ICAO Action Plan on CO2 Emission Reduction of Switzerland
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ICAO Action Plan on CO 2 Emission Reduction of Switzerland August 2018 Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) ICAO Action Plan on CO 2 Emission Reduction of Switzerland Federal Office of Civil Aviation FOCA Division Aviation Policy and Strategy CH-3003 Bern Principal Contacts Alice Suri Urs Ziegler Scientific Advisor Head of Environment T +41 (0)58 465 09 22 T +41 (0)58 465 91 10 [email protected] [email protected] FOCA August 2018 ©Photo FOCA 2009 2 ICAO Action Plan on CO 2 Emission Reduction of Switzerland Table of Contents I Introduction 5 II Current State of Aviation in Switzerland 7 2.1 Legal basis 7 2.2 Aviation Policy in Switzerland 8 2.3 Sustainability 9 2.4 Structure of the Civil Aviation Sector 11 2.5 Swiss Aircraft Register 13 2.6 Operations 13 2.7 Traffic Performance 17 III Historical Emissions and Prognoses 21 3.1 Historical Emissions 21 3.2 Forecast 23 IV ECAC Baseline Scenario and estimated Benefits of implemented Measures 25 4.1 ECAC Baseline Scenario 25 4.2 ECAC Scenario with Implemented Measures, Estimated Benefits of Measures 29 V Actions taken collectively throughout Europe 33 5.1 Aircraft related technology development 33 5.2 Alternative Fuels 35 5.3 Improved Air Traffic Management and Infrastructure Use 38 5.4 Economic / Market-Based Measures 48 5.5 EU Initiatives in third countries 52 5.6 Support to Voluntary Actions: 53 VI National Measures 57 6.1 Aircraft related technology development 57 6.2 Alternative Fuels 57 6.3 Improved Air Traffic Management and Infrastructure Use 58 6.4 More efficient operators 59 6.5 Economic / Market-Based Measures 61 6.6 Regulatory Measures / Other 61 6.7 Airport Improvements 62 6.8 Other 63 VII Conclusion 65 VIII Appendix 67 A References 67 B Table of Figures 69 C Detailed Results for ECAC Scenarios from Section 4.2 70 D List of Abbreviations 73 3 ICAO Action Plan on CO 2 Emission Reduction of Switzerland 4 ICAO Action Plan on CO 2 Emission Reduction of Switzerland I Introduction a) Switzerland is a member of the European free trade association EFTA and of the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC). ECAC is an intergovernmental organisation covering the widest grouping of Member States 1 of any European organisation dealing with civil aviation. It is currently composed of 44 Member States, and was created in 1955. b) ECAC States share the view that environmental concerns represent a potential constraint on the future development of the international aviation sector. Together they fully support ICAO’s on-going efforts to address the full range of these concerns, including the key strategic chal- lenge posed by climate change, for the sustainable development of international air transport. c) Switzerland like all of ECAC’s forty-four States, is fully committed to and involved in the fight against climate change and works towards a resource-efficient, competitive and sustainable multimodal transport system. d) Switzerland recognises the value of each State preparing and submitting to ICAO an updated State Action Plan on emissions reductions, as an important step towards the achievement of the global collective goals agreed at the 38th Session of the ICAO Assembly in 2013. e) In that context, it is the intention that all ECAC States submit to ICAO an Action Plan 2. This is the Action Plan of Switzerland. f) Switzerland shares the view of all ECAC States that a comprehensive approach to reducing aviation CO 2 emissions is necessary, and that this should include: i. emission reductions at source, including European support to CAEP work in this matter (standard setting process), ii. research and development on emission reductions technologies, including public- private partnerships, iii. development and deployment of low-carbon, sustainable alternative fuels, including research and operational initiatives undertaken jointly with stakeholders, iv. improvement and optimisation of Air Traffic Management and infrastructure use with- in Europe, in particular through the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR), and also beyond European borders, through the Atlantic Initiative for the Reduction of Emissions (AIRE) in cooperation with the US FAA, and v. Market Based Measures, which allow the sector to continue to grow in a sustainable and efficient manner, recognizing that the measures at (i) to (iv) above cannot, even in aggregate, deliver in time the emissions reductions necessary to meet the global goals. This sustainable growth becomes possible through the purchase of carbon units that foster emission reductions in other sectors of the economy, where abate- ment costs are lower than within the aviation sector. g) In Europe, many of the actions which are undertaken within the framework of this comprehen- sive approach are in practice taken collectively, throughout Europe, most of them led by the European Union. They are reported in Section 1 of this Action Plan, where the involvement of Switzerland is described, as well as that of other stakeholders. h) In Switzerland a number of actions are undertaken at the national level, including those by stakeholders. These national actions are reported in Section 2 of this Plan. 1 Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Den- mark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slove- nia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom . 2 ICAO Assembly Resolution A38-18 also encourages States to submit an annual reporting on international aviation CO 2 emis- sions. Which is a task different in nature and purpose to that of Action Plans, strategic in their nature. For that reason, the re- porting to ICAO on international aviation CO 2 emissions referred to at paragraph 11 of ICAO Resolution A38/18 is not part of this Action Plan. This information will be provided to ICAO separately, as this is already part of the existing routine provision of data by ECAC States. 5 ICAO Action Plan on CO 2 Emission Reduction of Switzerland i) In relation to European actions, it is important to note that: i. The extent of participation will vary from one State to another, reflecting the priorities and circumstances of each State (economic situation, size of its aviation market, historical and institutional context, such as EU/ non EU). The ECAC States are thus involved to different degrees and on different timelines in the delivery of these common actions. When an addi- tional State joins a collective action, including at a later stage, this broadens the effect of the measure, thus increasing the European contribution to meeting the global goals. ii. Acting together, the ECAC States have undertaken to reduce the region’s emissions through a comprehensive approach. Some of the measures, although implemented by some, but not all of ECAC’s 44 States, nonetheless yield emission reduction benefits across the whole of the region (for example research, ETS). 6 ICAO Action Plan on CO 2 Emission Reduction of Switzerland II Current State of Aviation in Switzerland 2.1 Legal basis The primary aviation legislation of Switzerland is the Federal Aviation Act (LCA.SR 748.0) 3, promul- gated by the National Assembly in 1948. The Federal Aviation Act, which has been updated several times, contains general rules which are the basic laws applicable to civil aviation. The last amendment to the Federal Aviation Act came into force on 1th January 2018. On the basis of the Act regulations are implemented in different domains such as infrastructure, airworthiness, air traffic regulations, op- erating rules, air transport and many more. A detailed analysis of the primary aviation legislation was published in December 2010 in the final report on the safety oversight audit of the civil aviation system of Switzerland, ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme 4. Recognizing the integrated character of international civil aviation and desiring that intra-European air transport be harmonized, Switzerland ratified the Convention on International Civil Aviation on 6 Feb- ruary 1947 and at the European level an Agreement with the European Community on 21 June 1999 (Ref. 0.748.127.192.68) setting out rules for the Contracting Parties in the field of civil aviation. In order to fully harmonize the legal system of Switzerland and the EU, the Agreement contains an Annex with all European Community legislation regarding civil aviation to be fully applicable in Switzer- land. Since 1 th December 2006 Switzerland participates in the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Switzerland’s active role within the EASA system ensures recognition of the Swiss civil aviation sector in the European market. Switzerland has the same rights and obligations as other EASA member states, with the exception of the right to vote in the management board of EASA. Through the bilateral agreement on air transport between Switzerland and the European Union, Switzerland adopts current and future EU legislation on civil aviation safety 5. ©FOCA Figure 2.1.1 Organisation chart FOCA 3 Federal Aviation Act (SR 748.0) 2018: Bundesgesetz vom 21. Dezember 1948 über die Luftfahrt 4 ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme ICAOUSOAP 2010: Final Report 5 FOCA website 2018: EASA 7 ICAO Action Plan on CO 2 Emission Reduction of Switzerland The Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) is responsible for monitoring the status and development of civil aviation in Switzerland. It is responsible for ensuring that civil aviation in Switzerland has a high safety standard and one that it is in keeping with sustainable development. The FOCA aims to ensure the safe, best possible and environmentally friendly use of the infrastructure, which includes airspace, air traffic control and aerodromes.