DOCSLIB.ORG

Transsylvania Nostra

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transsylvania Nostra n RESEARCH n CERCETARE n KUTATÁS n Felix MARCU n Zsolt CSÓK n Valentin-Sebastian DAN n Bogdan FODOR1 Preservation, Metode de conservare, punere Enhancement, and în valoare și protecție a ruinelor Protection Methods for the Ruins of the Mediaeval cetății medievale din Bologa Castle in Bologa n Rezumat: Articolul prezintă câteva consideraţii asupra modului de con- n Abstract: The article presents considera- servare, punere în valoare ºi protecþie a cetăţii medievale de la Bologa. tions regarding the preservation, enhance- ment, and protection means for the mediaeval Sunt prezentate o parte dintre metodele folosite şi rezultatele lucrărilor castle in Bologa. It shows some of the methods efectuate până la această dată. used and the results of the works carried out thus far. n Cuvinte cheie: Bologa, cetate medievală, conservare, cercetări arheolo- n Keywords: Bologa, mediaeval castle, pres- gice, soft capping ervation, archaeological research, soft capping Preambul Preamble n Due to its strategic position enabling con- n Datorită poziþiei strategice pe care o are în controlul asupra văii Criºu- trol over the Criº River Valley, enhanced by the proximity of the confluence of the Crişul lui, accentuată de proximitatea confluenþei râului Crişul Repede cu valea Repede River with the Săcuieului Valley, the Săcuieului, pe teritoriul localităţii Bologa (Sebesvár în limba maghiară) settlement of Bologa (Sebesvár in Hungarian) din judeţul Cluj, s-au construit sisteme fortificate militare încă din peri- in Cluj County has been used as a site for oada antică. building military fortified systems since the Antiquity. Pe teritoriul localităþii sunt situate două monumente importante: cas- The settlement hosts two significant his- trul roman şi cetatea medievală. În perioada 2015-2016, cele două monu- toric buildings, i.e. the Roman military camp mente au făcut obiectul unor studii şi proiecte care vizau conservarea şi and the mediaeval castle. In 2015-2016, the punerea lor în valoare. two historic buildings were subject to studies and projects aimed at their preservation and Dintre aceste proiecte, cel destinat cetăþii a obþinut finanþare prin pro- enhancement. gramul PNDR 7.6 – Restaurarea, conservarea ºi dotarea clădirilor / monu- Among these projects, the one intended mentelor din patrimoniul cultural imobil de interes local de clasa B. for the castle obtained funding under the National Rural Development Programme Finanþarea acestui proiect, în afară de lucrările de conservare ºi pune- (NRDP), Axis 7.6 – The conservation, preser- re în valoare, a permis începerea unor lucrări de investigare arheologică, vation, and retrofitting of historic buildings practic cetatea fiind cercetată în mod sistematic pentru prima dată. as part of the class B real estate cultural herit- age of local interest. Besides the preservation and enhance- Scurt istoric ment works, the funding of this project was an opportunity to start archaeological inves- tigations, practically the first systematic re- n Situată pe promontoriul nordic al dealului Cetăţii, la vest de satul Bo- search on the castle. loga, la o înălţime de cca. 60 m deasupra satului, pe malul opus de cas- trul şi aşezarea civilă de epocă romană, cetatea, edificiu înscris pe Lista Brief history Monumentelor Istorice cu codul CJ-II-m-B-07533, este compusă dintr-un n The castle is situated on the northern head- donjon bitronconic pe plan circular, zidul de incintă, un turn patrulater, land of Castle Hill, west of Bologa Village, două bastioane de curtină şi o barbacană. 1 Felix MARCU, PhD, archaeologist, National Museum of Transylvanian History, Cluj-Na- poca, Romania; Zsolt CSÓK, PhD, archaeolo- 1 Felix MARCU, dr. arheolog, Muzeul Naþional de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca, gist, National Museum of Transylvanian Histo- România; Zsolt CSÓK, dr. arheolog, Muzeul Naþional de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj- ry, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Valentin-Sebastian Napoca, România; Valentin-Sebastian DAN, dr. ing. Horticultor, Universitatea de Ştiinţe DAN, PhD, horticulturist engineer, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Med- Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară din Cluj-Napoca, România; Bogdan FODOR, arhitect, icine Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Bogdan FODOR, Atelier FKM, Cluj-Napoca, România. architect, Atelier FKM, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. 46 2020 | 01 n RESEARCH n CERCETARE n KUTATÁS Legendă / Legend 1. Donjon circular / Circular keep 2. Turn Vest / Western tower 3. Turn Est / Eastern tower 4. Închidere zid curtină estică / Eastern curtain wall a. Coronament refăcut și acoperirea cu soft capping / Rebuilt wall top with soft capping 5. Turn poartă / Gate tower b. Crenelatură curățată și stabilizată / Cleaned and stabilised battlements 6. Bastion poartă / Gate bastion c. Zonă pe care încă nu s-a intervenit / Area not yet interevened upon 7. Intrarea principală / Main entrance d. Refacerea zidului estic / Rebuilding the eastern wall 8. Barbacană / Barbican e. Coronament în timpul procesului de curățare / Wall top in the process of cleaning n Foto 1. Fotogrametrie aeriană din timpul execuției lucrărilor © foto Zsolt CSÓK © prelucrare Atelier FKM, 2019 n Photo 1. Aerial photogrammetry taken during implementation © photo Zsolt CSÓK © processing Atelier FKM, 2019 at a height of approximately 60 m above the Atestată documentar pentru prima dată în 1319, când este amintit cas- village, on the verge opposite to the Roman telanul Desideriu ELEFÁNTI, castellanus de Sebuswar, care administrează military camp and civilian settlement. The building is included in the List of Historic cetatea pentru regele Carol Robert DE ANJOU (1308-1342), cetatea a fost o Buildings under code CJ-II-m-B-07533, and fortificaţie regală care făcea parte din comitatul Bihor. În jurul anului 1362, is made up of a circular keep with its walls cetatea ºi terenul aferent au fost atribuite voievodului Transilvaniei şi trans- widening towards one third of its height, the ferate în administraţia comitatului Cluj. Sub domnia regelui Sigismund DE enclosure wall, a quadrangular tower, two bastions, and a barbican. LUXEMBURG (1387-1437), cetatea ajunge pentru prima oară în proprieta- The first documentary evidence of the tea unor importanţi vasali ai regelui sau în cea a unor aristocraţi ai vremii. castle dates back to 1319, when record was Pentru o scurtă perioadă de timp, între 1398-1399, a fost donată, împreună made of castellan Desiderius ELEFÁNTI, cu cetatea de la Bran, domnitorului Ţării Româneşti Mircea cel Bătrân, cu castellanus de Sebuswar, who governed the castle for King Charles I of Hungary (1308- care regele maghiar a încheiat un tratat de alianţă în anul 1395. În doar câţi- 1342), as a royal fortification belonging to va ani, ambele cetăţi au fost reluate de către rege, în 1408 cetatea de la Bolo- Bihor County. Around 1362, the castle and ga fiind din nou în administraţia voievodului transilvan. În 1433, domeniul the related land were assigned to the voivode of Transylvania and transferred to the Cluj cetăţii ajunge în posesia familiei BÁNFFY, unde a rămas până la mijlocul County administration. Under the reign of secolului al XX-lea. După o perioadă de decădere, cauzată de răspândirea King Sigismund OF LUXEMBOURG (1387- şi creşterea importanţei artileriei şi a construirii unor fortificaţii moderne, 1437), the castle was owned for the first în care a avut doar un rol de centru domenial, în secolul al XVII-lea, după time by important vassals to the king or by aristocrats of the time. For a short period of cucerirea Oradiei de către turci, importanţa cetăţii a crescut. time, between 1398 and 1399, it was donat- În acest context, principele Mihail APAFI I (1660-1690) dispune o serie ed, together with the castle in Bran, to Mircea de lucrări care au avut ca scop întărirea şi sporirea capacităţii defensive a the Elder, ruler of Wallachia, with whom the cetăţii. În timpul războiului de eliberare (1703-1711) condus de Francisc Hungarian king had signed an alliance treaty in 1395. Both castles were taken back by the RÁKÓCZI al II-lea, cetatea a fost aruncată în aer de lobonţi, pentru a nu king within only several years, as in 1408 the cădea în mâinile curuţilor (GRUIA & AGRIGOROAEI s.a.). Pe parcursul castle in Bologa was again under the adminis- secolului al XVIII-lea, ansamblul cetăţii de la Bologa ºi-a pierdut treptat tration of the Transylvanian voivode. In 1433 importanþa strategică ºi, probabil din cauza accesibilităţii sale reduse, a the castle domain became the property of the BÁNFFY family, who owned it until the mid- decăzut şi din statutul de centru domenial, ajungând o ruină. 20th century. After a period of decline caused Ultimele intervenþii asupra cetăþii datează de la începutul secolului by the spread and increasing significance of al XX-lea, când arhitectul Károly KÓS a coordonat lucrări de restaurare artillery, as well as by the building of mod- ern fortifications, when its only role was of a donjonului acesteia, căruia i-a refăcut acoperişul, pierdut la mijlocul domain centre, in the 17th century, after the secolului al XX-lea. 2020 | 01 47 n RESEARCH n CERCETARE n KUTATÁS conquest of Oradea by the Turks, the impor- tance of the castle increased. In this context, Prince Michael I APAFI (1660-1690) ordered a series of works intend- ed to strengthen and increase the defensive capacity of the castle. During the war of lib- eration (1703-1711) led by Francis II RÁKÓC- ZI, the castle was blown up by the Habsburg loyalists for it not to fall into the hands of the anti-Habsburg kuruc troops (GRUIA & AGRIGOROAEI s.a.). During the 18th century, the Bologa castle ensemble gradually lost its strategic importance, and probably due to its low accessibility, it also lost its status of do- main centre, thus falling into ruin. The last interventions on the castle date back to the early 20th century, when architect Károly KÓS coordinated conservation works on its keep, including the rebuilding of the roof, which was lost in the mid-20th century. Although written sources mention the castle only in 1319, the archaeological re- n Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Patents of Arms Online the Database of Patents of Arms of the National Archives of Hungary1
    STUDIA HISTORICA BRUNENSIA 62, 2015, 2 KRISZTINA ARANY – ANTON AVAR PATENTS OF ARMS ONLINE THE DATABASE OF PATENTS OF ARMS OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF HUNGARY1 Abstract: Besides their decorative appearance, the patents of arms bear significant historical value, which provide important contribution to various ar- eas of historical science. The aim of the National Archives of Hungary’s project of several years was to create a versatile, illustrated, well-search- able and expandable online database, in which we could process the data of all the original patents of arms and related documents held in our insti- tution. Our collections of patents of arms are being built since the founda- tion of our institution, and contain over 2000 original parchment charters granting mainly Hungarian and Transylvanian nobility along with heraldic achievements. At present, the National Archives of Hungary has completed the digitization and processing of all this material, except for the 131 medi- eval (pre-1526) charters, which is to be covered in the near future. Keywords: patents of arms, coats of arms, online database, mass digitization, Na- tional Archives of Hungary, open access. I. Patents of Arms in the National Archives of Hungary The patents of arms bear significant historical value besides their decorative appearance as archival source material. Therefore, they can contribute to var- ious fields of science, heraldry, palaeography, diplomatics, sigillography and 1 This work has been supported in part by Croatian Science Foundation under the pro- ject “Sources, Manuals and Studies for Croatian History from the Middle Ages to the End of the Long Nineteenth Century”(IP-2014-09-6547).
    [Show full text]
  • Géza Pálffy: Eine Alte Regionalmacht Innerhalb Einer Neuen Monarchie: Das Königreich Ungarn Von Der Schlacht Bei Mohács (152
    Online-Handbuch zur Geschichte Südosteuropas Géza Pálffy Eine alte Regionalmacht innerhalb einer neuen Monarchie: Das Königreich Ungarn von der Schlacht bei Mohács (1526) bis zum Frieden von Karlowitz (1699) – eine Ereignisgeschichte aus Band 1: Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa bis 1800 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Osmanische Expansion und Türkengefahr in Südost- und Ostmitteleuropa (bis zum Fall Ofens, 1541) 2. Die osmanischen Eroberungen in Ungarn (1541–1591) 3. Der erste moderne Krieg im Karpatenbecken (1591–1606) 4. Am Nebenkriegsschauplatz zweier Großmächte (1606–1660) 5. Neuer Türkenkrieg, Magnatenverschwörung, Kuruzzenaufstand (1660–1683) 6. Die Rückeroberung Ungarns von den Osmanen (1683–1699) Zitierempfehlung und Nutzungsbedingungen für diesen Artikel 2 Géza Pálffy Eine alte Regionalmacht innerhalb einer neuen Monarchie 1. Osmanische Expansion und Türkengefahr in Südost- und Ostmitteleuropa (bis zum Fall Ofens, 1541) Durch die Eroberungen der Osmanen auf dem Balkan veränderte sich die Landkarte von Südosteuropa im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert fundamental. Nach der Unterwerfung der bul- garischen Teilherrschaften und der lange Zeit von Skanderbeg gehaltenen albanischen Gebiete wurde der osmanische Staat mit der Einnahme Konstantinopels (1453), der Haupt- stadt des einst bedeutenden Byzantinischen Reichs, zu einer bedeutenden Regionalmacht. Mit der anschließenden Eroberung Serbiens (1459) und Zentralbosniens (1463) waren die Osmanen nur einen einzigen Schritt vom Status einer Weltmacht entfernt. Diesen tat Sul- tan Selim I. (1512–1520) mit der Eroberung eines beträchtlichen Teils der islamischen Welt des Nahen Ostens (1514: Iran; 1516: Syrien; 1517: Ägypten). Dank dieser Gebiets- zuwächse wandelte sich das Osmanische Reich Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts von einer den Balkanraum und Kleinasien dominierenden südosteuropäischen Regionalmacht zu einem Weltreich und damit zu einem entscheidenden politischen Faktor in der europäischen Poli- tik.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Merchants in Transylvania and Their Networks at the End of the 17Th Century
    ‘This is their profession’ Greek merchants in Transylvania and their Networks at the End of the 17th century MARIA PAKUCS The ‘Nicolae Iorga’ Institute of History and New Europe College Bucharest Abstract This article explores the commercial network of a Greek merchant from Transylvania at the end of the seventeenth century. Based on various archival material, it unfolds the extent of business interests and contacts of a trading network, spanning a wide territory in the Balkans and Central Europe as well, extending our prior knowledge of how the early Greek diaspora communities operated. Established in the Transylvanian juridical system with the specific role of providers of Ottoman products, Greek merchants swiftly extended their commercial activities as intermediaries of trade with Central European markets as well. The article also touches upon the difficulties of identifying individual merchants in different sources and languages. Keywords: Greek merchants, trade, business networks, debts Sometime in early 1694, the Greek merchant Kozma Kis (i.e. ‘Small’ in Hungarian) was lying on his deathbed in Sibiu, Transylvania, while his creditors, not waiting for his last breath, were opening up his shop and taking away bundles of English cloth. We know these details from the testimonies of sixty Greek merchants of Sibiu, when Kozma’s creditors requested the settlement of outstanding debts. Principally, the town judges of Sibiu acted as executors and administrators of deceased merchants, under great pressure coming from István Apor, a baron of the realm, and György Bánffy, the governor of Transylvania. The inquest papers are a goldmine of information on the commercial web of local and international trade connections created by the Greek merchants of Sibiu.1 The 1 The case is mentioned by Olga Cicanci, Companiile grecești din Transilvania și comerțul european în anii 1636– 1746 [The Greek companies in Transylvania and their European trade, 1636–1746] (Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1981), 58.
    [Show full text]
  • Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700
    Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700 In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Muscovy waged a costly struggle against the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for control of the fertile steppe above the Black Sea. This was a region of great strategic and economic importance – arguably the pivot of Eurasia at the time. Yet, this crucial period in Russia’s history has, up until now, been neglected by historians. Brian L. Davies’s study provides an essential insight into the emergence of Russia as a great power. The long campaign took a great toll upon Russia’s population, economy, and institutions, and repeatedly frustrated or redefi ned Russian military and diplo- matic projects in the West. The struggle was every bit as important as Russia’s wars in northern and central Europe for driving the Russian state-building process, forcing military reform and shaping Russia’s visions of Empire. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700 examines the course of this struggle and explains how Russia’s ultimate prevalence resulted from new strategies of military colonization in addition to improvements in army command-and-control, logistics, and tactics. Brian L. Davies is Associate Professor of History at the University of Texas at San Antonio. His publications include State Power and Community in Early Modern Russia: The Case of Kozlov, 1635–1649 (2004). Warfare and History General Editor Jeremy Black Professor of History, University of Exeter Air Power in the Age of Total War Modern Chinese Warfare, Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500– John Buckley 1795–1989 1800: Maritime Confl icts and the Bruce A.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Minorities: Traditional Communities and Modernization
    INTRODUCTION INTEGRATING MINORITIES: TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES AND MODERNIZATION 1 INTEGRATING MINORITIES: TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES AND MODERNIZATION 2 INTRODUCTION INTEGRATING MINORITIES: TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES AND MODERNIZATION Edited by: Agnieszka Barszczewska – Lehel Peti THE ROMANIAN INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON NATIONAL MINORITIES KRITERION Cluj-Napoca, 2011 3 INTEGRATING MINORITIES: TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES AND MODERNIZATION Title: Integrating minorities: traditional communities and modernization Edited by: Agnieszka Barszczewska – Lehel Peti The Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities Kriterion Publisher Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Integrating minorities : traditional communities and modernization / ed.: Agnieszka Barszczewska, Lehel Peti. - Cluj-Napoca : Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale : Kriterion, 2011 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-606-92744-9-1 ISBN 978-973-26-1047-3 I. Barszczewska, Agnieszka (ed.) II. Peti, Lehel (ed.) 323.1(498) Series editor: István Horváth, Albert Zsolt Jakab Peer-review: Vilmos Keszeg Translated by: Agnieszka Barszczewska, Jenő Szőke, Noémi Gál, Péter Virginás, Sándor Ilyés Proofreading: Camille Ratcliff, Nancy Ratcliff Design: Elemér Könczey Layout: Ferenc Sütő Printed by: IDEA and GLORIA Cluj © Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the RIRNM and the Romanian Government cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained
    [Show full text]
  • The Long Reformation at the Micro Level and from a Regional Perspective
    IDEAS • BOOKS • SOCIETY • READINGS © Philobiblon. Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Humanities THE LONG REFORMATION AT THE MICRO LEVEL AND FROM A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE. ON A NEW TEXT OF THE ROMANIAN REFORMATION IN THE HAȚEG REGION KATALIN LUFFY* Abstract The study examines the issue of the long Reformation in a manuscript that originated in the late 17th century, the first decades of the 18th century. The manuscript is the product of the Reformation in Romania, whose linguistic and regional peculiarities are at least as important as its lay and occasional nature: we have not discovered another source that documents communal but not ecclesiastical, individual, but not solitary religious piety. We hereby undertake the micro- level analysis of this document. Keywords Long Reformation, Reformation of the Romanians, the Hațeg region, manuscripts, translation, cultural transfer. I. Introduction In the case of the Romanian Reformation, two phenomena, often running/acting in parallel, must be taken into account. One, aimed at the internal renewal of the Eastern Orthodox Church, named by Ana Dumitran “the Reformed [Eastern Orthodox] Church” (biserica ortodoxă reformată), is a phenomenon particular to Transylvania; in this case, from the point of view of book culture, we refer to Simion Ștefan’s translation of the New Testament, or to Ioan Zoba’s volumes, who worked in Vințu de Jos. The other, the body of texts, largely left in manuscript, written for the community of practitioners of the Romanian-language Reformed (Calvinist) denomination.1 I relate to the latter topic by presenting a specific set of texts from the manuscripts related to the Reformation of Romanians in the Hațeg region.
    [Show full text]
  • Princely Power and the Officially Recognized Confessions in Transylvania During the Reign of Michael I Apafi
    ANTON DÖRNER1 PRINCELY POWER AND THE OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED CONFESSIONS IN TRANSYLVANIA DURING THE REIGN OF MICHAEL I APAFI Abstract: Few studies in recent Romanian historiography have addressed the problem of Transylvania‘s confessional history during the reign of Michael I Apafi. The growing interest in this subject of scholarly research is justified by the evolution of the 17th-century society, in which religion was present at all hours of the day (morning service, prayers before the lunch and evening meals, vespers) and among all walks of life. This study aims to reveal the role played by prince in the life of the officially recognized confessions in Transylvania. Keywords: Michael I Apafi, the Reformed, Catholic, Lutheran and Unitarian confessions In the second half of the 17th century, Transylvania boasted a remarkable confessional diversity. It was the only country in Europe that gave constitutional recognition to the free practice of four religions across its territory: Calvinist, Lutheran, Unitarian and Catholic. The politicians of that time were extremely proud of the aforementioned legislative provision, enshrined in the very first chapter of the Constitution, and of the country‘s democratic statehood, in which the Diet prevailed over the elected prince. The Central and West European States were perceived by the Transylvanian ruling elite as kingdoms in which emperors had acquired unlimited powers, which had allowed them to impose an autocratic system encompassing not only political life, but also spiritual life, directly subordinated to them. The writings of the Transylvanian authors from that period who approached general issues of state governance laid particular emphasis on certain semantic aspects: the word regnum was commonly used for the type of state described above and, in their vision, it differed radically from the model created and imposed by them in Transylvania‘s Constitution, a model designated through the term respublica.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the Library of the University of Leiden
    INVENTORIES OF COLLECTIONS OF ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS INVENTORY OF THE ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN VOLUME 2 MANUSCRIPTS OR. 1001 – OR. 2000 REGISTERED IN LEIDEN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1665 AND 1871 COMPILED BY JAN JUST WITKAM PROFESSOR OF PALEOGRAPHY AND CODICOLOGY OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD IN LEIDEN UNIVERSITY INTERPRES LEGATI WARNERIANI TER LUGT PRESS LEIDEN 2007 © Copyright by Jan Just Witkam & Ter Lugt Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2006, 2007. The form and contents of the present inventory are protected by Dutch and international copyright law and database legislation. All use other than within the framework of the law is forbidden and liable to prosecution. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author and the publisher. First electronic publication: 27 October 2006. Latest update: 13 August 2007 © Copyright by Jan Just Witkam & Ter Lugt Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2006, 2007 2 PREFACE The arrangement of the present volume of the Inventories of Oriental manuscripts in Leiden University Library does not differ in any specific way from the volumes which have been published earlier. For the sake of brevity I refer to my prefaces in those volumes. A few essentials my be repeated here. Not all manuscripts mentioned in the present volume were viewed by autopsy, but many were. The sheer number of manuscripts makes this impossible. At a later stage this may be achieved, but trying to achieve this at the present stage of inventorizing would seriously hamper the progress of the present project.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Weltliche Und Kirchliche Elite Aus Dem Königreich Böhmen Und Königreich Ungarn Am Wiener Kaiserhof Im 16.–17
    Die weltliche und kirchliche Elite aus dem Königreich Böhmen und Königreich Ungarn am Wiener Kaiserhof im 16.–17. Jahrhundert publikationen der ungarischen geschichtsforschung in wien bd. viii. A CSEH KIRÁLYSÁG ÉS A MAGYAR KIRÁLYSÁG VILÁGI ÉS EGYHÁZI ELITJE A BÉCSI UDVARBAN A 16-17. SZÁZADBAN Szerkesztette ANNA FUNDÁRKOVÁ, FAZEKAS ISTVÁN (et alii) BÉCS 2013 publikationen der ungarischen geschichtsforschung in wien bd. viii. DIE WELTLICHE UND KIRCHLICHE ELITE AUS DEM KÖNIGREICH BÖHMEN UND KÖNIGREICH UNGARN AM WIENER KAISERHOF IM 16.-17. JAHRHUNDERT Herausgegeben von ANNA FUNDÁRKOVÁ, ISTVÁN FAZEKAS (et alii) WIEN 2013 Publikationen der ungarischen Geschichtsforschung in Wien Herausgeber Institut für Ungarische Geschichtsforschung in Wien Balassi Institut – Collegium Hungaricum Wien Ungarische Archivdelegation beim Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Wien Redaktionskollegium Dr. Csaba Szabó,Dr.Gábor Ujváry,Dr.István Fazekas, Dr. Márton Méhes,Dr.Péter Tusor Der Band wurde veröffentlicht mit der Unterstützung von: Centrum excelentnosti, Slovenské dejiny v dejinách Európy. Výskum európskych konotácií v dejinách Slovenska (SDDE) MTA-PPKE „Lendület“ Kirchengeschichtliches Forschungsinstitut © Autoren: Václav Bùek; Diana Duchoòová; István Fazekas; Frederik Federmayer; Anna Fundárková; Nóra G. Etényi; András Koltai; Jiøí Kubeš; Teréz Oborni; Géza Pálffy; Rostislav Smíšek; András Szabó; Katalin Toma; Péter Tusor Lektoren: Prof. PhDr. Jozef Baïurík, CSc. – PhDr. Viliam Èièaj, CSc. http://www.collegium-hungaricum.at Sprachredaktion: István Fazekas d. J.,
    [Show full text]
  • The Private Law of the Principality of Transylvania (1540–1690)
    ACTA UNIV. SAPIENTIAE, LEGAL STUDIES, 9, 2 (2020) 269–306 DOI: 10 .47745/AUSLEG .2020 .9 .2 .05 The Private Law of the Principality of Transylvania (1540–1690) Attila HORVÁTH PhD, University Professor Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Law (Budapest, Hungary), Department of the History of Hungarian State and Law E-mail: horvath .attila@ajk .elte .hu Abstract. In the period between AD 1540 and 1690, Transylvania enjoyed a high degree of independence in conducting its internal and also, at times, external affairs . This led to the divergence of Transylvanian private law from that of the Kingdom of Hungary, the sovereignty of which ceased in the sense of international law following the defeat at the Battle of Mohács . This divergent development is examined in the present study from the perspective of private law along with the later convergence of legal norms to those of the Habsburg Monarchy during the latter half of the 17th century . The sources of private law as well as private law norms governing the status of persons, immovable and movable property, obligations, and inheritance are examined in detail for this period. The specific laws applicable to the Szekler, Saxon, and Romanian inhabitants of Transylvania are also presented . Keywords: Principality of Transylvania, private law, inheritance law, family law, law of persons 1. Introduction. Sources of Law 1.1. The Laws of Transylvania After the Battle of Mohács, in which the Ottoman Turks defeated the armies of the Kingdom of Hungary, the political fortunes of Transylvania were forever altered . As a newly formed principality with autonomy in its internal – and at times also external – affairs, the development of legal norms in the field of private law slowly diverged from the models developed in the previous 500-year period .
    [Show full text]
  • Reformed Majorities in Early Modern Europe. Zsombor Tóth: The
    © 2015, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550830 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550831 Refo500 Academic Studies Edited by Herman J. Selderhuis In Co-operation with Günter Frank (Bretten), Bruce Gordon(NewHaven), UteLotz-Heumann (Tucson), Mathijs Lamberigts (Leuven), Barbara Mahlmann-Bauer (Bern), Tarald Rasmussen (Oslo), Johannes Schilling (Kiel), Günther Wassilowsky (Linz), SiegridWestphal (Osnabrück), DavidM.Whitford (Trotwood) Volume 23 Vandenhoeck &Ruprecht © 2015, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550830 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550831 Reformed Majorities in Early ModernEurope editedby Herman J. Selderhuis and J. Marius J. Lange vanRavenswaay Vandenhoeck &Ruprecht © 2015, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550830 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550831 Bibliographic informationpublishedbythe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data available online:http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-525-55083-0 Yo ucan find alternativeeditionsofthis book and additionalmaterial on our Website: www.v-r.de 2015, Vandenhoeck &RuprechtGmbH &Co. KG,Göttingen/ Vandenhoeck &RuprechtLLC,Bristol, CT,U.S.A. www.v-r.de All rightsreserved. No partofthis work maybereproduced or utilized in anyform or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or anyinformationstorage and retrieval system, without prior written permissionfromthe publisher. Printed in Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Siebenbürgen 1 Siebenbürgen
    Siebenbürgen 1 Siebenbürgen Siebenbürgen oder Transsilvanien, rumänisch Ardeal oder Transilvania nach lateinisch Transsilvania, ungarisch Erdély, ist ein historisches und geografisches Gebiet im südlichen Karpatenraum mit einer wechselvollen Geschichte. Heute liegt Siebenbürgen im Zentrum Rumäniens. Benennungen Siebenbürgen ist unter folgenden Bezeichnungen bekannt: • Die rumänische Bezeichnung ist Ardeal oder Transilvania. Karte Rumäniens mit Siebenbürgen. Die Regionen Banat, Crișana und Maramureș • Die ungarische Bezeichnung ist Erdély werden gelegentlich zu Transilvania hinzugezählt (ung. erdő-elve ‚jenseits der Wälder‘). • Die lateinische Benennung ist Transsilvania abgeleitet von trans silvana ‚Land jenseits der Wälder‘ • Die auf dieser Grundlage eingedeutschte Bezeichnung Transsilvanien bzw. Transsylvanien war in mittelalterlichen Dokumenten gebräuchlich. Die Herkunft des deutschen Namens Siebenbürgen ist nicht abschließend geklärt. Vermutungen gehen dahin, ihn auf die sieben von deutschen Siedlern (den Siebenbürger Sachsen) gegründeten Städte zurückzuführen (Kronstadt, Schäßburg, Mediasch, Hermannstadt, Mühlbach, Bistritz und Klausenburg). Die damit verbundenen Stühle (ung. szék, Einheiten der eigenen Gerichtsbarkeit – jeder Stuhl besaß einen Königsrichter, der alleine dem ungarischen König unterstellt war) sind möglicherweise Teil der Namensgebung. Der Name ist zunächst in deutschen Quellen aus dem 13. Jhd. als Septum urbium, Terra septem castrorum und ähnlichen Varianten verzeichnet. In deutscher Niederschrift heißt Das Großfürstentum
    [Show full text]