pacific, only two works deal directly with overall amphibious operations. George C. Dyer's two-volume The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972) told of the contributions made by the 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. commander of the Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, to operations in the south and central Pacific. Daniel E. Barbey wrote of the campaigns that he commanded in the southwest Pacific in MacArthur's Amphibious Navy: Seventh Amphibious Force Operations, 1943-1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1969). Otherwise, the reader must rely on the appropriate volumes of the official histories such as United States Army in World War II, and the Marine Historical Branch, History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1958-71), for brief glimpses of the navy's amphibious role. In addition, the Marine Corps Monographs (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1947-55), consisting of fifteen separate and thorough accounts of individual Pacific campaigns, shed some light on naval assaults. Jeter A. Isely and Philip A. Growl, The U.S. Marines and Amphibious War: Its Theory, and Its Practice in the Pacific (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951) have included useful sections on the development of the navy's amphibious tactics and equipment. All of the studies of the marines focus, quite naturally, on the leathernecks; the navy is peripheral. Turning to naval operations in the Atlantic, the historian finds no specialized, scholarly accounts that deal with amphibious operations. Most of the published works are journalistic and designed for the popular market. There is no book about amphibious warfare or naval leaders in the European theater, and again the reader must rely on Morison or the U.S. Army histories for any knowledge of amphibious operations. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fortunately, Admirals H. Kent Hewitt and F. J. Lowry, in a series of articles in the United States Naval Institute Proceedings, saved the navy from oblivion. Hewitt's articles included "The Landing in Morocco, November 1942," 78 (November 1952): 1242-53; "Meeting the Jean Bart's Commander," 83 (September 1957);1005; "Naval Aspects of the Sicilian Campaign," 79 (July 1953):705-23; "The Allied Navies at Salerno: Operation Avalanche— September 1943," 79 (September 1953) :959-76; "Planning Operation Anvil-Dragoon," 80 (July 1954): 731-45; and "Executing Operation Anvil-Dragoon," 80 (August 1954):896-925. Lowry wrote "The Naval Side of the Anzio Invasion," 80 (January 1954):23-31. In addition, George M. Elsey, "Naval Aspects of Normandy in Retrospect," in the Eisenhower Foundation, D-Day: The Normandy Invasion in Retrospect, pp. 170-97, described German coastal batteries, obstacles, opposition, and U.S. naval actions. Also, there are numerous articles and books detailing segments of the amphibious story such as naval gunfire support, amphibious tractors, rhinos and Mulberries, beachmasters, underwater demolition teams, salvage, and command relationships. A recent work, J. D. Ladd, Assault from the Sea, 1939-45: The Craft, The Landings,
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