Improving Habitat and Connectivity Model Predictions with Multi-Scale Resource Selection Functions from Two Geographic Areas
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Landscape Connectivity Science and Practice: Ways Forward for Large Ranging Species and Their Landscapes
LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE: WAYS FORWARD FOR LARGE RANGING SPECIES AND THEIR LANDSCAPES 1 Acknowledgements: This report was developed following the Landscape Connectivity Workshop held at and hosted by WWF India, Delhi in May 2018. We are grateful to the following people who provided valuable input, facilitation and compilation of notes throughout and following the workshop: Hamsini Bijlani, Dipankar Ghose (WWF India), Nilanga Jayasinghe (WWF US), Nitin Seker (WWF India), Indira Akoijam (WWF India), Thu Ba Huynh (WWF Tigers Alive). Suggested citation: WWF Tigers Alive (2020). Landscape Connectivity Science and Practice: Ways forward for large ranging species and their landscapes. Workshop Report, WWF Tigers Alive, WWF International. Workshop report editors: Ashley Brooks (WWF Tigers Alive), Hamsini Bijlani. Case study report researcher and author: Kyle Lukas Report prepared by: WWF Tigers Alive Published in: 2020 by WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund), Gland, Switzerland. Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit the above- mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. For more information please contact: Ashley Brooks. [email protected] WWF Tigers Alive is an initiative of WWF that supports tiger range countries achieve their commitments under the Global Tiger Recovery Program to double the number of tigers by 2022. WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent conservation organizations, with over 5 million supporters and a global network active in more than 100 countries. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by: conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. -
MS-LS2-1 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics
MS-LS2-1 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics Students who demonstrate understanding can: MS-LS2-1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on cause and effect relationships between resources and growth of individual organisms and the numbers of organisms in ecosystems during periods of abundant and scarce resources.] The performance expectation above was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts Practices LS2.A: Interdependent Relationships Cause and Effect in Ecosystems Analyzing and Interpreting Data Cause and effect relationships Analyzing data in 6–8 builds on K–5 Organisms, and populations of may be used to predict experiences and progresses to organisms, are dependent on their phenomena in natural or designed extending quantitative analysis to environmental interactions both with systems. other living things and with nonliving investigations, distinguishing between correlation and causation, and basic factors. statistical techniques of data and error In any ecosystem, organisms and analysis. populations with similar requirements Analyze and interpret data to for food, water, oxygen, or other provide evidence for phenomena. resources may compete with each other for limited resources, access to which consequently constrains their growth and reproduction. Growth of organisms and population increases are limited by access to resources. Observable features of the student performance by the end of the course: 1 Organizing data a Students organize the given data (e.g., using tables, graphs, and charts) to allow for analysis and interpretation of relationships between resource availability and organisms in an ecosystem, including: i. -
Guidelines for Wildlife and Traffic in the Carpathians
Wildlife and Traffic in the Carpathians Guidelines how to minimize the impact of transport infrastructure development on nature in the Carpathian countries Wildlife and Traffic in the Carpathians Guidelines how to minimize the impact of transport infrastructure development on nature in the Carpathian countries Part of Output 3.2 Planning Toolkit TRANSGREEN Project “Integrated Transport and Green Infrastructure Planning in the Danube-Carpathian Region for the Benefit of People and Nature” Danube Transnational Programme, DTP1-187-3.1 April 2019 Project co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) www.interreg-danube.eu/transgreen Authors Václav Hlaváč (Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Member of the Carpathian Convention Work- ing Group for Sustainable Transport, co-author of “COST 341 Habitat Fragmentation due to Trans- portation Infrastructure, Wildlife and Traffic, A European Handbook for Identifying Conflicts and Designing Solutions” and “On the permeability of roads for wildlife: a handbook, 2002”) Petr Anděl (Consultant, EVERNIA s.r.o. Liberec, Czech Republic, co-author of “On the permeability of roads for wildlife: a handbook, 2002”) Jitka Matoušová (Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic) Ivo Dostál (Transport Research Centre, Czech Republic) Martin Strnad (Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, specialist in ecological connectivity) Contributors Andriy-Taras Bashta (Biologist, Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, National Academy of Science in Ukraine) Katarína Gáliková (National -
For-75: an Ecosystem Approach to Natural Resources Management
FOR-75 An Ecosystems Approach to Natural Resources Management Thomas G. Barnes, Extension Wildlife Specialist ur nation—and especially Kentucky—has an The glade cress Oabundance of renewable natural resources, including timber, wildlife, and water. These re- sources have allowed us to build a strong nation and economy, creating one of the highest stan- dards of living in the world. As our nation grew and prospered during the past 200 years, we ex- tracted those natural resources through agricul- ture, forestry, mining, urban or industrial expansion, and other developments. Ultimately, we affected the amount of wild lands that native plants and animals need for survival. In the past, natural resources agencies have ral- The glade cress grows in Jefferson and Bullitt counties lied public support for declining wildlife popula- and nowhere else in the world. tions. In the 1930s, Congress passed the Federal Aid to Wildlife Resto- Table 1. Selected Ecosystem Declines in the ration Act, also called including the bald eagle, brown pelican, peregrine United States the Pittman-Robertson falcon, and American alligator, have recovered % Decline (loss) or Act, and state wildlife from the brink of extinction. However, numerous Ecosystem or Community Degradation agencies received fund- other species and unique habitats are declining, Pacific Northwest Old Growth Forest 90 ing to restore numerous and the list of endangered and threatened organ- Northeastern Pine Barrens 48 wildlife species that isms continues to grow every year. Why are these Tall Grass Prairie 961 were in trouble, includ- additional species in trouble, while other species Palouse Prairie 98 ing white-tailed deer, are increasing their populations and ranges? Where did we go wrong? Why, almost immedi- Blackbelt Prairies 98 wild turkeys, wood ducks, elk, and prong- ately after passage of the Endangered Species Act, Midwestern Oak Savanna 981 horn antelope. -
Green Infrastructure Design for Transport Projects: a Road Map To
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN FOR TRANSPORT PROJECTS A ROAD MAP TO PROTECTING ASIA’S WILDLIFE BIODIVERSITY DECEMBER 2019 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN FOR TRANSPORT PROJECTS A ROAD MAP TO PROTECTING ASIA’S WILDLIFE BIODIVERSITY DECEMBER 2019 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2019 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2019. ISBN 978-92-9261-991-6 (print), 978-92-9261-992-3 (electronic) Publication Stock No. TCS189222 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS189222 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. -
How Should We Measure Landscape Connectivity?
Landscape Ecology 15: 633–641, 2000. 633 © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. How should we measure landscape connectivity? Lutz Tischendorf∗ & Lenore Fahrig Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Canada K1S 5B6 (∗Current address: Busestrasse 76, 28213 Bremen, Germany; E-mail: [email protected]) Received 9 April 1999; Revised 27 December 1999; Accepted 7 February 2000 Abstract The methods for measuring landscape connectivity have never been compared or tested for their responses to habitat fragmentation. We simulated movement, mortality and boundary reactions across a wide range of land- scape structures to analyze the response of landscape connectivity measures to habitat fragmentation. Landscape connectivity was measured as either dispersal success or search time, based on immigration into all habitat patches in the landscape. Both measures indicated higher connectivity in more fragmented landscapes, a potential for problematic conclusions for conservation plans. We introduce cell immigration as a new measure for landscape connectivity. Cell immigration is the rate of immigration into equal-sized habitat cells in the landscape. It includes both within- and between-patch movement, and shows a negative response to habitat fragmentation. This complies with intuition and existing theoretical work. This method for measuring connectivity is highly robust to reductions in sample size (i.e., number of habitat cells included in the estimate), and we hypothesize that it therefore should be amenable to use in empirical studies. The connectivity measures were weakly correlated to each other and are therefore generally not comparable. We also tested immigration into a single patch as an index of connectivity by comparing it to cell immigration over the landscape. -
Ecological Principles for Resource Planners
United States Department of National Biology Handbook Agriculture Subpart B—Conservation Planning Natural Resources Conservation Service Part 610 Ecological Principles for Resource Planners (190-VI-NBH, November 2004) Part 610 Ecological Principles for Resource Planners Contents: 610.00 Ecosystems and landscapes 610–1 610.01 Ecosystem processes 610–2 (a) Energy flow ............................................................................................... 610–2 (b) Water and nutrient cycles ........................................................................ 610–3 610.02 Ecosystem structure and its relation to ecosystem function 610–6 610.03 Ecosystem changes and disturbance 610–7 (a) Stability in ecosystems ............................................................................. 610–7 610.04 Biological diversity 610–8 (a) Hierarchy of diversity ............................................................................... 610–8 (b) Species interactions ............................................................................... 610–10 610.05 Applying ecological principles to habitat conservation, 610–11 restoration, and management (a) Area of management actions ................................................................. 610–11 (b) Edge effects ............................................................................................. 610–11 (c) Disturbance effects................................................................................. 610–11 (d) Isolation and distance effects ............................................................... -
Biodiversity Glossary
BIODIVERSITY GLOSSARY Biodiversity Glossary1 Access and benefit-sharing One of the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, as set out in its Article 1, is the “fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appro- priate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”. The CBD also has several articles (especially Article 15) regarding international aspects of access to genetic resources. Alien species A species occurring in an area outside of its historically known natural range as a result of intentional or accidental dispersal by human activities (also known as an exotic or introduced species). Biodiversity Biodiversity—short for biological diversity—means the diversity of life in all its forms—the diversity of species, of genetic variations within one species, and of ecosystems. The importance of biological diversity to human society is hard to overstate. An estimated 40 per cent of the global economy is based on biologi- cal products and processes. Poor people, especially those living in areas of low agricultural productivity, depend especially heavily on the genetic diversity of the environment. Biodiversity loss From the time when humans first occupied Earth and began to hunt animals, gather food and chop wood, they have had an impact on biodiversity. Over the last two centuries, human population growth, overex- ploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation have resulted in an ever accelerating decline in global biodiversity. Species are diminishing in numbers and becoming extinct, and ecosystems are suf- fering damage and disappearing. -
Landscape Connectivity Planning for Adaptation to Future Climate and Land-Use Change
Current Landscape Ecology Reports https://doi.org/10.1007/s40823-019-0035-2 LANDSCAPE CHANGE - CAUSES AND EFFECTS (C SIRAMI, SECTION EDITOR) Landscape Connectivity Planning for Adaptation to Future Climate and Land-Use Change Jennifer K. Costanza1 & Adam J. Terando2 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Abstract Purpose of Review We examined recent literature on promoting habitat connectivity in the context of climate change (CC) and land-use change (LUC). These two global change forcings have wide-reaching ecological effects that are projected to worsen in the future. Improving connectivity is a common adaptation strategy, but CC and LUC can also degrade planned connections, potentially reducing their effectiveness. We synthesize advances in connectivity design approaches, identify challenges confronted by researchers and practitioners, and offer suggestions for future research. Recent Findings Recent studies incorporated future CC into connectivity design more often than LUC and rarely considered the two drivers jointly. When considering CC, most studies have focused on relatively broad spatial and temporal extents and have included either species-based targets or coarse-filter targets like geodiversity and climate gradients. High levels of uncertainty about future LUC and lack of consistent, readily available model simulations are likely hindering its inclusion in connectivity modeling. This high degree of uncertainty extends to efforts to jointly consider future CC and LUC. Summary We argue that successful promotion of connectivity as a means to adapt to CC and LUC will depend on (1) the velocity of CC, (2) the velocity of LUC, and (3) the degree of existing landscape fragmentation. We present a new conceptual framework to assist in identifying connectivity networks given these three factors. -
Biological-Physical Interactions in The
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION—BIOLOGICAL–PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS IN THE SEA: EMERGENT FINDINGS AND NEW DIRECTIONS JAMES J. MCCARTHY AND ALLAN R. ROBINSON Harvard University BRIAN J. ROTHSCHILD University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Contents 1. Status and Progress in the Study of Interactive Dynamics 2. Overview of the Book 3. Concluding Remarks References 1. Status and Progress in the Study of Interactive Dynamics The stage is now set for dramatic progress toward a more complete understand- ing of the interactive dynamics among the physical processes that influence biogeo- chemical cycles and population dynamics and the attendant feedbacks in these sys- tems. The 1990s were a period of significant progress toward these goals. Substantial research accomplishments helped to reveal causes of variabilities in the abundances of organisms and their rates of production. Questions rooted primarily in the bio- logical and physical aspects of these interactions were refined, and new observing capabilities employing instrumentation, moorings, and satellite sensing systems were implemented. In the context of climate and global change, some research foci of the past decade were designed to better quantify baseline conditions, as in the case of the carbon cycle. Some intensive field campaigns were sited in regions for which time scales of biological processes from seasonal to multiannual are clearly influenced by physical processes. Some of these campaigns were directed toward regions of the ocean where neither light nor major nutrients seem to limit production, such as the equatorial The Sea, Volume 12, edited by Allan R. Robinson, James J. McCarthy, and Brian J. Rothschild ISBN 0-471-18901-4 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1 2 JAMES J. -
Landscape Connectivity Approach in Oceanic Islands by Urban Ecological Island Network Systems with the Case Study of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos (Ecuador)
Current Urban Studies, 2018, 6, 573-610 http://www.scirp.org/journal/cus ISSN Online: 2328-4919 ISSN Print: 2328-4900 Landscape Connectivity Approach in Oceanic Islands by Urban Ecological Island Network Systems with the Case Study of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos (Ecuador) Verónica Lorena Andrade Sierra, Xuan Feng* Architecture Department, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China How to cite this paper: Sierra, V. L. A., & Abstract Feng, X. (2018). Landscape Connectivity Approach in Oceanic Islands by Urban The oceanic islands are well known for their high biodiversity where the dy- Ecological Island Network Systems with the namic integration of the ecosystems inside the populated islands is such as a Case Study of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos living laboratory of ecological and social relations of interdependence. Ocea- (Ecuador). Current Urban Studies, 6, 573-610. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2018.64031 nic islands are experimenting significant pressure on their ecosystems. Habi- tat fragmentation produces poor spatial connectivity between protected areas Received: November 23, 2018 and human settlements. The essence of the research approach is to develop a Accepted: December 24, 2018 new framework of Oceanic Island Network System based on urban ecological Published: December 27, 2018 networks in dealing with island connectivity issues space. This new urban Copyright © 2018 by authors and ecological planning tool can help to generate an integrator balance by a phys- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. ical linkage system in a socio-ecosystem island. Facilitating the territorial or- This work is licensed under the Creative dering based on the spatial and functional relations between ecological func- Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). -
Nutrition Resource Guide Fr
Early Childhood Nutrition Resource Guide June 1998 National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health EARLY CHILDHOOD NUTRITION RESOURCE GUIDE JUNE 1998 NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION IN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH ARLINGTON,VA Cite as Clark M, Holt K, Sofka D, eds. 1998. Early Childhood Nutrition Resource Guide. Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health. Early Childhood Nutrition Resource Guide is not copyrighted. Readers are free to duplicate and use all or part of the information contained in this publication. In accordance with accepted publishing standards, the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health (NCEMCH) requests acknowledgment, in print, of any information reproduced in another publication. The mission of the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health is to provide national lead- ership to the maternal and child health community in three key areas—program development, policy analysis and education, and state-of-the-art knowledge—to improve the health and well-being of the nation’s children and families. The Center’s multidisciplinary staff work with a broad range of public and private agencies and organizations to develop and improve programs in response to current needs in maternal and child health, address critical and emergent public policy issues in maternal and child health, and produce and provide access to a rich variety of policy and programmatic information. Established in 1982 at Georgetown University, NCEMCH is part of the Georgetown Public Policy Institute. NCEMCH is funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau.