November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35663 Mr. EDWARDS of California., Mr. FREN­ require arbitration of certain amateur PETTIS, Mr. DUNCAN, Mr. BROTZMAN, ZEL, Mr. HORTON, Mr. KEATING, Mr. athletic disputes, and for other purposes; to and Mr, ARcHER) : KEMP, Mr. KETCHUM, Mr. LEGGETT, the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 11251. A bill to amend the Tariff Mr. MITCHELL of Maryland, Mr. By Mr. MOAKLEY (for himself, Mr. Schedules of the United States to provide for MOAKLEY, Mr. MOLLOHAN, Mr. NIX, ROSENTHAL, and Mr. CHARLES H. the duty-free entry of methanol imported Mr. O'HARA, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. RoE, WILSoN of California) : for use as fuel; to the Committee on Ways Mrs. SCHROEDER, Mr. THOMPSON of H.R. 11243. A bill to amend title 3 of the and Means. New Jersey, Mr. UDALL, Mr. WIDNALL, United States Code to provide for the order By Mr. WALDIE: Mr. YATES, and Mr. YATRON): of succession in the case of a. vacancy both H.R. 11252. A bill to amend title 5, United H.R. 11233. A bill to provide for the con­ in the Office of President and Office of the States Code, to provide for the reclassifica­ servation of energy through observance of Vice President, to provide for a special elec­ tion of certain security police positions of daylight saving time on a. year-round basis; tion procedure in the case of such vacancy, the Department of the Navy a.t China Lake, to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign and for other purposes; to the Committee Calif., and for other purposes; to the Com­ Commerce. on the Judiciary. mittee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. ESCH: By Mr. OBEY: By Mr. WYATI': H.R. 11234. A bill to improve the conduct H.R. 11244. A bill to repeal the Campaign H.R. 11253. A bill to authorize the Secre­ and regulation of Federal elections and cam­ Communications Reform Act, to amend the tary of Agriculture to make grants to cities paign activities; to the Committee on House Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, and to encourage the increased planting of trees Administra.tion. for other purposes; to the Committee on and shrubs and to encourage other urban H.R. 11235. A bill to establish an Inde­ House Administration. forestry programs; to the Committee on pendent Office of Special Prosecutor, and for By Mr. O'BRIEN: Agriculture. other purposes; to the Committee on the H.R. 11245. h. bill to provide standards of By Mr. CULVER (for himself, Mr. Judiciary. fair personal information practices; to the CONTE, Mr. CORMAN, Mr. JAMES V. By Mr. FOUNTAIN: Committee on the Judiciary. STANTON, Mr. MINISH, Mr. DOWNING, H.R. 11236. A bill to provide authority to By Mr. RAILSBACK: Mr. STRATTON, Mr. FULTON, Mr. expedite procedures for consideration and H.R. 11246. A bill to establish an Inde­ DRINAN, and Mr. ANDREWS of North approval of projects drawing upon more than pendent Office of Special Prosecutor, and for Carolina): one Federal assistance program, to simplify other purposes; to the Committee on the H.J. Res. 805. Joint Resolution to provide requirements for operation of those projects, Judiciary. for the appointment of a Special Prosecutor, and for other purposes; to the Committee on By Mr. RANDALL: and for other purposes; to the Committee on Government Operations. H.R. 11247. A bill to amend the Federal the Judiciary. By Mr. FUQUA: Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to include a By Mr. MATSUNAGA: H.R. 11237. A bill to amend the Federal definition of food supplements, and for other H.J. Res. 806. Joint Resolution to authorize Property and Administrative Services Act of purposes; to the Committee on Interstate the President to proclaim February 16 as 1949 ~o provide for the use of excess prop­ and Foreign Commerce. Ba.taan-Corregidor Day; to the Committee erty by certain grantees; to the Committee H.R. 11248. A bill to direct the Chief Judge on the Judiciary. on Government Operations. of the U.S. District Court for the District of By Mr. O'NEILL (for himself and Mr. By Mr. GUDE (for himself, Mr. FRASER, Columbia to appoint a Special Prosecutor to HARVEY): Mr. RANGEL, Mr. DELLUMS, Mr. investigate and prosecute any offense with H. Res. 678. Resolution to seek peace in FAUNTROY, Mr. STARK, Mr. MAZZOLI, respect to the election in 1972 for the Office the Middle East and to continue to support and Mr. McKINNEY) : of President and with respect to the conduct Israel's deterrent strength through transfer H.R. 11238. A bill to amend the act of of the Office of President by Richard M. of Phantom aircraft and other military sup­ March 16, 1926 (relating to the Board of Nixon; to the Committee on the Judiciary. plies; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Public Welfare in the District of Columbia.), By Mr. REID: By Mr. OWENS: to provide for an improved system of adop­ H.R. 11249. A b1ll to provide that daylight H. Res. 679. Resolution expressing the tion of children in the District of Columbia., saving time shall be observed on a. year­ sense of the House of Representatives con­ and for other purposes; to the Committee round basis; to the Committee on Interstate cerning ratification of the Geneva Protocol on the District of Columbia.. and Foreign Commerce. of 1925, and a comprehensive review of this By Mr. HENDERSON: By Mr. STARK (for himself, Mr. BELL, Nation's national security and international H.R. 11239. A bill to amend section 1006 Mr. WOLFF, Mr. HEINZ, Mr. MALLARY, pollcies regarding chemical warfare; to the of title 39, United States Code relating to the Mr. GUDE, Mr. KEATING, Mr. DE LUGO, Committee on Foreign Affairs. eligibllity of U.S. Postal Service employees Mr. McKAY, Mr. ROBERT W. DANIEL, for promotion or transfer to other positions JR., Mr. BAFALIS, Mr. YOUNG of Till­ in the executive branch, and for other pur­ nois, Mr. JOHNSON of California, Mr. poses; to the Committee on Post Office and DANIELSON, Mr. VEYSEY, Mr. BURTON, MEMORIALS Civil Service. Mr. BIESTER, Mr. McCLosKEY, Mr. H.R. 11240. A bill to clarify the application PETTIS, and Mr. HANLEY) : Under clause 4 of rule XXII, of section 8344 of title 5, United States Code, H.R. 11250. A bill to govern the disclosure 324. The SPEAKER presented a memorial of relating to civil service retirement annuities of certain financial information by financial the Legislature of the Territory of the Vir­ and pay on reemployment, and for other institutions to governmental agencies, to pro­ gin Islands, relative to the transfer of title purposes; to the Committee on Post Office tect the constitutional rights of citizens to submerged and other lands to the terri­ and Civil Service. of the United States, and to prevent unwar­ tories; to the Committee on Interior and By Mr. KYROS: ranted invasions of privacy by prescribing Insular Affairs. H.R. 11241. A bill to provide for the con­ procedures and standards governing dis­ servation of energy through observance of closure of such information, and for other daylight saving time on a year-round basis; purposes; to the Committee on Banking and to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Currency. PETITIONS, ETC. Commerce. By Mr. ULLMAN (for himself, Mr. By Mr. MATHIAS of California.: ScHNEEBELI, Mr. MAHON, Mr. BURKE Under clause 1 of rule XXII, H.R. 11242. A bill to amend the act which of Massachusetts, Mr. LANDRUM, Mr. 347. The SPEAKER presented a petition created the u.s. Olympic Committee to re­ FuLTON, Mr. BURLESON of Texas, Mr. of Demetrius Zettos, San Francisco, Calif., quire such committee to hold public proceed­ CORMAN, Mr. GmBONS, Mr. WAGGON­ relative to impeachment of the President; ings before it may alter its constitution, to NER, Mr. KARTH, Mr. CONABLE, Mr. to the Committee on the Judiciary.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS LUDWIG VON MISES: EMINENT an intellectual giant in the field of eco­ Professor Mises' life and works stand ECONOMISTS PAY TRIDUTE TO nomics, contrasted free market econo­ as a tribute to unceasing efforts on his IDS LIFE AND WORKS mies with state-controlled economies: behalf to espouse the principles of free­ Laissez-faire does not mean: let soulless dom within the marketplace, stressing, HON. JACK F. KEMP mechanical forces operate. It means: let in- with the full force of history marshalled OF NEW YORK dividuals choose how they want to cooperate to sustain his arguments, that political IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in the social division of labor and let them freedom itself cannot long exist without determine what the entrepeneurs shoUld economic freedom. Thursday, November 1, 1973 produce. Planning means: let the govern­ Professor Mises' teachings, particularly Mr. KEMP. Mr. Speaker, in 1952, Prof. ment alone choose and enforce its rulings by his classic work Human Action, have had Ludwig von Mises, already recognized as the apparatus of coercion and compulsion. a great influence upon me and my phi- 35664 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 losophies of government, economics, and Mises was not only a great thinker but a the time he published Socialism, Mises had human action. And, he has served as the great man. I have never met anyone more become so strongly convinced that socialist completely dedicated to a life of the mind. aspirations were based on an intellectual con­ principal inspiration for an entire school In his youth, it is true, he was fond of some fusion and a failure to comprehend the task of economic thought, only now having sports: He enjoyed mountain climbing and which the economic system had to perform a fuller impact in the political sphere. skiing, and occasionally even played tennis. that his later attempts to develop social Memorials honoring this great econo­ When someone remarked that he was not theory and his defense of a. Ubertarian po­ mist-philosopher have been marked by very good at it, he replied: "The fate of the litical order often became inextricably inter­ profound belief that Mises was a vision­ ball does not interest me very much." twined. His tendency, particularly in his ary of extraordinary insight, whose wis­ His conversation was remarkable for its younger years, to defend his position with unsparing logic, its flashes of wit, and his stubbornness and intransigence, made hlin dom will, perhaps, not be fully appreci­ immense range of historical knowledge; but many enemies. This was largely the reason ated for years. The current issue of Na­ he had no small talk. he never obtained a regular university posi­ tional Review expressed this feeling in There was not a touch of pettiness in him. tion in Vienna and why m.any academicians this way: Though he was so often neglected or dis­ treated even his purely theoretical works as The death of Ludwig von Mises, at the age paraged, I never heard him utter a word of ideologically suspect for so long. He con­ of 92, marks the passing of the greatest personal bitterness or resentment. When he tinued to teach occasional courses at the economist of his generation. His was, in fact, first came to this country in 1940, he was university, but for many years it was through one of the most powerful and original minds in serious economic straits; but he never an informal discussion circle, his Privatse­ that ever operated in the social sciences, to mentioned a word about this to me. Yet minar, as it came to be known in Vienna, be compared with such figures as Ricardo, though he never asked for help, he was per­ which ranged widely over problems of so­ Boehm-Bawerk, and Max Weber. manently grateful for it whenever it came. cial theory and philosophy, that he extended His outstanding quality was moral courage, his personal ln!j,uence. Among the best Four of the Nation's outstanding econ­ and an almost fanatical intellectual honesty known members of this circle are not only omists paid tribute to Mises in that issue that refused to deviate or compromise an the economists Gottfried Ha.rberler and FTltz of National Review, November 9, 1973. inch. This often cost him dear personally; Ma.chlup, but also sociologists like the late For the benefit of all my colleagues who but it set an ideal to strengthen and inspire Alfred Schuetz and philosophers like the late struggle daily in this Chamber with the his students and all the rest of us who were Felix Kaufmann. privileged to know him. Henry Hazlitt. During these years, the Twenties and early question of the proper role of govern­ Thirties, Mises was extraordinarily fertile, ment in the economy, I include these II. VIENNA YEARS and in a long series of monographs on eco­ tributes in the RECORD: The foundations of the great system of so­ nomic, sociological, and philosophical prob­ TRIBUTE TO VON MlSES cial thou~ht that we now know as the work lems built up the comprehensive philosophy of Ludwig von Mises were laid half a. century I. HIS OEUVRE of society that he first expounded in a Ger­ ago when he was a busy administrator for man work and then summed up in the mag­ An incredible worker, he was the author of whom research and teaching could be only num opus by which he is mainly known to a.t least 19 books if one counts only first spare-time occupations. So long as he lived American readers, Human Action. This was editions, and of perhaps double that number in his native Vienna, that is, far into his written in New York. Mises had left Vienna 1f one includes revised and expanded ver­ fifties, most of his time was devoted to his for a. professorship at Geneva. shortly before sions. He wrote hundreds of articles and work as financial consultant to the most im­ Hitler occupied Austria, and in 1940, about monographs, and delivered countless lec­ portant semi-official organization of Austrian as late as was stlll possible, he moved from tures. enterprise. the Vienna Chamber of Commerce, Geneva to the United States. The years in His published works include at least three and he could only do a. little teaching at the America. were happy. Newly married, in the masterpieces. They were The Theory of university on the side. Even this was in­ care of a. congenial companion, for the first Money a.nd Credit, first published in Ger­ terrupted by long servtce as an artlllery offi­ time in his life he was able to devote himself man in 1912, Socialism: An Economic and cer during the First World War. Yet shortly entirely to writing and teaching. But not even Sociological Analysis, also first published in before and after that, he published the two a. brief sketch of his life can conclude with­ German ln 1922, and Human Action, which works which contain the outline of most of out a. mention of three characteristics of his grew out of a first German version appearing the ideas that he later developed into his work as a. scholar: the rare lucidity of his in 1940. comprehensive system. exposition, his astounding historical erudi­ Mises made so many special contributions In 1912 his Theory of Money appeared, for tion, and his deep pessi.m.lsm about the fu­ to economics and to social thought that it is many years the most profound and satisfying ture of our civilization-a. pessimlsm which impossible to indicate here anything more work on the subject available. That it did not led hlin often to predictions that did not than their general nature. He rejected the have the immediate effect it deserved-which come true as soon as he had expected but rigid quantity theory of money as elaborated might have saved the world many of the that were usually confirmed in the end. I by Irving Fisher and his school. Instead, he monetary troubles of the postwar period­ believe the world would be a better place was the first to apply consistently to money was due mainly to the fact that he had found if Ludwig von Mises had more often been the "Austrian" marginal theory of value and it necessary to go deeply into the problems listened to.-F. A. Hayek. thus was the first to unify monetary with of the general theory of value. This deterred m. TEACHER general economic theory. many who might have profited from his elu­ He also elaborated, in his early book on cidation of questions of more immediate Historians of the twenty-first century wm money, the rudiments of a satisfactory practical value. After the war, in 1922, there surely be puzzled by the rankings accorded theory of the previously mysterious "busi­ followed his great work Socialism, which es­ to economists 1n this era. ness cycle." He showed that, contrary to the tablished his fame. Its central thesis was not, On the one hand they will note that aca­ contention of Karl Marx, booms and busts as it is sometimes misleadingly put, that demic honors, and in many cases substantial were not inherent in capitalism, but the socialism is impossible, but that it cannot monetary rewards, were profusely showered result of unsound currency and credit sys­ achieve an efficient utilization of resources. on Establishment economists whose con­ tems, usually promoted by governments. That can be achieved only on the basis of a tributions were minuscule. Mostly they were Fractional bank reserve systems, combined calculation in terms of value or price, which technicians whose efforts were devoted to with the support furnished by central banks, in turn can be ascertained only if there is analyzing small segments of economics. On chronically promoted the overexpansion of a competitive market. It was this thesis the other hand tney wm note that the work money and credit, raised prices, and led to which attracted the widest attention and led of the colossus of that period-Ludwig von malinvestment, until finally the inverted to discussions extending over many years in Mises--was largely neglected by Establish­ pyramid of credit collapsed. which Mises certainly was victorious, at least ment economists, despite the fact that this Mises' Socialism is the most devastating in the sense that the defenders of socialism great social philosopher had formulated a co­ analysis of that philosophy ever written. Of were driven to far-reaching changes in their herent and powerful general theory the likes the many new insights in it, the most mem­ doctrines. of which the world had not seen for over a orable was to make clear that a complete The book on socialism was particularly im­ century. socialism could not solve "the problem of portant 1n that it marked Mises a.s the lead­ Of course Mises had a worldwide reputa­ economic calculat ion"; that it could not ing interpreter and defender of the free en- tion, and a limited, devoted following who know what was being produced at a social terprise system. Though he had been taught venerated him, including many distinguished profit and what at a social loss; and conse­ as a very young man the mild "Fabian" so­ academicians such as Lionel Robbins in quently could not know the relative cialism then prevalent among the Viennese Great Britain, Jacques Rueff, adviser to de amounts of the thousands of dltferent goods intelligentsia., he soon reacted against it, Gaulle, Luigi Einaudi, former president ot and services that it ought to produce. It was thereby isolating himself from most of his Italy, Professor Ludwig Erhard, former chan­ this insight that led Oskar Pange, a. Marxist contemporaries. He probably owed this con­ cellor of Germany, Friedrich Hayek, and economist who later became a member of version to Eugen von Boehm-Bawerk, the many others. But the popular verdict favored the Polish Politburo, t o propose that future teacher at the university who had the great­ many lesser men . socialists ought to erect a statue to Ludwig est influence on him. Boehm-Ba.werk, before Mises built his philosophy on the supre­ von Mises for forcing them to recognize this his premature death, had begun to work macy of the individual. Human action-the central problem. on the lines which Mlses later developed. By rational, purposeful decisions of lndlvlduals November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35665 seeking to achieve more favorable conditions pioneers of modern economics after 1870, re­ which (because they depend on essentially for them.selves day by day-this is the key­ invigorating the contributions of the earlier extra-economic flashes of awareness) do not stone of his work. A nation harmonizes its classical economists by the infusion of pow­ permit analysis within the procrustean bed economic and social conflicts by meticulous erful new insights into the nature of de­ of maximization techniques. regard for the rules of the free market where mand, offered a view of the operation of the And it was the "process" perception of individuals vote their preferences. By con­ market society which was of enormous sig­ markets and of market prices that led Mises stant adjustments of prices, production, and nificance. Henceforth economic literacy could to reject the various attempts by economists consumption the free market enables people not fall to embrace the understanding of the since the Thirties to build theories of the of a nation to live better and to enjoy a way in which the free interaction of the de­ market based on notions of monopolistic or maximum of personal freedom. cisions of owners of resources, of producers, imperfect competition. Such models fail, The Mises philosophy is ideal for a dynamic and of consumers in the market systematic­ Mises believed, because they reveal precisely economy. It scorns the "equilibrium" theory ally generates determinate patterns of prices, the central weaknesses of the theories they favored by Establishment economists like output quantities and qualities, methods of seek to replace, viz., an exclusive concern Samuelson. New and unpredictable decisions production, and resource allocation. with equilibrium, and a failure to under­ by millions of people every day should result However, in the ferment of intellectual de­ stand the active entrepreneurial-competitive in dynamic change-an economy in flux­ velopments in economics during the twen­ process. not static equilibrium. Since economics and t ieth century, this understanding came, in No economist perceived more thoroughly politics cannot be reduced to neat mathe­ the work of the dominant schools, to be per­ and sadly than Mises how the rejection of matical equations like physics and chemis­ ceived within a mechanistic framework which his ideas was leading Western societies relent­ try, the "managers" of an economy are al­ did violence to the subtle insights a more lessly down a path along which the free in­ ways fumbling in the dark. The free market profound awareness of the market is able to terplay of independent, individual decisions and consumer sovereignty are the basic con­ confer. The market came to be seen as a kind in the market was being steadily replaced by ditions of a prosperous, free society. of computer, grinding out the equ1llbrium the centralization of more and more political Little wonder that Mises' concept was not solution compatible with the basic data of the and economic power in the hands of govern­ enthusiastically followed by Establishment system-a task which presumes that the ments and their functionaries. If Western economists. Most of them were lured into economic actors already possess perfect society ever achieves a reversal of this trend, statist solutions by the devastating wars of knowledge. The theory of the market came to if it ever learns to respect the decisions of the first half of the twentieth century and mean the solving by the theorist of the free men interacting within a framework of the Great Depression. It may be more than computation problem. Moreover this theory rigorously maintained individual rights, it mere coincidence that statism, which re­ came to be seen as equally well suited to the can only be as a. result of Mises' vision and in­ quires decisions by countless boards and needs of societies choosing to allocate their sight into the t.rue character of the market commissions of economists, greatly enhances resources by central direction; the socialist society. Here indeed we have a monument to the popular prestige of these economic man­ planner could, it came to be thought, simu­ Mises the construction of which is well worth agers. What need would there be for count­ late the success with which the market al­ our diligence and our dedication.-Israel less decision-making economists under a self­ locates resources by merely addressing him­ Kirzner. adjusting free-market system? When the self to the very same computation problem world increasingly adopted the philosophy which it was thought to be the function of Allan Brownfeld paid tribute to of dirigisme and socialism, it created condi­ market theory to solve. Professor Mises in a recent edition of tions of Marxian social conflict rather than It was this view of the market which Mises Roll Call, and I include that article 1n conditions of Mises' social harmony. denied with every ounce of energy. It is no the RECORD: Mises was foremost--and very early-in exaggeration to say that this denial was cen­ AN ABIDING BELIEF IN FREEDoM pointing out the great dangers of the coming tral to the major portion of Mises' disagree­ (By Allan Brownfeld) inflation. He often recounted how, before ments with the various economic doctrines World War I, finance ministers in Europe of his age. Future economists, when they There are men who live their lives curry­ scoffed at the very idea that nations would come to accept, as in time they surely must, ing favor with the passing fads and the ever permit inflation to become a serious the validity of the Misesian critique of the powers that be. They do what is expected of problem. He anticipated the dangers of the faulty perception of the market, will find it them, and they are the recipients of the superwelfare state and sounded the alarm necessary to reexamine many of the doctrines world's rewards and riches. These men we more than half a century ago. But most of of contemporary economics with which Mises know well, for all too often they are our the world did not listen. Like lemmings took issue. For Mises the market is not leaders, and arbiters of taste, and the hurrying to their own destruction, cele­ a computer grinding out equilibrium solu­ wielders of power. brated economists continued to expound tions to sets of simultaneous equations. There are other men who stand alone, not the beauties of the welfare state and in­ Rather the market is a delicate process because loneliness is their choice but because flation. whereby, against the background of contin­ a strict adherence to principle has afHicted By the twenty-first century the ravages of ually changing conditions, and with infor­ them as a kind of plague, and men with hyperinflation and statism may become so mations available only in limited and piece­ more mundane ambitions quickly learn that evident to all the world that economists, meal fashion, the decisions of market par­ association with them may enrich the soul, historians, and social philosophers will re­ ticipants are, through their interplay in the but will hardly assist one in getting on in the discover the genius of Mises and accord him market, brought into steadily more dovetail­ world. his rightful place in history. Lawrence Fertig. ing adjustment. In this process the key roles Such men, however, are the ones who are remembered hundreds of years later. They IV. ON THE MARKET are played by restless, active, ever alert en­ trepreneurship, and by its counterpart, the are the men upon whose shoulders civiliza­ In paying tribute to the memory of an in­ merciless, ceaseless, impartial court of active tion and culture are built. They are the spiring teacher and towering scholar and competition. Both these latter roles-com­ prophets who are never revered in their own thinker, it seems eminently appropriate to pletely absent in the dominant equ111brium time and place, but are later disoovered by draw attention to the major intellectual versions of market theory---are crucial in the other men who have despaired of the medi­ "vision" which sparked and sustained the emergence of the kaleidoscopically changing ocrity and opportunism which dominate master's contributions to his science. To patterns of market prices. most societies and seek to learn from the those who knew him, Ludwig Mises was, in It was the "process" perception of mar­ lives of men built of sterner stuff. the face of shocking neglect by so many of kets and of market prices that led Mises One such man-the economist and phi­ his contemporaries, a living exemplar of in­ unerringly to dismiss all attempts to recog­ losopher Ludwig von Mises-died on October corruptible intellectual integrity, a model nize "nonmarket prices" as devices through 10 at the age of 92. He was an advocate o! of passionate, relentless, scholarship and which socialist planners might simulate the freedom and in this century he did battle dedication. It will not be easy to forget these achievements of the market economy. The with all those who believed in something stern lessons which he so courageously per­ notion of nonmarket prices can have rele­ else-Communism and socialism, facism and sonified. But what will surely live on even vance only in a world of equilibrium situa­ nazism, welfare statism and government longer in future histories of economic tions; it bears no analytical or functional interventionism. thought will be those distinctive elements resemblance to the prices which emerg Forced to leave his professorship at the of Mises' extraordinary contribution which during disequilibrium, in markets revealing University of Vienna and to flee from his set it so clearly apart from the dominant eco­ the impact of entrepreneutial competition native Austria as the Nazis approached, he nomics of his age. It was into the enunciation against a background of widespread igno­ came to the U.S. in 1940 and became a of these elements that Mises poured a life­ rance. citizen in 1946. It was his economic work time of what can almost be called intellectual It was the "process" perception of markets which has been credited with reviving respect martyrdom. It is for the brief exposition of and of market prices that led Mises to de­ for free-market economics in Europe and he one of these brilliantly seminal ideas­ plore with such sharpness the dominance was considered by many to be the intellec­ the perception of the market exclusively in over economics achieved by mathematical tual godfather of the postwar German eco­ process terms-that these lines are set down. techniques during his own lifetime. Such nomic advance. In the sweep of the development of eco­ techniques, useful though they may be to the Only five years after the Russian Revolu­ nomic ideas over the past two centuries, the derivation of the conditions for equilibria of tion, Professor von Mises wrote a book en­ concept held by the various thinkers con­ various kinds, must inevitably mask the more titled Socialism, which shows his view o! cerning the market has been crucial. The subtle processes of entrepreneurial change that economic system. He declared that 35666 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 Marxist economics lacked an effective means And the Gods of the Copybook Headings gaining disadvantages under which indus­ for "economic calculation," or an adequate limped up to explain once more . . . trial employers have been laboring for 38 substitute for the criticial resource-alloca­ And that after it is accomplished, and the years. Regulating farm labor relations by the tion function of the market pricing mecha­ brave new world begins, federal legislation currently being consid­ nism. Thus, he pointed out, socialism is in­ When all men are paid for existing, and no ered could only result in the institutionaliza­ tion of the same adversary relationship be­ herently condemned to inefficiency, 1f not man must pay for his sins, As surely as Water will wet us, as surely as tween unions and management that exists disorder. Fire will burn, in industry generally. Farmers, farm workers Economic freedom and political freedom, and consumers wlll all suffer. he believed, went hand in hand. It was not The Gods of the Copybook Headings with possible, in the long run, to have one without terror and slaughter return." the other. In the U.S. he saw the major Mr. Speaker, this body should heed threat to freedom not from outright social­ the wisdom of this great economist. AMERICAN EDUCATION MAKES A ism, but from continued and gradual govern­ DIFFERENCE ment intervention in the economy-as we have seen in the current Administration's policy of wage and price controls. FARM LABOR AND THE SECONDARY HON. ALBERT H. QUIE In his important book, Bureaucracy, Pro­ OF MINNESOTA fessor von Mises pointed out that government BOYCOTT agencies have essentially no criterion of value IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to apply to their operations, while "economic Thursday, November 1, 1973 calculation makes it possl!ble for business to HON. EARL F. LANDGREBE adjust production to the demands of con­ OF INDIANA Mr. QUIE. Mr. Speaker, I recently read sumers." He declared that, "if a public enter­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a newspaper article by Grace Hechinger prise is to be operated without regard to which reports encouraging news about profits, the behavior of the public no longer Thursday, November 1, 1973 the state of American education as com­ provides a criterion for its usefulness ... the Mr. LANDGREBE. Mr. Speaker, on pared to 19 other countries. Because of problem of bureaucratic management is September 10, 1973, I placed in the REc­ the hopefulness of the conclusions of the precisely the absence of such a measure of ORD an abstract entitled "Exclusive Rep­ study-released by the Inte1national As­ calculation." He maintained that interventionism usual- resentation-Whose Interests Served?" sociation for the Evaluation of Educa­ ly achieves results precisely the opposite of It was the first in an excellent series of tional Achievement. I am inserting the those intended: subsidies to industries make abstracts, prepared by the Farm Labor article at this point in the RECORD. them sick, minimum wage laws boomerang Research Committee, analyzing current DOES EDUCATION FOR ALL LEAD TO on labor, welfare hurts the poor, industrial legislation dealing with farm labor­ MEDIOCRITY? regulation reduces competition and efficiency, management relations. (By Grace Hechinger) foreign aid undermines developing countries. I am pleased to call the attention to America as the land of opportunity has Discussing his analysis of recent welfare­ long been synonymous with its faith in uni­ state policies and their effect, Professor Wil­ my colleagues to the second of these ab­ liam Peterson, a former New York University stracts, dealing with the question of sec­ versal education. Does such open access to ondary boycotts: school, without any prior sorting out of faculty colleague of Professor von Mises, notes either the materially or intellectually less that, ". . . citing German interventionism PROPOSED FARM LABOR LAWS WOULD NOT PRE­ privileged youngsters, penalize the gifted? experienced in the 1920s climaxing in the VENT SECONDARY BOYCOTTS Does the American commitment to mass ed­ Hitlerian regime and British interventionism The nationwide grape and lettuce boycotts ucation in fact mean that the talented few of the post-World War II era culminating used by Cesar Chavez in his drive to bring in deva.luations and secular economic decline, are sacrificed to the concern of the mediocre all agricultural employees under the control many? As an old Tory expression puts it, he held that so-called middle of the road of his United Farm Workers Union are, in does more mean worse? policies sooner or later lead to some form effect, secondary boycotts. They are designed American egalitarian ideology has always of collectivism, whether of Socialist, Fascist to force retailers--secondary employers--to said no to these questions--largely on faith. or Communist mold." force farmers-primary employers-to sign But now this idealistic view has been con­ Professor von Mises knew that the differ­ contracts which force employees to pay union firmed, not by populist do-gooders, but by ences between Nazism, Fascism, Commu­ dues in order to hold their jobs. the conclusions of the most extensive world­ nism, socialism, and welfare statism were Some farmers seeking to protect them­ wide survey of educational accomplishments matters of degree. He maintained that eco­ selves from this coercive tactic have turned ever undertaken. The recently released find­ nomic interventionism necessarily produces to legislative proposals to extend our present ings of the International Association for the friction. What otherwise would simply be the system of labor law to agriculture, since it Evaluation of Educational Achievement voluntary action of private citizens in the supposedly bans secondary boycotts. (IEA) provide unprecedented proof that the marketplace becomes coercive politicized and In fact, however, under the National Labor critics of the open door to learning are wrong intervention when transferred to the public Relations Act, even as amended in an at· in their insistence that universal education sector. such intervention breeds more inter­ tempt to close loopholes, unions in industry is incompatible with quality education. vention, and violence eventually becomes in­ have found it easy to conduct secondary boy­ The study is based on data from 9,700 evitable. cotts. The provision of the labor law which schools in 19 countries. They include Aus­ Ludwig von Mises was, according to Dr. outlaws secondary boycotts contains a pro­ tralia, Belgium (the French-speaking and Peterson, "the antithesis of sycophany and viso which has been interpreted to sanction Flemish -speaking sectors were considered expediency, the intellectual descendant of union activities at the place of business of separately), Chile, England, Finland, France, the Renaissance . . . he believed in anything a secondary employer for the purpose of Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, the but moving with what he regarded as the publicizing the union's dispute with a pri­ Netherlands, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, errors of our times. He sought the eternal mary employer. Thailand, the U.S. and West Germany. The verities. He believed in the dignity of the in­ The National Labor Relations Board, $5 million cost of the survey was met by a dividual, the sanctity of oontract, the sov­ backed up in several cases by the courts has number of private foundations and govern­ ereignty of the consumer, the Umitation of allowed union officials to use this special mental agencies from many of the countries the state. . . . He opposed the plannned so­ privilege to conduct massive secondary boy­ involved. ciety, whatever its manifestations. He held cotts. For example, the Farah Company, man­ One of the study's key findings shows that that a free society and a free market are ufacturer of Farah slacks, has been the vic­ in reading comprehension, the top group of inseparable." tim of a nationwide secondary boycott for American high school seniors-the upper 9% Truth can be denied, but it will inevitably over a year, and is completely helpless to or 10% in academic achievement--actually return. In the midst of the twentieth cen­ stop it under the one-sided labor law. Closer comes out ahead of all other nations, includ­ tury's romance with collectivism, Ludwig von agriculture, the Supreme Court has up- ing the educationally highly restrictive ones. Mises instinctively knew that this was true. eld the NLRB's ruling in the Fruit and In science, the comparable American groups In his poem, "The Gods of The Copybook Vegetable Packers case that when a union finished in seventh place, still a respectable Headings," Rudyard Kipling provided some­ strikes one employer and then engages in showing. thing of an epitaph for the man who kept picketing or leafletting at the place of busi­ Professor Torsten Husen of the University faith and insisted upon telling the truth, ness of another employer who handles the of Stockholm, director of the lEA study, said even when the worlld refused to Us ten: first employer's products, the union's coer­ 1n answer to the educationa.l elitists: "It is Then the Gods of the market tumbled, and cive activity is perfectly legal no matter how actually the selective system that pays a their smooth-tongued wizards with­ widespread a consumer boycott it brings price in lost talent and social dislocation." drew, about. To underscore that claim, he offered sta­ And the hearts of the meanest were humbled, This is the so-called "protection" that tistics that show West Germany, which and began to believe it was true farmers would gain from inclusion under the siphons off "nonacademic" children at age That All is not Gold that Glitters, and TWO National Labor Relations Act. They would 10, suffers from the highest degree of "social and Two make Four- also gain all the other organizing and bar- bias," the major indicator of a stratified November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35667 society. This means that the highest ranking The study itself, however, is not without necessity, every committee becomes in­ students come almost exclusively from the its limitations. The basic problem with a sur­ volved in transportation problems. The most privileged social and economic classes. vey of so many nations' schools is that Honorable JOHN J. McFALL, prestigious By age 18, only 1% of the lower class chil­ educational systems do not exist in a social and knowledgeable member of the Ap­ dren, defined as coming from unskilled or and historical vacuum. The way a nation semi-skilled workers' families, were still at­ interprets its educational responsibillties propriations Committee, adds to his other tending school. As a result, only 1% of that cannot be discussed independently from its responsibilities that of the chairmanship group show up in the academic elite. In political, social and economic priorities. of the Transportation Subcommittee. As American schools, 14% of those who graduate There is no common denominator which can is the case with many of us, he sees the from high school come from lower socio­ readily be extracted from such a study. To need of formulating and putting into economic groups. This means a steady infiux be valid, comparisons between countries effect a national policy on transporta­ of "lower class" children into the potential cannot be made without great caution and tion which will bring the various sprawl­ leadership sector. qualifying explanations of cultural and socio­ It is only when all American high school political differences. ing systems into a mutually supplemen­ seniors are tested that the American perform­ Moreover, the process of statistical aver­ tary relationship designed to add to their ance slipped severely-to 12th place in aging dulls the sharp edges of the data and efficiency and economy. reading comprehension. However, the U.S. thereby tends to reduce the usefulness of At a recent conference of the Airport keeps 75% of its young people in high school such research for specific pedagogical reform Operators Council, Congressman McFALL through graduation-the highest proportion planning. For example, the study concluded delivered a thoughtful address on the of any country in the survey. In all the other that class size makes little difference in the participating countries great numbers of pupils' success. Yet that conclusion becomes problems of the air systems of transpor­ young people have by that time already of limited usefulness when the differences, tation. His remarks constitute a prac­ dropped out or been pushed into nonaca­ which are typically between 30 and 35 pupils, tical approach to the formulation of a demic activities. Thus the low ranking of the are averaged out. What such statistics fail to national policy with respect to all trans­ American high school senior class on the in­ provide is information on a real difference­ portation. I believe my colleagues in the ternational scale is not the sign of depressed between a class, say, of 10 and another of 30 House will find it useful in developing academic quality that American critics see in students. their own ideas on the matter. it, particularly since it does not lower the Moreover, in the science study, only the achievements of the intellectually gifted. On hours of science teaching are measured. This The remarks follow: the contrary, it is reasonable to support Pro­ is of little help to potential policy makers in ADDRESS OF THE HONORABLE JOHN J. MCFALL, fessor Husen's conclusion that the American individual countries who are left in the dark OF CALIFORNIA plan for keeping virtually everyone in school about the relative value of laboratory work It is an honor and a privilege to be with until high school graduation gives the U.S. a vs. classroom lectures in science. you today at your Airport Operators Coun­ greater pool of educated citizens from which In spite of these limitations, the interna­ cil Conference, because you and your opera­ to draw its leaders. And it clearly aids the tional scope of the study does offer some tors are such an important part of our coun­ American people's social and economic mo­ much-needed perspectives and insights for try's, and the world's, transportation system. bility. a more rational approach to the American You have chosen a very fitting location for The relationship between children's educa­ debate of the problems of public education. your meeting-the site of the Nation's new­ tion achievements and their adult careers and The in creasingly vocal critics of our schools, est and by far our largest airport. Dallas­ status is a subject of continuing controversy in keeping with the current mood of Ameri­ Fort Worth 1s a Texas-sized response to the here and abroad. For instance, the Stockholm can self-criticism, have assumed an isola­ massive challenges that face the aviation report challenges head-on the widely publi­ tionist or at least a provincial tone. It is, of industry during the remainder of this cized study by a Harvard research team course, true that American schools have dis­ century. headed by Christopher Jencks, which claims criminated against the poor and against When I left Washington yesterday, to fly that schools fail to reduce social and eco­ minority groups. American education policy from Dulles to Dallas, I thought to myself nomic inequity. The lEA survey did not di­ has not always made the climb up the ladder that there could not be two more d11ferent rectly concern itself with pupils' future in­ of success as easy or as equal as envisioned solutions to the same set of problems. come; but by proving that open access is a by the American dream. But a. look at the Because Dulles, like Dallas, is an attempt significant factor in allowing children from schools of Germany, England and France, to cope. disadvantaged homes to rise to the level of where stratification is still far more rigid Dulles, all of you know, features a single, the academic elite, it offers persuasive evi­ puts the American achievement 1n a much compact terminal with mobile lounges wait­ dence that education does improve chances brighter light, clearly at the head of the ing to ferry passengers to the airport. for econmic success, and has done so more international parade. Dallas-Fort Worth, which I had the oppor­ effectively in the U.S. than anywhere else. The virtue of the lEA studies is precisely tunity to see yesterday, is a multiple, com­ The study does uphold the claim, first pub­ that they shatter the parochialism of both post te terminal which provides separate pas­ lished by sociologist James Coleman in 1966, the conservative and radical critics who over­ senger facllities at planeside for each :fllght. that home background is more important to analyze and undervalue American education. A passenger can park his car within walking a. child's scholastic success than anything Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard at the distance of his plane. It 1s as close as we can the schools have so far been able to offer. end of the 19th Century and one of the lead­ get to drive-in aircraft boarding. But the Stockholm findings point more ing public school reformers of his time, wrote The thing that Dallas and Dulles have in strongly than did the Coleman report to the almost 100 years ago that, in order to keep common is that they are both airports of the fact that schools, nevertheless, make a sub­ society fluid, "it is a supremely important future. And whether one approach is better stantial difference-a. fact that has increas­ function of the teacher throughout the en­ than the other only the future can tell. ingly been denied by the New Left anti-school tire school system to discover, recognize and I am told that Dallas-Fort Worth will ideologists. give ample chance to the remarkable child." probably be in full-scale operation by early The debate over the effectiveness of public And he emphasized persistently that he saw 1974. I understand that the airlines need education in the United States thus will have no contradiction in the establishment of some time to set up their terminaJ facili­ to take account of these findings: quality controls and the open democratic ties and baggage handling frawaters and skyways. Over-use of hub airports and under-use of population will triple air passenger miles. Unfortunately, the report of the Aviation associate airports, Railroad ton-miles will go up twenty-five Advisory Commission received the treatment The dally ground-level transactions involv- percent. Truck tonnage will increase by one that this Administration gives most reports ing passengers, baggage, cargo and mall, half. And travel in private motor vehicles from most of its advisory bodies--a swift and Airport security, will go up thirty percent. unlamented death. Noise, By 1990, we wm have to double the trans­ And the Department of Transportation And that little matter of operating the portation capacity of this nation; we wUl continues to tinker with transportation pol­ airport at a profit, so it will be an asset not need twice the transportation facilities which icy as 1f it were a Model T. DOT's planners a burden to the taxpayers. we have developed and installed in this na­ spend an excessive--almost obsessive-­ tion since its founding in 1776. Not only amount of time working with the economic • • • • • that, we wm have to accomplish all this Now, I could discuss each of these ques­ regulation aspect of transportation. They without ruining our environment and with­ hope that with deregulation, private indus­ tions on an individual basis. But there has out wasting our energy resources as we have been too much of that already. Because try will step in and take over, and competi­ done in the past. tion will solve the problem. these are not isolated questions. They are So how do we do all this? How do we simply different aspects of the same single Certainly this kind of regulation is im­ even begin? portant but it is only a part of the problem. gigantic American transportation quan­ Tom Sullivan, there, knows what I am dary: How do you get there from here? Last year James M. Beggs, former Under going to say. Because he was a member­ Secretary for Transportation authoried an Congress has wresteled with this problem and a very capable one-of the Aviation Ad­ and its corollaries for many years. Texas' article in which he laid out the Department's visory Commission which made its final re­ objectives. They boil down to the same three own Albert Thomas-one of the most re­ port to President Nixon last January. spected and well-liked members of Con­ things that the department always comes Crocker Snow, Director of the Massachu­ back to: reorganization-which means split­ gress-devoted much of his career to it. Con­ setts Aeronautics Commission, was chair­ gressman Thomas had major lnfl.uence on ting up DOT-revenue sharing and deregu­ man of the advisory commission, and the lation. most of the national transportation decisions commission's report recommended the devel­ of the last decade. He was the father of the All of these are political solutions that deal opment of a national aviation plan as part with the problem largely in terms of money. carryall concept we see at Dulles. He worked of a national transportation plan. hard to establish the Manned Spaceflight And even President Nixon says you can't Now, that is exactly the conclusion I solve problems merely by throwing money Center-now renamed for Lyndon B. John­ reached-and many other Members of Con­ son-near Houston. Until his deasth in 1966, at them. We need to knew what we should gress reached some time ago--and that is spend the money for. he was chairman of the predecessor subcom­ what we have been calling for from the mittee to the Transportation Appropriations Revenue sharing provides funds to states Department of Transportation-a single and cities with as few constraints as possible Subcommittee which I now head. Finally, comprehensive national transportation Congressman Thomas strongly supported on the way they spend it. That means you policy. will have everyone running in all directons-­ the development of a national transporta­ My colleague, Brock Adams, Congressman tion policy; he sought ways to focus our something we don't want in transporation. from Washington State and a Member of The deregulation of carriers would simply efforts on our transportation problems. the Commerce Committee, very eloquently That is why he would have been as return us to chaos. We need to decide what stated the consequences of this lack of trans­ type of system to have before we worry about astonished as I was when the Administra­ portation policy. In a recent address, Con­ tion proposed breaking up DOT just four how to regulate it. gressman Adams said: "The failure of the What sort of balance do we need among years after it had gone into operation. That federal government to adopt a national trans­ was one of the recommendations of the de­ our air, rail and highway systems? Between portation plan is the primary cause of the public and private development? Between partment's 1971 statement on national massive urbanization of the last thirty years; transportation policy. federal and local participation? we have allowed our smaller communities The federal government must articulate That, of course, is exactly the reverse of to wither away, and we have caused a con­ what Congress intended when it created DOT a rational and coherent national transpor­ centration of people in megalopolis-type tation policy. That is the key to a functional in 1966. Unfortunately, that kind of recom­ centers." mendation is all too typical of the perform­ service-oriented transportation system--com­ Congressman Adams pointed out that such patible with its environment, convenient to ance we have been getting from the present concentrations simply compound our urban administration and the Department of its users and reasonable in its fares. ills, waste the potentials of our smaller com­ Then we should attract the private par­ Transportation. munities and--of particular concern to the After six-and-a-half years in operation, ticipation we need. air industry-reduce the market for air It is up to the government first to pro­ DOT still refuses to address itself to the big transportation. picture. It continues to nibble at things on vide the substance of the policy and then a piece meal basis--as 1f it were stlll a series A respected spokesman for the air indus­ to commit itself to put that policy into of isolated agencies. try-Mr. C. R. Smith-told his staff that operation. The purpose of establishing DOT was to the lack of a transportation policy is one What has Congress been doing toward these get rid of the piecemeal approach. Piecemeal of the big things airlines are up against. goals? won't work anymore. You cannot deal with Mr. Smith, I am sure you know, recently re­ Congress created DOT to coordinate fed­ air travel without considering the impact of sumed control of American Airlines, and one eral transportation activities. Congress estab­ highways and railroads. of his first concerns was the fedel al role-­ lished a trust fund to help build airports in For example, the railroad crisis in the or lack of it--ln transportation phmning. decades ahead. And Congress again this year northeast very definitely reduces the e1fec­ Now what would we do with tills policy appropriated nearly $8 billlon for DOT and tiveness of Dallas-Fort Worth Airport. If you if we had it? What would it meau, for ex­ related agencies in fiscal 1974, including do not have fast dependable rail transit, ample, to you, the airport operator? more than $1.5 billion for aviation. people will fly, instead, between Washington The kind of national policy I am talking Last June Congress passed legislation im­ and Boston and New York. And 1! air space proving the benefits available from the Air­ over New York is cluttered with these local about would lay out for us a system of arte­ port and Airways Development Trust Fund. flights--as well as the international and rials and ancillary routes--something like we The 1973 amendments increased the federal transcontinental traffic-Dallas-Fort Worth already have for our interstate highways. But share of most airport projects to seventy-five is going to have considerably more difficulty this would be a composite system showing percent, authorized $620 milllon in new con­ in getting its planes into and out of Kennedy. our major and subordinate routes for all tractual authority and prohibited DOT from November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35669 imposing an airport "head tax" this year. hostilities in the Middle East has reminded an act of courage which was so outstand­ The tax was another piecemeal measure, and us once again of the enormous foreign policy ing that it attracted nationwide atten­ we directed DOT to give it more study within ramifications attending oil from that source. tion in a field where heroism is routine. a wider context. That is why Congress is so concerned about Lt. Ralph 0. LaFrance, of the Orange­ The airport trust fund, which Congress our energy situation-why we are encourag­ created less than four years ago, has already ing research on alternate fuels, why we are burg City Fire Department, put his life accumulated about $1 billion. Congressional seeking new oil supplies in Alaska, and why in extreme jeopardy no less than three foresight has been more than justified; the we must develop more efficient use of our times that day; and because of his ac­ Administration now estimates that this na­ fuels-not only in transportation but in tions, three young children are alive to­ tion will need almost 700 new airports by every sector. day. Lieutenant LaFrance has received 1983. That is why we have tried to prod the both State and national recognition for Congress also has given considerable at­ Department of Transportation into giving his efforts, and the latest .award prompt­ tention to other modes of transportation us a national transportation policy. this year. We passed a landmark highway To date, DOT's reply has consisted of a ed a fine editorial about him in the bill which for the first time allows use of 1971 statement on national transportation Orangeburg Times and Democrat. The some trust funds for urban rail mass transit, policy, a national transportation report in Times and Democrat's editorial entitled beginning in the second half of 1975. Legis­ 1972 and, just last month, a national air­ "Congratulations, Lieutenant," expresses lation dealing with the railroad crisis in port system plan. as well as anyone can the feelings that the Northeast is in the final stages of com­ The policy statement involved the empty the citizens of Orangeburg have for their mittee preparation. unworkable and incredible discredited tro­ own national hero. Mr. Speaker, I insert Our campaign against noise is growing ika: revenue sharing, reorganization, and this fine tribute to an outstanding man rapidly. In fiscal 1973, DOT spent •22 million deregulation. on noise ·reduction, and the entire federal The 1972 report was simply a study of at this point in the RECORD: government spent •73 million-twice the capital investment needs; it projected costs CONGRATULATIONS, LIEUTENANT amount of 1972. far beyond our financial capab111ties, and it The Times and Democrat's congratulations Last year Congress gave FAA and the En­ failed to take the essential step of molding go to Orangeburg Fire Department's Lieu­ vironmental Protection Agency the duty of needs into a meaningful policy. tenant Ralph 0 . LaFrance who, this week, protecting people against aircraft noise. The airport plan was submitted three years was one of eight firemen over the nation re­ EPA is drafting proposed regulations which after the law that ordered its preparation­ ceiving Award of Honor plaques in the an­ should be ready soon for review and com­ and one year after the deadline set by that nual Fire Industry Awards for Heroism in ment by FAA. law. Despite that, the plan is just a "wish Baltimore, Md. Compatible use of adjacent land and di­ list" that presents no reasonable alternatives It was the second time that Lieutenant versionary take-offs can help. But much of if we cannot build all the 700 airports it LaFrance has been honored, the first being the answer remains with technology-for hopes for. The plan fails to relate each air­ on June 6 when he was named the James B. noise and for two related considerations: Air port to the rest of the transportation system, Murphy Award for Heroism recipient anct at pollution and energy waste. We must make and it does not consider the effects of future the same time was named the Fireman of our jet engines quieter, cleaner and more technology on aeronautics and other modes the Year in the state by the South carolina efficient users of fuel. of transportation. State Fireman's Association. Aircraft are a minor source of air pollu­ I think we have had enough of this con­ Both awards are well deserved. Each was tion-but nevertheless a consistent one-­ tinuing ineptitude or indifference on the based on Lieutenant LaFrance's courageous and they must be included within the fed­ part of the department. I think it is time action on July 1, 1972, during a fire at 173 eral clean-up effort, with emphasis equaling that Congress struck out on its own. Amelia, N. E., which resulted in his betng that on the automobile. For some time now, I have felt that Con­ credited with saving the lives of three young However, jet engine research is just as im­ gress itself should undertake the study of a children. portant to our energy problem as to the national transportation policy. I hope that The firefighter risked his life not OllC&, put questions of noise or pollution. we can either jar the department into ac­ three times when he repeatedly enterctd the Recently, our Transportation Appropria­ tivity or beat them to it and produce a viable blazing house in which the walls wel'\l flam­ tions Subcommittee had a special meeting and functional transportation policy on our ing, smoke so dense that visib111ty was 'lmost on the entire energy crisis. We received a own. nil except near the floor. thorough briefing from the staff of the joint I have discussed this matter at some length Of all things man and animals fear most Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy. with Chairman Harley Staggers of the Com­ is fire. To conquer such fear is a must for I can tell you that the dimensions of the mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. firefighters. It is not easy to do. Lieutenant problem are just staggering. I can announce to you now that if this de­ LaFrance did it. He has been recognized on Transportation is by far the nation's most partmental apathy continues-if DOT con­ both a state and national level. wasteful user of energy. Our ships, planes tinues to show no inclination to address it­ We know that Lieutenant LaFrance and cars burn up eight million barrels of oil self to the nation's most critical transporta­ thought nothing of either the possible per­ a day-twenty-two percent of all the energy tion problem-then I will ask the Commerce sonal consequences of his act or the recog­ we use. Yet because of the nature of these Committee to fund and to staff such an nition it might bring. It was the instinctive craft, they convert only one-fourth of their undertaking on behalf of the Congress. That reaction of a brave man, a courageous man. · fuel into propulsion; fully three-fourths of will be a. bi-partisan fact-finding and policy H1s bravery and courage have brought an the energy in-put is wasted. recommending task force employing the best additional brilliance to the image of the City Actually, if you drive one of those great transportation minds in the country. of Orangeburg and its Fire Department. He big fully equipped automobiles, you are los­ There is no reason for further delay. We will be long remembered by a gmteful ing ninety percent of your energy in-put. must push on with this task. We should be citizenry. By contrast, our largest user of energy­ at work on our national transportation industry-and our third largest-residential policy-within the Department of Transpor­ and commercial~uccessfully convert more tation or in spite of it-not later than early FDA OVERSTEPS ITS BOUNDS ON than seventy percent of their fuel into use­ 1974. ful work. I think the best interests of our nation­ VITAMIN REGULATIONS The United States with six percent of the its economy, its national security, and its world's population consumes thirty-five per­ future--demand such action. cent of our planet's energy projection. That The necessity and the urgency are self­ HON. GEORGE E. DANIELSON amounts to the equivalent of thirty-five mil­ evident. We need only supply the will and lion barrels of oil per day. By the year 2000, the energy to meet the challenge of the OF CALIFORNIA if present trends continue, the United States Twenty-first Century. I ask your help. Only IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES will require the equivalent of ninety-five if we all strive together can our great nation Thursday, November 1, 1973 million barrels per day. achieve the vital, flourishing, pre-eminent Where is this energy going to come from? transportation system that our destiny and Mr. DANIELSON. Mr. Speaker, as one Texas, the nation's largest oil producer, now our posterity demand. of the sponsors of the Food Supplement supplies three-and-a-half million barrels a Amendment of 1973, I submitted a state­ day. That meets only one-tenth of today's ment in support of this crucial legisla­ needs, and Texas' output is declining. CONGRATULATIONS, LIEUTENANT Plainly, we must supplement our energy tion to the Public Health and Environ­ sources and drastically improve our efficiency ment Subcommittee of the Interstate of use. We cannot look simply to the Middle HON. FLOYD SPENCE and Foreign Commerce Committee dur­ East for additional supplies. If we were to OF SOUTH CAROLINA ing its hearings on the FDA's new vita­ make up all of our projected deftclencles with IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES min regulations. These regulations, imports, we could expect to be paying at which are the result of a serious abuse least $35 bllllon a year for foreign on by Thursday, November 1, 1973 of authority on the part of the FDA, can 1985-provided, of course, that the Arab na­ Mr. SPENCE. Mr. Speaker, on July 1, only be changed through passage of the tions would sell it to us. The new outbreak of 1972, one of my constituents performed food supplement bill Moody I wouldn't Today tuition is low in public universities Lorick, Mr. Joby Vining, Miss Debbie be so smart. And I have a. lot of friends in because society wishes to provide a.n oppor­ Crawford, Miss Beth Branham, and Mr. America. that care about me. It has lakes tunity for higher education for all of its where you can get good meat free. America. members. The concept extends access- to Michael Whitener, as printed in the has one of the best presidents that America. freely a.vatla.ble publlc education from Journal of West Columbia, S.C., on has ever had. A president that cares about his. kindergarten beyond high school. One might May 9, 1973, in the REcoRD at this point: country. He stopped the war which saved question, however, the way in which the sub­ WHY I LOVE MY COUNTRY millions of llfes. And America. has good laws sidy to public universities is being utilized. When I say "America" I mean freedom to and besides, I think America is great.­ For example, a study of freshmen in 1972 was anything I want. We have "free speech" Micha.el Whitener, 8, B-C #2. made by the American Council on Educa.- 35678 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 tion.t It included 19 public universities from companies in the high qua.lity product would resources. But these moves alone cannot solve which a. sample of 36,636 students wa.s have to be significantly reduced. the whole problem. Over the years it is un­ ta.ken. An a.na.lysis of the income distribu­ In education a similar situation is exacer­ likely that the savings achieved by decreas­ tion of the parents of these entering students bated because of the difficulties for most ing cost through improving efficiency can shows an estimated a.verage income of ap­ people of appreciating the quality of edu­ keep up with the pace of inflation. A second proximately $17,000 and an estima.ted me­ ca.tion and because of the deficiencies on step needed is to increase the amount of in­ dian income between $12,500 and $15,000. In­ the part of private universities in attempt­ come from endowments. Again, it is unlikely deed 77.9% of the parents of students en­ ing to measure and make clear what quality that increased return on endowments, even rolled in public universities had incomes education is. with the utilization of capital gains, will en­ above $10,000. In contrast only 51.7% of the WHY PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES? able private universities to make their tui­ tions competitive. 53.3 million families in the United Sta.tes in At this point it is proper to raise the whole March 1972 received an income of $10,000 or question of why private universities should The third and most decisive change that more in 1971.2 continue to exlst.4. To those of us who have must take place is in the way that the state The effect of the low public university tui­ finances public education. If we- are to main­ tion on the private university, however, is been in private education most of our lives, tain a mixed system of private a.nd public a significant negative factor. As the gap be­ it may come as a shock to realize that al­ education, state governments must move to tween the cost of attending public and pri­ most all of the universities of the world the concept of giving public funds directly vate institutions becomes larger, private col­ are dependent upon various public govern­ to students and enabling those students to leges and universities will begin to fail ments for support. Private universities are decide upon the university of their ohoice. roughly in reverse order to the size of their in a minority. Even in the United States A simple form of deterinining equity in fi­ endowments, starting of course with those two-thirds of all faculty employed at insti­ nancing would be to give the student the having the smallest endowments. In Penn­ tutions of higher education are employed dollar amount of the subsidy students in sylvania, where the mix of universities is at publicly controlled institutions. public universities receive, that is, tota.l cost fa.irly typical, students who in the past would The argument for maintaining private uni­ of public education per student minus the have attended private universities will be­ versities is based on their role in providing tuition paid, and allow the student to apply cause of the tuition gap move either to the leadership and high quality in education. Irt that sum against the tuition in a private community colleges or the public universi­ is fair to say that the private universities university. There are other more elaborate ties. This reduction in enrollment will lead have been of significant importance in the formulas that could be develop-ed. to an increasing number of priva.te schools in history of higher education and research in Another, even more appealing, solution to financial trouble deep enough to force them America, particulMly as a source of innova­ the problem exists.o We have shown that the eventually to close their doors. The result tion. Private universities have also led in parents of students attending public univer­ will be an excess of total educational facili­ experimentation and curriculum develop­ sities have a significant financial capability. ties at the same time that the state is being ment in undergraduate education. The ini­ It would be appropriate. therefore, for the pressured to invest public funds to increase tial impetus to gmduate education and re­ state to increase the tuition in public uni­ the capacity of public campuses. In the long search was given by private universities. And, versities to the point where tuition covered run, unless there is a significant change in in each of the five rankings of the quality one-half to two-thirds of the cost, a.nd to the methods of financing public education, of graduate education since 1925, the private reduce the amount of budget support pro­ all private universities will be affected ad­ universities have had a majority of the vided public universities by taxpayers. Such versely regardless of quality and size of en­ strongest departments in most fields. Most a move coupled with a scholarship program dowment. of the institutions of highest quality have paid directly to qualified, needy students to To see the reality of the threat to private been private universities.6 allow them to a.ttend the schools of their education, it is useful to look at some trends other kinds of evidence a.lso substantiate choice would reduce the sta.te budget and in higher education. One striking statistic is the importance of private institutions. In hopefully the tax burden. And such a move the change from 1961 to 1971 in the number 1970, for example, although fewer than 50% could provide conditions that would enable of bachelor's degrees conferred by public and of the graduate degrees were granted by our mixed system to survive because any re­ private institutions. In 1961 private institu­ private institutions, roughly 71% of the pro­ maining tuition gap would be significantly tions accounted for about 44% of the de­ fessors in the five strongest departments in reduced. grees a.warded nationally. By 1971, when the each field were from private institutions. It is clear that much fresh, hard thinking degrees gra.nted had doubled ( 402,000 to 840,- This is, again, an indication that the private must be done by state governments a.nd by 000), priva.te institutions were awarding only institutions are remaining vigorous. An an­ the faculties and administrations of private 34% of the degrees. Part of the reason for alysis of Nobel prize winners leads to the universities in order to mainta.in and this drop is the fact that ma.ny priva.te in­ same conclusion. Sixty-six Americans re­ strengthen our system of mixed public and stitutions did not try to expand, but a. more ceived the Nobel prize between 1946 and private higher education in the years ahead. substa.ntial reason is the increase in the 1971, and of these approximately two-thirds With these financial pressures on private number of low tuition public institutions. received their most advanced degree at a institutions, and with the clear indica.tion The opening fall enrollment of students in private university, only 13% in public uni­ that excellence is required for survival, it is 4-year institutions in 1961 found a.bout 56% versities, and 20% in foreign universities incumbent upon us at this University to of the total students in public institutions. (most of the last were naturalized Amer­ continue to make the changes required to In 1972 this figure had gone to a.bout 69%. ica.ns). improve the educational services tha.t we By 1981it is projected at 74%.3 Clearly these Thus the private sector is vital not only offer and to increase our efforts and deter­ developments must be of concern to our so­ to the quality of higher education, but also mination to develop new knowledge through ciety if our current mixed system is one we to the diversity necessary to ma.ke further our research. Indeed, it is only through such want to maintain. progress in research and educa.tion. The efforts, as I have indicated above, that pri­ The trends are, of course, no different from United States has been a leader in research vate education itself can justify its cost. those tha.t could be expected if any private because of the quality of its private institu­ FOOTNOTES industry had to compete with a government tions. It is generally recognized, too, that public universities are of better quality than 1 The American Freshman: National Norms sponsored industry that was subsidized with tor Fall 1972, ACE Research Reports, Vol. 7, public funds. Suppose that the government they would be without the competition of private universities. And they are better be­ No. 5, December, 1972, p. 35. It is interesting decided to enter the a.utomobile business to to note that the same study (p. 36) shows produce a low-priced car, a.nd suppose fur­ cause of the grea.t contributions of the pri­ vate universities to innovate education, to that 41.9 % of the students entering private ther that the decision was made to subsi­ universities had an average grade of A- or dize the factories to ena.ble the poor to ha.ve graduate training and to research. These arguments indicate that, since the better in high school as opposed to 25.3% of cheap automobiles. Thus the government those enteing public universities. factories would not be required to show a quality of education is important, the prob­ competitive return on investment, nor to ac­ ablllty is high that the American education ~ Current Population Reports-Current In­ system will be poorer if the private institu­ come, U.S. Department of Commerce Publi­ count for depreciation, or even to recover cation, Series P-60, No. 83, July 1972. all out-of-pocket costs, in the prices that it tions disappear. 3 Projections of Educational Statistics to cha.rged. It would be only a short time before TO STRENGTHEN PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION 1981-82, National Center for EducationaZ private manufacturers would have to with­ What then is the answer? There are several draw from the production of low-cost a.uto­ Statistics, 1973, p. 42. tha.t ca.n be given. First, the priva.te universi­ 4 mobiles. Neither the Ford Motor Compa.ny For much of the information in this sec­ ties must manage themselves more effec­ tion I am indebted to the "Report of the nor General Motors could compete with the tively. Many of the academic institutions of f-ederal government when it was producing Committee on Private Universities and Pri­ greatest quality have tended to ignore the va.te Giving," published in The University automobiles under these conditions. Priva.te concept of efficient management. It has now companies would produce only expensive, of Chicago Record, Vol. VII, No. 5, April 21, become critical that private universities move 1973. high quality a.utomobiles. As the gap in price to use all of their resources in the most 5 The most recent of these rankings is: between the high quality automobiles and ·effective manner possible. Steps in this direc- the low quality, publicly produced automo­ Kenneth D. Roose and Charles J. Andersen, biles became greater, production by private tion are already being taken, and I predict A Rating of Graduate Programs, American tha.t within a five-year period private univer­ Council on Education, Washington, D.C. Footnotes at end of article. sities will become models of efficient use of 1970. November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35679

o Higher Education: Who Pays? Who Bene­ President of the United States, in mainte­ "In his press conference today, Special fits? Who Should Pay? The Carnegie Com­ nance and support of their impeachment Prosecutor Archibald Cox made it apparent mission on Higher Education, June 1973, pp. against him for high crimes and misde­ that he will not comply with the instruction 9-13. meanors in office. I issued to him, through Attorney General ARTICLE I Richardson, yesterday. Clearly the Govern­ That said Richard M. Nixon, President of ment of the United States cannot function if FULL TEXT OF IMPEACHMENT the United States, unmindful of the high employees of the executive branch are free RESOLUTION duties of his office, of his oath of office, and to ignore in this fashion the instructions of of the requirement of the Constitution that the President. Accordingly, in your capacity he should take care that the laws be faith­ of Acting Attorney General, I direct you to fully executed, and contrary to the Constitu­ discharge Mr. Cox immediately and to take HON. JEROME R. WALDIE tion and laws of the United States, did know­ all steps necessary to return to the Depart­ OF CALIFORNIA ingly, and willfully and with the intent to ment of Justice the functions now being IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES obstruct the process of justice, violate the performed by the Watergate Special Prose­ mandate of the United States Court of Ap­ cution Force. Thursday, November 1, 1973 peals for the District of Columbia Circuit "It is my expectation that the Department Mr. WALDIE. Mr. Speaker, in the issued under lawful authority commanding of Justice will continue with full vigor the the said Richard M. Nixon and any of his investigations and prosecutions that had past week there has been an overwhelm­ been entrusted to the Watergate Special ing request for information concerning subordinates or employees acting under his direction having custody of certain tapes, Prosecution Force. the text of the impeachment resolution documents, and other materials, to comply "Sincerely, which I introduced for myself and 30 with the order theretofor entered by the "(S) RICHARD NIXON." cosponsors last week. Chief Judge of the United States District Further, the said Richard M. Nixon did Mr. Speaker, the full text of the reso­ Court for the District of Columbia, requiring by such order procure the dismissal on Octo­ lution to impeach President Richard M. the production of such tapes, documents, ber 20, 1973, of the said Archibald Cox as Nixon follows: and other materials for inspection by the Special Prosecutor and the abolition of the said district court in connection with certain said Office of Special Prosecutor by then Act­ RESOLUTION grand jury proceedings then pending. ing Attorney General Robert H. Bork; and in Whereas -the United States Court of Ap­ ARTICLE II pursuit of his objective to thwart and ob­ peals for the District of Columbia Circuit struct the investigations aforesaid the said has issued an order that President Richard That said Richard M. Nixon, President of Richard M. Nixon did force and bring about M. Nixon produce for inspection by the Chief the United States, unmindful of the high the resignation and removal from office on Judge of the United States District Court duties of his office, of his oath of office, and October 20, 1973, of Elliot L. Richardson, At­ for the District of Columbia certain tapes, of the requirement of the Constitution that torney General, and William D. Ruckelshaus, documents, and other materials requested he should take care that the laws be faith­ Deputy Attorney General, both of whom had by the Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox, fully executed, did knowingly and willfully, been theretofore duly appointed and com­ relating to the breakin of the Democratic and with the intent to obstruct the process missioned, with the advice and consent of Headquarters on June 17, 1972, and Presi­ of justice, issue orders and instructions di­ the Senate of the United States; whereby dent Nixon has indicated his intent not to recting Mr. Archibald Cox not to invoke the said Richard M. Nixon did then and there comply with that order of the honorable judicial process further to compel the pro­ commit and was guilty of an impeachable court; duction of certain tapes, documents, and offense while in office. Whereas, President Richard M. Nixon has other materials then in the custody and con­ dismissed the Special Prosecutor Archibald trol of said Richard M. Nixon or his subordi­ Cox and abolished the Office of the Special nates or employees acting under his direc­ Prosecutor in violation of the order which tions, said Archibald Cox having been there­ established that Office and contrary to his tofore duly appointed and commissioned as a DETENTE AND RADICAL LEFTIST promise made to the United States Senate Special Prosecutor of the United States with MOVEMENT IN OTHER COUNTRIES through his Attorney General designate, full and lawful authority to investigate and Elliot Richardson, that the Special Prosecu­ prosecute certain crimes committed by offi­ tor would have full authority to pursue all cials and employees of the executive branch matters relating to the break-in of the of the Government and other persons in con­ HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI Democratic Headquarters, and thereby has nection with the burglary of the offices of OF ILLINOIS obstructed the administration of justice; the Democratic National Committee and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Whereas, President Richard M. Nixon has other burglaries and other crimes, including further impeded the administration of jus­ the misprision and concealment thereof, said Thursday, November 1, 1973 tice by forcing the resignation of Attorney Richard M. Nixon is hereby gullty of an im­ Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, while General Richardson and by firing Deputy peachable offense while in office. we discuss, here in Congress, the true Attorney General Ruckelshaus because they ARTICLE III refused to participate in the President's at­ meaning of detente as well as the ques­ That said Richard M. Nixon, President of tion of whether or not the radical leftist tempt to subvert the order of the Court and the United States, unmindful of the high to interfere with the administration of duties of his office, of his oath of office, and movement is a motivated one, it is per­ justice; of the requirement of the Constitution that haps practical to look at the same ques­ Whereas President Richard M. Nixon he should take care that the laws be faith­ tions as they affect other countries. knowingly and unlawfully and with the in­ fully executed, did on October 20, 1973, In this sense, I believe there is a most tent to obstruct justice refused to make knowingly and willfully, and with the intent interesting implication given by the dis­ available to Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox to obstruct the process of justice, issue an tinguished, intetnational correspondent certain tapes, documents, and other mate­ order to the then Acting Attorney General rials relating to the investigation which Mr. of the Copley Press, Dumitru Danielopol, of the United States Robert H. Bork, for the who recently returned from a factfinding Cox had been lawfully appointed to conduct, removal of Archibald Cox from the Office of and thereafter ordered Mr. Cox to cease and Special Prosecutor and the abolition of the tour of Europe, in his commentary in the desist from further utllization the judicial said office, the function and duty of such Aurora, Til., Beacon-News of Septem­ process to acquire said tapes, documents, office being to investigate and prosecute cer­ ber 29. and other materials, thereby intentionally tain crimes committed by officials and em­ The article delves into the facts engaging in the unlawful obstruction of ployees of the executive branch of the Gov­ justice: Now, therefore, be it toward a logical relationship to events in ernment and other persons in connection the United States and other countries: Resolved, That a committee be appointed with the burglary of the offices of the Demo­ to go to the Senate and, at the bar thereof, [From the Aurora (Til.) Beacon-News, cratic National Committee and other burg­ Sept. 29, 1973] in the name of the House of Representatives laries and other crimes, including the mis­ and of all the people of the United States, prision and concealment thereof, which order POMPIDOU ON THE HOT SPOT to impeach Richard M. Nixon, President of in substance was stated as follows: (By Dumltru Danielopol) the United States, of high crimes and mis­ "DEAR MR. BORK: I have today accepted CoTE-n'AzUR._:_Any Frenchman who recoils demeanors in office, and acquaint the Senate the resignation of Attorney General Richard­ at the memories of the May, 1968, student­ that the House of Representatives does here­ son and Deputy Attorney General Ruckels­ labor revolt in France must be apprehensive by exhibit these particular articles of im­ haus. In accordance with title 28, section this fall. And that includes President Georges peachment against him and make good the 503(B) of the United States Code and of Pompidou. same. title 28, section 0.132(A) of the Code of Fed­ The "affaire Lip" is a case in point. Lip Articles exhibited by the House of Repre­ eral Regulations, it is now incumbent upon sentatives of the United States, 1n the name was an old and reliable watch manufacturer you to perform both the duties of Solicitor 1n Grenoble. Its managers branched out but of themselves and all the people of the General, and duties of and act as Attorney found themselves in financial trouble. They United States, against Richard M. Nixon, General. decided to close down. 35680 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 1Vove1nber 1, 1973 "Not so," decided the workers. They were A CALL TO END THE CONTINUING baxe and that the total dead reached 200. going to lose their jobs. They seized the fac­ SHIPMENT OF U.S. HERBICIDES TO (Vers l'Avenir (Belg.) July 25; La Croix tories and ran themselves in a "socialist" PORTUGAL (France) July 25; Anti-Apartheid News July­ way. They stole existing stocks of watches August 1973; Times (London) July 28; The and manufactured new ones, selling them Living Church. September, 1973;' Guardian privately at 40 per cent discount. They paid (London) July 26; East African Standard HON. CHARLES B. RANGEL July 27; Star (Johannesburg) July 28, 1973). themselves and capitalized the rest by neg­ OF NEW YORK lecting to pay taxes, social security or to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES With these statistics glaring us in the make allowances for purchases of necessary face, I once again ask this House to con­ materials. Thursday, November 1, 1973 Lip was a victim of anarchy. The workers sider H.R. 8573 and H.R. 8574 so that the under the coercion of "Gauchistes," extreme Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, on June 11 United States will cease its support of left wing agitators, vandalized the operation of this year, I proposed a bill that would these atrocities. in the name of anti-bossism. True, they had prohibit the export of herbicides from lost their livelihood-but they had taken the United States to Portugal and South none of the risks of their bosses. Africa. It was referred to the House When they were finally thrown out by the Banking and Currency Committee where NEW JERSEY'S STAKE IN WORLD army they moved to other premises and con­ TRADE tinued to operate on Lip's assets, thus rob­ no action has been taken on it yet. It bing the stockholders who had invested in is now November, almost 6 months since Lip. I have introduced this legislation and Hon. PETER H. B. FRELINGHUYSEN "Had this not happened during the August during that time Portugal, with assist­ vacations other enterprises would have gone ance from South Africa, has continued OF NEW JERSEY on strike in sympathy of Lip workers," said to spray herbicides over large portions IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES one observer. of its colonies Angola and Mozambique. Thursday, November 1, 1973 As it was, the government controlled radio and TV struck for 24 hours in support of the The following a.rticle from the monthly Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. Speaker, Lip workers. "Southern Africa" describes the atroci­ Mrs. Margaret M. Miller, international Another ominous incident that serious ties which are resulting from the use by relations chairman of the League of Frenchmen must ponder was a demonstra­ Portugal of herbicides shipped from the Women Voters of New Jersey, has sent tion at Larzac where several thousands ex­ United States. me a copy of "New Jersey's Stake in treme leftists and antimilitary hoods gath­ ANGOLA World Trade," a publication she recently ered to oppose government plans for the HERBICIDES-ANOTHER FORM OF MASSACRE-IN compiled for use by the League and other area. ANGOLA groups concerned about world trade. The government proposes to buy farm land In the wake of publicity on Portuguese at Larzac to extend its mllitary training fa­ atrocities in Mozambique, various witnesses As pointed out in this report, New Jer­ cillties. The farmers refuse to sell and move have spoken of similar atrocities in Angola, sey, while ranking 46th in size among away. They are sheep breeders and want to showing once again that it is all of a pat­ the S~ates of the Nation, also ranks stay out. tern-that none of the atrocities can be 8th among the States in exports. The leftist demonstrators are the same dismissed as unusual or exceptions to the As one who is interested in the de­ type that nearly brought down the system rule. velopr:. ent of an enlightened U.S. trade in France in 1968. They are anti-establish­ Both MPLA and GRAE have also classed ment, nihtllsts, anarchists and thugs on the policy, I read this article with great in­ Portuguese use of herbicides as equivalent terest, and recommend its consideration rampage. They have seized a local issue in to a face-to-face massacre. GRAE reports an attempt to fan national indignation. more than 2500 cases of diarrhea, of which to my colleagues. Too few Americans realize the inroads of more than 200 were fatal, during the period Mr. Speaker, I include in the RECORD this type Soviet inspired anarchy in West of November 1972 through July 1973. Cause: the article "New Jersey's Stake in World Europe as a result of "detente" and auto­ food and water polluted by chemicals sprayed Trade" at this point: matic respectabtllty conferred on radical so­ and bombed over the area by the Portuguese. (From New Jersey Issues, October 1973] ciallsm. Mixed with modem laisez-faire The MPLA estimates 4,000 persons dead from NEW JERSEY'S STAKE IN WORLD TRADE morality, the effects are frightening. eating poisoned crops in the past 18 months. Another symptom of trouble is the action A former Portuguese Air Force major, Jose (NoTE.-The League of Women Voters be­ of Lloyds of London and other insurance Ervedosa, estimates that between 50,000 and lieves in a liberal U.S. trade pollcy. We are companies in cancellng policies for fire in­ 80,000 Angolans were killed between March 18 convinced that the political and economic surance on the elegant mansions and villas and June 30 of 1961, in the reprisals against interests of this country and of its citizens on the famous Riviera. The rash of fires in the African uprising in the coffee plantation collectively and individually are best served rt!Mnt years, particularly during the sum­ area of northern Angola. He served at the by such a policy, which paves the way for mer season, are deliberately set by leftists, time with the Information Section of the political harmony with other nations, stimu­ Second Air Region in Angola-the office that lates economic development at home and the insurers claim. abroad, and expands consumer choice. We Their slogans seem to be "burn baby, was compiling the official statistics of the mtlitary and police activities in that region. believe that our trade policy should be fiex­ burn." He also participated in some of the bombing. ible, effective and efficient and that it should Unless Pompidou asserts authority, an iso­ Ervadosa is now a supporter of the FPLN, be based on the public interest, not on spe­ lated problem on the Riviera could become the Portuguese Liberation Front, which is cial or sectional interests.) a national headache this winter. related to the Revolutionary Brigades who INTRODUCTION have claimed various acts of sabotage inside New Jersey is a small state, ranking 46th Portugal during the last year. in size among the states of the nation. New An MPLA member, now in England study­ Jersey, however, ranks among the top ten MORE FOR IMPEACHMENT ing, has spoken recently of witnessing the states as an industrial and trading center. total destruction of a small vtllage-about · The state's strength lies in its advan­ 30 people and their huts--in 1967 in Angola. tageous geographic location. Within a radius The Portuguese troops forced the people to of 250 mlles are more than 29 percent of HON. MICHAEL HARRINGTON dig a hole, then lined them up beside it and the population of the United States and an OF MASSACHUSETTS shot them, afterward burning the huts. It effective buying income totalling $238 billion. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES was during the rainy season in a village New Jersey enjoys the strategic position as northwest of Vila Salazar where he was a gateway to the rest of the world by being Thursday, November 1, 1973 teaching at the time. bounded on the east by the Hudson River Mr. HARRINGTON. Mr. Speaker, A Belgian Roman Catholic priest, Father and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south Francois Houtart, has said that ln October by the Atlantic Ocean and the Delaware after the latest fiasco in the Watergate 1970 about 300 nationalists in a village near River Bay. affair, the incredible claim that two of Luanda were massacred in reprisal for the Although New Jersey is called the "Garden the tapes do not exist, my office has not assassination of a Portuguese. Father Houtart State", actually less than three percent of received a single correspondence sup­ gave his source as Bishop Eduardo Muak, its work force is engaged ln agriculture. In auxillary bishop of Luanda. fact, New Jersey is an industrial giant. Its porting the President. Today's total 1s And two Dutch missionaries, in a recent 17,000 plants manufacture products which 79 in favor of impeachment, none radio broadcast, have reported massacres of represent almost 95 percent of all classlftca­ against. The totals since October 20 are: 130 persons tn two villages east of Luanda. ttons of U.S. industrial goods. Almost one­ In favor of impeachment, 1,091; opposed The date is not given. GRAE confirms the third o! the state's labor !orce 1s engaged tn to impeachment. 25. report and says one of the villages is Qui- manufacturing. November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS · 35681

NEW JERSEY'S PORTS Labor, each blllion dollars worth of exports NEW JERSEY AND U.S. TRADE POLICY Located in the greater New Jersey area are provides jobs for 66,000 workers. For New It is estimated that United States exports two of the largest port complexes in the Jersey, therefore, the employment directly have risen dramatically since this country world-The Port Authority of New York and attributable to exports is an estimated 93,200 began to pursue a liberal trade policy in the New Jersey, and the Delaware River Port jobs. It is significant to note further that, 1930's. Total U.S. exports amounted to only Authority of Pennsylvania and New Jerey according to the State of New Jersey's De­ $2.1 billion in 1934. In 1972 they climbed to (Ameri-port). partment of Labor and Industry, over 300,- $48 billion. In order to protect and expand its Since the 1950's, the enormous growth of 000 people-ten percent of the state's work export business and jobs, the U.S. must con­ the New Jersey side of the Port Authority of force-are involved directly or indirectly with tinue its efforts toward trade expansion, not New York and New Jersey has coincided with international trade. Moreover, by 1980, it is trade restriction. Foreign buyers of New Jer­ the parallel growth of container shipping. predicted that two out of every ten jobs sey's big exports include importantly the Containerization may be defined as the ship­ wlll depend on import and export related ac­ countries of Western Europe, Taiwan, Korea, ping of cargo in huge sealed cartons, which tivities. Japan, and Latin America-countries which function as demountable truck bodies, are Well over half a billion dollars of New depend on sales of their products, so they in usually eight feet in heighth and width and Jersey's exports consist of chemicals and ma­ turn, can buy U.S. products. All these coun­ around 40 feet in length. This system, which chinery, both electric and non-electric. Other tries would be hurt by U.S. unilateral re­ is revolutionizing the transportation indus­ important exports include transportation strictionS of their sales, and would be forced try, replaced the more expensive method of equipment, primary metal products, food to retaliate by limiting U.S. exports into shipping cargo in comparatively small parcels. products, fabricated metal products, petro­ their own markets, -and notably those which The giant shipping complex on the west leum and coal products, instruments, and make up the bulk of New Jersey's foreign shore of Newark Bay--only eight miles from rubber and plastic products. sales. the open sea-includes the 1,000 acre Eliza­ The biggest industrial exporting centers Furthermore, a spiral of retaliation sim­ beth marine terminals, the adjacent 800-acre are Newark, the Paterson-Clifton-Passaic ilar to the disastrous Smoot-Hawley years Port Newark, and Newark Airport. The Eliza­ area, and the counties of Camden, Burling­ could plunge the world deep into an economic beth-Newark container complex began oper­ ton, and Gloucester. Other communities depression and result in dangerous deteriora­ ating in 1962 and in 1971 it handled 10.3 whose products are sold abroad include At­ tion of relations between the members of the m1111on tons of general cargo, more than six lantic City, Jersey City, and Trenton; as well world community of nations. mlllion of this amount containerized. Port as Salem County and Warren County. While it is true that the U.S. balance of developments will end in 1976 when the two FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN NEW JERSEY trade has reflected a greater volume of im­ terminals will have the combined capacity ports over exports in 1972, it appears that to handle 18 millions tons of cargo annually. The other side of the coin in New Jersey, U.S. dollar devaluations abroad are alleviat­ The Elizabeth terminal, devoted almost ex­ as far as international business is concerned, ing this negative trend. To further insure a clusively to the use of container ships, is features reverse, or foreign investment into favorable position in the international mar­ already known as "the container capital of the state. According to Joseph F. Brady, Chief ket, the United States is expected by the the world". of the Bureau of International Operations, end of 1973 to enter into negotiations seeking Within the complex is the 2,300 acre State of New Jersey, there are now more a more stable, equitable world monetary sys­ Newark International Airport that moves than 105 foreign plants in the state and at tem and multilateral negotiations to reduce 160,000 tons of air-freight and 6.5 million least another 100 foreign installations, such tariff and non-tarlft' barriers to trade. people annually. In 1972 the airport handled as supply centers, American headquarters, Finally, serious consideration should be over 347,000 overseas passengers, and this and regional oftlces. New Jersey ranks second given to upgrading U.S. export efforts. De­ figure is expected to quadruple by 1975. in the nation in foreign investment and the spite its position as a major exporting state, Presently under development are three new number of companies locating here is grow­ efforts by the State of New Jersey in this area passenger terminals, an instrument runway, ing rapidly. have been minimal, due to budgetary restric­ a 10.6 million gallon fuel storage and under­ A number of leading foreign car manu­ tions. The governments of many other coun­ ground distribution system, new roads, park­ facturers have established U.S. distribution tries offer considerable encouragement and ing facilities, etc. The master plan for New­ headquarters in New Jersey. They include assistance to companies entering the export ark's redevelopment also calls for the ex­ Volkswagen of West Germany, and Fiat of field. Perhaps the federal government should pansion of existing cargo building faciUties, Italy, Englewood Cl11fs; Suburu of Japan, o1fer increased financial and technical as­ but this has not yet been inaugurated. Pennsauken; Volvo of Sweden, Rockleigh; sistance to state governments to encourage Another strategic area which has been Leyland of England, Leonia; and Mercedes­ expanded trade efforts on a state level. reviving in recent years is the west side of the Benz of West Germany, Montvale. Toyoto of It is evident that New Jersey has a large Hudson River, just across from Manhattan. Japan established its Eastern regional oper­ stake in world trade. Both exports from and Two new major terminals are located at Port ations in Lyndhurst. foreign investment into the state have stead­ Jersey and Weehawken. As part of Jersey New Jersey long has been the leading state ily increased in recent years, have created City's Liberty Harbor redevelopment ,plan in chemicals and pharmaceuticals and lias new jobs, and contributed immeasurably to there are 615 acres of land slated for indus­ attracted a number of foreign-based multi­ the real prosperity of New Jersey. With co­ trial development. Thus far, the major national corporations. They include four operative efforts on the part of governmental tenant, Global Terminal, occupies a 73-acre Swiss companies: Clba-Geigy, Summit; Sika agencies, business, and labor, New Jersey facil1ty used by a number of million tons of Chemical, Lyndhurst; Hoffmann-LaRoche, can become an even more important center of cargo last year, and a 12-acre expansion is Nutley; and Sandoz-Wander, East Hanover, international commerce. New Jersey's econ­ planned. German companies such as BASF, Parsip­ omy and the economy of the nation as a The Delaware River Port Authority of pany; and American Hoechst, Bridgewater; whole wlll be well served by an expanding Pennsylvania and New Jersey stretches from and Organon in West Orange, which is owned trade policy. Trenton to Delaware Bay, and includes such principally by a Netherlands company. A SYNOPSIS New Jersey cities as Trenton, Burlington, Products made in or sold through New In 1972 N.J. exports are expected to total Camden, Gloucester, and Deepwater Point. Jersey by foreign companies include steel, $1,412 billion. The port complex is served by more than 100 photography, liquor, machine tools, elec­ N.J. ranks 8th among the states in exports steamship lines, which operate to every part tronic components, typewriters, textiles, An estimated 93,200 jobs in N.J. directly re­ of the world. Growth has been rapid: in 1951 printing presses, perfumes, canned food, con­ late to exports · the port's international trade was about 28 struction equipment, china, candy, and 300,000 N.J. Jobs {10% of the work force) million tons; during 1963, this total had motorboats. depend on import/export related activities, reached over 50 million tons. In 1972, this Countries whose companies operate in number predicted to double by 1980 figure rose to over 63 million tons, a 17% New Jersey include Austria, Belgium, Canada, Despite great potential, only 5% of N.J. increase over 1969. Major imports entering Denmark, England, Finland, France, West firms export the complex include petroleum and iron ore, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, In the greater N.J. area are located two of which are processed in nearby refineries and and Switzerland. the world's largest port complexes mills of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Although there are no estimates available N.J. is 2nd in nation in foreign investment as to the amount of money foreign business EXPORTS AND NEW JERSEY into state has invested in New Jersey, it is believed the In recent years, New Jersey has experienced figure is in the hundreds of millions of N.J.'s future prosperity depends on U.S. a remarkable growth in export trade. In 1960 dollars. It is known that current cumula­ continuing liberal, expanding trade policy its world-wide commerce was valued at $782 tive foreign direct investment in the United "HOW TO" EXPORT mlllion. By 1969 this export trade had grown Obviously, exporting is a vital source of to $1,113 blllion. In 1972 this figure rose im­ States is approximately $15 billion. Certainly foreign investment has contributed greatly employment. It also benefits New Jersey's pressively, again to a projected $1,412 bil­ economy in other ways as well. Exporting pro­ lion. Included are $1,401 billion in manu­ to the economy of the state by providing new technology and in the creation of thousands vides the manufacturer with additional mar­ factured products, and $11 million in agri­ kets in which to sell his goods. A leading cultural products. New Jersey ranks eighth in of jobs for New Jersey people. Also, like ex­ U.S. bank emphasized this fact in an adver­ the nation in total and per ca,>lta exports. ports, foreign investment helps offset the U.S. tisement which read: "Since 1960 world-wide Based on studies made by the Bureau of balance of payments deficit, which has per­ industrial production had almost doubled and Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of sisted for some years now. the volume of world trade has almost dou- 35682 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 bled. . . Any businessman who ignores the This legislation would not tie the Presi­ The bill is a reasonable compromise, and world market L"' betting against the future." dent's hands. He would still have the free­ even those who oppose presidential war No more than 25,000 of an estimated 300,- dom to act promptly in an emergency situa­ powers can justify a vote in support of it. 000 U.S. manufacturing companies export to tion. any extent. A relatively few large corpora­ FORD ON WAR POWERS tions account for most of the exports and The full text of the editorial and the the few small and medium sized companies excerpts from Representative GERALD R. (Following are excerpts from a speech that do export do so at only a small portion FoRD's speech follow: calling for legislation to limit presidential [From the Detroit Free Press, Oct. 27, 1973] war-making powers which Rep. Gerald Ford of their real potential. It is estimated that made to the Pennsylvania American Legion only five percent of New Jersey's companies CONGRESS MUST FIGHT VETO TO BALANCE WAR in convention in Pittsburgh on July 16, are engaged in exporting. Why are there not POWERS 1971.) more? The war powers bill just vetoed by Presi­ There must never be another Vietnam. We According to Theodore S. J. Davi, presi­ dent Nixon is crucial to correcting the im­ are all determined never to repeat it. The dent of the New Jersey World Trade Com­ balance of powers that has developed with­ best way to avoid another Vietnam is to mittee, "There is a market somewhere in the in our government. If Congress is to have any develop mechanisms that will bring the peo­ world for every product made in New Jersey. effect on government over the next three ple into the executive branch decision mak­ Unfortunately, many businessmen ·are not years, it must override that veto. ing-and the best way to do that is through aware of export opportunities abroad, and do The test comes on the House floor on the people's chosen representatives, the Con­ not know that assistance is avail8ible to help Thursday. Rep. Olement J. Za~blocki, D-Wis., gress of the United States. them enter the foreign sales market." is handling the bill, and he says seven more The Constitution clearly grants to Congress An interesting program designed to help switches could bring the needed two-thirds the power to declare war, but we are now smaller companies export operates as a joint majority. Some of those switches should living in a world where wars are fought but effort on the part of the World Trade In­ come from the Michigan delegation. Those not declared. We are living in an age of stitute, the National Association of Manu­ who voted for the bill when it first passed limited and undeclared wars. This circum­ facturers, and the U.S. Department of Com­ will also have to hear from the folks back stance has stripped Congress of its war­ merce. Called the Partners in Trade Pro­ home to enoourage them to stand against the making power and delegated it solely to the gram, it utilizes the services of 25 major U.S. heavy pressures the President will bring to executive. It is this which makes a tragedy companies and banks as senior partners to bear. like Vietnam not only possible, but likely. provide specific marketing, product, financial, Michigan representatives who voted against This is a situation which should be corrected and legal expertise to the smaller companies the blli and who should reconsider their po­ at the earliest moment. I therefore urge that that want to break into the export market. In sition are Edward Hutchinson, Gerald Ford, Congress approve legislation which would effect, these 25 companies for one year act as Lucien Necizi and Robert J. Huber. Rep. John create a new and meaningful role for Con­ consultants to the participating companies Conyers of Detroit did not vote against the gress in limited war or undeclared war situa­ in a series of workshops, seminars, and per­ bill but announced his opposition to it. All tions. sonnel conferences. The World Trade Insti­ but Reps. Conyers and Necizi are Republicans Under terms of the legislation, a military tute conducts the meetings at the World and will feel White House pressures to hold action by the President would have to be ap­ Trade Center in New York City. Although the line. proved by the Congress within 30 days or U.S. there is a moderate fee paid by the prospec­ But one need reach back only to 1971 and troops dispatched to a foreign station would tive exporter to cover expenses, the senior for the words of Rep. Gerald Ford, reprinted have to be withdrawn. partners donate their services. The Port Au­ elsewhere on this page, for some good argu­ This legislation also would create a new thority of New York and New Jersey, the ments for overriding the war powers veto. joint congressional committee on national parent organization of the World Trade In­ Rep. Ford, speaking to the Pennsylvania security which would consult with the presi­ stitute, furnishes information advisors. Fur­ American Legion in convention, said: dent and his national security advisers on ther information about the program may be "The best way to avoid another Vietnam military decisions. obtained from: Registrar, The World Trade is to develop mechanisms that will bring Prior to military action, or no later than Institute, 1 World Trade Center, 55th Floor, the people into executive branch decision 24 hours subsequent to it, Congress would New York, N.Y. 10045 (Telephone: Z12-285- making-and the best way to do that is consult with the president or his advisers and 4452). through the people's chosen representatives, obtain information on the circumstances the Congress of the United States. surrounding the military action. The com­ DETROIT FREE PRESS URGES "The Constitution clearly grants to Con• mittee would then draft and send to the gress the power to declare war." House and Senate legislation to rattly or alter OVERRIDE OF WAR POWERS ACT Rep. Ford went on to outline procedures the president's action. VETO AND QUOTES REPRESENT­ for limiting war powers of the President This legislation would not tie the presi­ ATIVE GERALD R. FORD IN SUP­ even more than the legislation just vetoed. dent's hands. He still would have the freedom PORT OF SUCH LEGISLATION Yet when forced to choose between his own to act promptly in an emergency situation. views and those of his President, Rep. Ford But his action would be s.ubject to inuned­ has voted against limiting war powers. iate review by the Congress-and this is as it Should Rep. Ford choose to vote his con­ should be. This would bring the Congress HON. JOHN F. SEIBERLING into the decision-making process in all m111- OF OHIO victions this time around, that would be one of the needed switches. His action would tary actions involving the dispatch of U.S. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES also free up the other Republicans to vote troops into any foreign theater of operations. Thursday, November 1, 1973 to override if they see fit. This would be a responsible way for Con­ Rep. Conyers could also find himself among gress to exercise its power over the deploy­ Mr. SEIBERLING. Mr. Speaker, the the switch-hitters without sacrificing his ment of U.S. troops abroad and could help Det:rroit Free Press, in an editorial of previous stands. Rep. Conyers is one of the guarantee that the United States will not October 27, states that the war powers liberals in Congress who argue that the bill again be drawn into an undeclared war with­ out the support of the American people. bill just vetoed by the President is cru­ actually gives the President too much power. This group holds that the Constitution gives cial to correct the imbalance of power all warmaking powers to the Congress and that has developed within our Govern­ that executive wars under several recent ment, and goes on to urge Congress to presidents have actually been in violation ot MORE SOBER THOUGHTS ON PRESI­ override the veto. the Constitution. DENT NIXON'S DISMISSAL OF The editorial quotes some very in­ Those who favor the bill argue that it ARCHIIrALD COX teresting comments made by Represent­ wm not only return war powers to the Con­ ative GERALD R . FORD, the distinguished gress but it also will delegate a limited minority leader, in a speech in July 1971. amount of those powers to the presidency. There is a need for some delegation of Mr. FORD , at that time, pointed out that HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL power in our jet bomber-ICBM-nuclear age. OF n.LINOIS circumstances have undermined the ex­ If some future Congress believes too much ercise by Congress of its constitutional authority has been delegated, the war powers IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES warmaking powers and that this situa­ can be further limited once Congress has Thursday, November 1, 1973 reasserted its prerogatives. Right now it has tion should be corrected by legislation at Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, after the the earliest possible moment. He went no control. If it did, the American troop involvement in the war in Vietnam might initial round of emotional and, in some on to say that such legislation would be cases, almost hysterical press accounts a responsible way for Congress to exert have ended much sooner-if begun at all. Defining war-making authority is a vital relating to the President's decision to fire its power over the deployment of U .S. part of the sorting out process that is under­ Mr. Archibald Cox, it would appear that troops and would "guarantee that the way in Washington. The bill, passed by huge the time has arrived for a more sober and United States will not again be drawn margins in both houses, but now vetoed by into an undeclared war without the sup­ a power-hungry President, will cut deeply deliberate examination of the whole port of the American people."· Mr. FoRB into the power bulge that has accumulated affair. also stated that- in the presidency. In that connection, I noted two col- November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35683 umns by the distinguished and respected an effective prosecutorial office. The consti­ The impeachment issue has thus burst columnist for the Washington Evening tutional responsibility for enforcing the law outside the bounds of treason, high crimes cannot be taken away from the presidency. and misdemeanors. It has spread into the Star, Mr. Richard Wilson. The first, from This is what the Nixon people have been political morass of how the country is to be the Saturday, October 27, 1973, edition, talking about when they say Cox tried to set governed, what the Constitution meant when entitled "Why Professor Cox Had To Be himself up as ra fourth branch of the govern­ it gave the presidency Its great powers, Fired", and the second, from the Octo­ ment. whether Nixon's major policies are right or ber 29, 1973, edition, entitled "No Case That does not lie within Congress' power wrong, and, indeed, on subjective judgments Yet for Impeachment". I insert both col­ either, nor is it practical to create an office of good and evll based on whether or not umns in the REcoRD at this point. within the executive department which is people like the cut of the President's jib. not under the President's control. Even if A president is to be impeached because WHY PROFESSOR Cox HAD To BE FIRED that were constitutional, which is doubtful, he has a legally reasoned and carefully pre­ (By Richard Wilson) such a prosecutorial office could be isolated pared position on the foggy issue of execu­ The professor was in good form befor& his and rendered ineffective. tive privllege? Nonsense. He is to be im­ awed and appreciative class. He savored the The more the whole problem of acting peached because he fired a member of the exquisite nuances of his exposition of a classi­ against the President is considered the more executive department? Unbelievable. He is cal legal exeroise which would go down in its dimension returns to what it was in the to be impeached because he claimed war the annals of the law for all time to come. first place. powers which Congress does not have the Even indulging a daring "what the hell", If Congress is determined to act against votes to deny him? Bunk. He is to be im­ Prof. Archie Cox enthralled the amateur law the President's interest in the Watergate af­ peached because he sought to protect the students who then fed him leading questions fair, it will in the end find the clearest course integrity of national security secrets? De­ allowing him to embroider his explication. in the constitutional remedy of removing batable. But this was not the Harvard law school, him from office. Once removed he could be Then what can he be impeached for? He nor Prof. Archie Cox. It was a press con­ subjected without question to criminal pro­ can be impeached for the criminal obstruc­ ference in which speoial prosecutor Archibald ceedings. tion of justice which hasn't yet been proved Oox made it unmistakably clear what the But this is a course Congress does not take and may be no more provable from the White trouble was about his attempt to implicate for reasons other than the shock to the House tapes when they are presented to the the President of th& United States in criminal country. Congress does not have evidence grand jury. activity, and why Cox had to be fired. sufficient to prove Nixon guilty of conspir­ This is the issue which needs to be gotten Th& trouble was that, with the sure in­ acy to obstruct justice, nor did Cox have it. on with quickly and cleared up once and stincts of a law professor of the Kennedy An impeachment proceeding so weekly based for all. The rest of it is a massive political school, Archie Cox was digging himself in for could end in disaster for its initiators. collision involving windy moralizing about a long tenure which would continually harass the "capacity to govern" of-a President who if not paralyze the presidency. No amount of N 0 CASE YET FOR IMPEACHMENT has just proved that he can govern under self-abnegation or professed detachment the most ominous circumstances. could mask the fact that Prof. Cox, himself (By Richard Wllson) The blather, fustian and exaggeration­ a Kennedy partisan and solicitor general, had Nothing tllustrates with • more crystal called a "fire storm" in the hyperbole of surrounded himself with avid Kennedyite clarity the urgency of a quick and final reso­ those who wish to incinerate Nixon-has lawyers who fully expected to be gnawing lut ion of the impeachment issue than the done as much to limit Nixon's ability to away at the Nixon administration for three public attitudes which ran wild in the re­ govern as anything he has done. and a half years. cent Mideast crisis. The symptoms of what has happened to The legal exercise so fascinating to them Every random thought which ran through the country, to which Kissinger referred,.are was intolerable to a government which re­ a congressman's or journalist's head was ar­ those of a fevered, unreasoning patient wlld­ quired a much faster resolution of the Water­ ticulated in living color to feed the fevered ly suspicious of his physician. Not untll the gate affair and could not abide a continual imaginations of the prejudiced and irre­ fever subsides will the patient's judgment inquisition constantly refueled by leaks of sponsible. return. information. If there is cause for impeachment, let's In this case the way to get the fever down No government could abide that condition get it out and done with immediately. If is to get to the seat of the allment, the of perpetual inquisition. With Cox and his there is not--and this is the rub, there is Watergate collusion, and proceed with radi­ Kennedyites ranging into every wild rumor not yet a clear case for impeachment--then cal treatment if justified. That means quick and false implication far afield from the let's bury the thing and get on with what action on impeachment or none at all. The Watergate break-in the Nixon administra­ has to be done. patient can't stand much more of the inter­ tion would be kept in constant turmoll. The Impllcratlons that the President has gone mediate political procedure. noose was out for Nixon, to be drawn stran­ berserk, that he created a phony nuclear gulation tight from any angle it could be crisis, that he tricked up a scheme to justi­ tossed and no matter how long it took. fy firing the special Watergate prosecutor Cox's fate was predestined even before he are evidences of the irrational fury of those defied the President and threatened him with who wish to hang Nixon without a trial. HUGE WHEAT EXPORTS DETRI­ contempt of court. He invited his own exe­ They demand that he commit political MENTAL TO WHEAT SUPPLY IN cution, surely knowing that his demise might suicid& and there are even those so intense UNITED STATES conceivably bring down Nixon, and it nearly that they imagine his physical and mental did. What he also knew for sure was that collapse, to be followed by self-destruction. his one-time law student, the proper Bos­ This is more than the "crisis of confidence" tonian Elliot Richardson, would be true blue of which Secretary of State Henry Kissinger HON. LESTER L. WOLFF to the law school tradition, no matter that spoke. It is a livid hatred demanding punish­ OF NEW YORK Nixon had accepted the Richardson compro­ ment and retribution for imagined crimes IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mise on the presidential tapes. which have not been proved. Lacking con­ It was a good compromise, a fair and rea­ clusive proof of criminality, Nixon would be Thursday, November 1, 1973 sonable one which would have supplied the rushed to the stake for the "secret" Cam­ Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, I would like court and the Senate with substantively as bodia bombing, for impounding congres­ to share with my colleagues the resolu­ much evidence as the court will get under sionally appropriated funds, for his opposi­ tion that was recently adopted by the the modified cireuit court decision with tion to busing for inetgration purposes and­ which Nixon is now complying. Now the court yes-for settling the Vietnam war on a. time members of the American Bakers Asso­ gets it all, and the Senate gets nothing. schedule not considered fast enough. He ciation expressing concern over the im­ So, it is "goodbye, Mr. Cox" without the would be pllloried for the detente with Rus­ pending severe wheat shortage facing loving kindness afforded to the professional sia as a dangerous illusion, and brought to our country due to abnormally excessive Mr. Chips in the movie by that name. The ruin for opposing the obstructive arrogance exports of our wheat to other nations. result could not have been otherwise under of a Congress controlled by the opposition The American Bakers call upon the Con­ the conditions Cox cre111ted. He had to know party. gress to regulate the exportation of that from the beginning his independent Usurpation of power by Congress was one status was delicate and tenuous. From the of the earliest fears of the. founders of the wheat in order to insure an adequate first day of his investiture his resignation or Republic who had little faith in the ability domestic supply. I agree that we are go­ discharge was a matter for public discussion. of the people's representatives to execute na­ ing to face a real crisis this spring if we The whole concept of an independent tional policy. The present affords a vivid n­ do not take steps to control the exporta­ prosecutor at the pleasure of the President lustratlon of those fears. A runaway Con­ tion of domestic supplies, and I have was transparently faulty, with as many con­ gress is determined to impose its will on the introduced legislation, H.R. 10844, which tradictions as the forgotten Pat Gray en­ chief executive because It ditiers with his countered when the FBI was charged with methods and quarrels with constitutional would set up an export licensing and al­ investigating the White House. prerogatives the President deems unimpeach­ location system in order to insure ade­ Nor is it likely that Congress can create able. quate domestic supplies of agricultural 35684 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 commodities at prices the American conduct war for 90 days without full con­ the past quarter-century. Harry Truman gressional approval. It implies that the thrust us into Korea. in 19QO without con­ people can afford. gressional authorization,· and President The text of the American Bakers reso­ only power Congress has is to insist upon Eisenhower bypassed the legislature eight lution follows; I urge my colleagues to disengagements of conflicts precipitalted years later when he landed US troops in direct their attention to this critical by a war-hungry Executive. In short, it the Middle East. We began to ooze into problem. makes impotent the fundamental con­ Southeast Asia. under John F. Kennedy, and RESOLUTION ON WHE.~T SUPPLY stitutional doctrine that Congress has Lyndon Johnson escalated the Vietnam con­ filet, in both instances without any specific (Adopted by the Members of the American "the power to declare war." The Constitution ordains that all leg­ authorization by Congress, and Richard Bakers Association At their Annual Meet­ Nixon behaved with similar autonomy when ing, October 15, 1973, Atlantic City, N.J.) islative powers herein granted shall be he ordered the invas ion of Cambodia. Against Whereas the wheat supply in the United invested in the Congress of the United this background of unilateral military ac­ States is in great jeopardy due to abnor­ States. If anything makes clear the dom­ tions by successive Presidents, the need for mally large quantities now committed for inant role of the Congress and the limit­ an explicit definition of the right to push export to foreign nations, and ed role envisioned for the President, it is the nation into war had been long over­ Whereas this continuing high rate of ex­ article I, section 8 of the Constitution, due. To our regret the current bill does not ports, encouraged and fostered by the govern­ entitled, "Powers Granted to Congress"; fulfill that need. ment, does not make adequate provision for In the first place the bill authorizes a. domestic requirements including carryovers, To declare wa.r, grant letters of marque President to get the nation into a fight with­ and and reprisal, and make rules concerning cap­ out the prior legislative sanction in the event Whereas the Baking Industry is the largest tures on land and wa. ter. of a. "national emergency created by attack domestic user of wheat flour, requiring 400 To raise and support armies, but no appro­ upon . . . its armed forces"; considering the million bushels of wheat annually out of pria-tion of money to that use shall be for fact that more than a. half million American total food requirements of 525 million a. longer term than two years. soldiers are now deployed around the world, bushels, and To provide and maintain a navy. many of them as safe as the crater of an Whereas a minimal carryover of wheat for To make rules for the government and active volcano, this would effectively permit blending from one crop year to the next regula.tion of the land and naval forces. the President to escalate a war in those areas should be maintained at not less than 350 To provide for calling forth the militia. to on his own initiative. Thus Mr. Nixon could mlllion bushels, and execute the laws of the Union, suppress in­ conceivably move fresh forces into Thailand Whereas the Baking Industry is alarmed surrections and repel invasions. if he estimated that the 40,000 US troops and greatly concerned that sufficient wheat To provide for organizing, arming, and already there were endangered by last week's flour to manufacture bakery products for disciplining, the m111tia., and for governing coup d'etat, and, with the same self-gener­ consumers will not be a.\'a.ila.ble in the spring such pa.N of them a.s may be employed in ated authority, he could increase our Inilitary of 1974, and the service of the United States, reserving­ strength in South Korea. on the grounds that Whereas the American Bakers Associ a. tion to the States respectively, the appointment our boys in that country are threatened. has previously expressed its concern to the of the otllcers, and the authority of training It is worth recalling in this respect that the President of the United States and officials the militia. according to the discipline pre­ Tonkin Gulf Resolution of 1964, which Lyn­ of his Administration as well as the Congress, scribed by Congress. don Johnson referred to repeatedly as his leg­ and islative support for expanding the Vietnam Whereas the Administration claims to be The legislation we are being urged to war, authorized him to "take all necessary without legal authority to interfere with enact, notwithstanding the veto of the measures to repel any armed attack aga.lnst wheat exports in advance of an actual physi­ President, would constitute a grant of the forces of the United States. . . ." Even cal shortage, and power to the Executive that is potentially after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution was re­ Whereas time is of the essence in resolving as dangerous as was the Gulf of Tonkin pealed, the Nixon administration continued this problem of sufficiency of supply, other­ resolution. Rather than seeking to satisfy to rationalize its operations in Indochina wise the Baking Industry and the consumer a grasping Executive, eager to expand with the protect-our-boys argument. In April will be considerably damaged because of a. its privilege and power, Congress should 1972, asked to explain on what authority the shortage of bread and other bakery products. President had resumed the heavy bombing Now, therefore, be it resolved that the act to regain and exercise its authority of North Vietnam, the then Defense Secre­ members of the American Bakers Association over the disposition of our military tary Laird replied: "It is the protection of in Annual Meeting assembled do call upon power. For a more detailed analysis of American personnel. You don't need· any the President, the Secretaries of Agriculture this legislation, I insert the following more authority than that . . . That is suf­ and the Treasury, and the Congress to take article from the New Republic in the ficient, cqmplete and total." all steps necessary, including enactment of RECORD: Another feature of the bill that seems to legislation by the Congress, to assure ade­ A BAD WAif. POWERS BILL fortify rather than reduce a President's war quate supplies of wheat and wheat flour for powers is a clause that requires him merely domestic needs during the remainder of the After more than three years of grappling to "consult" with Congress before introduc­ with the subJect, Congress has finally passed 1973-74 crop year. ing US forces "into hostilities or into situa­ Be it further resolved that the Administra­ a compromise blll that seeks to spell out tions where imminent involvement in hos­ tion and the Congress establish as a. matter the President's power to commit the coun­ tllltles is clearly indicated by the circum­ of policy, by legislation or Executive Order, try to war. The bill is bound to be vetoed stances." In short that appears to say that that domestic wheat needs take precedence by Mr. Nixon, who has described it as "dan­ a. telephone call from the White House to the gerous bid to erode the constitutional au­ congressional leaders will suffice. And once over exports and in any given crop year a. thority of the Chief Executive," and it is quantity of wheat of not less than 350 mlllion troops are committed, the bill goes on to doubtful that the House of Representa-tives say, a President need only explain "in writ­ bushels shall be made available to meet can muster the votes to override his rejec­ carryover requirements. ing" within 48 hours the circumstances ne­ tion. We have long sympathized with at­ cessitating their intervention, the estimated tempts to control the Executive's war-mak­ scope and duration of the hostlllties, and ing authority, and we disagree completely the authority under which he acted. Con­ with Mr. Nixon's efforts to preserve his al­ spicuously absent from the bill is any re­ WAR POWERS FOR WHOM? most absolute power in this domain. Yet we straint on a. President's authority to use US would welcome his veto, for, in our estima­ soldiers to rescue American citizens abroad­ tion, the present war powers bill is so the argument, it will be remembered, that HON. JOHN E. MOSS riddled with reservations that, in many ways, Lyndon Johnson used when he intervened in OF CALIFORNIA it defeats its own purpose. Indeed it may give the Dominican Republic's civil war. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a President more power to take us into war More significantly the bill permits a. Presi­ than is granted him in the Constitution. dent to commit troops for 60 days simply by Thursday, November 1, 1973 Except in the event of enemy attack, a. keeping in touch with Congress, and he can Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, next week we President has no constitutional authority to extend that period for another 30 days by initiate or declare war, a prerogative that certifying that "unavoidable military neces­ will consider legislation that has been belongs to Congress. Even Alexander Hamil­ sity" requires their prolonged presence. presented as enhancing congressional ton, who favored a. strong Executive, held Criticizing the bUl from opposite sides, Sen­ powers in declaring war. A close scrutiny, during the Constitutional Convention t.ha.t ators Barry Goldwater and Tom Eagleton however, of the contents of the war pow­ the war-making power "is the peculiar and have emphasized that this timetable accords ers bill, reveals that nothing could be exclusive province of Congress," and, as Jus­ a. President powers beyond those in the Con­ further from the truth. Indeed, in an age tice Douglas pointed out during the Catn­ stitution. Moreover, it 1s dimcult to imagine bodla. bombing controversy this summer, that Congress would compel a. President to when we should be reasserting our con­ that interpretation was further strengthened pull US soldiers out, when they had been stitutional warmaking powers, this bill in the Prize Cases of 1863. Nevertheless in sent in ostensibly to defend the fia.g and the would grant to the President the unpre­ practice the legal Umita.tions on Presidents honor of America.. Here again the Tonkin cedented and unconstitutional right to have been ignored time and again within Gulf Resolution offers a lesson. Passed in November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35685 August 1964 it was not repealed until Janu­ western New York. In the century since And solace and comfort the early Poles in ary 1971-and even then it took two more the founding of St. Stanislaus in-Buffalo, America needed. For it was because of tyr­ years before US troops were finally with­ three men have served as pastors there, anny, oppression and hunger that they left drawn from Vietnam. It also took until last their mother country, the land that gave August to halt the President's bombing of with the Right Reverend Monsignor birth to Chopin, Copernicus, Paderewski, Cambodia, and that came about only after Peter J. Adamski, P.A., having served Pulaski and Kosciuszko, among others and Congress deliberately voted to cut off his since 1945. Peter J. Adamski. funds. So we concur .,in Senator Eagleton's "Served" is the appropriate term for When Peter J. Adamski first sa.w the light opinion that this provision is nothing less Monsignor Adamski's relationship with of day on August 2, 1891, in Sanok, Poland. than "an open-ended blank check for 90 his parishioners, as I can personally at­ was not to be found on the maps of the days of warmaking anywhere in the world by test. world. She was divided by the three powerful the President." enemies, Germany, Russia and Austria. Still another part of the bill appears to us It has been a great privilege to count "And, although Poland with geographic fuzzy. It would allow the President to com­ him as my friend for the past quarter of boundaries was not to be found on the maps mit troops under treaties that have been a century, and he has provided me with of the world, all of us who were born and. ratifl.ed. But treaties are only ratified by the guidance on many occasions and through raised in the areas held by the three parti­ Senate, and thus the House of Representa­ many trials and· tribulations. One of his tioning powers knew very well that we were tives, which under the Constitution shares most admirable traits is his ability to see Poles, with a rich heritage and a future," the authority to declare war (not to mention both points of view-to state the other · Msgr. Adamski recalls. its responsibility for raising and maintain­ That heritage included a strong belief in ing an army), seems to be excluded. Consider, side of a discussion without seeming to God. And the idea of serving God. touched for example, US allegiance to the Southeast try to convert his opponent. Msgr. Adamski as a youth at a time when he Asia Treaty Organization. As Professor Recently, the Buffalo Courier-Express also recognized the value of education. George MeT. Kahin recently wrote in these ran a series of three articles on the inter­ "Although Poland was partitioned, religion pages, SEATO may be moribund, yet it legally relationship for Monsignor Adamski and was not forbidden as some people might binds the US to assist certain countries mili­ the Polish community on the east side. think," Msgr. Adamski said. "You've got to tarily, and it allows a President to define Mr. Wiater has written a most percep­ remember that Germany always had. religion; whether internal insurgency is really outside Austria was a Catholic country and Russia aggression, and, consequently, whether US tive account of this good man, his great had its Orthodox church. And. leaders of intervention is legitimate. understanding of his people and his tre­ these countries recognized the role religion To a large extent the bill is confused be­ mendous empathy for the character of plays in maintaining order. But the economic cause, in an attempt to reconcile their dif­ the Polish immigrants in our country. I picture in Pola-nd during the years of the par­ ferences, the Senate and House produced a am pleased to insert the text of these tition was terrible." hodgepodge. Senator Javits, who worked hard articles: In 1909, the Rev. Michael Dyminski, pastor to sponsor it, obliquely admitted that the at the time of Holy Trinity parish in Niagara result was less than ideal in his remarks MONSIGNOR ADAMSKI SYMBOL TO POLISH Falls, N.Y., returned to his native Poland and during the Senate debate that "it is a miracle COMMUNITY took time out to visit an old school chum, that we got this bill." That raises the ques­ (By Edward. s. Wiater) the father of Peter J. Adamski. tion of whether bad legislation is better than The heels of an oppressor can dig deep, "When I learned that Father Dymanski no legislation. Eagleton, who has long wanted cruel wounds into a nation and whether that had a parish of his own, there was nothing to curb presidential war-making power, obvi­ nation survives depends on many factors­ that was going to hold me back from becom­ ously had this question in mind when he factors sometimes varied and complex, some­ ing a priest and from going to America," withdrew his support from the compromise times few and simple. Msgr. Adamski recalls today with a smile. version, commenting that the baby he had The Poles have survived. And nothing did hold him back. originally helped deliver "has been kid­ Not only have the Poles survived their On Dec. 18, 1909, a train pulled into the napped." calvaries in Europe (so often has Poland been . railroad station in the Cataract City bearing The President's expected veto will render invaded during the past 1,000 years t~.nd her among its passengers a young man with two this debate and the bill itself academic, and soil drenched in blood that one of her flags years of college studies, Peter J. Adamski. it will take years and perhaps another crisis is a white eagle on a dark red background), Father Dyminski took the young Adamski like Vietnam before better legislation on the but they have contributed. handsomely to under his wing and. shortly after sent him to subject is brought up. In the meantime, we America through communities such as Buf­ St. Bonaventure to complete his college submit, Congress has ample latitude under falo's East Side and Black Rock. study. After his graduation in 1911, he was the Constitution to restrain a President, as If one was to pin down the indomitable "adopted" by the late Bishop Charles H. it demonstrated when it forced a halt to the spirit of the Poles, he would find it to be Colton and continued his studies for the bombing of Cambodia in August. Senator made up largely of an unquenchable thirst Diocese of Buffalo. He was ordained. by Stennis' project to investigate the Central for freedom and a burning belief in the Bishop John Grimes of Syracuse on June, Intelligence Agency, for instance, could ex­ Roman Catholic Church. 1915, at St. Bonaventure and celebrated. his pose what US covert operatives are up to But what brought the Pole to America? first mass at Assumption Church in Black overseas and thereby contribute to curbing More pointedly, what brought him to Buf­ Rock. their activities. The Appropriations, Foreign falo? And what has he contributed. here? His first assignment: Assist the Rt. Rev. Relations and Armed Services Committees in And what of the future? Msgr. Alexander Pitass, pastor ot St. Stanis­ both chambers have authority to sit on other The answers can be found to some degree laus parish. The impact of Peter J. Adamski operations abroad. Above all Congress con­ by researching books in libraries and by por­ on Buffalo was about to be felt. trols the purse. The key question is whether ing over documents such as the doctorate the legislature is going to use its preroga­ dessertation of Fellcian Sister Ellen Marie MONSIGNOR ADAMSKI: GOD, EDUCATION tives responsibly. "It is easy to roll this body Kuznicki, CCSF, Ph. D. (She is a teacher of (By Edward S. Wiater) because the executive branch comes in with history and French at Villa Maria College) . The Pole that came to America, materially, power ... we are afraid, we are fearful men," But the inside story can best be told by such brought with him only what he could carry confessed Hubert Humphrey during the re­ towers of community strength as the 82- on his back-the necessities of keeping the cent debate. His autocriticism ought to chal­ year-old patriarch of Buffalo's East Side, the body warm. lenge Congress to exercise its authority over Rt. Rev. Msgr. Peter J. Adamski, PA, the The riches he brought were a cultural the disposition of our military power. That third pastor of Western New York's oldest heritage; riches built on a solid base of can be done without new legislation. Polish parish, St. Stanislaus Bishop and earning his bread, an appreciation of freedom Martyr. and belief in God. Msgr. Adamski has been the pastor of St. Rare was the Pole who came to America Stanislaus since July 2, 1945. And a patriarch with that added advantage of having an MONSIGNOR ADAMSKI SYMBOL TO he has been in every powerful sense of the education. And, for that he paid a price; POLISH COMMUNTY word; a patriarch with an exceptional grasp sometimes, a terrible price. of history and the abllity to learn from it. "Keep in mind that the Pole came to Even his physical appearance a deceptive America in the late 1800s came with a back­ picture of a slight but ram rod straight ground that knew only servitude and op­ HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI frame-gives one the feeling that he 1s in OF NEW YORK pression," Msgr. Adamski relates. "He didn't the presence of a man whose intellect is know the English language and because Po­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES extraordinary, whose vision is unclouded and whose love for hls people and religion knows land had been divided by the three European Thursday, November 1, 1973 no bounds. powers he knew fear, and timidity as etched He moves not with the waver of aging per­ in his soul. This was to hinder the Pole for Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, in the decades. spring I spoke of the commemoration sons, but almost as 1f he were gliding-walk­ ing on alr 1f you wish. Hls bearing 1s almost "The immigrant Pole found in America this year of the lOOth anniversary of St. majestic and it's easy to understand why the freedom, but he also found tha-t & lack of edu Stanislaus, the "Mother Church of Poles over the years have huddled to him, cation, the strange language and in many Polonia," the oldest Polish church in have found comfort and solace in his advice. instances hostile people were to impede his CXIX--2248-Part 27 35686 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS lVover.nber 1, 1973 progress, and indeed rekindle fears learned goodness Poles have brought with them than But the winds of change have been relent­ in Europe, fears which brought on timidity." just kielbasa," Msgr. Adamski said. less. When the immigration quotas made it He pointed out that while kielbasa is now Msgr. Adamski points with pride ·to "our possible for the Poles to come to America accepted nationally as a fine food, so is people" when he recounts the roles Poles they streamed for the established areas, New "barszcz" (a soup), "golabki" (often referred have played in international, national and York City and the larger cities around the to in English as pigs in a blanket) and Western New York developments. Great Lakes-Buffalo, Chicago, Detroit. "pierogi" (dumplings). "In this year of Copernicus, it is easy to "Water was the cheapest mode of trans­ "The real big contributions our people have do so," he said. "But,.we have had Poles who portation and most chose to move by ship made can be found in such cultural areas as played major roles in other years and whose and consequently ended up in port settle­ music," Msgr. Adamski said. "Polonia here accomplishments weren't rea.Ily fully ap­ ments," Msgr. Adamski observed. can point to such organizations as the preciated." Ironically, hundreds of Buffalo Poles, ac­ Chopin Singing Society, Kalina Singing So­ Msgr. Adamski had in mind such accom­ cording to Msgr. Adamski and Felician Sisters ciety, Arlons, Paderewski Singing Society, plishments as Poles who said the Niagara Ellen Marie and Mary Donata, who have made Moniuszko, Harmonia, Fileraci and others." River could be bridged and helped to do so, a study of Polonia as the heart of Buffalo's And when one thinks back to the recent that the Delaware between Philadelphia and Polish settlement has been known, came to performances of the Polish singing and Camden could be bridged and helped prove the Queen City because of Germans. dance group, The Mazowce, at Kleinhans it, and that a monument could be carved Msgr. Adamski relates that Poles and Ger­ Music Hall, it is easy to understand why in a mountain as a tribute to the Indians mans had intermingled in Europe especially pride swells the soul of those of Polish par­ and are proving it. in the Posen district. The Germans who had entage. And, while Msgr. Adamski stressed the im­ emigrated to America often wrote to families But, these are changing times in which we portance of education, he toiled tirelessly to in Europe telling of the opportunities in now live. The past is history. What does the keep Polonia from disintegrating. America. Hearing the stories, the oppressed future hold? Is there stlll Polonia? If there Mass at St. Stanislaus once attracted some Poles asked, "Why shouldn't we go to iS, can she exist? 3,000 persons to church at one time. Now, America too?" Msgr. Adamski speaks of the future in the total is at best about 1,000. And go they did. And, once in Buffalo most concerned terms. The exodus into the suburbs has been they settled near the German neighborhood. general. Whether it's been for the good is They chose to live at first in the Spruce, Wal­ CHANGE TEAKS AT POLONIA debatable. The winds of change have caught nut, Ash, Pine, Clinton and Genesee St. por­ (By Edward S. Wiater) everyone. tion of the city. They worshiped at St. The East Side is changing in Buffalo. But The back of Polonia is broken! so are the West Side, the South Side, the Mary's Church. There is almost insurmountable tragedy "You've got to keep in mind that most North Side and the core. in this phrase. And many refuse to believe And so are the suburbs changing. The Poles in America were from the German-held it. section of Poland and they could relate a bit To the millions who found a delightful mixture is becoming complete. to their new neighbors," Msgr. Adamski said. little bit of Poland in the concentration at Is there a comeback in the future for "And, because the language was new to them, the crossroads of Broadway and Fillmore, Broadway-Fillmore? Where does Polonia fit they learned English mixing it with the this pronouncement brings on anguish; per­ in tho picture? guttural sounds of German, thus the strong haps even a desire to turn back the clock. Even the most optimistic observer has dif­ accent of first and second generation Poles." But it appears to be true. And, sadly, Msgr. ficulty generating any enthusiasm at present Although the Pole was timid, he displayed Adamski acknowledges t!he developments for ~'• vibrant Broadway-Fillmore shopping a marvelous capacity for self-discipline and which are tearing at Poloni&. district. thrift. "There was a time when you found more The smell of kielbasa is there, the "ski" "The Pole, because of his lack of education people shopping in the Broadway-Fillmore can still be found on names of store signs and because other nationalities had a foot­ area than you had in downtown Bu1falo," a nd "dzien dobry, pant" (good day, madam) hold in .America through early arrival had to Msgr. Adamski reminisced. "But, it's no a n d "dziekuje" (thank you) can still be take whatever job was offered," Msgr. Adam- · longer that way. Things have changed. The heard. But, the smell of sausage is not as ski said. "The job frequently was dirty and back of Polonia has been broken." strong, the "ski" is on signs showing wear paid poorly. And yet the Pole was able to get The sadness in Msgr. Adamski's voice was and tear and the Polish language is not THE food on the table from the meager pay, put unmistakable When he delivered the last language. away money and even send a dollar now and phrase. Just as in the areas of Main St. north There is a rebirth in downtown Buffalo. then to the family stlll in Europe. If you look of Chippewa, empty stores provide undeni­ But the ember of hope for Broadway-Fill­ at this, it was really an amazing accomplish­ able proof that Broadway-F111more is in more, as Bu1falonians once knew it, is a weak fiicker. ~ent." death throes. Msgr. Adamskl then pointed out that the Is this a. sudden development? Or has it Msgr. Adamski today still counsels his goal of every working Pole was to own hiS been coming on since the end of World war flock. And he speaks of it in endearing terms. own home. He said: II, a time when so many changes have taken "They are my people," he says proudly. "He was subjected to serfdom in Europe place? St. Stanislaus this year celebrates its 100th and to own property was a dream. If you As far as Msgr. Adamski is concerned, anniversary. Parishioners have much of want to understand the full meaning of this change in the Pole in America has been tak­ which to be proud: the impressive stone keep in mind the picture of subjugated Po­ ing place since World War I. True, Polonia church, the modern elementary school and land where people owned almost nothing. has been growing since World War I days, the bright and much-needed athletic center. "And so here you had the Germanic people but there also has been an exodus. What it And Msgr. Adamski has much of which to and the Irish and those of the Jewish faith amounted to is found in the title of the be proud. "His" children have done well, his who. came to American early spreading out in song, "How Are You Going to Keep Them drive to provide quality education has paid business, finance and industry while the Pole Down on the Farm After They've Seen off. was saving his money to buy a piece of land Paree?" Although a shadow of darkness seems to and a home to call his own. The title of the song could really be ap­ be spreading over Polonia, there are recog­ "They were too timid to strike out in bold plied to everyone, however. With World War nizable flickers that Poles are capturing the ventures. They didn't have the education to I conscriptions into mllitary service, men imagination of others. There are Polish become professional people. They huddled to got a chance to see the world. When they chairs of culture in our universities, the Pol­ the church and in Buffalo they eventually returned, America had already started to be­ ish language is being taught in more and found the Broadway-Fillmore area their come a nation on the move. The moving more schools and Poles and non-Poles are Polonia." was slow, but it was there. learning, by going to Poland and returning The fact that so few Poles were in the Broadway-Fillmore prospered and, out­ with enthusiasm over their discoveries. ranks of professional people and that so few wardly after World War II, the district was There is a sign over the doors on buildings were in finance left scars in the make-up of happy. It was a place to see. at St. Stanislaus that reads "Sto Lat." It Msgr. Adamski. And it seems much of his life But the winds of change were blowing. means 100 years. It is in Polish, also a wish has been dedicated to the education of young On July 2, 1945, Msgr. Adamski was in­ of warmth. Roughly translated it means, people, to the goal of pointing out to the stalled as the third pastor of St. Stanislaus. may you live to be 100, may you li" e in good Poles that their future is tied up in God and He felt the winds, but he also felt the over­ health and good cheer. in education. whelming need to provide the best educa­ With Msgr. Adamski, now in the warm He has immense pride in Poles who have tion possible for the young people of his glow of the 80s, it is fitting to say, "Mon­ proven themselves in the world. pariSh. signor, sto lat." "They did it the hard way and have added A year later, Bishop Colton High School Polonia is not what she used to be. But, to the good we find in America," Msgr. Adam­ for girls and Bishop Ryan High School for there are embers, thanks to Msgr. Adamski. ski said. boys were opened to serve the youth of the It may take another 100 years, but Polonia East Side. He was going to do everything Msgr. Adamski's eyes glow with pride when will rise again. It could produce another he talks of Bnffalo people and organizations possible to see that more Poles were to get who have .contributed to the cultural wealth the education necessary to become profes­ Msgr. Adamski. And, if it does, all Buffalo o! ·the Niagat:a Frontier. sional men and women, to.be competitive, to will benefit. . . "You know, .there is .much more to the be able to throw off the Shackles of timidity . "Sto lat." November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35687 BOOM-AND-BUST SCIENCE education and research constitute a costly LIMIT ON SPEMDING waste of the nation's human resources. Per­ At best the plan is of dubious value. In haps the President's recent presentation of the first place, if private funds are spent in­ HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE the National Medal of Science to eleven top dependently on be-half of a candidate, can scientists-the first such awards since 197o­ OF TEXAS such money be applied against the candi­ represents a signal of Administration desire date's total allowable limlt without a bitter IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES for a sounder approach. fight-indeed, chaos-breaking out? Is not Thursday, November 1, 1973 suc'h a scheme an abridgement of First Amendment rights for those citizens who Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, wish to express their support for candidates the training and e:tiective utilization of SERIOUS QUESTIONS ON PUBLIC in more substantial ways? - those dedicated to the pursuit of sci­ FINANCING OF FEDERAL ELEC­ second, it puts a limit on presidential ence is an important national resource TION CAMPAIGNS campaign spending that is totally arbitrary. that cannot be ignored. To solve many of The amount to be spent is determined by our major problems, the abilities of en­ taxpayer whim rather than the needs of the HON. H. JOHN HEINZ III democratic process. Suppose, for instance, gineers and scientists are not only im­ taxpayer interest in the scheme waned and portant but essential. Further, adequate OF PENNSYLVANIA only, say, $10 million was raised for a particu­ support for the research and develop­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lar presidential election. Is that the ment to foster the necessary technology Thursday, November 1, 1973 amount we should be spending to elect a in solution of many of our national prob­ President? Most Americans undoubtedly lems requires a constant support of re­ Mr. HEINZ. Mr. Speaker, as a result would say no. search and development in our country. of Watergate, Congress is devoting much Third, the money is to be contributed to A recent editorial of Monday, October 15, time and consideration to legislation parties prior to nominees being selected; that would curb the abuses of campaign thus a $1 donor might find himself having 1973, outlines the significance of ade­ contributed to a party whose nominee he quate and stable support for science and spending. does not support. Furthermore and fourth, technology. This important editorial The Senate has already taken action Americans have historically supported indi­ follows: on legislation that promotes public fi­ viduals, not parties, with their money. This (From the New York Times, Oct. 15, 1973] nancing of elections. However, I would plan would enshrine the two big parties as BOOM-AND-BUST SCIENCE urge my colleagues in the House to exer­ permanent bodies on the political scene. cise restraint before enacting any meas­ Fifth, such funds will tend to perpetuate Spokesmen for the American science com­ the incumbents in power. The 1968 Demo­ munity claim that the United States is fall­ ure that would use taxpayers dollars to pay for campaign expenses. We must un­ cratic debt, in retrospect, has had a revitaliz­ ing behind other industrial nations in "the ing effect on the party and, as such, is a rate of growth and application of new sci­ derstand completely the implications of healthy development; had its leaders been entific findings." The predictable response to public financing before we-as a result guaranteed huge sums every four years, yes­ such warnings is to view with alarm only the of strong public demands growing out of terday's losers would probably still be run­ impact of the lag on competitive mllitary Watergate-approve any legislation of ning the party. strength. In reality, far more is involved, as Sixth, such a scheme will undoubtedly Dr. H. Guyford Stever, director of the Na­ this type. "Politics and Public Financing" is the wreak havoc on state and local parties be­ tional Science Foundation, suggested by cit­ cause, without a fund-raising role, they will ing the decline of new patent applications. subject of two articles, one written by Philip M. Stern and the other by George be downgraded in importance and deprived Science advocates are not above the sus­ of one of their major functions. Party con­ picion of acting in the manner of special in­ Thayer, which appeared in the Wash­ trol wm become centralized in the candidate terest lobbyists. Dire predictions are a famil­ ington Post on October 7, 1973. Stern and with the money, the faithful will feel less iar technique whenever any group loses Fed­ Thayer carefully analyze the pros and needed, and volunteers would probably be­ eral funds and favor, especially if partisan cons of paying Federal election campaign come difficult if not impossible to find. purposes can be served by accenting the negative. expenses from the Federal Treasury. PUERTO RICO'S WAY In this case, however, all the surround­ Since there seems to be hot debate but Another frequently suggested solution to ing circumstances lend bot h credibility and little public understanding of this issue, our campaign financing inequities is federal urgency to the scientists' warning. Dr. Lee A. I recommend that all my colleagues funding, in which all or part of the money DuBridge, who joined the appeal, was until closely consider these two thoughtful needed in presidential, House and Senate recently one of President Nixon's close ad­ pieces: races would be simply appropriated from visers. What bothers the scientists, without Too MANY LIMITS general tax revenues. regard for party identifications, is the long­ (By George Thayer) Puerto Rioo has had such a subsidy sys­ term trend toward allowing scholarly priori­ tem since 1957. It allows each of the three ties to be determined by a curve which rises What can be done to improve our cam­ major political parties (Popular Democratic, and falls in direct relationship to real and paign financing practices? The first thing Statehood and Independence) to draw imagined national crisis which ought not to we must do is to ask ourselves what kind against a fixed allotment in off years and a affect a nation's academic or scient ific com­ of a political system we want. Presumably, larger fixed allotment in election years. A mitments. it should be dynamic and flexible, open to party is allowed to harbor its financial re­ Thus, if it was inexcusable to let science, all comers, competitive, capable of attract­ sources in off years by accumulating un­ mathmatics and foreign-language studies ing the best minds and candidates and pro­ spent balances of up to 50 per cent o! the languish in the post-World War II era, there vide a forum for debate, new ideas and na­ yearly allotment. The private solicitation of was a touch of the absurd in the return to tional reconc1Uation. additional funds is not prohibited. academic rigor purely as a defensive reaction Campaign financing reforms should be The trouble with this and other similar to the launching of the first Soviet Sputnik molded around this ideal. We should work schemes is that guaranteed money tends to in 1957. toward creating a broad-based financial sys­ entrench politicians in power; it strengthens Now, academic enterprise has once again tem in which the bulk of all contributions the power of the existing parties and guar­ slipped downward on the scale of public and come in sums of $500 or less. antees that they will remain on the scene official ooncern. The National Science Foun­ One scheme that w1ll probably not im­ for years, regardless of how spiritually and dation reports a decline in science enroll­ prove matters is the $1 checkoff plan, a pro­ politically bankrupt they may become; it ments in two successive yea.rs. The number vision of the Revenue Act of 1971 which hinders the rise of new talent to the top; of federally supported graduate students in does not go into effect until the 1976 elec­ and it makes life dlftlcult for splinter par­ science is down by 10 per cent--and by 20 tions. A revival of an old idea previously ties that cannot compete financially. per cent in mathematics alone. introduced by sen. Russell Long in 1966, the Partial government subsidies used for spe­ Scholarship and research are caught be­ plan would allow a taxpayer to earmark $1 o! cific purposes are not necessarily regres&ive, t ween the penny-pinch ing of economy­ his tax payment to the party of his c'hoice. however. Many Western European govern­ minded conservatives and the hostility of Once the party picks its presidential nomi­ ments underwrite costs like election-day ex­ those, at t he other end of the spectrum, who nee, the money would be turned over to him penses, television time and free mailings. equate science expenditures with support of to spend as he chooses. If the candidate Eliminating such partisan political ex­ the mllltary. A more realistic view of national accepted this form of fund raising, he would penses as pollwatching, "walking-around n eeds should make it evident that none of have to forgo other forms of financing. In­ money," babysitting fees and so forth could deed, if a contributor gave more than $1, reduce the costs of some campaigns by as t he nation's and the world's critical prob­ the excess amount would be deducted from lems--from environmental issues to the ur­ the total the candidate could receive from much as 30 to 40 per cent. The costs could gent need for food, energy and t ransport a­ the checkoff fund. Tax authorities believe be picked up by the local, state or federal tion-will be solved without the innovative that over $20 million wlll be avallable for governments out of general revenues. Of contributions of trained minds. The con­ each presidential candidate in 1976 from this course, there would be stltr opposition to tinued boom-and-bust cycles in support of scheme. such a plan from local leaders whose pollti- 35688 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 ca.1 power derives in part !rom their financial munications Act, known .as the "Equal Time cations, or lack of them, inevitably reduces clout on election day. Provision," which hinders debate between the amount of time the voter could spend The British government also assigns dur­ serious candidates for a particular oftice be­ analyzing the assets of more qualified candi­ ing elections a certain number o! free hours cause all candidates, no matter how frivo­ dates. of television and radio time to the major po­ lous, for the office are required to be given As a result, a "fat cat" candidate's money litical parties. Each can use its time as it equal air time. can distort the process, as John F. Kenne­ sees fit. If this section were repealed, minor party dy's did in the 1960 presidential primaries A similar plan would be beneficial in the candidates would not necessarily be denied and as Richard Ottinger's did in the 1970 United States. The major television and ra­ access to the media. On the contrary, the New York primary. But in the general elec­ dio networks should give a. prescribed num­ Federal Communications Commission has tion, a rich man's money becomes less im­ ber o! free hours each election year to Re­ encouraged stations to offer free time to mi­ portant because traditional party sources publican and Democratic candidates !or Pres­ nor party c.andidates as part of their commu­ are tapped for the bulk of the necessary ident, Vice President, the House and Senate, nity service function. In fact, in 1972, many campaign funds. governor and mayor of cities over 200,000 in minor party candidates received free expo­ The problem, therefore is to balance the population. Minor political parties should sure, but at the same time there were no de­ influence of wealthy candidates with less also be given some free time, perhaps basing bates or public discussions between Nixon weal thy ones in primary elections. One way the amount on the number o! signatures each and McGovern or even their surrogates. this can be done is by offering certain free collects. Furthermore, a bonus plan should A further provision of the l.a. w that needs services, such as television and radio time be available to those who use their time for eliminating is that which liinlts media ex­ and election-day expenses, to all comers, public debates and presentations o! 15 min­ penditures to 10 cents per voter. Although both rich and poor alike. Another way to utes or more. the law appears to curb profligate television equalize the imbalance without abridging The private purchase of time should not and radio spending, it is in fact an invita­ individual rights (through arbitrary spend­ be prohibited (to do so might be a.n abridge­ tion to break the law, despite the cost-of­ ing and contribution limits) would be to ment of First Amendment rights) , but the living escalator clause, because of the com­ require an even stricter accounting of funds free time made a.vaUa.ble should be close petitive nature of American politics. There prior to the primary election day. For in­ enough to the saturation point so that large should be no laws limiting how much can be stance, the law might be expanded to re­ amounts o! additional purchased time would spent, but only the manner in which money quire disclosure reports on the 25th and be deemed unnecessary. can be raised. Candidates will spend every 35th, in addition to the 15th and 5th, days A similar scheme could be worked out for cent they can get their hands on, and to set preceding the primary. In our zeal to give the primarles: Each candidate for office a liinlt, as the old Corrupt Practices Act at­ every break to a candidate of average would be given a. small amount of free tele­ tempted to do, is to make lawbreakers of financial means--a worthy goal-we do not vision and radio time which he could supple­ every person running for office. want to end up taking away rights from ment with his own funds. The purpose in CONTROL FUNDS AT SOURCE others. both instances would be to guarantee a. basic MATCHING FUND PLAN access to the broadcast media, to help re­ Another vital center is the one that seeks lieve the financial pressures of broadcast to clamp down on the power and influence Yet another vital center and perhaps the campa.lgnlng, to promote rational political at special interests. The most effective way one best suited to minimize the influence discussion and to stimulate citizen participa­ to do this, in addition to complete disclosure, of the rich and the powerful, is that body tion. is, as has been noted, to control campaign of law which encourages small, broad-based The British government also underwrites funds at their source. While it would be contributions. The provisions of the Revenue one free ma.Ulng !or every parliamentary can­ distasteful, and probably unconstitutional, Act of 1971, which allow up to $100 in cam­ didate. Such an idea should be adopted here to legislate a monetary 11Inlt on total con­ paign contributions to be deducted from a in the United States right down to the local tributions, the influence of ''fat cats" could joint tax return, appear to be the best means political level. Every announced candidate be diminished somewhat by requiring that all to achieve this goal. for omce should be allowed one free ma.111ng cumulative gifts over $3,000 be subject to Although there are critics who argue that throughout his election district. (Rules lim­ the gift tax, regardless of how many political democracy should not be tax deductible, iting an individual's ma.Uing to one sheet of committees the money passes through. such a scheme has been used successfully in paper, to be sent third class, the addresses The ban on contributions from business the past to finance many worthy causes. broken down by the candidate by zip code and union genersl operating funds should This provision of the law could be im­ and street number, all of which would have also be rigidly maintained. The problem here proved, however, by periodically increasing to be delivered to the post omce by a certain is less with a weakness in the law and more the limit to cover the full cost. A tax-deduc­ date prior to the election, would surely cut with a weakness of government ofticials to tion 11Inlt today at $300 per couple, for in­ down on the postal overload.) prosecute vlola.tors. stance, would not empty the U.S. Treasury, The personal spending limltations in the DISCLOSURE IS CORE yet it would free candidates from heavy de­ Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 pendence on "fat cats" and the real or im­ Adopting some of the good ideas from placed on oandidetes for the presidency and plied debt that comes with their large con­ other countries, however, will only partially vice presidency ($50,000), the Senate ($35,- tributions. ameliorate the problem. What is needed most 000) and House ($25,000) on their face ap­ The federal government should also in­ of all is sufticient conviction to use tf:ie pear unconstitutional and should be re­ stitute a matching fund plan, in which every homegrown ideas already available. plealed. If it is legitimate for one person to dollar raised from small broad-based solici­ More than anything, we must work to se­ contribute unlimited sums to another (even tations such as the tax-deduction device cure the vital centers of our campaign fi­ if the gift tax applied), why should a candi­ would be matched by an additional dollar. nancing law. The f.a.ct that we do not, and date not be able to spend as much on Bonus money could also be offered in addi­ probably will never have, a perfect law himself? Surely this abridges a man's free­ tion where expenditures are channeled to­ should not be of particular concern, because dom of speech. ward activities that promote vigorous debate if we strengthen those vital centers the pe­ The sentiment is right: the law seeks to and discussion. Such a plan would further ripheral inadequacies, loopholes and incon­ bar rich men from buying omce. But have reduce both the inequities between the sistencies will fade into insignificance. rich men bought their way in? History has wealthy and the not-so-wealthy, and the Disclosure is the vital core of campaign fi­ told us, in the words of stockbroker Fergus power and influence of "fat cat" contributors. nance law. The provision of the 1971 act, as Reid, that "the graveyard of American poli­ The most vital element of all, of course, is written, are quite comprehensive and only tics is strewn with the bones of rich guys American society itself. Nothing in the realm minor loopholes remain. who dictn•t make it,'' and that those wealthy of campaign financing will change substan­ One of the loopholes that could be closed individuals who have succeeded in polltics tially unless we change some of our habits is that which allows, through lack of clarity through the use of their own money have and attitudes. Adherence to our campaign in the law more than anything else, foreign gone no farther than they deserve. There financing laws will never improve until we corporations or n.ationals to contribute, as should be a ceiling on contributions only if change our attitude toward the enforcement happened technically in the Mexican and large funds pose a direct and substantial of all our laws. It should not be surprising Luxembourg laundry operations. danger to our polltical process which cannot that our lax attitude toward enforcing many Another loophole that should be closed is be controlled by alternative measures, and it of our laws spUls over into the manner in that which tacitly allows corporations and has never been proved that such a danger which we enforce our campaign financing unions to lend their jet aircraft to candi­ exists. laws. dates. There should be a flat ban accompa­ The danger of rich men in politics is not a Any attempt to curb the power and priv­ nied by stiti fines for any candidate for fed­ general one, but is speciftca.lly limited to ileges o:f special interest in politics wlll eral omce, or federal officeholder, using cor­ primary elections. There, a rich man whose occur only when we curb such interests porate or union transportation, or any other only qualification for omce is his money can costly "courtesies." do particular damage, because he does not throughout society. Untll monopolies, pol­ Another vital area is the one that guar­ have to compete in the political marketplace luting industries, price-fixers, closed-shop antees, and indeed encourages, dynamic, for his funds (which ln itself is a winnowing unions, lobbyists, eltt1st professions and the open and freewheeling elections. In this re­ process), and he forces the voter to give him like are brought to heel, it is unreasonable gard, several sections of the law are in need attention which he might not otherwise to expect them to be brought under con­ of revision. One is Sec;tlon 315 of the Com- merit. The time spent em.mining his quali:fl- trol in our political process. November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35689

A GREAT BARGAIN yearly cost of public election financing. That Public financing would net far more than (By Philip M. Stern) is, the President sided not only against his a dollars-and-cents return. It would open up With remarkable rapidity, public financing own Cabinet's portrayal of the national in­ politics not just to new ideas but to new of elections has suddenly become an enact­ terest but against tens of millions of con­ faces. In his forthcoming book, "Who Shakes able and widely debated program. It won 38 sumer-voters and in favor of a single indus­ the Money Tree," George Thayer argues that votes in the Senate on July 26 (not counting try whose members had contributed at least federally provided campaign funds would seven announced proponents who voted nay $500,000 to his 1968 election campaign. merely serve to entrench those already in on procedural grounds); it was the subject of If t he existence of public financing of elec­ power. But a new study of the 1972 elections Senate hearings in September, and it is at­ tions could have prevented (or reversed) just by Common Cause shows that it is the pres­ tracting new adherents who heretofore have those two governmental decisions that would ent system that favors the incumbents and :Jeen cool or opposed to the idea-ranging have netted the taxpayers a 200-300 per cent deters their challengers. In the 1972 congres­ from the AFL-CIO to George Spater, the return on their public-financing "invest­ sional campaigns, incumbents raised more former chairman of American Airlines who ment" in the case of milk and a 2,000 per funds than challengers, on the average by admitted responding to Nixon fund solicita­ cent return in the case of oil. 2 to 1. They were especially dominant over tion with a $55,000 illegal contribution of Is it reasonable to suppose that public challengers in attracting the funds of or­ corporate funds. financing could have that effect? I think so. ganized groups of contributors. As the debate proceeds, new facts and In the milk and oil cases, the influence of This, of course, merely compounds the ad­ arguments for public financing are being ad­ big contributors was potent enough to vantages inherent in omceholding (greater vanced and some old objections are being prompt a President, faced with the task of public renown, better access to the mass answered. For example, some new calculations raising millions of dollars from private media, government-paid staffs and mailing by the Center for Publlc Financing of Elec­ sources, to risk angering millions of voters. etc.). Little wonder that, since 1954, more tions may allay one of the main fears about But suppose, in both cases, that public fi­ than 90 per cent of House Incumbents who federal aid to campaigns: the potential cost nancing had been in effect, with the cam­ have sought re-election have successfully to the taxpayers, especially if the lure of paign fund assured in advance, and with fended off challengers. federal assistance produces a deluge of can­ the President beholden equally to every UNCONTESTED ELECTIONS didates in primary contests. The Center has voter for it. Under those circumstances, wouldn't a politically-sensitive President be Even those figures don't tell the whole calculated that, even under the broadest and story, for they do not speak of the remarkable most generous plans thus far proposed, the far more inclined to side with the millions number of congressional elections that, under cost of federal assistance in all election&­ of voters rather than with the handful of donors? the present system, are uncontested. In 1972, primary as well as general-for the House, fully half of all House primary elections Senate and the presidency, would not exceed CAPITAL GAINS TAXES were uncontested. Even in the general elec­ $262 million a year, or $1.88 for each of the Certain tax preferences, whose benefits are tion, the winning candidate had no opposi­ 140 million eligible voters in America. confined to the very rich, represent an even tion in 53 congressional districts. Lack of TWO ASSUMPTIONS MADE more blatant flouting of the one-person-one­ money is of course not the sole cause, but it Seeking to build its cost overruns into its vote principle-at enormous expense to the is surely a major factor. projections, the Center's $1.88-per-voter fig­ average taxpayer who contributes little or But the heart of the problem lles in the ure assumed a trebllng of the number of nothing to political campaigns. For example, universal candidate dependence on large con­ congressional primary candidates over those the favored taxation of capital gains costs tributors-and by large contributors, I do not who filed in 1972. But the Center also found the taxpayers $14 billion a year. Who benefits mean solely the super-rich like W. Clement that even if the number of candidates were from that tax preference, and who foots the Stone, who has bestowed no less than $4 mil­ to quadruple, rather than merely treble­ blll? Hard Internal Revenue Service statistics lion on the 1968 and 1972 presidential efforts that is, even if an average of 14 House can­ provide the answer: 90 per cent of all tax­ of Richard Nixon. It goes much deeper than didates in each congressional district and 26 payers receive no capital gains and are thus that. Senate candidates in each state were to en­ wholly excluded from the blessings of this After all, only a tiny fraction ot the popu­ ter the primaries and quality for federal as­ tax favor; only 1 per cent receive a signifi­ lation can afford to give $100 or more to a sistance-that would merely add 30 cents per cant amount of capital gains each year. That single polltical candidate. And yet, two-thirds eligible voter to the annual cost of public means that the lowest 99 per cent of the of all congressional campaign funds raised in financing of elections. people are footing a $14-bllllon blll for the 1972 came from $100 and over contributors. Even then, the cost per voter would be top 1 per cent. Even in the case of Sen. McGovern, whose little · more than $2 per year. That is about Now, given that astounding 99 to 1 ratio, direct-mail solicitation of small gifts was one-hundredth the projected cost over the why aren't more candidates for omce clamor­ remarkably successful, $21.3 mllllon of hls next decade of cleaning up the environ­ ing for the repeal--or at least the substantial 1972 presidential campaign funds came in ment-surely not an excessive price for clean­ tightening-of this preference-for-the-rich­ gifts of $100 and more. ing up American elections. only? The answer lies ln the universal de­ Tighter disclosure laws will not reduce that pendence of candidates on large contributors. dependence on large givers; neither will ceil­ BARGAIN OF THE DECADE An illustration will show that this is more ings on campaign spending, which still leave Indeed, public financing of elections would than pure surmise on my part: in 1970, candidates faced with the need to raise large be the greatest bargain of the decade for Joseph Duffey, then a candidate for the U.S. amounts of money. It's doubtful, too, that taxpayers and consumers, since it would re­ Senate from Connecticut (as well as nation­ tax incentives alone will solve the problem: move the hidden costs of financing elections, al chairman of ADA), had the temerity to such incentives were in the law, in 1972, yet which mount into the billions every year. propose repealing the capital gains prefer­ nearly two-thirds of all congressional cam­ Take, for example, just two governmental ence. And what happened? First, a business­ paign funds still came from a small segment decisions that were hugely expensive to the men's fund-raising lunch in New York was of the population. public. The first involves the $500 to $700 abruptly canceled; then, many of Duffey's The only way to do away with the large million in higher milk prices that apparently wealthy (albeit liberal contributors de­ contribution is to make It unnecessary; and resulted from the contributions to the Nixon scended upon him in indignation. Such a re­ the only way to do that is to assure each re-election campaign by the major milk pro­ action hardly encourages a candidate with a candidate a minimum campaign budget, for ducers. Prior to the dairymen's display of million-dollar campaign budget to espouse which he will be beholden equally to all his generosity, the Secretary of Agriculture could causes offensive to the wealthy, from whom constituents-that is, from tax-supported find no evidence to justify an increase in the bulk of his campaign funds emanate. funds. the government support price of milk. But But, if all candidates for federal omce And why not? Election campaigns are, after aft er the dairymen had met personally with could be assured in advance of a minimum all, very much the public's business--and the President and after they had begun pour­ campaign budget, supplied equally by all the one of the few examples of the pubUc's busi­ ing what became more than $400,000 into the voters, reforms that offend the wealthy ness not financed by tax-supported money. Nixon campaign chest, the Agriculture Secre­ would no longer be politically "out of Every other aspect of elections--registration, t ary discovered new "evidence," and an­ bounds," far more candidates would be wlll­ printing and counting of ballots, purchase of nounced a boost in the support price of milk lng to debate them, and, as candidates• si­ voting machines, etc.-is paid for by the tax­ that is now costing millions of milk buyers lence was broken and the public became ed­ payer, in the interest of honest elections. some $500 to $700 million a year in higher ucated as to who was benefiting and who Private financing of those activities would be milk prices-twice to three times the maxi­ was paying the bills, I believe that many of unthinkable. mum annual cost of federal campaign assist­ these preferences for the rich would soon be Yet campaigns are an integral part of the ance. repealed or substantially tightened. To the election process; why should they be entirely Secondly, in 1970, Mr. Nixon refused to extent that is true, then the billions that privately financed, especially in the face of abolish oil import quotas, as recommended now are affected by these preferences must be the overwhelming evidence that the present by his own Cabinet task force, and thereby reckoned as part of the cost of the present system badly warps the- entire democratic deprived tens of millions of oil consumers of system of private, fat-cat-dominated financ­ process, giving vastly more weight to the big a $5 bUlion annual saving-20 times the ing of campaigns. giver than to the average voter? .. . . 35690 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 METRIC SYSTEM weeks or months with it, most people should FEDERAL LAW MAY END PRIVATE LAND CONTROL get along quite well. (By Dick Tracy) And with the rest of the industrialized Under all is the land and he who controls HON. MARVIN L. ESCH world using the metric system, and the it has wealth greater than gold. OF MICHIGAN United States needing to increase its trade It has been an accepted tenet since the with other countries, the changeover can IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES days of feudal serfdom that man has a right help greatly. . to the ownership and control of the land he Thursday, November 1, 1973 The major corporations are already workmg can acquire. on the change. In fact, Ford has built. a Mr. ESCH. Mr. Speaker, the House Yet we know that the freedom to own land $100 million plant in Lima, Ohio, to bmld and control its use is, in modern society, a. Science and Astronautics Committee has engines which will be based on the metric limited freedom. approved legislation to start the United system. We may be on the verge of losing even that States on the way to conversion to the limited freedom. metric system. The bill is now pending We may be on the verge of total govern­ before the House Rules Committee. CITIZEN'S RIGHT OF PRIVATE ment control of all land in the United States. The legislation would create a special PROPERTY Of course, we may have a title. Certainly board to report a plan for implementing we will pay taxes. But government will con­ the changeover within a year. If Con­ trol the land, totally. gress agrees, the plan would go into effect HON. JOHN H. ROUSSELOT It wlll be done, naturally, in the guise of OF CALIFORNIA promoting the national interest by protecting during the next 10 years on a volun­ our environment. The result wm be the same, tary basis. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES federal control. As an indication of the attention the Thursday, November 1, 1973 Establishment of a federal "land czar" is well along the way to completion in Senate metric system is getting around the N a­ Mr. ROUSSELOT. Mr. Speaker, Col­ tion, I offer for the Members' attention Bill 268, passed 64-21 on June 21 , 1973, and umnist and Editor Dick Tracy, of the San entitled "Land Use Policy and Planning As­ the following excellent article by Emer E. Gabriel Valley Tribune, in my 24th Con­ sistance Act." White, of the Michigan Press Associa­ gressional District in Oalifomia, l_las The next 15,000 or so words in the blll spell tion: called attention to the fact that pending the end of the traditional concept of private METRIC SYSTEM land-use legislation threatens to estab­ ownership of land as conceived and under­ (By Elmer E. White) stood under the American system of Consti­ lish total Government control of all lands tutional government. Americans might as well get used to the in the United States. H.R. 10294-a suc­ idea.. It won't be long before you'll be going A similar bill, H.R. 6894, is before the House to the store for a couple of liters of milk cessor to H.R. 6894, the bill Mr. Tracy of Representatives for action. and a half kilo of butter. discusses-is currently being marked up At the other end, states are falling into line The metric system is going to come to this by the House Committee on Interior and with the federal intent by approving their country. The only question is when. Insular Affairs. This bill would require own land use commissions, which would, in At present, we are the last major indus­ the States to establish comprehensive effect, carry out the dictates of the federal trialized nation on the earth to measure dis­ government. land-use planning programs, with an as­ Under Pre-Print Assembly B111 No. 1 by tance by inches, feet, yards and miles; weight sociated bureaucracy which would have by pounds and tons; bulk by pints, quarts, Assemblyman Paul Priolo, a state lana use gallons and pushels. That puts us in com­ a veto over local land-use policy actions. commission would assume authority over all pany with such nations as Southern Yemen The State plans would have to be ac­ matters involving real estate from the cur­ and Tonga. ceptable to the Federal Government, or rent Real Estate Commission and all local The metric system can sound very com­ else the Department of the Interior could government agencies. plicated to someone who never had to deal impose its own plan and cut off large If a pattern seems to emerge, It's because with it, but it actually is much simpler than amounts of Federal grant funds. there is one. what we have. In it, all units are based on The states would carry out the land use While the supporters of this bill claim wishes of the federal government or-as we increases or decreases of one decimal point. it is to protect the environment, it actu­ The basic unit of length is a meter-a little might have suspected-they would be denied over 39 inches long. But instead of being ally contains several provisions which federal grants and revenue sharing funds. divided into three parts (feet) or 36 parts would interfere with the ability of local­ In asking for land use control under S.B. 268, President Nixon echoed the call heard in (inches) like a yard, it is divided by tens. ities to establish and enforce their own Thus one-tenth of a meter is a decimeter, environmental standards. For example, Washington for years by proponents of re­ one-one hundredth is a centimeter and one­ section 105 (e) requires the State master gionalized government who hold no brief for one thousandth is a milimeter. The same goes the tradition of states' rights and the prem­ plan to "assure that local regulations do ise that local government is the best govern­ for liters, which measure bulk, and grams, not unreasonably restrict or exclude de­ ment. which measure weight. velopment and land use of regional or Americans already have begun letting Former HUD Chief Robert C. Weaver was national benefit." This is an antienvi­ quoted as having said: "Regional govern­ metric terms slip into their language. The ment . . . would supersede state and local huge influx of foreign cars, for example, has ronmental provision if I have ever seen one and it is antilocal government, as laws. Through this authority, we seek tore­ quite a few Americans talking about "two capture control of the use of land, most of liter" engines or "five liter" engines where well. which the government has already given to a few years ago cubic inches were the only The fifth amendment provides that: the people." measurement used to describe displacement. No person shall "be deprived of life, Ub­ More moderately but no less ominously, For many people who grew up with our erty, or property, without due process of Los Angeles Mayor Thomas Bradley said re­ current system, the changeover could be law; nor shall private property be taken for cently: "Americans have always felt the own­ traumatic. Some may never really feel com­ publlc use, without just compensation." ership of land somehow gives them the right fortable with it. But if your children are to do with it what they want. We are no young enough, they may grow up with the Since H.R. 10294 would subject private longer able to do that. There have always metric system wondering how on earth any­ property to unprecedented State and been some controls, but we are going to have one ever understood all that gobbledeegook Federal controls without providing either to take them a. few steps further." about inches, pounds, ounces and all that. due process or just compensation to the There has been, to this point, Uttle press The Michigan Department of Public In­ attention given the federalla.nd use law. Wa­ struction already set up requirements to in­ owners, I believe it is unconstitutional. As I stated before this House on Sep­ tergate and war have been too much to the sure that all match and science textbooks fore. sold in Michigan after June, 1976, use the tember 19, "if we pass the land-use biD And, quite honestly, many people in this metric system as their dominant form of we will be foregoing this very basic right country are convinced that federal controls is mea.surement. in return for a vague promise of environ­ the best--if not the only control 1f the en­ All this means instead of a grammar school mental preservation, regulated by the vironment is to be preserved. They view ad­ math book having a story problem about Government." ditional federal control as desirable, not des­ how much candy Sally has if she buys eight I submit for my colleagues' attention picable. ounces in one store and seven in another, it the full text of Mr. Tracy's column of At the opposite pole stand those who are will ask how much she has if she buys 500 convinced that land use control is not only grams in one store and 450 in another. October 21, 1973, as it appeared in the soclaltstlc but derives !rom communism To help people confused by the conversion, San Gabriel Valley Tribune. I hope this through the evil United Nations. the department is neveloping a pocket card extremely cogent discussion of proposed It may be significant that one of the origi­ on metric transition for use by anyone who land-use regulation will be carefully re­ nal sponsors of S.B. 268. Sen. Paul Fannin of wants it. viewed. Arizona, awakened suddenly to the dangers While it may look imposing, after a few The article follows: inherent in it. November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35691 Sen. Fannin says the land use policy "would Ulster, and Westchester Counties, versity. His statement should be of in­ do great violence to our traditional American adopted a resolution relating to this terest to all of us, since we may be called rights" and warns that through it property problem. At this point in the RECORD, I upon to vote on efforts to weaken the owners can be reduced to landless serfs be­ Clean Air Act, and I, therefore, submit holden to the lord of the manor in Wash­ would like to insert the full text of this ington. resolution because I think it points up the article, from the Examiner of Octo­ The key element which clinches govern­ the severity of the problem, as well as ber 10, for inclusion with my remarks in ment control under S.B. 268 is its ability to the need for a comprehensive study of the RECORD at this point: prescribe areas of "critical environment con­ possible solutions. [From the San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 10, cern" and subject them to severely limited RESOLUTIO~ 1973] uses. HOT Am VERSUS CLEAK AIR According to Sen. Fannin, "It is not folly to The following resolution was presented at say that in some states every square foot of a regular stated meeting of Region 3-New (By Ned Groth} private and state land could fall within such York State Wide/ Senior Action Council, held The amendments of 1970 to the Federal a limitless definition." And he points out that on Wednesday, September 26, 1973, at New­ Clean Air Act (CAA} have been hailed by lands already owned by the federal govern­ burgh New York and approved by the duly environmentalists as perhaps the strongest ment are exempt from the act. elected delegates representing Region 3 from and most progressive piece of conservation So obviously S.B. 268 intends to control the seven participating Counties, namely legislation ever enacted by the Congress. Now, only private and state land, not federal land. Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Sulli­ three years after the amendments took ef­ van, Ulster and Westchester. fect, an unprecedented polltical drive is be­ Whereas senior citizens as a group are ing mounted to cut the act. opposed to the present system of school tax­ Governor Ronald Reagan has now joined ation based on real estate to support schools the chorus clamoring for "modification" SENIOR CITIZEN'S TAX PROBLEMS and (read: emasculation) of the law, by sending Whereas the majority of the voters at a message to California's congressional dele­ school budget hearings and elections are gation, urging the adoption of a nine-point HON. HAMILTON FISH, JR. Senior Citizens, many retired and plan to make the CAA more "workable." OF NEW YORK Whereas the only income many Senior Reagan's intent, it seems clear, is to cut IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Citizens have today comes from their retire­ out the muscle and sinew, indeed the very ment or social security and Thursday, November 1, 1973 heart, of tbe nation's most important air Whereas one school budget after another pollution law. Mr. FISH. Mr. Speaker, we are all has been and are still being voted down, be­ Reagan would like to see air quality stand­ cause Senior Citizens cannot afford, in our ards lessened, whenever their implementa­ aware of the special problems senior citi­ present escalating economy to pay for school zens confront as they struggle to main­ tion meant high cost or economic disruption. services, and He is opposed to the 1975 target date and tain an adequate standard of living in Whereas the tax structure is driving many feels the states should have more freedom to the face of continuously rising prices. Senior Citizens from ownership of property design their own control strategies, rather We, in the Congress, have responded to in New York State, to seek living quarters than have to follow guidelines set down by their pleas for help in a variety of ways, in other States, thereby leaving beloved fam­ the federal Environmental Protection Agen.;. including reform of the social secu­ ilies and homesteads, and cy (EPA). rity system and expansion of medicare Whereas this results in the breakup of the These, and other elements that the Gov­ coverage. family structure, and nurtures despondency ernor objects to, are the essential core o! the and lonliness, now therefore be it resolved changes adopted by the 1970 Congress-­ Yet, an issue that remains untouched That the suppor~ of the schools be based changes which transformed the national ef­ at the Federal level of Government, and on income and not on real estate holdings fort to combat smog from an uneven, often that increasingly is brought to my atten­ and be it further resolved ineffectual attack into a strong multi-front tion by the elderly in my district is the That the schools be supported through a campaign. property-based school tax. State and or Federal Income Tax structure, Previous federal clean air laws had required Many of our older Americans pay out and be it further resolved the states to adopt air quality standards. That a copy of this resolution be for­ But the old laws had no teeth, and fewer· a large percentage of their incomes for warded to the Governor of the State of New property-based taxes, incomes that are than half the states took the required ac­ York and to each legislator, by our member­ tion. often too small to warrant the payment ship and be it further resolved Under the 1970 law, EPA set national air of State and Federal taxes. This is be­ That we would welcome any support the quality standards and drew up a plan that coming an increasingly harder burden legislators could and would give to proposals will work. As a direct consequence of the for the elderly to bear, given our infla­ in law, that may be submitted along these CAA, many significant new measures to tionary economy. lines. fight smog have been enacted in California No governmental entity has yet come in the last three years. forth with a satisfactory solution to this Though much has been done, the tasks HOT AIR VERSUS CLEAN AIR still remaining are mind-boggling. The CAA problem because, as a practical matter, calls for innovative approaches to the con­ a State cannot eliminate school taxes trol of pollution-regulating land use to con­ without insuring another source of reve­ HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. trol the growth in numbers of sources, and nue. For example, in my own State of OF CALIFORNIA controlling automobile use in order to curb New York, while most localities grant a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the emissions of the number one pollution 50 percent property tax abatement for source, the private car. senior citizens who meet certain age, in­ Thursday, November 1, 197 3 Under the law, such measures must be come, and residence requirements, the adopted-but California, and the Bay Area Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Speak­ smog board, have moved into this new field result is that any taxes lost to the com­ er, on September 27, in the course of re­ of rule-making most reluctantly and gin­ munity must be made up through in­ porting the findings of a recent medi­ gerly. creased levies on the other · property cal profession symposium on air pollu­ The reason is obvious-this approach to owners within a particular community. tion, I mentioned that the Governor of smog control runs head-on into some of While the property-based school tax California has written to every Mem­ our biggest social and economic sacred has generally been held to be matter that ber of Congress from our State, urging cows; unregulated economic and population each individual State should deal with, us to weaken the Clean Air Act of 1970. growth; transport systems based almost en­ I think it would be unrealistic for us to tirely on the auto freeway alliance; over­ The San Francisco Examiner, which sized, overpowered, gas-guzzling cars; spiral­ deny that the States are going to need printed an article describing Governor ing energy consumption; and accelerating Federal assistance if a workable alterna­ Reagan's lobbying efforts, subsequently squandering of our finite fossil fuel reserves. tive is to be developed. Further, I believe printed a commentary on the subject The five-year time span for compliance that a viable alternative must be found written by Edward Groth m, Ph. D., a allowed by the CAA was probably unrealis­ because of the hardship that the prop­ research fellow in the population pro­ tic for some areas of the country. In smog­ erty-based tax inflicts on our senior gram at the California Institute of Tech­ shrouded Los Angeles, for example, EPA citizens. nology in Pasadena. Dr. Groth recently estimates that present levels of auto tramc must be reduced by more than 80 percent if On September 26, a meeting of the moved to Pasadena from northern Cali­ the oxidant standards are to be attained. Region 3-New York State Wide/ Senior fornia, where he served as chairman of The state Air Resources Board, unwilling Action Council was held in Newburgh, the advisory council to the Bay Area A1r to attempt any drastic measures that could N.Y. The delegates, representing Dutch­ Pollution Control District while working achieve such a reduction, has done virtually ess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, E!ullivan, in the biological field at Stanford Un1- nothing to this end in three l'ears. At pres- 35692 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 ent, EPA is debating whether to impose se­ because we, in Congress, do not intend to let private, nonprofit organization providing vere gasoline rationing in the L.A. air basin, the citizenry of the U.S. or California suffer free counseling and information services the only method llkely to work, given the because of mistaken inactions by any par­ for people having problems with Govern­ short time remaining. ticular state. The problems of Los Angeles and other Your letter asks the Congress to remove ment. The service is unique, first because heavily polluted regions are not insoluble, if from the EPA the power to enforce air pol­ it centralizes information about Govern­ the political will power exists to take the lution control strategies. That reserve power ment needed to cope with bureaucratic needed steps. Reagan clearly lacks that will is necessary for the protection of the health redtape, and second, because it helps its power; he'd rather ride herd on hi~ sacred and welfare of the people. This is especially clients to use that information to solve cows. true when politicians, such as yourself, fall their problems. Reagan's proposal to Congress, if accepted, to do their duty and protect the health and The "problem solvers," as the CABers welfare of their constituents. would be a national disaster. The air quality call themselves, see between 650 and 750 standards that the Governor would like to Your letter asks for the Clean Air Act see relaxed are not arbitrary numbers. They to be rewritten to restrict any standards and persons in need of help each month. For are designed to protect the health of the controls by the innocent sounding but in­ the elderly, and others unable to travel public, and to prevent the further erosion sidious philosophy of technologically and about town to deal with the various gov­ of :the aesthetic quality of life. economically feasible goals. This philosophy ernmental agencies, the need for such The current standards were adopted after invariable means inaction because any a service is obvious. a lengthy polltical process, in which the dif­ changes in the status quo can be called tech­ As the article below, which appeared in ficulty of achieving them was weighed care­ nologically and/or economically infeasible. The health related air quality standards are the October 30 New York Post, makes fully, along with the potential health clear, the CAB has had a great deal of hazards of tolerating higher smog levels. The the only criteria that should be considered in national standards are in a number of cases legislation that affects what everyone must success. I congratulate the bureau on its less strict than California's own standards, breathe. efforts, and commend the idea to my col­ adopted in 1969. Your letter called for an extension of the leagues for consideration: Too much is at stake to throw in the towel deadlines of the Clean Air Act Amendments A POOR FOLKS' ADVICE BUREAU of 1970. We may eventually need some ex­ the first time the bill comes due for the (By Peter Freiberg) costs of cleaning up the air. tensions, but we wlll not know what type of Reagan's objectives also include removal extensions to consider until we make a gen­ They come into the storefront at 2103 of the firm compliance dates and the EPA uine, good-faith effort at compliance with Grand Concourse for a variety of reason's: a back-up authority from the CAA. These are the air pollution control strategies. I have tenant claims harrassment by his landlord, the heart and soul of the law. yet to see any good-faith efforts emanate an elderly couple wants senior citizen transit It .has been shown time and time again from your office in this field. passes, a widow needs help in filling out a that, without a specific, unavoidable target I would like to end my response to your Medicaid appllcation. Sometimes, they come date, major programs are very often pro­ letter by challenging you to put the re­ in simply because they are lonely or fright­ crastinated into oblivion. sources of your high office towards solving ened. And the most effective spur to state action the continuing air pollution crisis that we Although information or help might be yet devised is the certain knowledge that have in the Los Angeles Air Basin. I would found elsewhere, obtaining it would usually failure to act will lead to the imposition of like to see your office devise an air pollution mean a trip out of the neighborhood and a a "solution" from above, one which might control strategy which includes transporta­ battle with government red tape. be hard to live with. tion and land use controls that would give But since July 1972, West Bronx residents Some of the more drastic proposals now us clean air. Furthermore, I would like to have been able to take advantage of a unique coming out of EPA, such as gasoline ration­ see you support the federal, state and local storefront operation-a Citizens Advice Bu­ ing, are potential political dynamite which, financing that would be necessary for any reau, reported to be the only one of its kind in the hands 'of irresponsible leaders, could effective control strategy to work. I would in the country. be used to blast air pollution control efforts like to see you recognize that the oil de­ A BRrriSH PROGRAM back into the (pre-1970) stone age. pendent, pollution plagued internal com­ The idea for the CAB came from Mildred Reagan and his think-alikes hope to bustion engine is obsolete. I would like to Zucker, a. veteran New York social worker capitalize on the certain unpopularity of see you support the efforts to "bust" the who had studied the British network of ad­ such measures to rally public support for state and federal highway trust funds. In vice bureaus and concluded New Yorkers their campaign to destroy the effective por­ addition to these suggestions, I would like could benefit from them also. tions of the CAA. to see you direct the state government to The Bronx CAB was established with finan­ The Clean Air Act is basically sound. It is be the leader in the implementation of the cial support from the Greater New York Fund strong, forward looking, and the most effec­ various pollution reducing suggestions that under the co-sponsorship of the West Fed­ tive law of its type this country has ever had. exist and set an example for the rest of the eration and the Federation of Protestant It is essential that the integrity of the CAA nation. Once you, as the Governor of Cali­ Welfare Agencies. be maintained. fornia, demonstrate that you can do a better Heading the CAB is Edward Kaufman, a job at air pollution control than the U.S. 30-year-old social worker. Working with him Mr. Speaker, so that my own position Environmental Protection Agency is doing, are Hilda Pagan, his assistant, two graduate on this issue may be quite clear to all in­ then I, as a Member of Congress will be ready social work students and a half dozen volun­ terested, I will also include at this point to believe that your proposed changes in the teers from the Ethical Culture Society of the text of the letter which I sent to Clean Air Act are justified and in the best Riverdale. interests of the health and welfare of the The CAB is partly a "middleman," giving Governor Reagan in response to his people of California.. lobbying efforts: the citizen enough information to get a Sincerely yours, needed service without wasting time and OCTOBER 9, 1973. GEORGE E. BROWN, Jr., DEAR GOVERNOR REAGAN: On September 20 energy going from agency to agency. of this year, you wrote to each member of Member of Congress. But it is a.lso an advocate--calling, writing the Callfornia Congressional delegation to and badgering agencies on behalf of indivi­ urge them to support your proposed changes duals seeking help. It is open weekdays from in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970. I 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. have been actively involved in encouraging BRONX RESIDENTS HELP THEM­ "PROBLEM-SOLVERS" strong and effective air pollution controls SELVES COPE WITH GOVERNMENT "Most other organizations and agencies since the 1950's at virtually every level of REDTAPE that give information don't specialize in it, government. I was one of the Congressmen like we do," said Kaufman. "We see our­ who urged the adoption of the 1970 amend­ selves as problem-solvers." ments to the Clean Air Act. Those amend­ HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM About 8300 people visited the bureau in ments established the principle that the fed­ OF NEW YORK lts first year, and they are stlll coming at eral government would enforce air pollution IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the rate of 650 to 750 a month. More than 60 laws if local and state governments failed to per cent are elderly, and the majority are act. After watching your response to this law, Thursday, November 1, 1973 white. Most are poor. I am disappointed, but not surprised that you Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, on sev­ "People don't know where to get a serv­ now ask the Congress to support changes in ice,'' Kaufman said. "And if something comes the law that would, in essence, "gut" the eral occasions I have had the pleasure of along, and you've never gone through the Clean Air Act. rising to describe the cultural and civic bureaucracy, it's a. difficult thing to do. Even Your recent veto of the South Coast Air accomplishments of Bronx County, N.Y. people with good education, people with Basin APCD bill (AB 2283) demonstrated Today, I would like to advise my col­ money-have problems." your lack of concern about cleaning up the leagues of a most unusual service avail­ Sometimes a person is relatively easy to air. The reason the Clean Air Act gives the able to residents of the Bronx. The help, like the woman who had been trying for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency the Citizens Advice Bureau, which operates three years to get $500 the Social Security authority to act when states fail to act is out of a storefront in my district, is a Administration owed her." November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35693 "We started calling around," Kaufman concern is doubly important at this point NORTHERN ffiELAND said, "and two weeks later she came in smil­ in time in that our weapons reserves ing and holding her check." have already been seriously depleted, be­ Often, more effort is required for success, HON. JOE MOAKLEY Max and Miriam Schwadron came to the CAB cause of our long involvement in South­ for assistance after they received what they east Asia. OF MA.SSACEnJSETTS considered an illegal rent increase·. It is with this thinking in mind that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES A REDUCTION INSTEAD I have sent the following identical letters Thursday, November 1, 1973 The bureau advised them on how to pro­ of this matter to Chairman MAHON, of the Appropriations Committee, and Mr. MOAKLEY. Mr. Speaker, I am test the increase. "So instead of a rent hike," pleased to bring to the attention of my said Mrs. Schwadron, "we got a reduction, Chairman HEBERT, of the Armed Services and now we're due for another reduction." Committee: colleagues and the public at large the One day last week Hazel Shackelford, 60, DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: I have, with a good following articles on Northern Ireland who has been on the city Housing Author­ deal of interest, followed the attitudes of by a constituent of mine, Mr. Fred Burns ity's waiting list since 1970, asked the CAB many of our colleagues urging that we under­ O'Brien of Boston: if it could get the city to move faster on her take the resupply of mmtary materiel to [From the Irish People, Feb. 17, 1973] a,pa;rtment request. Israel. Harriet Buyon, a CAB volunteer, called the THE IIISH POLICE STATE I have also noted the actions which have (By Fred Burns O'Brien) Housing Authority, as she had once before been taken by the Administration to keep on Mrs. Shackelford's behalf. She was told the present balance of power in the Mid­ A series of measures has been taken re­ the woman had been placed on the "emer­ East--which includes some replacements of cently by the Government of Ireland di­ gency waiting list." "If you don't hear soon," weapons lost by Israel in the fighting in that rected against so called terrorist elements, Mrs. Buyon advised Mrs. Shackelford, "come area. In this regard, I have been particularly more specifically, they seek to silence the back and we'll call again." impressed with the competence demonstrated Irish Republlcan Army, which has abstained But in some cases, there is nothing the by the men and women of the Department from any act of violence in the Republic. CAB can do. Kaufman tells ~of one widow of Defense in meeting these demands both in The only reason Prime Minister Lynch has in her '70s who has $203 on which to live. the shortest period of time and with the taken the repressive course against his own After she pays her $100 rent, she is left with highest degree of professionalism. people is that he has made a deal with the about $25 a week to spend. At the same time, I feel that you share British Government and has advance knowl­ "She comes in here and cries and cries and my view that we now want to take the neces­ edge of what the British will publi&h in their we can't do anything," says Kaufman. "But sary steps to assure that these supplies are upcoming White Paper on the future of the it's something that a humane society would not being provided at the expense of our North. In order to risk the displeasure of never allow to happen. She's worked hard, own Department of Defense resources to meet his people, Mr. Lynch has to have assurances been a good citizen, and she's just thrown to both our present needs as well as our capa­ from the British that they wm announce the dogs ... and she's not an isolated case by bllity to meet future contingenCies. the eventual reunification of Ireland and any means." I strongly feel, to the extent the stocks make John Lynch the hero. For this, the CONCERN IS CRIME have been drawn down from our own reserves, Irish Prime Minister has taken steps that The "overriding concern" of residents in that prompt action needs to be taken to re­ in reality remove basic protections within the Concourse area, according to Kaufman, store them with equipment and the materiel the administration of justice from the Irish is crime. "Until steps are taken to correct required. people. the housing crisis anti ensure the safety of It is my understanding that the materiel In the first instance, the headquarters residents in the area, the neighborhood can­ being supplied to Israel is being provided. as a of Sinn Fein, a legal political party in Ire­ not be stabilized," Kaufman said. Without cash sale and the funds made available land, was closed by the Government of John such steps, the West Bronx is certain to be­ through this sale wlll be provided to the Lynch. Sinn Fein is the oldest party in Ire­ come a ghetto, he predicted. Department of Defense to replace items land, North or South. The mission of Sinn Kaufman would like to see CABs in neigh­ drawn from its inventory. However, I think Fein is political. It is to liSe its political borhoods throughout the city. He says his ex­ it likely that the receipts from these sales persuasion to convince the people of the perience in the Bronx has also reinforced his will, in many cases, be inadequate to cover validity of Republicanism and to offer dis­ views about the need for decentralization the costs of replacement items. I expect that sent towards the Government. The Consti­ and some degree of cominunity control over this w1l1 be true, first, because the elapse tution of Ireland is premised on the basis services. of time between the origina.J procurement of of Republicanism which is the goal of Sinn "It services .,\Tere decentralized, without these items and the procurement of their re­ Fein-a united 32-County Irish State. Sinn people having to go downtown to Manhattan placements will be such that inflation alone Fein has served to remind the Government or elsewhere, it would solve a great deal of wm increase the replacement costs above of their pledge to unite Ireland. Sinn Fein the problem,"..b.e says. the amounts charged to the Government of does support the IRA Campaign in the North Israel. Secondly, it is possible that some of because they do not draw the llne that peace­ the items provided to Israel were costed on ful means are the only ones to be utmzed the basis of used rather than new equip­ in fulfilling the mission of the Republicans. WEAPONS SHORTAGE: SHORTING ment. It this is true, this will be another Peaceful means have been attempted and PETER TO SUPPLY PAUL source of a deficiency in funds for the pro­ their failure brought violence in their wake. curement of replacement items. When the Government has to resort to such In both of the cases cited above, all the tactics as the ellmination of its opposition HON. ANDREW J. HINSHAW Members of the Congress should be alert to then it is in fear of itself and makes an ad­ OF CALIFORNIA. this new need for increased funds for the mission of its failures. The words of dissent Department of Defense and we should also must ring true if a state must prevent free IN TpE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES be prepared to support legislation to pro­ speech, as its own rebuttals fall short of Thursday, November 1, 1973 vide these funds just as quickly as we have belief. The Government has not taken its been to support the transfer of th1s mate­ measures for the protection of the people as M:t:. HINSHAW. Mr. Speaker, I believe riel to the Government of Israel. it would have the outside world believe. In­ the war now going on in the Mideast be­ I recognize that both authorization legis­ stead, it has forged a pollcy to rid itself of tween Israel and the Arab States has cre­ lation and appropriations for the Depart­ concrete dissent. ated a situation for this country which ment of Defense may, and should, draw in­ Article 40(i) of the Constitution of the deserves the urgent attention of this creased support from Congress merely as a Irish Free State gives citizens the right to Congress. result of a broader recognition that there is express freely their convictions and opin­ a continuing and urgent need for Congres­ ions. It is reasonable to assume this applies The situation to which I refer is our sional action to provide strong support for to all citizens not just those approved by the decision to provide additional military our national security. However, I question Government. The words of Sinn Fein ob­ supplies and materiel to the Israeli Gov­ whether the regular authorization and ap­ viously have an adverse effect on the Gov­ ernment so as to keep the balance of propriation measures which had been pre­ ernment and they are feared all the more .. power in the Mideast as it was prior to pared and considered by the Congress before for being true. Normally a state fears the the outbreak of the current host111ties. this recent action to resupply Israel can be truth, because a Government can always I am confident that we are primarily expected to meet the concerns I have diS­ weather any false allegations, but the truth concerned with bringing the hostilities cussed above. is difficult to escape and to suppress it sets I wlll strongly support any actions that the state involved on the path of a police to a halt. At the same time, however, I state. believe we need to concern ourselves you feel should be taken to meet the unique The Government may consider the pollcy requirements placed on the Department of of Sinn Fein seditious and therefore punish­ with replacing the Department of De­ Defense as a result of the resupply action fense stocks which are presently being able by law, but the Sinn Fein Party only and stand ready to assist you In any way that follows consistent pollcy laid out over fifty transferred to the State of Israel. Thi,s I can. years ago that set guidelines of what Irish 35694 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS lVovernber 1, 1973 Independence is all about. Each successive is a denial of basic rights under law and question is, who stood to lose from the de­ Irish Government since the institution of abridges due process under law. For this same feat of this blll? The Irish Free State has professed an alle­ offense, Ireland brought an action against Prior to the passage of this amendment giance to the very policy of Sinn Fein, but Britain in the European Court of Human to the Offences Against The State Act, there the party itself, the purveyors of the policy, Rights, as the Special Powers Act is in vio­ was an explosion that killed two people in is now considered seditious. To consider Sinn lation of the Convention on Civil Rights in Dublin. There had never been any mA vio­ Fein seditious is to defeat the very essence Europe of which Britain and Ireland are lence in the Republic of Ireland, since they of the foundation of an Irish Republic. signa.tories. stood to lose by initiating any such action. Article 40(ill) further states the right of Ireland seems to have just cause in bring­ They would not perpetrate violence in their citizens to form associations and unions. ing the British Government to account on so-called heaven from the British in the Sinn Fein, formed before the Constitution this matter. Now Ireland in its self-right­ North. This would have jeopardized their itself, certainly qualifies as an association. eousness has passed parallel legislation that whole operation and in no way would they The state considers it has the right to regu­ is as offensive as the Special Powers Act. It have been responsible for the explosion. If late and control in the public interest, the can be expected for the Irish to drop their and when the IRA commits a violent act they right of exercising the right to form associa­ case against Britain as part of the deal bring­ admit it even if it is detrimental to their tions. Countering this, Article 40 ( 2) provides ing about Ireland's repressive legislation cause. They are at least that honorable. Their that even laws regulating the association in which Britain has pressured Ireland to pass. word is binding, since the whole freedon;l question shall contain no political discrim­ What this does is for one oppressor to pat the movement depends on it. ination. The closing of Sinn Fein headquar­ other on the back while each is absolved of Then if the IRA did not plant the bomb, ters was the government's fear of a political guilt by the other. As two established Gov­ who did? There are only two explanations to organization evidencing its own inadequacies. ernments, no nation is going to question consider. The timing of the explosion was The Government's general policy of repres­ their actions. strategically planned to go off during the sion is in itself unconstitutional. The clos­ According to the new legislation in Ire­ vote on the bill. It had to have the acquies­ ing of Sinn Fein headquarters sparked the land, any senior Irish policeman can have cense of either the Irish Government, the Government's general crackdown of any sup­ an individual encarcerated on his word alone. British Government or both. This is not to porters of the IRA Sinn Fein and the IRA This law is so far reaching that if a given say that either intended for anyone to die. in their pursuit of a united Ireland are only policeman observes a newspaper article th81t On the other h'hnd, death is such an extreme following Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish Con­ alleges that a certain individual is a mem­ measure that its effect would be profound stitution which recognizes the whole island ber of the IRA, then the policeman may as­ and insure the desired result. The British of Ireland as the true historic nation; any­ sume that this article is correct and report wan ted the blll to pass, since they had been thing short of this is unacceptable. his contentions which are taken as valid pressuring Dublin for just such legislation. The hierarchy of Radio Telefis Eirea.nn without verification. On this absurd evidence, The Irish Government cognizant of their RTE, the Government owned television net­ a special court may find the defendant guilty en try in to the Common Market had to ap­ work, were dismissed by the Government for and pass sentence. The defendant is deprived pease t he British pressure and therefore allowing controversial people to appear and of a jury of his or her peers and the full needed passage of the bill. Both the British give their views on Irish Television. This was burden of proving innocence rests with the and the Irish were set to receive massive aimed at preventing the IRA from giving defendant. The accused will find it extreme­ pressure from the Common Market countries their views on the North. This act on the part ly difficult convincing a court of his or her to sett le the confiict,. The Common Market of the Government was to establish a prece­ innocence when that court was established is obliged to help depressed areas within its dent for preventing future dissent against for the purpose of rubber stamping a pre­ jurisdiction and the North of course 1s the Government's pollcies. judged conclusion of guilt. such an area. If the ~bub lin Government The Government in their effort to railroad How can a government expect its people part icipat ed in planting the bomb, it would members of the IRA to prison and away from to accept such treacherous legislation? Any be consistent with their recent pollcy of the public, sought to coerce Mr. Kevin lawyer must reject this Act as totally ab­ t ot al appeasement of the British. O'Kelley to testify in court that a taped in­ horrent to the very basis of a legal system. As it turned out, the Blll was passed 70- terview he had tn his possession was in fact This admlnlstrative practice is reprehensi­ 23 with its main opposition abstaining, with Mr. Sean Mac Stiofain, Chief of Sta.tr ble as a complete violation of the European solely as a result of the well timed explosion. of the IRA. Mr. O'Kelley, much to his credit, Commission on Human Rights and it is in a The Government carried the day and put refused to break a confidence and was held class with the Special Powers Act. With such into effect one of the most repressive laws in contempt of court and sentenced to legislation in effect, no citizen can feel free anywhere in the world. Ireland took the first prison. If a newsman were to reveal all his to live unhindered in a day to day society step on t he road to a pollee state. sources, news would be hindered and only as an aura of parranoia wm shortly set in. Whoever planted that bo~ assisted the llmited selective stories would ever get The Irish Governmen ~ can extend their juris­ Government in a power crisiS. It could have printed. People have to rely on the word of diction at will under this broad power. Any been the British intelligence squad with the newsmen in order to feel free to divulge in­ person that is a vocal dissenter can be put complicity of Dublin or someone authorized formation. It is quite obvious that the Irish away. by Dublin itself. This is a horrible thought Government wishes to prevent this. For instance, a prospective defendant to think established Government would par­ At the trial of Sean Mac Stiofain, there was might travel to the States to visit a relative ticipate in such an enterprise, but who else no jury and he was appearing after having and it might be mentioned that the visitor stood to benefit from that well placed bomb. been on hunger strike. He was weak, but was a member of the mA. By some wild coin­ The answer to that will tell who set it. Had made very pertinent objections at the most cidence, if the ~formation is made known it not gone off, the new legislation would opportune times. Without reservation, it can and a United States policeman hears the have been defeated. The culprits knew the be said that no lawyer could have done any rumor and by further fantastic coincidence opposition to the blll would automatically better obJecting to the discrepancies put it reaches the U.S. Department of State; assume it was the work of the mA. They forth by the Government's counsel. Mr. Mac what then happens? The State Department are the one group who definitely did not set Stiofain only offered objection to the legal may become perturbed that such a "terror­ that bomb. discrepancies raised in the Government's ist" is present in the United States. The • case, but would not defend himself, as he did State Department feels obligated and then [From the Irish People, July 28, 1973] informs Dublin of the whereabouts of their not recognize the court. His trial was a sham BRITISH VIOLATIONS OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS and in the class of a kangaroo court. It was errant terrorist who upon touching down at Shannon Airport is then taken into custody. DECLARATION disgraceful for a country to offer such a slur (By Fred Burns O'Brien) to the legal system. Instead of trying him at He is then found guilty on the testimony of all, they would have been better off just to in­ a senior police oftlcial whose rellable proof There was a study in 1932 concerning the carcerate him which was the intention of the is the word of the U.S. State Department and Special Powers Act of Northern Ireland and Government. their contrived rumor. This situation Is so that unequivocally denounced it as unbefit­ At the end of 1972, the Irish Government far fetched yet it truly faces every Irish ting a democratic society. It was deemed a passed a blll amending The Offenses Against citizen. degrading piece of legislation designed and The State Act that at the least can be called The legislation, as offensive as it is to the implemented to curtail the political activity repressive. By its very nature, it is designed legal system, is passed and it has to be of Irish Nationalists in the six counties in to curb individual rights and projected over asked-how was it passed? It did not have the Northeast corner of Ireland. From its time to prevent meaningful dissent. the consent of the Irish People "since it was inception, Nationalist politicians in divided The Irish Republic had been critical of never presented to them ... They would most Ireland have made lengthy appeals for its ,. certainly have rejected a blatant infringe­ abolition: first of all, as it violates interna­ Britain when Her Majesty's Government per­ ment on such a precious rights as :rree speech tional agreements, and secondly, since lts mitted the Provincial Regime at Stormont and assembly. Then one might ask-if the primary function is directed on a discrimina­ Castle in Belfast to impose internment with­ people wouldn't stand for tt, how was tt put tory basis at only a portion of society (with out trial under the Special Powers Act. The into effect? a token exception now and again), making it Act was used solely against the Minority as There were reliable reports 1ihat when this selective in application. they were contrived to be the sole culprits legislation was introduced it would be de­ One could hear British politicians for the for all the violence that occurs in the North feated by a 71-70 margin. Fearing this rejec­ better part of fifty years berating the neces­ of Ireland. Regardless of what Community tion, the Government just might have re­ sity for such diabollcal measures, but their or people this Act was designed to repress; it sorted to extraordinary tactics. They key reverberations remained only words, lacking November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35695 the transformation into the actual repeal of factor inhibiting the state through fifty­ Irish nationality and those claiming to be the Act. The law, per se, only applies to three years of its history. To seek to alter British or Irish British. Article 15 declares Northern Ireland and not Britain proper, so this after allowing it to flourish is a task of that no nation can prevent another's citi­ that the pressure of constituents is not an dimensions not truly contemplated by the zens the right to a nationality. This article overbearing factor to contend with the ab­ British Cffivernment. was specifically designed to protect the na­ rogation of the Special Powers Act remained The Government of Ireland Act of 1920, tionals of small nations from subjugation by elusive. technically the Constitution of the North, "great powers." It is a crime to display the Nine of the twelve Members of Parlia­ sets forth principles assuring fundamental effects of Irish nationalism, especially the ment from the North itself are vociferous rights to all citizens, yet remedies for con­ Tricolour of Sinn Fein in the North, which supporters of the Special Powers Act as long testing the violation of the rights remain is the symbol of a united Ireland. as it is applicable only to the Nationalists, stagnant relegating complaints to having When other rights have been denied, it yet they offer mild condemnation when it is no effectual remedy at all, thus violating is an accepted fact that the right to freedom threatened on militant loyalists. With its Article 8 which states that competent na­ of thought, conscience and religion are as­ singular application (until very recently) tional tribunals must be made available so sumed to be abrogated as well. This is ever so against the Nationalist Community there abused citizens might avail themselves of true in Northern Ireland where the sectarian were only three consistent M.P.'s steadfastly their legal comfort. The word competent has government with the full complicity of the in opposition to the legislation, for it does to be interpreted to mean fair and impartial, British Government has prevented free ac­ directly affect their constituents. words lacking in the British vocabulary as cess to all phases of society (housing, em­ In 1972, the British Government finally applied to Northern Ireland. ployment, politics) due to a person's religious relented and instituted the Diplock Commis­ No one shall be subjected to arbitrary ar­ persuasion. The issue has been employed to sion to study the Special Powers Act and rest, detention, or exile states Article 9, but polarize the Nationalist and Loyalist Com­ make its pertinent suggestions as to its recti­ Britain has completely violated this in the munities to complement the power structure fication. The Commission was the result of implementation of internment without trial which could never survive a vote of the labor­ pressure from international circles and not which controverts accepted interna.tlonal ing class which makes up the overwhelming the consequences of deep humanitarian feel­ legalities and encarcerates (usually inno­ majority of both communities. The elite class ing. The mass media around the globe found cent) people after an arrest and detention dividu; and conquers and maintains political it interesting that an alleged democracy based on no founded charges or concrete and economic dominance. Article 18 forbids could employ such undemocratic legislation evidence, only arbitrary sweeps of neighbor­ this and calls for freedom to think and ex­ to curtail political and in some cases military hoods arresting any person whose politics press one's thoughts publicly in opposition activity (implemented to bring an end to might suggest a desire for reunification of to the existing ruling class. If one is a Na­ discrimination). The European Economic the Irish nation. tionalist, and now 1f one is a Separatist (call­ Community was not elated that one of its In conjunction with Article 9, Article 10 ing for an independent mster), then he or new members (Britain) adhered to such states that every person is entitled in full she is suspect and 1f public expression is practices, and the European Court has equality to a fair and public hearing by an considered potentially detrimental to the agreed to hear complaints of prisoners who independent and impartial tribunal to elUCl• politicians in power, there will result intern­ had been tortured during internment with­ date the charges against a person and pro­ ment without charge. Nationalists cannot ex­ out trial under the auspices of the British vide a forum for rebuttal and the opportunity press their true thoughts for fear of en­ Government which 1.a' a blow to Britain's to formulate a defense. This has been de­ carceration and certain elements cannot international reputation. nied to those political prisoners arrested in stand for election. This is in violation of this The British Government by its utilization Northern Ireland and detained without Article of the Declaration. of the Special Powe~ Act on the Nationalist charges. A Bill of Rights emula.ting that of Hand in hand with this is the guarantee Community (with recent exceptions) has de­ the United States Constitution would ensure of the right to freedom of opinion and ex­ volved upon herself the condemnation of a prote<:tion of these rights of the individual, pression without interference as guaranteed world humanitarians who view her flagrant or perhaps just adherence to the Declaration in international law by Article 19. One can­ disregard of human rights as reprehensible. of Human Rights. not be free to express one's opinion and There are many specific points that must be In most criminal'l:lystems, regarded as free, impart information with full freedom if there noted, whereby the Special Powers Act con­ the accused is presumed to be innocent until is a risk of imprisonment as there is in the troverts the United Nations Universal Doc­ proven guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. North. trine of Human Rights. There are thirty Under the internment process utilized in the To foster one's opinions publicly there articles in The Declaration and Britain is North, there is guilt with no chance to prove must be the right of peaceful assembly and blantantly in violation of fifteen of them; one's innocence. The accused is categorically association as specified under Article 20. quite a seriou_j' violation as perceived by the declared guilty with no opportunity for de­ These were the methods used by Irish civil impartial eyes of the world community. fense under the system of internment with­ rights people in the 1960's, but violently pre­ Article 3 states that every person has the out trial, just by being arrested. With the vented which only set off further violent right to life. liberty and security of person. complete disregard for the fact of a person's confrontation. When troops were called in to The selective detainment of citizens occupy­ innocence, Britain finds herself in violation protect the established government, the ing the streets of the North by walking on of Article 11 , which holds "the presumption soldiers sided with those who prevented them, the unannounced invasion of private of innocence may be deemed a principle of peaceful civil rights activity calling it a dan­ homes, and the shooting and maiming of in­ justice 'so rooted in the traditions and con­ ger to the peace and security of the society divlduals is in lllicit contradistinction of science of our people as to be ranked as of Northern Ireland. This attitude on the these stated natural freedoms. If an individ­ fundamental.' " pal'lt of the troops in protecting the sectarian ual cannot feel secure in his or her home The language of Article 12 protects in government was another spark that put and on the street without the fear of har­ theory against the arbitrary interference with Northern Ireland into a state of war. rassment from soldiers of a foreign nation, an individual's privacy, family, home, or The interpretation of Article 21 is clear then the society has embraced the atmos­ correspondence and against attacks upon as it succinctly holds that everyone has the phere and physical presence of a police state. honor and reputation. It recommends the right to take part in the government of his In article 5, no one shall be subjected to protection of the law against such intrusions or her country, directly or through freely torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treat­ and violations. In the North, it is difficult chosen representatives. Britain allowed the ment, or punishment. International commit­ for them to evolve a proteotion of the law, puppet government in Northern Ireland to tees' of inquiry have clearly established that when the forces of law and order and the law distort the electoral process into a debacle many of those encarcerated under The Act itself is aimed at certain selected portions of debauchery. To claim that a free election have been brutally beaten and tortured and of the community to in fact deprive them might be held in so far as all might be per­ the status of coerced degradation has been of their rights under democratic law, which mitted to cast a vote is misleading, since the evidenced substantially. This is a blatant vio­ is absent from Northern Ireland by design of result could be predicted before any ballots lation of people's rights and subverts human the London Parliament. were cast because of the blatant gerryman­ decency as well as international law. The British Army in Northern Ireland has dering process. This gives an outward ap­ All people mentioned in Article 6 have a violated the privacy of the citizens, broken pearance of all people participa.ting in an right to recognition everywhere as a person up families causing undue hardships, de­ election, but in effect denied systematically before the law. In other words, no individ­ stroyed the homes of many and confiscated any possible chance at gaining control prior ual shall be prevented from obtaining due correspondence as many who have written to participation. • process of law and no person shall be de­ to the North can attest. The victims are If all these rights are attained on paper, prived of liberty without the same. The very afforded no chance of defense and are arbi­ there must be a force that those denied fact of the Special Powers Act subrogates trarily detained for indefinite periods of time rights might turn to for an effective remedy. this internationally recognized right as its without due process of law. While in con­ Article 28 calls for a social and international primary purpose is to detain and imprison centration camps, the detainees are subjected order in which the rights and freedoms set without trial. to mental abuse and physical torture which forth by the other Articles of the Declara­ Article 7 holds that all are equal before has been substantta.ted by concrete evidence tion can be fully realized. Tile people o! the law and are entitled without any dis­ in the form of testimony of those abused and Northern Ireland have no hope for appeal crimination to equal protection of the law. the doctors treating them. to the logic body-the United Nations, The State of Northern Ireland was created By her insistence in maintaining colonial since a complaint as attempted by the Irish by Britain as a sectarian haven for Ireland's authority in the North, Britain denies a na­ Republic, can be and has been vetoed by Protestants thereby having this pervading tionality to all citizens, both those desiring Britain by claiming domestic jurisdiction 35696 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 under Article 2(7) of The United Nations protection to include other forms of col­ club and are nearly always limited to a Charter. lecting; such as glassware, china, and selected subject. Often legitimate auc­ The only way those in the North could metal objects d'art, which are as easily tion houses will publish a catalog of appeal would be as a. nation with a. provi­ sional government in exile recognized by the copied and sold as originals as coins and available objects d'art to be sold at auc­ United Nations as an entity of its people. political artifacts. tion and give reference to the price paid The U.N. agencies might then be able to And aside from the ''antique factory" by the previous owner or prices paid by given proper attention to a. nation of peo­ menace the growing profit motive in buyers of similar objects at recent auc­ ple in pursuit of self-determination from a. everything antique has created a very tions. foreign power. Many national groups, lack­ disturbing situation wherein some deal­ Consequently price guides can be in­ ing in military capability utilize this method ers and hustlers find it enormously prof­ valuable to both purchaser and dealer attaining international recognition for their plight. The people of Northern Ireland might itable to create markets for items that when they refic~t ac · 1al current trans­ consider uniting their divided community by otherwise have no intrinsic value. These actions, but tt·_ey can also be fraudu­ seeking to develop their own nation free of bogus markets are often fueled by the lent-and cheat the purchaser or the Britain with long range posslblllties of in­ periodic publication of price guides dealer-when their listed prices are used tegrating with the rest of Ireland. which purport to set the current price for the purpose of inflating the market. The civil rights movement was started. in for any given antique item. Ireland to attain the basic human rights as All collectors, regardless of their rea­ set out in the previously discussed declara­ sons for collecting have one common tion. The categorical denla.l of these rights bond. They are all concerned with price­ U.S. FOREIGN POLICY SUFFERS has led the Irish people on the path of in­ METTERNICH SYNDROME surrection and actually forced them to con­ what to pay when buying, what to ask front the British over the right to govern when selling. This is the common con­ themselves and more important the right to cern of all antique hobbyists and even HON. JOHN R. RARICK be first class human beings, not chattels of more so to all antique dealers. the state. British legislators always respond This factor gave birth to the price ,...DF LOtnSIANA to Irish unrest with an a.tfirma.tive plan, but guide. It is unknown how many unsus­ .tN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES its implementation is stalled and flnally ig­ pecting hobbyists and collectors have Thursday, November 1, 1973 nored and its contents are deleted so as to be made ineffective. Now the implementa­ been the victims of the antique price Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, the reac­ tion of human rights is not enough without guide scheme over the past 20 years. tion by Dr. Kissinger to our allies in Eu­ the right to self-determination which is It works something like this: You go rope because of their failure to support where the crisis has evolved to in recent into a charming little roadside antique U.S. policies and actions in the Middle years. In 1969 human rights effectively en­ shop while on a weekend drive. You see a East must certainly be considered as forced was the solution; in 1973 a new na­ piece of cut glass that matches the one grave a threat to the United States and tion is necessitated by the historic indiffer­ given to you by your grandmother. the American peopl~ as is the potential ence of Britain toward her conquered colony Should you buy it? You just came in to allowing its deteriorating into an undemo­ of a Middle East holocaust itself. Re­ cratic province ruled by a landed elite who browse, but now you have a decision to ports that Secretary of State Kissinger use religious differences as a. tool for main­ make-to buy or not to buy. The dealer is disgusted with NA'l'O and that Presi­ taining power by polarizing two Irish Com­ helps you by producing a price guide. He dent Nixon and top Cabinet members munities against one another. may bring to your attention that the criticized Western European leaders for price of this pattern of cut glass has their abstention from Middle East in­ gone up 15 percent fro,m the price listed volvement certainly does not give us the in previous editions of the price guide. assurance of free world solidarity. HOBBYISTS AND COLLECTORS NEED Now, assured that you are buying at a The world is again in a state of flux ADDED PROTECTION AS ANTIQUE better than current price and assured with much of the problem having been MARKETS EXPAND that the value has steadily increased, you caused by the new Nixon policy of detente make the purchase. Pride of ownership and application of Metternich theories and human nature never lets you doubt HON. HENRY HELSTOSKI to the 20th century. ~ that you got anything less than a bar­ Staunch allies of years past, such as OF NEW JERSEY gain. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES England, France, Spain, and.West Ger­ Was the information given in the price many, to name a few, have refused to Thursday, November 1, 1973 guide really valid and reliable? Unfor­ allow the United States implicate their tunately the purchaser has no way of to Mr. HELSTOSKI. Mr. Speaker, during countries in the Middle East situation knowing. With few exceptions price through use of their ports and airfields the past decade more Americans than guides are homespun products, without ever have taken up the hobby of collect­ for U.S. military action. The increased ing antiques. Many people seek interest­ research staff or expertise. Some price exposure of American men to hostile ac­ ing and unusual items of eras past to guides tend to be basement products tion in making deliveries of aircraft and add to the decor of their homes. Some suited to being peddled through the mail other military to Israel have been greatly antique collecting becomes a hobby in with no objective standard determining increased because of the hands-off atti- itself-that is, just the sheer fun of tak­ the listed prices. Usually the price guide tude of our European friends. .. ing long drives in the country and rum­ is the opinion of a single person bent on On the other hand, 26 nations of the maging through secondhand stores look­ arbitrarily raising prices with every new black area of Africa have severed diplo­ ing for the old and hard to find. Others, edition. matic relations with Israel-nine pre­ There is one and only one way of deter­ ceding the current war-Guinea, Ugan­ more serious, search the world over for mining the current price of an antique. additions to their rare collections. And da, Congo--Brazzaville, Niger, Chad, many are now collecting antiques as a That single foolproof method is the price Mali, Burundi, Togo, and Zaire-and 17 hedge against inflation and as a means at which the seller is willing to part since the war started-Dahomey, Upper of building their financial estates. with an item and a buyer is willing to Volta, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Cam­ The sharp increase in demand for all pay to acquire the item. Such informa­ eroon, Tanzania, Malagasy, Senegal, kinds of antiques has quite na.turally tion pertaining to an actual sale should Gabon, Kenya, Central African Repub­ brought about sharp increases in price­ be recorded in every published price lic, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Gambia, Zambia, guide. Sierra Leone, and Ghana. and unfortunately sharp business prac­ Thus price guides for antiques or ob- tices among unscrupulous sellers. This How can this bUJt jeopardize U.S. for- ., growing problem has already been jects d'art can be helpful if they list an eign policy in Africa as well as at the brought before the Congress in an at­ accurate description of the item, espe­ United Nations? tempt to protect antique purchasers from cially markings or characteristics that Of the 41 nations in Africa, only 8 those who fraudulently "reproduce, will help in deciding if it is authentic. continue to have diplomatic relations political items and numismatic items­ Also listed prices of a bona fide price with Israel. Among these eight we find H.R. 5777, the Hobby Protection Act of guide will give evidence of date and place the Republic of South Africa. 1973. where such an item was sold for the listed And in Holland, it is reported that The question now appears, however, if price. Such price guides are generally a starting next week there will be a Gov­ in fact we must broaden the scope of labor of love by a serious collector or ernment ban on Sunday driving because November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35697 of the gas shortage resulting from the At a meeting with reporters yesterday, world on alert. Heath was speaking in the war. The Netherlands people apparently Soa.mes said that he had noticed "no signs of House of Commons. strain," but added that there is "no sweet Brandt emphasized in his letter that he will not even be able to use their auto­ harmony." He said, however, that this was considered alliance solidarity to be as strong mobiles to drive to church on Sunday. "not such a.s to cast doubt on the good in­ as ever, but he said that the latest events Because of the detente and the free trade tentions of either partner." showed that there is a. pressing need for bet­ program with Russia, we can expect that The Europeans and Americans are trying ter and closer consultation among the allies, the Dutch will blame their situation on to draft a joint declaration of economic prin­ especia.lly in moments of crisis. the United States and not on other ciples. European sources said this week that A congressional source said Kissinger had trading patterns. Kissinger ha.d blamed the Europeans for selected Britain and West Germany for spe­ If the existing foreign policy of our stalling on this. cial criticism, reminding the House members A visiting member of parliament said, "He of his statement on April23 that "our Euro­ country is being made and carried out is very angry that the whole thing 1s hung pean allies have regional interests," but "we for the benefit of the American people, up because the French and the British can't cannot hold together if each country or re­ then something is wrong. Right now it agree on the word 'partnership' as it refers to gion asserts its autonomy whenever it is to appears to be the United States and the United States." its benefit." Israel against the rest of the world. And He said Kissinger was also angry that Monday Kissinger was quoted a.s having if what we read is correct, even Israel Britain refused to submit a. proposal for a said, "It is sad to relate the last three weeks is not behind us. Middle East cease-fire in the U.N. Security bore out that description." Council, "even though he knew very well that At the State Department press spokesman The related newsclipping follows: the British thought it was too early for an Robert J. McCloskey yesterday reiterated the [From the Washington Post, Nov. 1, 1973] initiative." criticisms he and Secretary of Defense James U.S. CRITICISM BRINGS ANGRY RESPONSES FROM These developments came amid indications R. Schlesinger made Friday about the lack EUROPEANS that a difference of opinion is developing of Western European cooperation, saying, (By Dan Morgan and Michael Getler) within the Nixon a.dmlnistration over the way "this was not done lightly or casually." American displeasure with the neutral it has directed criticism at U.S. NATO allies McCloskey said the criticism he and Middle East policies of its closest allies pro­ for their failure to line up behind thls coun­ Schlesinger had voiced last Friday had been try in the Middle East crisis. intended to apply to "the time we sought for voked a number of angry European responses Last Friday, the President, Secretary of yesterday, as the dispute showed signs of a. cease-fire in the United Nations." Defense and the State Department all joined Officials said McCloskey had been referring spreading into other areas affecting Atlantic in leveling unprecedented criticism at the to the British in this instance, as had Kis­ relationships. Europeans for their role. In Paris, French President Georges Pompi­ singer, who was upset because Britain had However, some senior U.S. officials say the declined a. U.S. request to sponsor a. cease­ dou proposed a summit meeting of the nine Pentagon would prefer that the State Depart­ Common Market countries to seek a. joint fire resolution in the U.N. Security Council ment tone down its strong public chastise­ in the first week of the Arab-Israeli war, European policy on the Middle East. ment of the Europeans in favor of more quiet which began Oct. 6. Pompidou noted that Western Europe had discussions. An official said that Britain had sounded been left out of the JAmerican and Soviet It is the Pentagon that must deal with the out the Egyptians on the possibility of a moves even though its vital interests had allies most directly on Inilitary matters, and been a.t stake. cease-fire in that week and, being told Cairo the Defense Depart~ent's top official-De­ was not interested at the time, decided "not In Washington, 4 high-level European­ fense Secretary James R. Schlesinger-will American consultations on trade policy and to play the fall guy for the United States." have to confront the Europeans face to face Diplomats said that on Kissinger's instruc­ future tariff reductions ended with both sides next week a.t a. previously scheduled NATO tions the U.S. delegate to NATO Donald admitting that they were far from any meeting at the Hague. Rumsfeld, had strongly demanded of the agreement. Though Pentagon officials have criticized At the same time, Europeans who spoke European allies in the first week of the war the Europeans, much broader criticism has that they take steps to chill their trade and with Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger come from the State Department. Yesterday, political relations with the Soviet Union as earlier in the week said he was "very angry" a State Department spokesman denied pub­ a. means of pressure. about a wide range of Atlantic matters, not lished reports that Kissinger had gone so far According to the diplomats, however, the all of them directly connected with the Mid­ as to express "disgust" on Capitol Hill over Europeans balked, saying that they ha.d not dle East. the NATO countries' neutral stance in the received information indicating that they to­ One of the ~w bright signs in the other­ Middle East crisd.s. wise dissension-ridden atmosphere was a. gether with the United States had entered a major East-West confrontation. cautious resolution drafted here yesterday (From the Washington Star-News, by America.:e- congressmen and European Oct. 31, 1973] [From the Washington Star-News, members of parliament. It calls for the two sides to avoid trying to outbid each other ALLIES BLASTED BY KisSINGER Oct. 27, 1973] in the scramble for oil supplies which have (By David Binder) UNITED STATES BLASTS NATO ALLIES suddenly been restricted by Arab countries. Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger has The Arab-Israeli war and this week's world­ Far less harmonious, according to Euro­ reportedly said he is "disgusted" with the wide U.S. m1litary alert apparently have pean sources, were talks held this week be­ North Atlantic Treaty Organization because strained relations between the United States tween Sir Christopher Soames and top ad­ its European members did not support U.S. and its European allies. ministration economic officials. Soa.mes, rep­ policies in the Middle East crisis. Government officials in several North At­ resenting the Common Market countries, met Testifying Monday a.t a closed session of lantic Treaty Organization nations were said with Treasury Secretary George P. Shultz, the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Kis­ yesterday to be upset because President Nixon Under Secretary of State William Casey and singer advanced the administration's crit­ did not consult them about the alert and the SI>ecial White House representative for icism of the Western Europeans, begun pub­ because of comments he and the State De­ trade negotiations, William D. Eberle. licly Friday, when President Nixon chastised partment made about the allies' behavior in "After Sir Christopher's talks here there them, as did the Defense and State Depart;.. the Middle East crisis. is btoken china. all over town," said one ments. Nixon said at his news conference last European. He said that Soa.mes had refused After Kissinger had finished his testimony, night: "Our European friends hadn't been to accept extremely tough administration a congressional aide said, the secretary re­ as cooperative as they might have been in criticism of European trade policy and had marked in a.n aside heard by a. committee attempting to work out the Middle East set­ "given back what he got." member, "I don't care what happens to tlement." U.S. officials a.re angry over the refusal NATO, I'm so disgusted." He noted that Europe gets 80 percent of of European members of the General Agree­ Kissinger is also said to have voiced his its oil from the Middle East while the United ment on Tariff and Trade, meeting in Geneva. irritation yesterday a.t a. meeting with a. group States gets only 10 percent from there. He last week, to set up working groups pending of Western European members of parlia­ declared that Europe "would have frozen to passage of a. U.S. trade bill that would give ments. death this winter unless there had been a. the administration authority to negotiate Chancellor Willy Brandt of West Germany settlement." ? ta.riff cuts. sent a. letter to President Nixon Sunday voic­ Earlier, State Department spokesman But the Europeans are equally angry over ing "understanding" for American actions Robert J. McCloskey said America's allies signs that the U.S. trade bill may not be in the Middle East as "a. world power," but had "separated themselves publicly from us" ~ passed until March-and could conceivably also chiding the United States because it during the crisis when "we would have ap­ be vetoed by President Nixon 1f Congress suc­ failed to advise its allies fully and swiftly preciated support." ceeds 1n inserting restrictions on t.ra.de with on its est1Ina.te of the nature and degree of Much of the American concern apparently the Soviet Union. the Middle East crisis. centered on the unwillingness of the Euro­ In talks with European legislators this Complaints were also voiced in London pean allies to allow bases inside their terri­ week, U.S. officials reportedly blamed Zionists, that the United States had been remiss, and tories to be used as relay points for arms isolationists and labor unions for stalling Prime Minister Edward Heath pointedly re­ shipments to Israel. U.S. officials said yester­ the trade bill by demanding restrictions on frained from endorsing Nixon's decision last day that West Germany formally protested Soviet trade. week to put American forces around the such use of the bases on Tuesday. 35698 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 Only one NATO ally had provided the nec­ avoid secret shipments to the United States the people he loves-and has done his essary backing for the United States, Mc­ since they then would have to explain to share, and more, to make these dreams Closkey said, apparently referring to Portu­ other "countries they are shortchanging come to pass. The people of Mount gal. where the oil has gone." But a British diplomat in Washington said Arab nations also have ordered partial cuts Clemens, Mich., are infinitely the better his country was not asked for assistance. "It in shipments to other Western nations. because Abe Levine dreamed his dreams would have been a mistake to assume that Saudi Arabia, for example, will cut its oil and the fruits of his labors are visible ~ we would have refused such a request," the production by another 5 percent Nov. 1 in all who have watched the city of Mount diplomat said. accordance with the plan agreed among most Clemens march forward. West Germany on Tuesday protested the Arab oil producing nations, a Saudi spokes­ Now, at age 70, Abe Levine is retiring United States' using bases in the country as man said yesterday. from public office. Those of us who have relay points for supplies going to Israel. The reduction will bring total Saudi pro­ seen him move successfully through Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger duction cuts since the beginning of the said two days later that the German protest fourth Middle East war to 26Y:z percent. two careers, as businessman and public could force the United States to review the servant, know that, even in retirement depth of its military and diplomatic com­ he will continue to be a powerful in~ mitment to Bonn. fluence for progress for a long time to Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger and ABRAHAM S. LEVINE RETIRES AS come. West German Ambassador Berndt von Sta­ MAYOR OF MOUNT CLEMENS, MICH. den discussed the matter yesterday, and Von Staden said afterward the talks had "a CLAREMONT HOSPITAL PIONEERS friendly atmosphere." HON. JAMES G. O'HARA NURSERY CARE Nixon said last night he ordered the world­ wide military alert Thursday because of in­ OF MICHIGAN dications of possible Soviet troop movements IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. JAMES C. CLEVELAND toward the Middle East. Thursday, November 1, 1973 OF. \.n;w HAMPSHmE Prime Minister Edward Heath of Britain, President Georges Pompidou of France and Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Speaker, on Novem­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Chancellor Willy Brandt of West Germany ber 8, 1973, the people of Mount Clemens, Thursday, November 1, 1973 reportedly were informed of the alert after Mich., will pay special tribute to a very it was in effect but their advice was not special man-the Honorable Abraham S. . Mr. CLEVELAND. Mr. Speaker, at a sought beforehand, even though some of the t1me of great concern over the quality of alerted bases were in Europe. Levine, who is retiring after having served for the last dozen years as the health care in this country, Claremont When asked to comment on the matter, a General Hospital in my district has de­ European at NATO headquarters in Brussels city's mayor. said an alerted U.S. base is a potential Soviet Abe Levine is the kind of man any veloped specialized application of the target and host governments should be con­ Amertcan community would be proud to team nursing concept to the particular sulted about base operations. have as its chief executive-a man who needs of the victims ~f vartous categortes "If you have an American base in your has helped his city keep pace with chang­ of illnesses. country, and the Americans suddenly put it ing times; a man who has given tire­ Building on successful establishment on alert, you might decide you wanted to of a coronary care Uttt, this small com­ take a long ride away from the neighbor­ lessly of his time, energy, and imagina­ tion in the development of his city; a munity hospital has developed coordi­ hood," the European said. nated and specialized nursing teams in Other European diplomats were concerned man who has carried out his responsi­ about the big-power consultations on the bilities without partisanship or faction­ the areas of cancer, diabetes, stroke and Middle East between the United States and alism. respiratory illnesses. Local physi~ians the SOviet Union. For 16 years, Abe Levine has served who have monitored its development at­ the people of Mount Clemens--first as test to the resulting improvement in care [From the Washington Star-News, Oct. 31, and enhancement of patients' recovery. 1973] a city commissioner and then, since 1961, as the city's mayor. Despite the enor­ Response to this innovation is reflected SUNDAY DRIVES BANNED IN HOLLAND in the comments of Dr. H~ord L. Au­ mous amount of time that public service The Netherlands, coping with an Arab oil ten, M.D., of Claremont, wlio has closely demands, Mayor Levine has still found cutoff, announced a ban on Sunday driving. followed the evolution of the specialized time to serve his fellow men through a The ban, which starts next week, is the nursing teams: 't; variety of other activities-as a member second to affect Dutch motorists as a result I have felt that they contributed greatly of Mideast tension. In 1956, they were for­ of the lay board of the St. Joseph Hos­ to the morale and recovery of the patients for bidden to drive on Sundays for 10 weeks be­ pital in Mount Clemens; as a member whom such coordinated efforts are available, cause of Anglo-French intervention in the of the Board of Trustees of Congregation and it has seemed. to me that this is a splen­ Middle East which resulted in the closure of Shaarey Zedek in Southfield, Mich.; as did idea which supports my contention that the Suez Canal. There will be exceptions, and Dutchmen a member of the City Employees' Retire­ worthwhile ideas can come from any source, have been lining up for special permission to ment Board of Trustees; and as a vice even such a relatively small community hos­ drive on Sundays, but for most people the president and member of the board of pital as ours. Sunday pleasure trips will be out for a while, directors of the First National Bank in Specifically evaluating performance of except for bicycle rides. Mount Clemens. the cancer team, Dr. Robert G. Ma~field, The Arab oil nations have said they are In addition, Abe Levine has been a M.D., also of Claremont, comments that boycotting the Netherlands because of its concerned, active, and involved member pro-Israeli stand in the mideast war. "from a physician's standpoint, this ap­ The ban will apply to cars, motorbikes and of a number of citizens' committees in­ proach h&s been of great help in the motorboats, but not to taxis, emergency ve­ cluding the Housing and Redevelop~ent management of cancer patients at our hicles or buses taking fans to sports events, Committee, the Downtown Rehabilita­ hospital." economic affairs minister Ruud Lebbers said tion Committee, the Insurance Study Added Dr. Maxfield: yesterday. Small motorized bicycles will also Committee, the Investment Advisory I practiced at this hospital for about 15 be exempt. Committee, the Parking Study Commit­ years before this plan was instituted. This Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, the United Arab tee, and the Central Macomb Develop­ "team approach" has upgraded the quality of Emirates, Qatar, · Oman, Libya and Saudi our care while, at the same time, increasing Arabia have banned oil exports to the Neth­ ment Area Council. ~n short, Abe Levine has had a total the satisfaction of the patient. This has been erlands. accomplished by a cooperative effort which The oil boycott against Holland was ex­ devotion to the community in which he delegates and defines certain responsibilities pected to affect other countries, too, because lives and the people whom he has been to each of the members of the hospital team. c the Netherlands re-exports about two-thirds privileged to serve. There is a quotation of its refined oil. from the works of George Bernard Shaw I consider this a significant indication The Netherlands also is restricting heat­ which comes strongly to my mind whe~ of the innovation of which one commu­ ., ing fuel deliveries and has a standby gaso­ I think of Abe Levine. nity general hospital is capable, reflect­ line rationing plan ready if other measures Shaw wrote: ing a dedication by members of the nurs­ are needed. You see things: and you ask "why?" But ing staff to upgrade care and expand In Beirut, meanwhile, Arab oil sources said their skills, and the essential support by there would be no policing of the boycott of I dream things that never were, and I say petroleum shipments to the United States. "why not?" the medical staff and hospital admin­ One official said the Western oil com­ Abe Levine has dreamed these dreams istration. panies operatiDl in the Arab world would of better things-for the community and The director of nurses at Claremont November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35699 General, Patricia Waite, R.N., was en­ tives from various other hospital depart­ Speech: Slurred no, Aphasia, no. couraged to write an article on the pro­ ments were invited to join teams of specific Extremities: left upper, flaccid; left lower, concern to them. The dietitian was chosen flaccid. gram by two members of the Board of to serve on the Diabetic Team; the physical Incontinent: Bladder, yes; bowel, no. Surveyors of the Joint Commission on therapist on the Rehabilitation Team; and a Speaks English yes, foreign language no. Accreditation of Hospitals. Their experi­ Reach-to-Recovery worker on the Cancer Religion: Protestant. ence in evaluating care at 60 hospitals Team. Attends church: yes. led them to regard the Claremont pro­ Organization meetings of each team's Past health: Old CVA, no; hypertension, gram as a pioneering improvement members were held in order to develop their yes; . blackouts, no; mental confusion, no; worthy of adoption elsewhere. own objectives, teaching program and over­ prevwus coronary, no. I ask unanimous consent that the fol­ all system of functioning. Some teams de­ Previous physical handicaps: None. veloped at faster rates than others, depend­ Hearing difficulty prior to stroke: None. lowing excellent article, being adapted ing upon the extent of each member's en­ Sight diffculty prior to stroke: Wears for publication in monthly magazine RN, thusiasm and the opportunities for action. glasses. be inserted at this point in the RECORD. The Diabetic Team seemed to move the Speech difficulty prior to stroke: No. The article follows: fastest, as they had more basic background Personality changes prior to stroke: No. A UNIQUE NURSING PLAN TO IMPROVE on Diabetes on which to build. Since their Degree of independence: Lived with PATIENT CARE medioal consultant had also helped to de­ others, yes; relationship, wife. (By Patricia Waite, R.N.) velop the guidelines for the Coronary Degree of self-care: Walked alone, yes; Nurses, he was much more aware of the total self-care, yes. In our small community hospital consist­ Team-building approach. Educational background: Elementary, yes: ing of 84 beds and a medical staff of 21 mem­ By the beginning of 1971, each team had high school, no; college, no. bers, we recently initiated an innovative plan requested participation by the local Visit­ Working status: Retired 2 years ago. of nursing care for our patients. Prior to in­ ing Nurse Association as a much-needed Hobbies: Fishing, making bird houses, re­ stituting this new plan, we used the tradi­ asset to their patients' continuity of care, pairs lawn movers, gardening. tional, functional nursing approach, common especially in the discharge planning. Cur­ Personality: Happy, easygoing in most hospitals, with individual nursing rently, it is a standard procedure for the PROGRESS units of approximately 25 patients each. In nurses from the VNA to come to the hospital this traditional setting, the "head nurse", or each day and team members are able to re­ 5-5- 72: 8 a.m., responding when spoken "charge nurse", was expected to coordinate late accurately and frequently with them to by gesture only; blood pressure 210 over total care of all the patients on the unit. It about the individual patients and the plan 100; pulse, 100 Color good skin warm and was standard procedure to hold conferences for care. dry. Left arm ·and leg appears fiaccid, in­ continent. Urine: foley catheter inserted. once or twice a week to discuss certain pa­ Scheduled meetings for the combined tients, but there was no structured program 12 noon: blood pressure 160 over 90; pulse teams are held every other month. At thiS 96; responding verbally. or planned and shared coordination of care time new ideas are generated and problems for each individual patient. However, the which relate to patient care in all areas are Eight p .m. appears more alert ; blood pres­ nursing care rendered at that time was con­ presented for general assistance and possible sure 140 over 80; pulse 88; left arm a.nd left sidered adequate and ilf average quality for solution. leg flaccid. • a small, closely-knit hospital. Each individual team schedules its own 5-6-72: Blood pressure 130 over 80; pulse In 1968, we were fortunate in obtaining a meetings in aroordance with its own needs. 80; speech appears normal; R.O.M. exericise grant from the Feddal government to open The medical consultant is informed of new to arm and leg show resistance, able to a Coronary Care Unit of 4 beds. This was our swallow liquids well. Placed on bladder train­ developments and progress reports are kept in g program. first introduction to the "expanded role of up-to-date on a daily basis. At the time of the nurse." The Coronary Unit is now suc­ admission to the hospital, a special identifi­ 5-8-72 : Patient sent to physical therapy, cessfully established, and we have been able cation card is prepared for each patient. The dan gle for 15 minutes, to 1. well. to develop a very well prepared Coronary Care following are examples of the way this is 5-10-72: Sitting in chair, daily physical Team. There is a systematic, on-going teach­ accomplished for a diabetic, and a rehabilita­ therapy, foley catheter removed, progress ing program within the unit, including tion patient: good on bladder program; diet increased to lectures and television conferences, provided Name: Brown, Donald, Catholic, Doctor mechanical soft. by the expert staff Cardiologist and/or the Jackson. 5-15-72: Walking with assistance of a. nearby 400 bed Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medi­ Address: Maple Street, Claremont, N.H., cane, doing fairly well in dressing himselt. cal complex. As-the program developed in this Tele. 2-4325. 5-20-72: Doing well. A.DL. Partial use area, it was noted that the Coronary Care Adm. Date, 3-19-72, (36 yrs). of left arm and hand and left leg. Team Nurses were particularly competent, Insulin or P.O. medication, Insulin to 5-21-72: Discharged to home walking to knowledgea~. well read in their specialty scale on admission. cane. Physical therapy as out-patient. and highly motivated toward continuing edu­ Diet, 1,500 Cal. Diab. These are individual patient cards which cation and professional development. Having 3-30-72: D~harged on NPH 35u daily. are kept in a central file a.t the nurse's sta­ worked so effectively as a team, they were 3-19-72: Admitted & Diagnosis of Diabe- tion on the unit. These are used as cumula­ able to administer a truly high quality of tes-New Diabetic Placed on Insulin (Reg- tive reference cards, and progress notes are patient care. As a result of the enthusiasm ular) to scale. . continued on this card should there be sub­ generated by these Coronary Care Team 3-20X72: Changed to NPH 50u daily. Given sequent admissions. These patients a.re fol­ nurses, we were encouraged to expand the literature and instruction begun by diabetic lowed in this manner even though a subse­ basic framework of this system to other clini­ teaching nurse. quent admission may be for a different diag­ cal units. 3- 21- 72 : Record "Getting Started" played nosis. These reference cards are used for In the fall of 1970, members of the Nursing t o patient. Urine testing and insulin admin­ information to fill out a.nd build on the pa­ Staff (fonsisting of 63 RN's, 31 LPN's, and istration explained. tient's nursing care plan in the Ka.rdex. 40 nur·ses aides, divided between full and part 3-22-72: Insulin reaction and diabetic Each Nursing Unit has a. supply of these time) were approached with the idea of de­ coma discussed. Patient testing own urines special admission cards, and the team is veloping various nursing teams to "special­ and injecting own insulin. Very intelligent, notified if a patient is admitted with a diag­ ize"ln caring for patients within the differ­ adjusting well to his diabetes. Instruction nosis in any one of the four specialty areas. ent categories of 1llness. After considerable in diet begun by Dietician. Wife present for One of the team members then visits with the exploration by the nurses, the Director of this da.y of teaching. patient, fills out the admission card, and Nursing approached the Executive Board of 3-26-72: Information about Joslin Clinic starts a planned program of nursing care. the Medical Staff, of which she is an ex of­ given patient. Teaching and reviewing of For clarification, our team members are ficio member. They were very receptive and problems continued. all full time personnel, a.re on regular staff cooperative. Consequently, four additional 3-29-72: Appears well adjusted and ready duty and a.re assigned a typical patient as­ nursing-care teams were established. These for discharge. signment. Their team duties a.re in addition are identified as follows: 3- 30-72: Given list of necessary equip­ to this schedule. 1. Cancer Team ment to purchase along with sample copies Each team has developed its own manual 2. Diabetic Team of records to keep. consisting of over-all objectives and policie~ 3. Stroke and Rehabilitation Team Name: Mars, Joe; Doctor: Short; Date: for functioning, teaching instructions, and 4. Respiratory Team July 26, 1971. descriptions of equipment and nursing pro­ Once these four care-teams were identi­ Address: 127Y:z Spmig Ave. City. Sex: Male, cedures. Team members have worked many fied, the next task was the "appointment" Age: 67. hours on these manuals and continue to de­ of nurses and other vital care providers, who Adm. Diagnosis: Cerebral Vascular Acci­ vote much time to improving them, keeping were specifically competent or personally in­ dent (Left hemiplegia). them pertinent, and highly effective tools. terested in one of the four team categories. Date of Onset: May 5, 1972. On examining these manuals, everyone is very Each team was composed basically of a regis­ Vital Signs on Adm: Blood pressure 210 much impressed with the expertise as well tered professional nurse, licensed practical over 100; temperature, 98; pulse, 100; quality, as the thoroug.b.ness of this work. Each man­ nurse, and a physician, acting as a team good; R. 24. ual includes: member and medical consultant. Represents.- Present alertness: Semi-coma, yes. 1. Purpose 35700 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 2. Objective BETTER LIBRARIES CREATE BET­ the human problems represented by the vast 3. Function TER CITIES movements in population and drifting of Each team has contributed to better pa­ millions of people into crowded and poverty­ tient care through new techniques learned, plagued ghettos. the use of better appliances and/or equdp­ HON. JOHN BRADEMAS Serving the new city-dweller, the ment through evaluation. With greater OF INDIANA disadvantaged knowledge they are more effective in teach­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES It is obvious that the future of urban pub­ ing patients, family members and other nurs­ lic libraries is inextricably interwoven with ing personnel. Thursday, November 1, 1973 these groups who are forming an increas­ In April 1972, the hospital employed a Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, as the ingly large sector of the cities. Libraries can Social Worker on a part time basis. This per­ no longer afford to have a policy of business son consults with each team and has been a sponsor of House Joint Resolution 766, as usual plus a fringe of outreach service real asset to all of them. As she is also social a bill to authorize a White House Con­ to the disadvantaged. worker part time at the nearby nursing home, ference on Libraries and Information Three strategic information functions for she is able to continue to be involved with Services to be held in 1976, I wish to bring the public library have been suggested: re­ many of the patients formerly in the hos­ to the attention of my colleagues an ex­ ducing barriers of access to already-existing pital. information, collecting the much-needed in­ Another outgrowth of the Specialized cellent study of the needs of urban li­ braries prepared for the Urban Library formation which does not now exist, and ef­ teams, was the forming of a general Patient fecting the widespread dissemination of care Committee. This includes three Reg­ Trustees Council. crucial information which is not now being istered Nurses and one Licensed Practical As the study points out, Mr. Speaker, distributed so that ghetto people and the Nurse. They all assist with general orienta­ urban libraries, large and small, are faced groups working with them can be reached. tion and give instruction and demonstration with an increasing demand for services In this last regard Ubraries should coordi­ of new procedures or changes in procedures; from diverse and ever-changing popula­ nate the proliferation of information from assist with nursing care conferences, con­ tions. various city ~ncies about programs, bene­ tribute to development of nursing care plans fits, employment, and training opportunities. and assist in correlating the specific efforts Yet, urban libraries are faced with this increased demand at a time when local Libraries should also serve an important re­ of all the teams. This committee works close­ ferral function of directing inquirers to the ly with the part time In-Service Educational funds for libraries are, as a percentage of agencies in the city which deal with their Director. urban budgets, decreasing. problems. A reference service of a highly per­ The PaJtient Oare Committee members I need hardly remind my colleagues sonalized and specialized form would help have frequent meetings, and each individual that this increased demand for services to solve the problem. has conferences wilth Head Nurses and staff also comes at a time when the adminis­ There is also a need for the urban library Nurses to discuss the proper use of nursing tration has proposed that Congress ter­ to function as a cultural institution, but mechanismS, nursing care pla.ns and rela.ted minate all Federal funds for our Nation's with materials representing di1fering cul­ patient ca.re problems. Once a month the tural orientations than has been traditional committee holds a joint mee~ing with each libraries. in the past. Unlike J»-evious immigrants to specialized care team. As this report is being Mr. Speaker, I insert "Better Libraries American cities, today's ethnic groupings written, it can be validly judged that all Create Better Cities" at this point in the have not melted into a larger society, but nurses on these te·ams have approxi.ma.ted RECORD: prefer to emphasize th ir own differing out­ the ability and competence of "Nurse Cllnl­ BETTER LIBRARIES CREATE BETTER CrriES look and cultural heritage. Neighborhood li­ cians." They have consistently demonstrnted THE FUTURE OF URBAN LIBRARIES brary centers in black areas have been able increasing competence and a true e~erttse to provide a variety of black materials for in their field of nursing service. This fine When it comes to the programs deemed their communities. Providing cultural ma­ performance did not happen by chance! They necessary for urban living, an increasing terial for the Spanish-speaking communlty have assiduously grasped every opportunity number can neither be developed nor main­ involves more problems since materials in for continued learning and skill develop­ tained on a strictly local basis. The federal Spanish are not as readily available, and ment. Time has been spent in clinical prac­ government is already responsible for a great Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban groups tice in other settings, such as the Orthopedic deal having to do with the future shape of each have their own history, customs, and Unit of the 400 bed, Mary Hitchcock Hos­ urban America with such federally supported attitudes. In addition to books, where money pital and Dartmouth Medical Center at Han­ urban projects as transportation, pollution has been available, urban lil:l,laries have ex­ over, New H-ampshire; the Crotched Moun­ control, hospital and health fac111ties, hous­ perimented with the use of non-print ma­ tain Rehabllltation Center in Greenfield, ing and urban renewal projects. The city can terials-records, cassettes, films. New Hampshire; the Joslin Clinic for Dla.­ no longer provide adequate financial support Even with a well-organlze are their own individual research and study schools, slums, crime in the streets, pollu­ likely to respond with distrust or hostility through reading of nursing periodicals and tion, insufficient transportation systems, and toward attempts by an outsider to offer help, other rel81ted literature. inadequate services. especially in an institutional form. There is This unlque approach to patient-care in As a rough approximation, it appears that the additional problem of communicating our hospital has increased the quality o! at least one-sixth of the urban population, with these people in their own language nursing substantially; and developed the or over five million families, llve in a slum which is most often not standard English or nurses' competence and capabilities in addi­ environment. Of the 22.7 million blacks in standard Spanlsh but the vernacular of the tion to strengthenlng the effectiveness of the United States, 74 percent live in metro­ slums. communications among the nursing staff it­ politan areas and 78 percent of that number Another key factor in urban library work self, as well as with physicians, and members live in central cities. In 1970, more than 80 with the disadvantaged is the desirablllty of of all other concerned departments and agen­ percent of the ten million Spanish-speak­ small neighborhood library centers. These can <' ing population lived in an urban environ­ offer the person-to-person approach for un­ cies within and without the hospital walls. certain ghetto residents and can specialize in We view this innovation as an example of ment . During the 1950-60 decade, the white population of the central city increased by the needs and wishes of the neighborhood. Y what one small community hospital, geo­ 5.7 percent while the non-white population Library service for the aged is often men­ graphically distant from the variety o! re­ increased 50 .6 percent. During the 1960-70 tioned in the context of library service for sources of the complex medical and health decade the white population of the central the disadvantaged. In 1970 over 19 million centers can do to maintain the highest qual­ city decreased by .2 percent and the non­ people in the United States were 65 years or ity of care in at least one segment of the white population increased 32.1 percent. older and that number is increasing by over total health system. These bare statistics can convey very little of 1,000 a day. It is true that the group called No_vember 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35701 "the aged" includes people of all races and Urban library as area resource center (to be referred to as small libraries) and various income and educational levels. How­ There is an increasing tendency to ignore those serving populations of 100,000 and over ever, in the words of Ollle Randall, founder jurisdictional distinctions in urban a-reas. (to be referred to as large libraries). All items of the National Council on the Aging: Students, in addition to using school and have been listed as totals and per capita "At the same time we should recognize that academic libraries, are major use.rs of urban amounts. the senior citizens are people with some spe­ public libraries. Researchers, whether aca­ The small library group shows a slight cial social, psychological, economic, and bio­ demic, industrial or professional, use the advantage in holdings and transactions per logical needs resulting from the process of library most convenient for their purposes. capita. They hold 1.67 books per capita in aging, and that libraries have a responsibility This places the central city library in the comparison to the large libraries' 1.57, and and a concern for helping to meet these role of reference and research cente-r for the each hold approximately .03 bibliographic needs." outlying area. volumes of serials per capita. However, in The greatest problem in carrying out any Only the urban central library has the terms of average books per library, each specialized program for disadvantaged groups variety of material required for research. small library would have a collection of 80,823 is the matter of funding. The majority of While the metropolitan area may abound in books and each large library would hold programs for the disadvantaged have been partial collections in small public libraries, 524,763 books. This gives the large city patron financed by federal funds, but the lack of sta­ businesses and schools, only in the city access to a collection over six times the size bility in the receipt of these funds has inter­ library are found specialized materials, bibli­ of the collection available to the small city fered with the effectiveness of the programs. ographical information, and subject special­ patron. ~ere is a need for a redesign of federal fund­ ists. Therefore the small neighboring librar­ Library operating and capital expenditures ing for urban libraries that will not just ies or their patrons depend upon the metro­ for 1968 were $3.71 per capita for the small support innovative projects but w1ll support politan libraries to answer difficult reference library group and $4.40 for the large library sound ongoing services. questions from materials not available in group. The major reason for the difference is The present user of urban libraries their community. In some cases this relation­ evident in the break-down of operating ex­ In order to understand present clientele ship has been formalized in the shape of penditures by purpose. Expenditures for sal­ and to sense potential user groups, several legal designation of the city library as re­ aries show a large variance between the two urban libraries have conducted user studies. gional resource center with state funds for groups, while the other items vary only In these studies different variables have been that purpose. In many cases there remains slightly. The higher percentage of profes­ used to describe the users: different age an informal arrangement without ade­ sional librarians employed by large libraries groupings, educational groupings and occupa­ quate financial support from sources other is reflected in a larger expenditure for sal­ tional groupings. than local government. This is expensive aries. In addition to user characteristics most service in terms of cost of materials and Federal funding provided 6.2% of the total surveys have branched into such areas as specialized staff, and libraries find that the operating and capital budget of the small user satisfaction with library services, rea­ financial base which made possible the de­ library group and 4.8% of the total budget son for the visit, ty.pe of material used, velopment of the collection is now largely of the large libraries. Translated into per whether assistance is sought, and other re­ outside the taxing area of the library. capita amounts, the small libraries received lated topics. It is possible to make some While most urban libraries do not record 23¢ per capita in federal funds and the large generalizations from these studies about the the frequency of assistance given to other libraries 19¢. I1 these amounts had been types of people now using urban libraries. libraries, information on direct use of the equalized and the large libraries ha.d re­ ceived an additional 4¢ per capita, it could Age of library users urban library by nonresidents is often avail­ able. Figures given in user studies include: have meant in 1968 an additional $3,810,188 With respect to age, it is impossible to 38 percent of the use of the Detroit Public for libraries serving over 100,000 population. make exact comparisons, however, in most Library is by nonresidents, Enoch Pratt Free The difference in federal funding 1s even cases the percentage of use drops off after Library (Baltimore) reports 20.3 percent of more pronounced when the libraries are about 40 years of age and is a;bout 5% or their total users are nonresidents and 12.7 further subdivided by size: lower by the age of 60. percent of users of the central library in San Population served b1f libraries and Federal Generally, the heaviest percentages of use Francisco live outside the city. Letters in funding per capita fall in the middle years, from the young response to a questionnaire from the Urban adult age group to the 40 years group. Usu­ Cents Library Trustees Council report the following 25,000 to 49,999------25 ally the groups showing library use from figures. Chicago: 25 percent of Central 55,000 to 99,999------22 the age of about 14 or 16 to about 20 or 21 Library users do not live in Chicago; Hart­ 100,000 to 499,999------23 have the highest percentage. ford, Connecticut: 50 percent of walk-in and 500,000 and over______16 Occupations telephone reference service 1s given to non­ This indicates a severe lack of federal fund­ Occupations of library users were also residents (outside funding for this service ing in the largest libraries. studied. Where occupational groupings in amounts to only 2 percent of operating individual studies were very ·detalled, groups costs); Los Angeles: 20 percent of central CITY .-DUNCE AND LIBRARIES, 1961-'70 were combined to fe.c111tate comparisons with library users reside in the county; Mobile, How have libraries fared in their compe­ other studies. In all cases, student use is Alabama: 1 of 4 reference users at the main tition with other city services for a share of higher than use by any other group, varying library is not a resident or taxpayer of the limited city income? from 32.4% to 64.2% of total library use. service area; New Haven, Connecticut: Ya of Expenditures for libraries have not kept Library use by the retired shows the same the in-person and telephone reference use is pace with the growth of the city budget. low percentage as use by the oldest age by nonresidents with no reimbursement to General expenditures for cities of all sizes group, never more than 5% of main li'bra.ry the library; Rochester, New York: 42 percent increased 150.9% from 1961-1970/71, but ex­ use but higher use of branch libraries. House- ­ of the borrowers using the main library lived penditures for libraries only 111.9%. This wives never show more than 4% use of cen­ outside of Rochester. 39% difference could have meant an addi· tral urban libraries, but may account for as These figures emphasize the city central tional $82 million for city libraries in 1970/71 much as 18% of total use of branch libra­ library's function of serving the reference if their income rate of growth had equalled ries. Both of these cases underline the need needs of the whole area, often with inade­ that of general city exp6nditures. for readily accessl'ble libraries. quate funding. It is becoming increasingly The difference in growth rate is even Considering only employed adults, the pro­ clear that the legal boundaries of a city are more striking for the 48 largest cities. WhUe fessional, managerial category represents the meaningless dividing lines as far as public general expenditures increase 147% from largest user group in each survey. The pro­ library service is concerned. It is imperative 1961 to 1970/71, expenditures for libraries in­ fessional, managerial group represents from to the whole region that central library col­ creased only 99.6%. I1 expenditures for li­ 17%-27% of all library use, whlle the sa-les, lections should be kept strong, current and braries had grown that additional 47.4% clerical group represents 5.3 %-8% of all li­ well staffed. Money is the crucial stumbling and kept pace with general expenditure, each brary use. Those in the craftsman, laborer block to achieving this end. Without funds of the 48 largest libraries would have had an category represent the smallest group of em­ in addition to local city funds supplied from average of slightly over $1 million addi­ ployed users, 3.5 %-5%. a declining tax base, no urban library can tional funds for 1970/71. Education adequately continue their vital function as However, this has not been the case and an area resource library. expenditures for libraries for 1970/71 Related to the pattern of occupational use amounted to 1.39% of the city budget for is the pattern of use by educational level. Statistics of urban libraries cities of all sizes and 1.2% of the total Surveys show consistently that the higher A 1-YEAR VIEW OF LIBRARIES the level of education, the heavier the use budget for the 48 largest cities. In the words of the library. Only 2.4% to 8.3% of library A comprehensive view of public library of one urban library director, "Because a users did not have some high school educa­ statistics in the areas of budget, staff, hold­ library's budget is a tiny fraction of expendi­ tion. From 22% to 28% of llbra.ry users grad­ ings, and transactions for libraries of various ture for public service, budgetary cushions uated from high school. Education above sizes has been compiled from Statistics of are seldom possible 1n the way that they are the high school level is reported by 57% to Public Libraries Serving Areas With at Least for larger departments. A difference of as 74% of the users, with 22% to 64.9% of users 25,000 Inhabitants. little as ten percent in a Itbrary budget can being college graduates or holders of ad­ The following discussion focuses on those measure the distance between luxury and vanced degrees. libraries serving populations of 25,000-99,999 disaster." CXIX--2249-Part 27 35702 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 19_73 LEGISLATION PROVIDING FOR SPE­ press at his news conference, demon­ mediate successor in the event of my own CIAL PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION strate that the highest patriotic act death or inablllty to act. Richard M. Nixon could perform right I do not believe that in a democracy this INTRODUCED power should rest with the Chief Executive. now would be to resign as President. If Insofar as possible, the office of the Presi­ he should not do so, then I think the dent should be filled by an elective officer. HON. BELLA S. ABZUG Congress should place itself on alert and There is no officer in our system of govern­ OF NEW YORK act expeditiously and . responsibly to ment, besides the President and Vice Presi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES process the impeachment charges that dent, who has been elected by all the voters Thursday, November 1, 1973 have been brought against Mr. Nixon so of the country. that he may be tried before the Senate. The Speaker of the House of Reprasenta­ Ms. ABZUG. Mr. Speaker, today I in­ The articles of impeachment that I tives, who is elected in his own district, is troduced a bill that provides for schedul­ also elected to be the presiding officer of the presented to the House last week are House by a vote of all the Representatives ing a special national Presidential elec­ consistent with the view held in the tion under certain circumstances which of all the people of the country. As a result, House in 1868 when it was said that: I believe that the Speaker is the official in may soon become a reality. An impeachable high crime or mis­ the Federal Government, whose election next Before discussing the details of the demeanor is one in its nature or conse­ to that of the President and Vice President, bill, I would like to allude to the events quences subversive of some fundamental or can be most accurately said to stem from the of last week, which were among the most essential principle of government or highly people themselves. dramatic and nerve wracking in the his­ prejudicial to the public interest, and this tory of our Nation. may consist of a violation of the Constitu­ In placing the speaker ahead of the In 1 week we went from the unprec­ tion, of law, of an official oath, or of duty, President pro tempore, Mr. Feerick re­ edented spectacle of President Nixon by an act committed or omitted, or, without ports: defying a Federal order and break­ violating a positive law, by the abuse of dis­ President Truman stated that the Mem­ cretionery powers from improper motives or bers of the House are closer to the people ing a solemn commitment to the U.S. for an improper purpose. than those of the Senate since they are Senate by firing Special Prosecutor Arch­ elected every two years and thus the Speaker ibald Cox to an international crisis in I believe there is sufficient evidence at would be closer than the President pro tem­ which we appeared to be on the brink hand to warrant prompt impeachment pore. He recommended that whoever suc­ of nuclear war. · proceedings on these grounds against the ceeds after the Vice-President should serve In the intervening days a dam of pop­ President without waiting on lengthy only until the next Congressional election or ular resentment broke that has been committee deliberations. I appreciate a special election to elect a President and building up with each successive revela­ that many of my colleagues believe the Vice-President. tion of corruption and unlawful acts bY Committee on the Judiciary should move If Mr. Nixon should resign or be re­ the Nixon administration. We in Con­ very cautiously and deliberately on this moved from office and the office of Vice gress have been inundated with a re­ matter, which for only the second time President should remain vacant, under ported quarter-qtillion telegrams, as well in the history of our Nation involves the Succession Act of 1947 the Speaker as ph<;>ne calls, from all over the coun­ such grave charges against a President. of the House would become acting Presi­ try, demanding that the President resign I would only remind the House that im­ dent. or be impeached. The credibility of Pres­ peachment is comparable to indictment, It has been widely assumed that the ident Nixon lies in ruins about us, and not to a finding of guilt, and that it is in next Presidential election could not take despite his turnabout on the tapes, the the interests of the stability of our Na­ place for another 3 years, until November fact is that the American people can no tion to present this case to the Senate 1976. longer believe what Mr. Nixon says or for trial as soon as possible. Certainly we However, an examination of the Con­ does. can all agree that if the President should stitution and the Statutes of 1972 and It is tragic that the President chose be brought before the Senate the trial 1886, dealing with the succession, in­ to precipitate a national crisis over the would be conducted with the utmost con­ dicate very clearly that President Tru­ issue of the firing of Mr. Cox in the midst cern for judicial process, the law, and the man knew whereof he spoke when he of the ominous military situation in the rights of the defendant. recommended a special Presidential elec­ Middle East. While the people of Israel If, as appears more likely every day, tion. were fighting for their survival, their the President is impeached, then it would In a case in which the President and strongest supporters, the American peo­ also, in my opinion, be improper for the Vice President-including a Vice Presi­ ple,, were forced to turn their attention Congress to proceed with the confirma­ dent chosen under the 25th amend­ to the survival of our deiilocratic insti­ tion of the President's nominee for Vice ment-leave office, whether by death, re­ tutions. · President. The 25th amendment did not moval, or resignation, the Constitution We saw a worldwide alert of our Armed contemplate, in proposing that the Pres­ permits Congress to provide by law for Forces, including planes carrying nuclear ident should fill a vacancy in the Vice the election of a new President, even bombs. I believe that many Americans Presidency with the approval of the though the former President's term has are prepared to accept the declaration of House and Senate, that the President 'not yet expired. Secretary of State Kissinger that it was himself would be in an impeachable Article II, section 1, clause 1 of the necessary, and not an overreaction, as position. Constitution provides that the President some people suspected. But I think we The role and duties of the Vice Presi­ and Vice President "shall hold--office must all share Mr. Kissinger's view that dent have been the subject of contro­ during the Term of four Years," and "it is a· 'symptom of what is happening versy throughout the history of our con­ clause 6 provides that: to our country that it could even be sug­ stitutional democracy, as has been the In Case of the Removal of the President gesteq" that this -alert may have been problem of how to handle the succession from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or motivated -by domestic reasons. to the Presidency. In an article in the Inablllty to discharge the Powers and Duties The· real tragedy is that Mr. Nixon has Fordham Law Review, March 1964, en­ of the said Office, the same shall devolve on cried "wolf'' 5o often-invoking national titled "The Vice-Presidency and the the Vice President, and the Congress may by security as a coverup for his own law­ Problems of Presidential Succession and Law, provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Inability," John D. Feerick, a noted at­ Resignation or Inability, both of the Presi­ less acts-that when a genuine crisis dent and Vice President, declaring what arises, the American people do not know torney and authority on this question, Officer shall then act as President, and such whether they are being tricked or told discusses in detail the evolution of the Officer shall act accordingly, until the Dis­ the truth. The American people do not office of Vice President, and I would com­ ability be removed, or a President shall be deserve to be placed in that kind of di­ mend it to your attention. elected. lemma. We cannot exist in a continuing Mr. Feerick recalls that the late Presi­ dent Truman, who served without a Vice In its initial form, the provision which crisis atmosphere created by a President ultimately became clause 6 provided whose actions are suspect. Certainly in President for more than 3 years, sent a special message to Congress on June 19, that: this nuclear age, we need a President who The Congress may declare by law what has the coD.fidence and support of the 1945, in which he declared: officer of the U.S. shall act as President in American people. By reason of the tragic death of the late case of the Death, Resignation, or Disability · I · believe the events of last week, in­ President, it now lies within my power to of the President and Vice-President; and such cluding his appalling attack on our free nominate the person who would be my im- Officer shall act accordingly until the time November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35703 of electing a. President shall arise. (J. Madi­ by the House of Representatives of the more than 120 days after the double va­ son, Notes of Debates from the Federal Con­ United States at the time." 24 Stat. 2, cancy occurred. vention of 1787, 594.) c. 4, s. 2. Conceivably, such an election could be However, Madison observed that this, The 1886 act also provided that Con­ hel~ in November 1974, when a new as worded, would prevent a supply of the gress should meet within 20 days of the House of Representatives and a third of vacancy by an intermediate election of accession of the new acting President, the Senate are elected. If less than ap­ the President, and moved to substitute thus leaving it up to Congress to deter­ proximately 1% years remained in the "until such disability be removed, or a mine then whether there should be a current Presidential term, the Speaker President shall be elected... Ibid. Madi­ special election. would serve out the rest of the term and son's motion was agreed to, and remains The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 no special election would be held. in the Constitution to this day. reinstated the Speaker and the President We have seen what happens to ana­ The second Congress of the United pro tempore after the Vice President in tion when a President seeks to violate States, which included some of the fram­ the line of succession, on the theory that the Constitution and assumes extraordi­ ers of our Constitution, passed the Suc­ preference should be given to having an nary and unlawful power. Under our sys­ cession Act of March 1, 1792. 1 Stat. 239, elected official as President. 61 Stat. 380, tem, the ultimate power resides with the section 9 provided that: c. 264; H. Rep. 817, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. people and under the bill I am introduc­ In case of the removal, etc., of both the (1947). Both the committee which re­ ing that power would be restored. The President and the Vice President, the Presi­ ported the legislation and the Acting confidence of our people in government dent pro tempore of the Senate (or, if there Attorney General were of the opinion has been badly damaged by the revela­ were no such official, the Speaker of the that it was constitutional to have the tions that have been stunning the Na­ House) for the time being shall act as Presi­ Speaker and the President pro tempore dent of the United States until the disabil­ tion since the Watergate scandal broke. ity be removed or a President elected. in the line of succession. H.R. 817, 80th It is important that they should not feel Cong., first session, 1947. that in the current crisis the question of I Stat. 240, s. 9, section 10 provided: The 1947 act continued in force the who will lead this Nation will be sub­ That whenever the offices of President and prohibitions on succession contained in ject to political manipulation and de­ Vice President sha.ll both become vacant, the the 1886 act, including the disqualifica­ cided outside the will of the electorate. Secretary of State shall forthwith cause a tion of anyone under impeachment. 61 In closing, ·I would recall that during notification thereof to be made to the execu­ Stat. 380, c. 264, s. 1 (e). Except for tive of every state, and shall also cause the the 1964 debate over the Presidential same to be, published in at least one of the amendments to reflect changes in the succession, former President Eisenhower newspapers printed in each state, specifying composition of the Cabinet, the 1947 act said in an interview on CBS Reports­ that electors of the President of the United continues in force, and has been codified January 8, 1964--that-i! the Presidency States sha.ll be appointed or chosen in the as section 19 of title 3 of the United went to a member of the Cabinet and several states within thirty-four days pre­ States Code. that man had more than 1 year to· serve ceding the first Wednesday in December then It is interesting that following Presi­ in the Presidency, then he believed a spe­ next ensuing: Provided, There shall be the space of two months between the date of dent Truman's message to Congress in cial election might be called and, he such notification and the 1irst Wednesday in 1945, and before the final adoption of added, "let the people decide this thing." December, but if there shall not be the space the Succession Act of 1947, the question That is the basic principle upon which of two months between the date of such noti­ of providing for an interim election of a our democracy operates-"let the people fication and the first Wednesday in Decem­ President and Vice President was seri­ decide"-and it is a rule which should ber; and if the term for which the President ously considered by the Congresses. guide us in the crisis we now face. and Vice President last ln office were elected The President's recommendations, in­ Text of bill follows: sha.ll not explre on the third day of March cluding his proposal for a special elec­ next ensuing, then the Secretary of State H.R. 11230 shall specify in the noti.flcation that the elec­ tion, were incorPOrated in a bill intro­ A bill to amend title 3, United States Code tors shall be appointed or chosen within duced by Representative W. Sumners of relative to Presidential succession thlrty-four days preceding the last Wednes­ Texas on June 25, 1945. The Sumners Be it enacted by the Senate and House day in December in the year next ensuing, bill provided for a special election to :flil of Representatives of the United States oJ within which time the electors shall accord­ vacancies in the offices of President and America in Oongress assembled, That subsec­ ingly be appointed or chosen, and the elec­ Vice President if such should occur 90 tion (c) of section 19 of title 3, United States tors shall meet and give thelr votes on the days or more before the midterm con­ Code, is amended to read as follows: . said first Wednesday in December, and the "(c) An individual acting as President proceedings and duties of the said electors gressional elections. This provision was under subsection (a.) or subsection (b) of and others shall be pursuant to the dlrections eliminated before the bill was passed by this section shall continue to act until the prescribed in this act, 1 Stat. 241, s. 10. the House and forwarded to the Senate, explratlon of the then current Presidential where it became pigeonholed in com­ term or until a President shall be elected, Finally, section 12 of the 1792 act pro­ mittee. pursuant to subsection (f) hereof, except vided that a President so elected would In the debate on the Succession Act of that serve for a full 4-year term. In the 1947, an amendment was also proposed " ( 1) if his discharge of the powers and view of Prof. Paul Freund of Harvard by Senator McMahon regarding a provi­ duties of the office is founded in whole or in University, it is possible that a President part on the failure of both the President­ sion for a special election, but it was elect and the Vice-President-elect to qualify, elected by such an "interim,. election defeated. must be given a full 4-year term because then he shall act only until a. President or It is clear, however, from this review Vice-President qualifies; he would fall under the provision of of the precedents, that the framers con­ "(2) if his discharge of the powers and clause 1 of the Constitution that the term templated and the Constitution permits duties of the office is founded in whole or of a President shall be for 4 years. Congress to provide for an interim elec­ in part on the disab111ty of the President or The 1792 provision was repealed in tion of a new President, should the Pres­ Vice-President, then he shall act only until 1886, 24 Stat. 2. c. 4, s. 3, and it was never ident leave office before a new Vice Pres­ the removal of the disability of one of such used because there has never been an in­ ident is confirmed by Congress. This individuals." stance in which both the President and SEc. 2. Para.gra:ph (2) of subsection (d) of was, indeed, the law from 1792 until1886, section 19 of title 3, United States Code, is the Vice President failed to serve out and even from 1886 to 1947 it was up to amended to read as follows: their terms of office. Partly because of Congress to provide for such an election "(2) An individual acting as President doubt as to whether the Speaker and the under existing law. under this subsection shall continue so to do President pro tempore were "officers,. Accordingly, the bill I introduced to­ until the explra.tion of the then current within the meaning of clause 6, the 1886 day amends title 3, United States Code, Presidential term or until a. President shall act removed them from the line of suc­ relative to Presidential succession, to be elected, pursuant to subsection (f) hereof, cession and substituted the cabinet offi­ but not after a qualified and prior-entitled provide that if the elected President and individual is able to act, except that the cers. 24 Stat. 1, c. 4, s. 1. The act also Vice President both leave office, the removal of the disabUlty of an individual provided that a cabinet omcer could not Speaker of the House would act as Presi­ higher on the list contained 1n paragraph (1) succeed to the presidency unless: First, dent only until a new election for Presi­ of this subsection or the ability to qualify he had been confirmed in his cabinet dent and Vice President was held. on the part of an indlvldua.l higher on such offi.ce by the Senate, second, he was This new election, which would be for list shall not terminate his service." otherwise eligible for the presidency, and a full 4-year term, would take place on SEc. 3. Section 19 of title 3, United States third, he was "not under impeachment the first November election day occurring Code, is amended by relettering subsection 35704 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 1, 1973 background on this position, I am But the statute went on to provide that Con­ (f) as subsection (g) and by adding a new gress should assemble within twenty days, subsection (f), to read as follows: pleased to offer the comments of Profes­ presumably to consider what further action "(f) Whenever the powers and duties of sors Freund, Chayes, and Berger. to take. the otllce of President devolve pursuant to The comments follow: The 1886 statute was in turn replaced in this section and more than one year and LAW SCHOOL OF HARVARD UNIVER­ 1947 with the present law providing that in one hundred twenty days remain before the SITY, the event of the vacancy of both the otllces next scheduled appointment of electors, the Cambridge, Mass., November 1, 1973. of President and Vice President, the Speaker Secretary of State shall forthwith cause a Hon. KEviN H. WHITE, of the House of Representatives would act as notification of such event to be made to the Mayor of Boston, President to be followed by the President pro executive of each State, and shall specify City Hall, tempore of the Senate to be followed by in such notification that electors of a Pres­ Boston, Mass. ranked Cabinet otllcers for the remainder of ident and Vice-President shall be appointed DEAR MAYoR WHITE: You have asked i!, the then Presidential term. 3 U.S.C. 19. in the several States on the Tuesday next under the Constitution, Congress has the These subsequent enactments are further after the first Monday in November which power to provide by statute for a special elec­ evidence of the broad and flexible authority shall occur more than one hundred twenty tion to fill the otllce of President in the event available to Congress in fulfilling its Consti­ days subsequent to such devolution. Electors that both the otnces of President and Vice tutional mandate to provide for continuity appointed pursuant to such notification shall President become vacant. In our opinion, in the otllce of President in case of "removal, meet and give their votes on the first Mon­ Congress has such power. death, resignation or inability of both the day after the second Wednesday in December Article 2, section 1, clause 6 of the Consti­ President and Vice President." following their appointment, at such place tution provides: In our view, the Constitutional text, the in each State as the legislature of such State "In Case of the Removal of the President debates at Philadelphia and the practice shall direct. Except as otherwise provided in from Otllce, or of his Death, Resignation, or under the Constitution leave no doubt that this subsection, all provisions of federal law Inablllty to discharge the Powers and Duties the Congress has the power to provide by relating to the choosing of a President and of the said Otllce, the same shall devolve on statute for a special Presidential election in Vice-President at a regular quadrennial elec­ the Vice President, and the Congress may by the event the otllces of President and Vice tion shall apply with respect to the choosing Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, President both become vacant. of a President and Vice-President to fill a Resignation, or Inablllty, both of the Presi­ Yours very truly, four year term as provided in this subsection; dent and Vice President, declaring what Otll­ PAUL A. FREUND. and the terms of the President and Vice­ cer shall then act as President, and such om­ ABRAM CHAYES. President so chosen shall begin on the 20th cer shall act accordingly, until the Disab111ty RAOUL BERGER. day of January immediately following their be removed, or a President shall be elected." election. The matter was expressly considered in the SEc. 4. Section 1 of title 3, United States Constitutional Convention and the debates Code, 1s amended by striking out the first show conclusively that the Framers intende.d word and inserting in Ueu thereof the fol­ to empower the Congress to call a special elec­ FORTY YEARS OF SERVICE-A lowing: "Except as provided in section 19 of tion in those circumstances. MILESTONE IN THE DISTIN­ this title, the". On September 7, 1787, it was moved in the GUISHED CAREER OF CHIEF SID­ SEc. 6. If any provision of this Act, or the Convention that the Legislature should des­ NEY A. JONES application thereof to any person, otllce, or ignate by law which otllcer of the United circumstance, is held invalid, the validity of States would act as President in the event of the remainder of the Act and the applica­ vacancies in the otllces of both President and tion of such provisions to other persons, of­ Vice President and that "such otllcer shall act HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. fices, and circumstances shall not be affected accordingly until the time of electing a Pres­ OF CALIFORNIA thereby. ident shall arrive. James Madison objected to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES S:sc. 6. This Act shall be known as "The this language on the ground that it would Thursday, November 1, 1973 Presidential Succession Act of 1973." prevent the vacancy in the Presidency from being filled by a special election. He there­ Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Speak­ fore moved to change the language to read er, I asked to have this time set aside that the otllcer who was designated to "act from our busy schedule here today be­ ON THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF A as President" do so "until such Disability be cause I want to focus some attention on removed, or a President shall be elected." SPECIAL ELECTION Madison's amendment was carried and with the distinguished career of Pollee Chief minor styllstic changes was incorporated in Sidney A. Jones of Rialto, Callf. In the the final text of the Constitution. course of legislative debate here on the HON. JOE MOAKLEY The Second Congress, of which Madison floor of the House of Representatives, OF MASSACHUSETTS himself was a member, exercised this very during consideration of bills that will af­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES power when it enacted the succession Act of fect the law-enforcement profession, we March 1, 1792, providing for a special election often speak of the many :fine men and Thursday, November 1, 1973 in the event of a simultaneous vacancy in women throughout the Nation who serve Mr. MOAKLEY. Mr. Speaker, the both Presidential and Vice Presidential of­ fices. 1 Stat. 239. Actions of the First and Sec­ as peace officers, but rarely do we refer question of special Presidential elections ond Congresses are traditionally given great to any individual by name. I would like is one to which we must give consider­ weight on questions of Constitutional inter­ to take just a moment here, however, to able attention. The Constitution charges pretation. Myers v. U.S. 272 U.S. 62, 175 pay tribute to Chief Jones as he ap­ Congress with specific responsibility for (1926). proaches his 40th anniversary of service enacting statutes which will provide for The text of the relevant sections of the Act to the city of Rialto. the orderly, democratic transition of of 1798 is attached to this letter. You w111 Chief Jones was born in Arkansas, but note that the Act provided for the special his family moved to Rialto when he was power in the event that the Presid~nt election to be omitted if the double vacancy resigns or is impeached while the V1ce occured within six months of the expiration only 5 years old and he has lived in Presidency i·emains vacant. of the Presidential term. It also stipulated Rialto ever since. After getting his In an effort to utilize this power to that the president pro tempore of the Senate formal education in Rialto, Sidney Jones provide for special elections, I intro­ (and if there was none the Speaker of the worked in the local citrus industry for duced H.R. 11214 yesterday, a bill which House) should act in the interim until the a while, and then, at the age of 21, be­ would, in essence, reinsta-te the 1792 Suc­ special election; and that the person elected gan his service to the city in 1943. He should serve for a term of four years from began with the department of public cession Act. the next inauguration day following the spe­ Boston Mayor Kevin H. White has cial election. These features are remarked safety, working as both a fireman and a taken an active role in presenting the here not to suggest that they are Constitu­ policeman, but the two functions were possibility of such legislation to the tionally required, but to indicate the fiexl­ split a short time later and in 1945 young country. In his investigations, he sought bllity that is available to the Congress in Sidney Jones was appointed chief of the opinions of three of the Nation's dealing with the practical questions involved police. - most distinguished experts on constitu­ in a special election. But Chief Jones has not just sat back tional law, Harvard Profs. Paul Freund, The Act of 1972 remained law for almost a and taken it easy, just because he made it century. Then the mechanism of Presidential to the top so quickly. The Rialto Police Abram Chayes, and Raoul Berger. succession was changed to provide that in They have offered their considered the event of the vacancy of both the otllces of Department has grown and improved opinion on the constitutionality of the President and Vice President, one or an­ under his leadership, and Chief Jones step being proposed. In order to provide other member of the Cabinet in the order has grown and improved as well. He has my colleagues with the fullest possible therein provided should "act as President." kept up with current developments in November 1, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 35705 police science-in 1959 he graduated Koczak this agent subsequently stated that any ofiiclal, even a U.S. senator, vote intel­ from the FBI Academy-and not too the Department of Justice had been prepared ligently When he has only partial informa­ many years ago he was awarded the ad­ to prosecute Sonnenfeldt but had been tion? If nothing else-the question of other frustrated by the State Department refusal criminal actions notwithstanding~he issue vanced certificate by the California State to declassify the telegrams and make them of perjury remains unsettled. Commission on Police Officers Standards available to the prosecutor as evidence. Mr. Sonnerueldt will handle matters in­ and. Training. He is highly respected by The purpose of the Colllllltttee hearings is volving billions of dollars; he will be the those who know and work with him as to examine the existing security and suita­ senior U.S. ofiicial charged with checking on a top law enforcement man with a warm bility procedures in the Federal government the financial implications of the judgements and understanding heart and a good-will and to propose such legislative reforms as of his personal friend, mentor, and protector, ambassador for the city of Rialto, and I may appear necessary. The Committee is cur­ Secretary of State Kissinger, regarding cred­ am pleased to be able to join today in rently considering HR 8865 which would its Involved in East-West trade, special fi­ establish a Central Security Review Ofiice for nancial arrangements facllitattng the so­ paying him my highest respect. the coordination of loyalty and security pro­ called "detente" pollcy of Mr. Kissinger, and grams administered by Federal executive other sensitive matters of lasting imp<>Nan.ce agencies. to this nation, such as peace in the Middle The Sonnenfeldt case is only one of a East. American ta~ayers will have to fund OBJECTIONS TO SONNENFELDT number of cases under study by the House any errors of judgement made by the Treas­ CONFIRMATION MUS BE AN- Internal Security Committee. ury Dept. SWERED-PART XI Cong. Ashbrook stated that "one of the For this reason, today I wrote a letter to issues in the Sonnenfeldt case concerns the the Acting Attorney General with a view peculiar circumstance that so many facts are toward possible prosecution of any party HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK still a matter of unresolved controversy. I am established by the h88irlng testimony to have OF OHIO most disturbed that relevant security in­ violated criminal st81tute6. Mr. Sonnenfeldt formation at the FBI, CIA and the State De­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES may be such a person. A similar letter was partment appear to have been withheld from directed to the United States Attorney for Thursday, November 1, 1973 the Congress and f.rom responsible ofiicers the District of Columbia today for action. in the Executive Department. If Executive Recent revelations that high administra­ Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, start­ Order 10450, which seeks to prov.ide reliable, tion ofiicials may have committed perjury ing on May 23 of this year, I inserted in trustworthy employees in Federal employ­ has attracted much attention in the Senate. the RECORD documents, newspaper arti­ ment, public servants of good conduct and Have we reached such a curious state of cles, letters, and commentary on the case character, is to be nothing more than a joke morality that, while attention of individual of Helmut Sonnenfeldt, whose nomina­ and a fraud, strict observance of the Order's senators is fixed on certain other "perjuries", tion as Under Secretary of Treasury has requirements and restrictions must be em­ the U.S. Senate as a body can confirm to a now been reported out by the Senate ployed. If nothing else, the Watergate case high position a nominee whose confirmation demonstates this." hearing transcript indicates a great deal of Finance Committee. The House Internal evidence that perjury has been commitJted.? Security Committee has scheduled hear­ CoNGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, Sincerely yours, ings for November 7 on the Federal civll­ Washington, D.O., November 1,1971. JOHN D. HEMENWAY. ian employee loyalty-security program Hon. RoBERT H. BoRK, which may have bearing on the Sonnen­ Acting Attorney General, feldt case. Justice Department Butldtng, WASHINGTON, D.C., In this connection, Mr. John Hemen­ Washington, D.O. November 1,1973. way, who testified against the nomina­ DEAR MB. BoRK: Enclosed is a copy of my Hon. RoBERT H. BORK, letter of October 10 to the FBI which Di­ Acting Attorney General of the United States, tion of Mr. Sonnenfeldt, has written the rector Kelley informs me has been referred U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, Department of Justice calling for an in­ to the Justice Department for action. As Mr. D.O . . vestigation into the possible violation by Koczak is scheduled to appear before the DEAR GENERAL BoJUt: The purpose of this Mr. Sonnenfeldt of criminal statutes in­ House Internal Security Committee on Wed­ letter is to report to you the violation of cluding perjury. He also has informed nesday, November 7, I would appreciate re­ criminal statutes of the United States in­ Senator MANSFIELD of his communica­ ceiving by Monday, November 6, a reply as cluding, but not llmlted to the crime of tion to the Acting Attorney General. to the identity of the agent involved in the perjury. I am reporting this matter to you In addition, I have written to Acting Sonnenfeldt case. because I understand you are currently the Also enclosed are two replies from the then senior ofiicialin the U .8. Government charged Attorney General Bork regarding the Acting Director of the FBI, Mr. Ruckelshaus, with the enforcement of federal statutes. ide1:tity of the FBI agent who inter­ one of which confirms that Mr. Koczak was SpeclftcaUy, Mr. Helmut Sonnenfeldt, an viewed Mr. Stephen Koczak on the interviewed by an FBI agent In 1969 on the employee of the U .8. Department of State Sonnenfeldt case in 1959 concerning the Sonnenfeldt case. The other letter, that of and NBC, stands accused of "leaking,. high­ alleged leaking of highly classified infor­ May 29, 1973, indicates that over a year ly classlfted information to foreign· agents mation to a foreign power. transpired before I received an answer to my with whom he had frequent and close as­ I insert at this point the press release initial inquiry concerning this case. sociations and to other persons. These charges Your consideration of this matter will be, were made in the public record before the I am issuing on the need for strict im­ needless to say, much appreciated. Senate Finance Committee on May 16, Octo­ plementation of regulations concerning Sincerely, ber 1, and October 2, 1973. They were report­ the reliabilitJ- and good conduct of Fed­ JoHN M. AsHBROOK, ed, somewhat inaccurately, in the press. The eral employees to prevent future Water­ Representative to Congress, 17th District. charges were speclftc, capable of being de­ gates at all Government levels. Also in­ cisively proved or disproved, and were made sert3d is a copy of my letter to the Acting WASHINGTON, D.C., under oath by a number of responsible cit­ Attorney General along with the letters November 1, 1973. izens including Mr. Otto otepka, retired from Mr. Hemenway to Mr. Bork and Hon. MICHAEL J. MANSFIELD, member of the Subversive Acttv1t1es Control Senator MANSFIELD: Majority Leader of the Senate, Board, and Mr. Stephen Koczak, retired US U.S. Senate, diplomat who currently holds a responsible NEWS RELEASE F'ROM REPRESENTATIVE Washington, D.O. position with the AFGE of the AFL-OIO. JOHN M. ASHBROOK DEAR SENATOR MANSFIELD: As you knOW, Many corroborating witnesses are avaUable Congressman John M. Ashbrook (R-Ohio) the nom1n81tion of Mr. Helmut Sonnenfeldt, and have been named in the record. ranking minority Member of the House In­ to be Under Secretary of the Treasury, was Mr. Sonnenfeldt has denied the chargee ternal Securtty Committee announced today reported out of the Finance Committee for under oath. At the very least the crime of that hearings on the Federal Civilian Em­ Senate action. Publlc hearings were held on perjury may well have been committed. In ployees Loyalty-Security Program will be con­ May 15, October 1, and October 2, 1973. pre-published form, the Hearing Transcript tinued on Wednesday, November 7. The The confirmation hea.rtngs have been pro­ amounts to sllghtly more than 260 pages. principal witness that day will be Stephen A. tracted. However, I have evidence that sev­ The transcript is avaUable and part of the Koczak who has already provided testimony eral key witnesses were not called. Thus, the public record. Senator Russell Long, Chair­ to the Senate Finance Committee in con­ evidence and/or intarmation available to man of the Finance Committee of the Sen­ nection with hearings on the nomination of Senator Long and the Finance Committee ate, can supply you with a copy. I understand Helmut Sonnenfeldt as Under Secretary of is incomplete. This makes possible a cover­ that the record Is being published today. Treasury. up of Mr. Sonnenfeldt's past activities. For Highltghts of the testimony on Helmut Ashbrook has written to Acting Attorney example, clear evidence suggestive of per­ Sonnenfeldt include the following: General Robert H. Bork asking the Depart­ jury exists. October 1, 1973: Under oath, Mr. Stephen ment of Justice to identify the FBI agent Information in the record available to sen­ Koczak charged Mr. Helmut Sonnenteldt who interviewed Koczak in 1959 in connec­ ators expected to vote on this important with giving highly class111ed tnformatlon to tion with the Sonnenfeldt case. According to matter, therefore, Is Incomplete. How can agents of the State of Israel. 35706 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE November 2, 1973 Under oath, Mr. Helmut Sonnenfeldt I have been told that the statute of limita­ the Public Health hospitals, is identical denied the charge. However, Mr. Kocza.k tions does not apply to some of the criminal to the bill vetoed by the President earlier named witnesses who could support his aspects of the matters discussed at this hear­ this year. I chose to override the Presi­ charges who were not called by Senator Long. ing. Whether this is true or not, the evident October 2, 1973: Under oath, Mr. Otto perjury discernable in the transcript is of dent's veto, because I firmly believed that Otepka. charged that Mr. Helmut Sonnen!eldt a recent date. we needed an emergency medical system violated US criminal statute by "leaking" Your attention to this matter is invited that can reach out to the millions who classified information to representatives of with a view to determining your own duty could be helped and many of whose lives Israel and to others not authorized to re­ to prosecute any violation of statutes con­ could be saved if such a system were ceive it. cerning perjury or other crimes. r would ap­ established. Under oath, Mr. Sonnen!eldt testified in a. preciate an early report from you concerning Even without the Public Service hos­ manner to convey the impression that he the procedures you intend to take to move pitals, this is a good bill and at an au­ denied Mr. Otepke.'s charges. However, Mr. forward in this matter. thorization of $185 million, not a very Otepka. named individuals who would sup­ Sincerely yours, expensive one. port his charges, undet" oath, in detail. JOHN D. HEMENWAY. It is obvious, even to a layman, that, at the First I would like to congratulate the very least, the crime of perjUTY is established members of the Health Subcommittee by this testimony. and full Interstate and Foreign Com­ Chairman Long has claimed that the merce Co ·ttee for moving so expedi­ above matters have been investigated, but EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE lt is clear that the investigation, such as it SYSTEMS tiously in reporting a bill, despite the was, was far from complete. For example, the veto. It is clear the members of the com­ FBI files were not complete, when summa­ mittee, unlike a few on the Education rized for Senator Long; neither has the FBI HON. MARVIN L. ESCH and Labor Committee who are sitting on contacted 'Mr. Koczak or me in connection the minimum wage bill, are more con­ with recent testimony. OF MICHIGAN The testimony of many other witnesses is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cerned with passing laws for the good of not yet in the record-in the FBI files or Americans than playing politics. elsewhere. This testimony includes that of Thursday, November 1, 1973 When this bill becomes law, as I am Mr. Lampe of St;a;te Department Security Mr. ESCH. Mr. Speaker, last week I sure it will, it is estimated that the lives (named by journalist Paul Scott), Mr. Niland voted in support of H.R. 10956, the Emer­ of between 60,000 and 100,000 Americans of Justice (named by Mr. Otepka) and other witnesses, such as those named by Mr. gency Medical Services Systems Act. This can be saved through the use of trained Koczak. bill, which except for the provisions of personnel and insured ambulance service.

SENATE-Friday, November 2, 1973

The Senate met at 10 a.m. and was agreed to the report of the committee of quested by the Senate on the disagree­ called to order by the Acting President conference on the disagreeing votes of ing votes of the two Houses thereon; and pro tempore Berry, one of its read­ other purposes, disagreed to by the Sen­ Abuse Education Act of 1970 for 3 years ing clerks, announced that the House had ate; had agreed to the conference re- was read twice by its title and referred to