DOCSLIB.ORG

Seeking David Fagen: the Search for a Black Rebel's Florida Roots

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seeking David Fagen: the Search for a Black Rebel's Florida Roots Sunland Tribune Volume 31 Article 5 2006 Seeking David Fagen: The Search for a Black Rebel's Florida Roots Frank Schubert Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune Recommended Citation Schubert, Frank (2006) "Seeking David Fagen: The Search for a Black Rebel's Florida Roots," Sunland Tribune: Vol. 31 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune/vol31/iss1/5 This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sunland Tribune by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Schubert: Seeking David Fagen: The Search for a Black Rebel's Florida Roots Seeking David Fagen: The Search for a Black Re bel's Florida Roots 1 Frank Schubert Miami, Fernandina, and Jacksonville. Among them were all four regiments of black regu­ avid Fagen was by far the best lars: three (the 9th Cavalry, and the 24th known of the twenty or so black and 25th Infantry regiments) in Tampa, and soldiers who deserted the U.S. a fourth, the 10th Cavalry, in Lakeland. Re­ DArmy in the Philippines at the cently the experience of these soldiers in turn of the twentieth century and went the Florida has been the subject of a growing next step and defected to the enemy. I !is number of books, articles, and dissertations.2 story fi lled newspapers great and small , Some Floridians joined regular units, from the New Yori? 11imes to the Crawford, and David Fagen was one of those. lie en­ Nebraska 11-ibune. The Times called him listed on June 4, 1898, for a term of three "the celebrated Fagen,'' assuming that all years, and began an extraordinary military who read about him would know why. It journey, starting as a private in the 24th was he that the even more celebrated Fred­ Infantry and ending as a captain in Emilio erick Funston wanted desperately to kill Aguinaldo's Filipino revolutionary army, and then, when he fa iled to do so, made fighting against his former comrades and public excuses to cover his failure. In the the United States. The conflict that started period press, the literature, and the official as part of the war with Spain in 1898 ended records of the war, one name kept popping by throttling the Fil ipino independence up: David Fagen, the teenager from Tampa movement in 1902. who had enli sted in the 24th Infantry in Ilow does one discover the background 1898 for the war against Spain, "celebrat­ of such a young man? I-le does not appear ed" in the New Yori? Times, leading insur­ in what might be called "uplift histories," recto soldiers against the Americans, and such as the late Rowena Brady's Things frustrating the great Frederick Funston. Who Remembered,J a book that traces the emer­ was this soldier, and what was his story? gence of a black professional and entrepre­ For many years, historical studies of neurial middle class in Tampa. Ile is not in Florida at the turn of the twentieth century Maxine Jones and Kevin McCa rthy's Afri­ that talked about the war with Spain tend­ can Americans in Florida,4 with its biogra­ ed to focus on local volunteer regiments, on phies black Tampa's social pillars, such as civilian patriots trying to make soldiers com­ educator Blanche Armwood and nurse fortable in camp, and on businesses and Clara Frye. communities experiencing strong economic In fact, in an earlier version of a local surges as a result of Florida becoming the history, D. B. McKay's Pioneer Florida, pub­ springboard to operations in Cuba. Indeed, lished in 1959 during the waning days of Florida during the 1898 war included all segregation, there is some indication of how that. All of V Corps, the 17 ,000 men who far David Fagen and his family were from went to Cuba, along with those left be­ being among the pi llars of black Tampa. In hind, were bivouacked in Tampa, Lakeland, a chapter called "The Good Colored People 29 Published by Scholar Commons, 2006 29 Sunland Tribune, Vol. 31 [2006], Art. 5 'l\vo fa nciful views of Fagen that illustrated a 1909 novel, The Little God.~ , hy Rowland Thomas. of Tampa," Sam Fagen, David's father, made believe your lawyer. Case dismissed." ':-> a cameo appearance, illustrating what did The tale shows in stark reli ef the racism of not, in Mc Kay's judgment, constitute the the day, when a black man's word was not "good colored people" of Ta mpa. McKay even good e nough to establish his own guil t. wrote: The story may also show a black man so Sam Fagin [sicjwas a shiftless old Ne­ shrewd that he knew that a ll he had to do gro who was never known to work, but was admit guilt to be exonerated. had about 20 children. I mention him because I recall a funny story about him. \\That about Sam's son David? What can When the late Clarke Knight had just one find out about this young African graduated from law school he walked in­ American man from the mean dirt streets of to the police station one morning look­ the Scrub, Tampa's black urban enclave':> ing for business. He saw old Sam in a What and who might have shaped his li fe , cell and asked why. Sam said he was accused of stealing chickens. Cla rke and - perhaps most importa nt - what might volunteered to represent him.The next have been the sources of his extraordina ry morning when Sam was arraigned before rebellion? Judge Harry Peeples the judge glared at The searc h begins with F'agen's fa mily him and evidently unnerved him. Told and reli es on standa rd sources: census to plead to the charge, Sam whispered, 'Jedge, when you looks at me lak dat it records, insurance maps, and vital statis­ seems lak you looks right through me. I ti cs. Sam Fagen (c.1840-1899) did not have ai n't gwine li e to you, Jedge - I's guilty.' twenty children. Il e and hi s wife Sylvia Cla rke was on his feet instantly to (c.1853-1883)<> had seven offspring and protest: 'Judge Peeples. You fri ghtened David was the seventh, following four broth­ this poor old man so badly with your fierce expression that he doesn't know ers and two siste rs. The fa mily also includ­ what he is saying. I am his lawyer, and I ed Sylvia's son George Douglas, the oldest tell you he is not guilty.' Whereupon the child in the family in 1880, eleven years of honorabl e court delivered himself of this age when David was aged one. gem: 'Sam Fagin, stand up' I'll have you Sam Fagen, head of the family, was a la­ know that I came from South Ca'lina, and l was taught to always take the word borer and, if not a local legend, he should of a white in preference to the word of a have been . In addition to his acquittal as Negro. You say you a re guilty - your the perpetrator of the great chicken rob­ lawyer says you are not guilty. I prefer to be ry, one 1878 story in the 30 Sunland T'ri- https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune/vol31/iss1/5 30 Schubert: Seeking David Fagen: The Search for a Black Rebel's Florida Roots , .· : I L'' •· :• ·ii : t :.:.:• · "! .. • 1" I •···tt1 t": ! i '11 '" n · ~-, Ht for ~up 1. •o r t ? __ _!d.j/_ __________ ____ __, ~ - - - __;: .· · - - - ·- - ~' --· ..:~--- -- -~ - ...-- . :{ . 1 I;. · ' .' • : ! .. :J, ·• •. :· ! "·: .<" " ' ... .J, ·1 00 ·:': oi .. :1r. with J • ! a 1 _ • .-r.: f· ~:~."· :(:;~~~~.-- · :~ :~/:~ -J:_ ~ ::: ~ :::~: . :: ; ·:· . •. ·- ' •... ·-· - ------. - ;. --· - __ ,,, ---.- . --- . ·- .. -- . - . 7 . .... ·. ·... .-. r i " · q l~ , ',• n ':~· · \ 1 '.ri ,.·r ; i. N. · : • l ·· ' ' ·1./r- · ·1 · ·. .. ·. )ri;d ,· . ' "'~a>. • •r "'"~; 1 : i1 1'.n";'':(:;r,~~ ~- _}"11' ul· penH 1mn:n~ ~ (· ----:--·: ..... , ... ........ .. Y! .. ,(!-_ L(f.(;· -'·:<. .. .:· 1 ~~ (?~/f : '?:Y.~- --- ---- ·· --- -- -- . .-l1 ~P: ;;.''.( 11f. , 0 ~~ . / . · .::!' ! : . : ~ '.·~ ·:.: · :t ... ~ .« · :: ..:'. ,,: i : ! : · ~- : .. ·n·.' -:' : .i ! :~ ; ·t i~ 1: :-:r. ' i· .~ : , ..; ; !.! !•l h:-~vi._~ l' C:Ct'q ·cl l-'~1.J ti:. i: ~ =lll i \\~ C l'S ~{ ,... g-f\- ~ · n · . · 1 1 • i ·. :, .:;:. ·'; '. · l:,.,~ · .•". ·. l "· . : ·"~"' t:~.;-~. : _'.· :.;.: ~;:;: · ·" \ q_:.•; a lj, _, i· · : :;:i;tU ~ :: L r._._ct t~ic. ,. J.[i .. :i p::· -~.1 11 1. .. reai.L, l"Tit. ..~ ..ai 1.l_ ..; 11<.-a k5 1 . , .. I_-,, - .... 11 1. "c- \ l.L-,1 . .. .... · / · . ; .. ... ....... :o!!,j ' )i l:< l !:h•J ii ~• ·i lo: I ' i ~ ............... ~ · - :-· - --'· -- ------- - -- - :.... .. ,, .. ; .. }·li · i: t:..: aL..; .. pr1'.' <Jf ,:;c1i ;d 1 .. _ _ _ _( __ _ _ _ _ .. -. _: __ ,. '~·1ltt:tl ;-;~Lt: 3:· : \ 1·t. :tt·:· · ,~ ~~ti l t~ !!~··: ·h;J i'~1-l_~r - ~ r. (:'(Jl1 1r 1. ~ , . _,- ~ ~- :.:. ~ -~ ~· 4 · .~ .. ( '. ,J ,, ;· ··:· it;iir ./.?/:''.!f ....... A portion of Fagen's first enlistment paper, showing his "X." (National Archives) bune had him catching an alligator, and an­ ing house or with no outside employment other in 1881 reported that he had stolen went from 50 to 64 percent. Sometimes, the oats for his horse.7 Sylvia "kept house," as circumstances and opportunities of Recon­ the census report put it. George was sixteen struction led freedwomen to earn wages, in 1885 and did "general job work," so he but they "created economic niches that may have contributed a bit to the house­ added earnings without sacrificing care of hold, but the family was big, depended their families or submitting to the super­ mainly on Sam's earnings as a laborer, and vision of whites." (Thus, the 1880 census probably had trouble making ends meet.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fort Funston, Panama Mounts for 155Mm Golden Gate National
    Fort Funston, Panama Mounts for 155mm Guns HAERNo. CA-193-A B8'•'■ANffiA. Golden Gate National Recreation Area Skyline Boulevard and Great Highway San Francisco San Francisco County California PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Engineering Record National Park Service Department of the Interior San Francisco, California 38 ) HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD • FORT FUNSTON, PANAMA MOUNTS FOR 155mm GUNS HAERNo.CA-193-A Location: Fort Funston, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, City and County of San Francisco, California Fort Funston is located between Skyline Boulevard and the Pacific Ocean, west of Lake Merced. The Battery Bluff Panama mounts were located at Fort Funston, 1,200 feet north of Battery Davis' gun No. 1, close to the edge of the cliff overlooking the beach Date of Construction: 1937 Engineer: United States Army Corps of Engineers Builder: United States Army Corps of Engineers Present Owner: United States National Park Service Golden Gate National Recreation Area Building 201 Fort Mason San Francisco, CA 94123 Present Use: Not Currently Used Due to erosion, Battery Bluff Panama mounts have slipped to the beach below where they are still visible Significance: The Panama mounts of Battery Bluff are significant as they are a contributing feature to the Fort Funston Historic District which is considered eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The Panama mounts were the only guns of its type to be emplaced in the San Francisco Harbor Defenses. Report Prepared By: Darlene Keyer Carey & Co. Inc., Historic Preservation Architects 123 Townsend Street, Suite 400 San Francisco, CA 94107 Date: February 26, 1998 r FORT FUNSTON, PANAMA MOUNTS FOR 155mm GUNS HAERNO.CA-193-A PAGE 2 HISTORY OF FORT FUNSTON Fort Funston Historic District Fort Funston, which is located in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA), was determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and is now considered the Fort Funston Historic District.
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine-American War, 1898-1914
    Allegiance and Identity: Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine-American War, 1898-1914 by M. Carmella Cadusale Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2016 Allegiance and Identity: Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine-American War, 1898-1914 M. Carmella Cadusale I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: M. Carmella Cadusale, Student Date Approvals: Dr. L. Diane Barnes, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. David Simonelli, Committee Member Date Dr. Helene Sinnreich, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Dean of Graduate Studies Date ABSTRACT Filipino culture was founded through the amalgamation of many ethnic and cultural influences, such as centuries of Spanish colonization and the immigration of surrounding Asiatic groups as well as the long nineteenth century’s Race of Nations. However, the events of 1898 to 1914 brought a sense of national unity throughout the seven thousand islands that made the Philippine archipelago. The Philippine-American War followed by United States occupation, with the massive domestic support on the ideals of Manifest Destiny, introduced the notion of distinct racial ethnicities and cemented the birth of one national Philippine identity. The exploration on the Philippine American War and United States occupation resulted in distinguishing the three different analyses of identity each influenced by events from 1898 to 1914: 1) The identity of Filipinos through the eyes of U.S., an orientalist study of the “us” versus “them” heavily influenced by U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Funston, Frederick.Pdf
    U.S. Army Military History Institute Biographies 950 Soldiers Drive Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5021 16 Dec 2011 FREDERICK FUNSTON A Working Bibliography of MHI Sources Army and Navy Journal (24 Feb 1917): p. 818. Per. Obituary tribute. Bain, David H. Sitting in Darkness: Americans in the Philippines. Boston: Hougton Mifflin, 1984. 464 p. DS679.B34. Author's personal odyssey--geographically and historically-- on Funston's 1901 capture of Aquinaldo. Barker, Stockbridge H. "Funston's Folly." Army (Feb 1964): pp. 73-80. Per. Capture of Aguinaldo, 1901. Brown, W.C. "Incidents in Aguinaldo's Capture." Infantry Journal (Jun 1925): p. 627-632. Per. Crouch, Thomas W. “The Making of a Soldier: The Career of Frederick Funston, 1865-1902.” PhD dss, TX, 1969. 637 p. E664.F86.C76. Extensive bibliography, pp. 624-637. _____. A Yankee Guerrillero: Frederick Funston and the Cuban Insurrection, 1896-1897. Memphis, TN: Memphis State, 1975. 165 p. F1786.F86.C76. Cullum, George W. Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy… Boston: Houghton, 1891-1950. U410.H53. Vol. 7, pp. 2077-78; Vol. 8, p. 728; Vol. 9, p. 556. Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. IV. NY: Scribner's, 1931. pp. 73-75. E176.D564. Funston, Frederick. Papers (on microfilm). 3 reels. Borrowed from daughter and microfilmed by KS State Historical Society, 1955. E664.F86.F86Microfilm. Funston, Frederick. Memories of Two Wars: Cuban and Philippine Experiences. Lincoln, NE: U NE, 2009 reprint of 1911 edition. 451 p. DS683.K2.20th.Inf.F85. _____. Report of Brigadier General Frederick Funston, United States Army on the Department of Luzon Field Inspection, 1912.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Topographic Branch (Division)
    History of the Topographic Branch (Division) Circular 1341 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Rodman holding stadia rod for topographer George S. Druhot near Job, W. Va., 1921. 2 Report Title John F. Steward, a member of the Powell Survey, in Glen Canyon, Colorado River. Shown with field equipment including gun, pick, map case, and canteen. Kane County, Utah, 1872. Photographs We have included these photographs as a separate section to illustrate some of the ideas and provide portraits of some of the people discussed. These photographs were not a part of the original document and are not the complete set that would be required to appropriately rep- resent the manuscript; rather, they are a sample of those available from the time period and history discussed. Figure 1. The Aneroid barometer was used to measure differences in elevation. It was more convenient than the mercurial or Figure 2. The Odometer was used to measure distance traveled by counting the cistern barometer but less reliable. revolutions of a wheel (1871). Figure 3. The Berger theodolite was a precision instrument used Figure 4. Clarence King, the first Director of the U.S. Geological for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Manufactured by Survey (1879–81). C.L. Berger & Sons, Boston (circa 1901). Figure 6. A U.S. Geological Survey pack train carries men and equipment up a steep slope while mapping the Mount Goddard, California, Quadrangle (circa 1907). Figure 5. John Wesley Powell, the second Director of the U.S. Geological Survey (1881–94). Figure 8. Copper plate engraving of topographic maps provided a permanent record.
    [Show full text]
  • POINTS of SCENIC INTEREST Been the Headquarters for American M Ilitary Commands Defending the Territory W Est of the Rocky Mountains S I Nce 1857
    T hroughout the Presidio are marke r s indicating points of histori­ cal interest, such as the one l ocating the Old Indian B urial Ground~, situat ed in front of Buildi ng 103 on Montgomery Street, and another a t the j unction of Ruger Street and Lincoln Boulevard near the Lombard Street entrance, which reads , "On the hillside south of this point and in the area i mmediately t o the north was loc.ated Camp M e rriam. The 1st and 7th California, 5 lst Iowa, 1st Idaho, 20th Kansas , 1st New York and 1s t South Dakot a Volunteer Regiments of Infantry and other unit s which partic ipated in the war w ith Spain were quartered in this camp. 11 Standing on the high hills of the Presidio, one gets a spectacular OF SAN view in every direction. T o the southeast, one can look down on the City of San Francisco; t o the west, the flag flying above F ort Miley ca:i be s een, and beyond, the Pacifi c Ocean with 'the Farallo n Islands fa r Ul the distance; t o the nor thwest across the Golden Gate are F o rt Barry a....! F ort Cronkhite, where batte ries of fast-firing missiles a r e pois ed and ready to repel a sudde n a ir attack by an en e my. To the north is F ort Baker, h o m e of the 6th Region, U. S. Army Air Defens e Command; to t he northeast across the bay is Angel Island; slightly t o the east of ~I I s land is Alcatr a z I sland, formerly a U.
    [Show full text]
  • Views Expressed in This Work Are Those of the Author and Do Not Reflect the Official
    “With A Little Help From Our Friends:”1 The Development of Combat Intelligence in the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-1918 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James L. Doty III, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. John F. Guilmartin, Advisor Dr. Nathan Rosenstein Dr. Stephanie J. Smith 1 The title is inspired by the Beatles song, “With a Little Help From My Friends,” Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, 1967. Copyright by James L. Doty III 2010 Disclaimer The views expressed in this work are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Abstract The United States Army, like its counterparts in Europe, especially the United Kingdom, struggled to achieve recognition as a profession during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Army developed educational institutions, improved standards of conduct, and further developed specialized knowledge in areas such as intelligence. US army officers and military officials sponsored these changes knowing and sometimes adapting from similar developments in other armies. When the First World War started in 1914, the American army was close to par with the British army in its development of intelligence as a specialized field and body of military knowledge. By 1917, Britain and the other belligerents had tremendously advanced their intelligence practices as part of the broader development of warfighting techniques through three years of warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • 215231171.Pdf
    THE PROFESSIONAL CAREER OF FREDERICK FUNSTON; FROM THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO TO THE EVACUATION OF VERA CRUZ By GARY WAYNE HULL Bachelor of Science" Peru State College Peru, Nebraska 1959 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of Oklahoma State University . in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF. ARTS August, 1961 OKLAHUiV•;-,. STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OCT 10 1961 ·- I ........ ~.. THE PROFESSIONAL CAREER OF FREDERICK FUNSTON FROM THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO TO THE EVACUATION OF VERA CRUZ Thesis Approved: C2£Ul-:vrl~ 47239.1 ].]. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION • ··• ·:• ·• ·-• -• ·• ·• ·• o ··• ,• -,• ··• ·• .,e ·• ,o "e ,e 1 II. THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO ••• '6 ..... "• ··• •• - •.• ··• -· •• • .• 12 III. THE STORM BREAKS IN WASHINGTON . • • • .• • ,. • • • , • 31 IV, ON TO VERA CRUZ . .. -· ... -• . .. .. .,. .. ,, ·• . .. ··• .. ,, 45 CONCLUSION • . • ·•o :.. ·• .. , t O ., ,:, ·~ cO 'O , 0 ,.. ·t ·t ·I!. ·O , 0 ·O, 'O -• ·o 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY . -• -· ·• ,.. .. -·• ·• ·• . ,.. .... .,. ,.. ..• .. -·• ... ·• ... .. ·• 76 iv PREFACE This study is an examination of the professional career of Frederick Funston from 1901, when he-was commissioned a brigadier.general in the regular -army, to 1914, when the American occupation forces under-his com­ mand withdrew from Vera Cruz, Mexico. Little -attention is given to the subject's personal life with the-exception of the-introduction and certain anecdotes in the -subsequent chapters which the author-considers relevant to the ·central theme. The emphasis is -on Funston's conduct as an army officer. Funston was a popular .figure, especially among westerners; perhaps his unorthodox and exciting feats were in th<;, true frontier spirit. Yet, at this time, the United States was experiencing a transition from an isolationist, provincial nation to a world power with far-flung commit­ ments and obligations.
    [Show full text]
  • General Douglas Macarthur
    Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects History Department Spring 4-2015 Defying the United States: General Douglas MacArthur Luke G. Mueller Illinois Wesleyan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj Part of the Military History Commons, Other American Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Mueller, Luke G., "Defying the United States: General Douglas MacArthur" (2015). Honors Projects. 52. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj/52 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Defying the United States—General Douglas MacArthur By: Luke Mueller Honors Research Project April 24, 2015 1 General Douglas MacArthur has long been consiDereD one of the premiere military generals in UniteD States history. Although recent scholarship has scrutinized his failures1, he has maintaineD a renowned reputation. His father, General Arthur MacArthur, famously tolD him, “There are times when a truly remarkable solDier must resort to unorthodox behavior, disobeying his superiors to gain the greater glory.”2 Consequently, Douglas MacArthur establisheD his reputation by disobeying direct orders.
    [Show full text]
  • Mlcrisilms International 300 N
    INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the Him is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the Him inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been Hlmed, you will Hnd a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a deHnite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin Hlming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the Hrst row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Pershing, John Joseph (13 Sept. 1860-15 July 1948), Commander of The
    Pershing, John Joseph (13 Sept. 1860-15 July 1948), commander of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I, was born at Laclede, Missouri, the son of John Frederick Pershing, a storekeeper and railroad worker, and Anne Elizabeth Thompson. After attending the Missouri State Normal School in Kirksville, Pershing became a schoolteacher, but a newspaper notice enticed him to apply for admission to the U.S. Military Academy, which he entered in 1882. Pershing struggled with the first year's curriculum, but he ranked high in "military art" from the start. In his last year he was selected first captain of the Corps of Cadets--an honor reserved to the one most respected by both faculty and peers. High standing overall (thirtieth of seventy- seven in the graduating class of 1886) won him assignment to the cavalry, and he joined the Sixth Regiment in New Mexico. Pershing's regiment helped assemble scattered tribes, established heliograph stations between frontier forts, made maps, and played chasing games (cavalry maneuvers) across stretches of desert. Appointment as professor of military science and tactics at the University of Nebraska took Pershing in September 1891 to Lincoln where he also taught math, pursued a law degree, and won national drill team honors. Among his students were Willa Cather and Dorothy Canfield (Dorothy Canfield Fisher), and his circle of friends included Roscoe Pound, Charles Dawes, and William Jennings Bryan. Four successful years in Lincoln polished Pershing's manners and opened his mind. Reluctant to leave, he rejoined the cavalry. Hard campaigning and the roughness of the frontier made Pershing a tough and seasoned soldier.
    [Show full text]
  • Masculinity, Race, and the Memory of Frederick Funston by © 2019 Jonathan P
    Imperial Entrepreneur: Masculinity, Race, and the Memory of Frederick Funston By © 2019 Jonathan P. Wells PhD., University of Kansas, 2019 M.A., University of Tulsa, 2007 B.A., University of Tulsa, 2005 Submitted to the graduate degree program in History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chair: Dr. Sheyda Jahanbani Dr. Robert Schwaller Dr. Sara Gregg Dr. Nicholas Syrett Dr. Laura Mielke Date Defended: 14 May 2019 ii The dissertation committee for Scholar Wells certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Imperial Entrepreneur: Masculinity, Race, and the Memory of Frederick Funston Co-Chair: Dr. Sheyda Jahanbani Co-Chair: Dr. Robert Schwaller Date Approved: 14 May 2019 iii Abstract This work examines Major General Frederick Funston’s life and subsequent memory. It seeks to answer two questions: first, how and why individuals/media makers constructed various identities of Funston during his life? Secondly, this work seeks to answer how and why individuals harnessed these identities after Funston’s death to support various causes? I argue that Frederick Funston became part of a larger narrative about imperialism, and that the conflict between imperialists and anti-imperialists formed the basis for two competing memories of Funston over the next century. Funston started his career as an explorer and used the local newspapers to gain acceptance for his chosen profession. Funston became an entrepreneur of imperialism. He promoted the idea of expansionism and with it he sold himself and his story. His early writings reflect the use of racial and gendered language to pit the “civilized” against the “savage.” Funston used the language of white civilized manhood to demonstrate his superiority over “other” non-white groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Defender of the Gate: the Presidio of San
    DRAFT VERSION DEFENDER OF THE GATE Presidio of San Francisco, ca. 1900-1904 Image source, U.S Army Military History Institute THE PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO A History from 1846 to 1995 by Erwin N. Thompson Historic Resource Study Golden Gate National Recreation Area National Park Service Note: This is a preprint version without photos or maps of a Historic Resource Study of the same title printed by the National Parks Service, Denver Service Center, July, 1997 (NPS-330). This volume is not otherwise available to the general public. CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: SAN FRANCISCO BAY 1842-1849 ..................................................................................13 A. American Occupation ......................................................................................................13 B. John Charles Fremont ......................................................................................................15 C. Military Government....................................................................................................... 17 D. Yerba Buena .....................................................................................................................18 E. New York Volunteers .......................................................................................................20 F. The Regular Army and the Presidio ................................................................................29 CHAPTER II: THE PRESIDIO, GROWING PAINS................................................................................31
    [Show full text]