DOCSLIB.ORG

Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems Decision Regulation Impact Statement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems Decision Regulation Impact Statement SAFETY ASSURANCE FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING SYSTEMS DECISION REGULATION IMPACT STATEMENT November 2018 Council of Australian Governments Regulation Impact Statement Report outline Title Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems: Decision Regulation Impact Statement Type of report Council of Australian Governments Decision Regulation Impact Statement Purpose The purpose of this decision Regulation Impact Statement is to analyse options for the safety assurance of automated driving systems. This analysis is intended to inform a Transport and Infrastructure Council decision on a safety assurance approach. Abstract This decision RIS uses a multi-criteria analysis to assess options for the safety assurance of automated driving systems (ADSs). The baseline option (option 1) does not develop a new safety assurance system. The reform options (2, 3 and 4) all introduce safety assurance systems based on mandatory self-certification by automated driving system entities. These options have increasing levels of government oversight. Following consultation on the options we recommend an approach that incorporates self-certification against safety criteria for ADSs into Australian Design Rules (option 2) to manage safety at first supply. We recommend further work to consider the most appropriate way to manage the safety of ADSs while they are in- service. This work will consider safety duties and the parties they should apply to, and the institutional arrangements that should govern the in-service framework. Key words automated driving systems, automated driving system entities, automated vehicles, cost-benefit analysis, multi-criteria analysis, primary safety duty, regulation impact statement, safety assurance system, Statement of Compliance, compliance and enforcement Contact National Transport Commission Level 3/600 Bourke Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Ph: (03) 9236 5000 Email: [email protected] www.ntc.gov.au ii Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems: Decision Regulation Impact Statement November 2018 Council of Australian Governments Regulation Impact Statement Foreword Australian transport and infrastructure ministers have recognised that automated vehicles offer the possibility of fundamentally changing how transport is provided and unlocking a range of safety, productivity, environmental and mobility benefits. The National Transport Commission is working with state, territory and the Commonwealth governments on a program of regulatory reform to ensure the Australian community can gain the potential benefits of automated vehicles. Our aim is to develop a flexible and responsive regulatory environment for the commercial deployment of automated vehicles that supports both safety and innovation. This decision Regulation Impact Statement delivers a key aspect of this reform agenda. Ministers have agreed to a mandatory self-certification approach to safety to provide assurance to the community and government that companies developing automated driving technology are managing safety risks appropriately. This approach also allows for ongoing innovation by enabling different business models and mixes of technology to be brought to Australia. The development of a safety assurance system based on mandatory self-certification is a significant step in preparing Australia for the commercial deployment of automated vehicles. It will give the Australian public and manufacturers clarity, certainty and consistency, and ensure Australia is able to align with developments in the international regulatory landscape. I would like to acknowledge the valuable input provided by stakeholders in informing this decision Regulation Impact Statement. I encourage government, industry and the wider community to continue to work with us on the next steps in our automated vehicle regulatory reform agenda to ensure Australians can gain the benefits of this technology. Carolyn Walsh Chair and Commissioner iii Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems: Decision Regulation Impact Statement November 2018 Council of Australian Governments Regulation Impact Statement Contents Report outline ii Foreword iii Contents iv Executive summary 1 1 Context 5 1.1 Introduction – what are automated vehicles? 5 1.2 Background 6 1.2.1 Road crashes in Australia 6 1.2.2 Benefits and risks of automated vehicles 6 1.2.3 Regulatory environment 8 1.2.4 National reform program for automated vehicles 8 1.2.5 Safety assurance for automated driving systems 11 1.2.6 International developments 14 1.3 About this decision Regulation Impact Statement 15 1.3.1 Scope 15 1.3.2 Structure 16 1.4 Key terms and concepts 16 2 Problem statement and need for government intervention 18 2.1 The problem 18 2.2 Stakeholder feedback on the problem 19 2.3 NTC response 20 2.4 ADSs may fail to deliver improved road safety outcomes 22 2.4.1 Existing mechanisms to manage safety risks are not fit for purpose 22 2.4.2 Evidence of automated vehicle safety risks that may not be addressed under the existing framework 23 2.5 Lack of consumer confidence in ADS safety may reduce or delay their uptake 24 2.5.1 Evidence that a lack of consumer confidence in ADS safety may reduce or delay their uptake 24 2.6 ADSEs may face inconsistent and/or uncertain regulation to supply ADSs in the Australian market 25 2.6.1 Evidence of inconsistent and/or uncertain regulation to supply ADSs 26 2.7 Need for government intervention 27 2.8 Stakeholder feedback 27 2.9 NTC response 28 3 Options to address the problem 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Stakeholder feedback 30 3.3 NTC response 32 3.3.1 Significant changes in the decision RIS 33 iv Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems: Decision Regulation Impact Statement November 2018 Council of Australian Governments Regulation Impact Statement 3.4 Options 34 3.4.1 Option 1: Baseline approach 36 3.4.2 Option 2: Safety assurance system in existing frameworks 38 3.4.3 Option 3: New safety assurance system 40 3.4.4 Option 4: New safety assurance system + primary safety duty 43 3.5 Further work on institutional arrangements 47 3.6 Alignment with international standards and transition to pre-market approval 48 4 Safety criteria for automated driving systems 49 4.1 Overview 49 4.2 Safety criteria and other obligations for the Statement of Compliance: general feedback 50 4.2.1 Stakeholder feedback 50 4.2.2 NTC response 50 4.3 Principles-based safety criteria: requirements for the Statement of Compliance 51 4.3.1 Safe system design and validation processes 51 4.3.2 Operational design domain 53 4.3.3 Human–machine interface 54 4.3.4 Compliance with relevant road traffic laws 56 4.3.5 Interaction with enforcement and emergency services 57 4.3.6 Minimal risk condition 58 4.3.7 On-road behavioural competency 59 4.3.8 Installation of system upgrades 60 4.3.9 Verifying for the Australian road environment 62 4.3.10 Cybersecurity 63 4.3.11 Education and training 64 4.4 Other obligations on ADSEs: requirements for the Statement of Compliance 66 4.4.1 Data recording and sharing 66 4.4.2 Corporate presence in Australia 69 4.4.3 Minimum financial requirements 70 4.5 First supply and in-service safety compliance 71 4.6 Criteria and other obligations that have not been included 71 4.6.1 Ethical considerations 71 4.6.2 Crashworthiness 72 4.6.3 C-ITS capability 72 4.6.4 Privacy 73 4.7 Provisions that could be captured in legislation 74 4.7.1 Stakeholder feedback 74 4.7.2 NTC response 74 5 Method for assessing the options 76 5.1 Introduction 76 5.2 Stakeholder feedback and NTC response 77 v Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems: Decision Regulation Impact Statement November 2018 Council of Australian Governments Regulation Impact Statement 5.2.1 Choosing the multi-criteria analysis approach 77 5.2.2 Impact categories, assessment criteria and high-level weightings 77 5.2.3 Affected individuals and groups 80 5.2.4 Timeframe for assessment 81 5.2.5 Assessing the options 81 5.3 Multi-criteria analysis approach 81 5.4 Impact categories and assessment criteria 82 5.4.1 High-level weighting of impact categories 83 5.5 Individuals and groups likely to be affected 84 5.6 Timeframe for assessment 85 5.7 Assessing the options 85 5.8 Testing the validity of the outcomes of this assessment 86 6 Assessment of the options 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Assessment of the options – general stakeholder feedback 87 6.3 Road safety impacts 88 6.3.1 Stakeholder feedback 88 6.3.2 NTC response 89 6.3.3 Assessment of options against road safety assessment criteria 90 6.4 Uptake impacts 92 6.4.1 Stakeholder feedback 93 6.4.2 NTC response 93 6.4.3 Assessment of options against uptake assessment criteria 94 6.5 Regulatory costs to industry impacts 95 6.5.1 Stakeholder feedback 95 6.5.2 NTC response 96 6.5.3 Assessment of options against regulatory costs to industry assessment criteria 97 6.5.4 Summary of regulatory costs to industry impact assessment 100 6.6 Regulatory costs to government impacts 101 6.6.1 Stakeholder feedback 102 6.6.2 NTC response 102 6.6.3 Assessment of options against regulatory costs to government assessment criteria 102 6.7 Flexibility and responsiveness impacts 103 6.7.1 Stakeholder feedback 104 6.7.2 NTC’s response to stakeholder feedback 104 6.7.3 Assessment of options against flexibility and responsiveness assessment criteria 105 7 Summary of assessment 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Summary of multi-criteria analysis 107 7.3 Testing the validity of the outcomes of this assessment 109 vi Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems: Decision Regulation Impact Statement November 2018 Council of Australian
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Traffic and Road Sign Recognition
    Traffic and Road Sign Recognition Hasan Fleyeh This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of Napier University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2008 Abstract This thesis presents a system to recognise and classify road and traffic signs for the purpose of developing an inventory of them which could assist the highway engineers’ tasks of updating and maintaining them. It uses images taken by a camera from a moving vehicle. The system is based on three major stages: colour segmentation, recognition, and classification. Four colour segmentation algorithms are developed and tested. They are a shadow and highlight invariant, a dynamic threshold, a modification of de la Escalera’s algorithm and a Fuzzy colour segmentation algorithm. All algorithms are tested using hundreds of images and the shadow-highlight invariant algorithm is eventually chosen as the best performer. This is because it is immune to shadows and highlights. It is also robust as it was tested in different lighting conditions, weather conditions, and times of the day. Approximately 97% successful segmentation rate was achieved using this algorithm. Recognition of traffic signs is carried out using a fuzzy shape recogniser. Based on four shape measures - the rectangularity, triangularity, ellipticity, and octagonality, fuzzy rules were developed to determine the shape of the sign. Among these shape measures octangonality has been introduced in this research. The final decision of the recogniser is based on the combination of both the colour and shape of the sign. The recogniser was tested in a variety of testing conditions giving an overall performance of approximately 88%.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Standard
    AS 1742.8—1990 Australian Standard Manual of uniform traffic control devices Part 8: Freeways This is a free 6 page sample. Access the full version online. This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MS/12, Road Signs and Traffic Signals. It was approved on behalf of the Council of StandardsAustralia on 27 June 1990 and published on 8 October 1990. The following interests are represented on Committee MS/12: ACT Administration Australian Automobile Association Australian Local Government Association Australian Road Research Board Austroads Confederation of Australian Industry Department of Transport and Communications Department of Road Transport, South Australia Local Government Engineers Association of Victoria Main Roads Department, Queensland Railways of Australia Committee Roads & Traffic Authority, New South Wales Transport Commission, Tasmania Vic Roads Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards This is a free 6 page sample. Access the full version online. Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards. Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
    [Show full text]
  • AS 1742.7-2007 Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices
    AS 1742.7—2007 (Incorporating Amendment No. 1) AS 1742.7—2007 Australian Standard® Manual of uniform traffic control devices Part 7: Railway crossings This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version online. This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee MS-012, Road Signs and Traffic Signals. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 19 January 2007. This Standard was published on 20 February 2007. The following are represented on Committee MS-012: • AUSTROADS • Association of Consultants in Access Australia • Australasian Railway Association • Australian Automobile Association • Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry • Department of Infrastructure (Victoria) • Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources (Tasmania) • Independent Transport Safety & Reliability Regulator (NSW) • Main Roads Department, Queensland • Main Roads Western Australia • Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW • Transport SA This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 05314. Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the Committee and through the public comment period. Keeping Standards up-to-date Australian Standards® are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been published since the Standard was published. Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can be found by visiting www.standards.org.au Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities.
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
    oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter­ communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis.
    [Show full text]
  • PMA Polonica Catalog
    PMA Polonica Catalog PLACE OF AUTHOR TITLE PUBLISHER DATE DESCRIPTION CALL NR PUBLICATION Concerns the Soviet-Polish War of Eighteenth Decisive Battle Abernon, De London Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd. 1931 1920, also called the Miracle on the PE.PB-ab of the World-Warsaw 1920 Vistula. Illus., index, maps. Ackermann, And We Are Civilized New York Covici Friede Publ. 1936 Poland in World War I. PE.PB-ac Wolfgang Form letter to Polish-Americans asking for their help in book on Appeal: "To Polish Adamic, Louis New Jersey 1939 immigration author is planning to PE.PP-ad Americans" write. (Filed with PP-ad-1, another work by this author). Questionnaire regarding book Plymouth Rock and Ellis author is planning to write. (Filed Adamic, Louis New Jersey 1939 PE.PP-ad-1 Island with PE.PP-ad, another work by this author). A factual report affecting the lives Adamowski, and security of every citizen of the It Did Happen Here. Chicago unknown 1942 PA.A-ad Benjamin S. U.S. of America. United States in World War II New York Biography of Jan Kostanecki, PE.PC-kost- Adams , Dorothy We Stood Alone Longmans, Green & Co. 1944 Toronto diplomat and economist. ad Addinsell, Piano solo. Arranged from the Warsaw Concerto New York Chappell & Co. Inc. 1942 PE.PG-ad Richard original score by Henry Geehl. Great moments of Kosciuszko's life Ajdukiewicz, Kosciuszko--Hero of Two New York Cosmopolitan Art Company 1945 immortalized in 8 famous paintings PE.PG-aj Zygumunt Worlds by the celebrated Polish artist. Z roznymi ludzmi o roznych polsko- Ciekawe Gawedy Macieja amerykanskich sprawach.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Traffic Management Part 10: Transport Control – Types of Devices
    Guide to Traffic Management Part 10: Transport Control – Types of Devices Sydney 2020 Guide to Traffic Management Part 10: Transport Control – Types of Devices Edition 3.0 prepared by: David Green and Kenneth Lewis Publisher Austroads Ltd. Edition 3.0 project manager: Richard Delplace Level 9, 287 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia Abstract Phone: +61 2 8265 3300 The Austroads Guide to Traffic Management consists of 13 parts and [email protected] provides comprehensive coverage of traffic management guidance for www.austroads.com.au practitioners involved in traffic engineering, road design, town planning and road safety. About Austroads Part 10: Transport Control – Types of Devices is concerned with the tools that Austroads is the peak organisation of Australasian are required for traffic management and traffic control within a network. It road transport and traffic agencies. covers the various control devices used to regulate and guide traffic, including signs, traffic signals, pavement markings, delineators, and traffic islands. Austroads’ purpose is to support our member Other devices and technologies that convey information and guidance to road organisations to deliver an improved Australasian users while they are active in traffic are also included. road transport network. To succeed in this task, we undertake leading-edge road and transport Part 10 provides guidance on the design and use of particular traffic control research which underpins our input to policy devices that are applied to achieve or implement traffic management and development and published guidance on the control measures. It provides advice on the functions, suitability and correct design, construction and management of the road use of devices to create a more efficient and safer road traffic environment for network and its associated infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • MIS 12 Guide Signs
    GUIDE SIGNS MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS 12 Transport Canberra and City Services APRIL 2019 Publication Number: MIS 12 Edition 1 Revision 0 Date of Effect: ARPIL 2019 Design Standard for Urban Infrastructure Works Section 8 Guide Signs Supersedes: Edition 1 (Draft) 11 April 2006 Endorsed By: Karl Cloos Director, Infrastructure Planning Approved By: Ken Marshall Executive Branch Manager, Roads ACT Document Information Document Key Information Document Title MIS 12 Guide Signs Next review date Key words AUS-SPEC Base No applicable Document Revision Register Edition/ Revision Clause Number Description of Revision Authorised By Date Number 1/0 ACT Government 2 CONTENTS 1 GUIDE SIGNS GENERAL ............................................................................. 6 1.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.1.1 Responsibilities ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Cross references ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 Referenced documents .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1.4 Standards ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.5 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NTC Consultation Regulation Impact Statement -Safety Assurance For
    SAFETY ASSURANCE FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING SYSTEMS CONSULTATION REGULATION IMPACT STATEMENT May 2018 Report outline Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems: Consultation Title Regulation Impact Statement Type of report Regulation Impact Statement Purpose For public consultation Abstract This Consultation Regulation Impact Statement outlines three key problem risks that need to be addressed to ensure the safe commercial deployment of automated vehicles in Australia. It also identifies and assesses the relative costs and benefits of four options to address the key problem risks. Finally, this paper invites public submissions on the analysis of options and sets out the next steps towards developing a decision Regulation Impact Statement in November 2018. Submission Submissions will be accepted until Monday 9 July 2018 online at details www.ntc.gov.au or by mail to: Attn: Automated Vehicle Team National Transport Commission Level 3/600 Bourke Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Key words Automated driving systems, automated driving system entities, automated vehicles, costs benefit analysis, primary safety duty, Regulation Impact Statement, safety assurance system, sanctions and penalties, Statement of Compliance. Contact National Transport Commission Level 3/600 Bourke Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Ph: (03) 9236 5000 Email: [email protected] www.ntc.gov.au Safety Assurance for Automated Driving Systems: Consultation Regulation Impact Statement May 2018 ii How to make a submission Who can make a submission? Any individual or organisation can make a submission to the National Transport Commission (NTC). How to submit To make an online submission please, visit the NTC homepage (www.ntc.gov.au) and select ‘Submissions’ from the top navigational menu.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranfield University Nur Khairiel Anuar the Impact Of
    CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY NUR KHAIRIEL ANUAR THE IMPACT OF AIRPORT ROAD WAYFINDING DESIGN ON SENIOR DRIVER BEHAVIOUR CENTRE FOR AIR TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE, TRANSPORT AND MANUFACTURING PhD in Transport Systems PhD Academic Year: 2015 - 2016 Supervisors: Dr Romano Pagliari / Mr Richard Moxon August 2016 CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR AIR TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE, TRANSPORT AND MANUFACTURING PhD in Transport Systems PhD Academic Year 2015 - 2016 NUR KHAIRIEL ANUAR The Impact of Airport Road Wayfinding Design on Senior Driver Behaviour Supervisors: Dr Romano Pagliari / Mr Richard Moxon August 2016 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Transport Systems © Cranfield University 2016. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright owner. ABSTRACT Airport road access wayfinding refers to a process in which a driver makes a decision to navigate using information support systems in order to arrive to airport successfully. The purpose of this research is to evaluate senior drivers’ behaviour of alternative airport road access designs. In order to evaluate the impact of wayfinding, the combination of simulated driving and completion of a questionnaire were performed. Quantitative data was acquired to give significant results justifying the research outcomes and allow non-biased interpretation of the research results. It represents the process within the development of the methodology and the concept of airport road access design and driving behaviour. Wayfinding complexity varied due to differing levels of road-side furniture. The simulated driving parameters measured were driving mistakes and performances of senior drivers.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Simplified Streetscape Schemes
    A Review of Simplified Streetscape Schemes by Allan Quimby and James Castle PPR292 PUBLISHED PROJECT REPORT TRL Limited PUBLISHED PROJECT REPORT PPR292 A REVIEW OF SIMPLIFIED STREETSCAPE SCHEMES Version: Final by Allan Quimby and James Castle Prepared for: Project Record: TfL/TRL/TSS/06/05 Client: Transport for London, Street Management Copyright TRL Limited, January 2006 This report has been prepared for Transport for London, Street Management Division. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of Transport for London. Published Project Reports are written primarily for the Customer rather than for a general audience and are published with the Customer’s approval. Approvals Project Manager Lorna Pearce Quality Reviewed Janet Kennedy This report has been produced by TRL Limited, under/as part of a contract placed by Transport for London. Any views expressed are not necessarily those of the client. TRL is committed to optimising energy efficiency, reducing waste and promoting recycling and re- use. In support of these environmental goals, this report has been printed on recycled paper, comprising 100% post-consumer waste, manufactured using a TCF (totally chlorine free) process. PublishedUnpublished Project Report Version: Final CONTENTS Executive summary ii 1 Introduction 1 2 The Terms of Reference and Research Objectives 3 3 Method of Review 4 3.1 Overall approach 4 3.2 Library searches 4 3.3 E-mail surveys 5 3.4 Internet searches 5 3.5 Historical search 5 3.6 Information required and requested from local
    [Show full text]
  • Transportation-Markings Database: Railway Signals, Signs, Marks & Markers
    T-M TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS DATABASE: RAILWAY SIGNALS, SIGNS, MARKS & MARKERS 2nd Edition Brian Clearman MOllnt Angel Abbey 2009 TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS DATABASE: RAILWAY SIGNALS, SIGNS, MARKS, MARKERS TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS DATABASE: RAILWAY SIGNALS, SIGNS, MARKS, MARKERS Part Iiii, Second Edition Volume III, Additional Studies Transportation-Markings: A Study in Communication Monograph Series Brian Clearman Mount Angel Abbey 2009 TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES Alternate Series Title: An Inter-modal Study ofSafety Aids Alternate T-M Titles: Transport ration] Mark [ing]s/Transport Marks/Waymarks T-MFoundations, 5th edition, 2008 (Part A, Volume I, First Studies in T-M) (2nd ed, 1991; 3rd ed, 1999, 4th ed, 2005) A First Study in T-M' The US, 2nd ed, 1993 (part B, Vol I) International Marine Aids to Navigation, 2nd ed, 1988 (Parts C & D, Vol I) [Unified 1st Edition ofParts A-D, 1981, University Press ofAmerica] International Traffic Control Devices, 2nd ed, 2004 (part E, Vol II, Further Studies in T-M) (lst ed, 1984) International Railway Signals, 1991 (part F, Vol II) International Aero Navigation, 1994 (part G, Vol II) T-M General Classification, 2nd ed, 2003 (Part H, Vol II) (lst ed, 1995, [3rd ed, Projected]) Transportation-Markings Database: Marine, 2nd ed, 2007 (part Ii, Vol III, Additional Studies in T-M) (1 st ed, 1997) TCD, 2nd ed, 2008 (Part Iii, Vol III) (lst ed, 1998) Railway, 2nd ed, 2009 (part Iiii, Vol III) (lst ed, 2000) Aero, 1st ed, 2001 (part Iiv) (2nd ed, Projected) Composite Categories
    [Show full text]
  • Designing Means of Signalization in Road Construction
    http://www.intersections.ro Designing Means of Signalization in Road Construction Mihai Albu Design Department, Faculty of Visual Arts and Design, The University of Arts “George Enescu”, Iaşi, 700451, Romania Summary Starting off with the fact that signalization is a fundamental necessity of the nowadays’ urban life and a prerequisite for lasting developments, this article is an attempt at depicting the way in which designing means of signalization in road construction can influence or completely change the day-to-day life. Along with the emergence of the automobile, a series of safety and regularization measures had to be taken, for all the partakers in road traffic, whether they be pedestrians or drivers. The depiction of the signalization systems in the Great Britain both emphasizes and highlights the necessity of implementing a signalization program based on a unitary concept. The designing of such a project should be done by a team of various specialists, engineers, architects, and designers. This project was successful, not only for pedestrians, but for the drivers, also, because it solved many structural as well as aesthetic issues. These issues were translated into a structurally sound project, with a signalization system, modern not only by means of designing a number of ingenious structures and fixing systems for panels, as well as the total redesigning of the graphics pertaining to it. KEYWORDS: designing, signalization systems, concept, constructive - structure, panels Intersections/Intersecţii, ISSN 1582-3024 127 ISSN 1582-3024 Pages 127 - 133, Vol. 13 (New Series), 2016, No. 1 http://www.intersections.ro Mihai Albu 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Systems of driving signalization Having particularly great importance in the road construction area, signalization is an integral part of the project behind these investments (panels, signs, traffic lights, and other different road markings).
    [Show full text]