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Patents of Arms Online the Database of Patents of Arms of the National Archives of Hungary1
STUDIA HISTORICA BRUNENSIA 62, 2015, 2 KRISZTINA ARANY – ANTON AVAR PATENTS OF ARMS ONLINE THE DATABASE OF PATENTS OF ARMS OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF HUNGARY1 Abstract: Besides their decorative appearance, the patents of arms bear significant historical value, which provide important contribution to various ar- eas of historical science. The aim of the National Archives of Hungary’s project of several years was to create a versatile, illustrated, well-search- able and expandable online database, in which we could process the data of all the original patents of arms and related documents held in our insti- tution. Our collections of patents of arms are being built since the founda- tion of our institution, and contain over 2000 original parchment charters granting mainly Hungarian and Transylvanian nobility along with heraldic achievements. At present, the National Archives of Hungary has completed the digitization and processing of all this material, except for the 131 medi- eval (pre-1526) charters, which is to be covered in the near future. Keywords: patents of arms, coats of arms, online database, mass digitization, Na- tional Archives of Hungary, open access. I. Patents of Arms in the National Archives of Hungary The patents of arms bear significant historical value besides their decorative appearance as archival source material. Therefore, they can contribute to var- ious fields of science, heraldry, palaeography, diplomatics, sigillography and 1 This work has been supported in part by Croatian Science Foundation under the pro- ject “Sources, Manuals and Studies for Croatian History from the Middle Ages to the End of the Long Nineteenth Century”(IP-2014-09-6547). -
Géza Pálffy: Eine Alte Regionalmacht Innerhalb Einer Neuen Monarchie: Das Königreich Ungarn Von Der Schlacht Bei Mohács (152
Online-Handbuch zur Geschichte Südosteuropas Géza Pálffy Eine alte Regionalmacht innerhalb einer neuen Monarchie: Das Königreich Ungarn von der Schlacht bei Mohács (1526) bis zum Frieden von Karlowitz (1699) – eine Ereignisgeschichte aus Band 1: Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa bis 1800 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Osmanische Expansion und Türkengefahr in Südost- und Ostmitteleuropa (bis zum Fall Ofens, 1541) 2. Die osmanischen Eroberungen in Ungarn (1541–1591) 3. Der erste moderne Krieg im Karpatenbecken (1591–1606) 4. Am Nebenkriegsschauplatz zweier Großmächte (1606–1660) 5. Neuer Türkenkrieg, Magnatenverschwörung, Kuruzzenaufstand (1660–1683) 6. Die Rückeroberung Ungarns von den Osmanen (1683–1699) Zitierempfehlung und Nutzungsbedingungen für diesen Artikel 2 Géza Pálffy Eine alte Regionalmacht innerhalb einer neuen Monarchie 1. Osmanische Expansion und Türkengefahr in Südost- und Ostmitteleuropa (bis zum Fall Ofens, 1541) Durch die Eroberungen der Osmanen auf dem Balkan veränderte sich die Landkarte von Südosteuropa im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert fundamental. Nach der Unterwerfung der bul- garischen Teilherrschaften und der lange Zeit von Skanderbeg gehaltenen albanischen Gebiete wurde der osmanische Staat mit der Einnahme Konstantinopels (1453), der Haupt- stadt des einst bedeutenden Byzantinischen Reichs, zu einer bedeutenden Regionalmacht. Mit der anschließenden Eroberung Serbiens (1459) und Zentralbosniens (1463) waren die Osmanen nur einen einzigen Schritt vom Status einer Weltmacht entfernt. Diesen tat Sul- tan Selim I. (1512–1520) mit der Eroberung eines beträchtlichen Teils der islamischen Welt des Nahen Ostens (1514: Iran; 1516: Syrien; 1517: Ägypten). Dank dieser Gebiets- zuwächse wandelte sich das Osmanische Reich Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts von einer den Balkanraum und Kleinasien dominierenden südosteuropäischen Regionalmacht zu einem Weltreich und damit zu einem entscheidenden politischen Faktor in der europäischen Poli- tik. -
Greek Merchants in Transylvania and Their Networks at the End of the 17Th Century
‘This is their profession’ Greek merchants in Transylvania and their Networks at the End of the 17th century MARIA PAKUCS The ‘Nicolae Iorga’ Institute of History and New Europe College Bucharest Abstract This article explores the commercial network of a Greek merchant from Transylvania at the end of the seventeenth century. Based on various archival material, it unfolds the extent of business interests and contacts of a trading network, spanning a wide territory in the Balkans and Central Europe as well, extending our prior knowledge of how the early Greek diaspora communities operated. Established in the Transylvanian juridical system with the specific role of providers of Ottoman products, Greek merchants swiftly extended their commercial activities as intermediaries of trade with Central European markets as well. The article also touches upon the difficulties of identifying individual merchants in different sources and languages. Keywords: Greek merchants, trade, business networks, debts Sometime in early 1694, the Greek merchant Kozma Kis (i.e. ‘Small’ in Hungarian) was lying on his deathbed in Sibiu, Transylvania, while his creditors, not waiting for his last breath, were opening up his shop and taking away bundles of English cloth. We know these details from the testimonies of sixty Greek merchants of Sibiu, when Kozma’s creditors requested the settlement of outstanding debts. Principally, the town judges of Sibiu acted as executors and administrators of deceased merchants, under great pressure coming from István Apor, a baron of the realm, and György Bánffy, the governor of Transylvania. The inquest papers are a goldmine of information on the commercial web of local and international trade connections created by the Greek merchants of Sibiu.1 The 1 The case is mentioned by Olga Cicanci, Companiile grecești din Transilvania și comerțul european în anii 1636– 1746 [The Greek companies in Transylvania and their European trade, 1636–1746] (Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1981), 58. -
Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700
Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700 In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Muscovy waged a costly struggle against the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for control of the fertile steppe above the Black Sea. This was a region of great strategic and economic importance – arguably the pivot of Eurasia at the time. Yet, this crucial period in Russia’s history has, up until now, been neglected by historians. Brian L. Davies’s study provides an essential insight into the emergence of Russia as a great power. The long campaign took a great toll upon Russia’s population, economy, and institutions, and repeatedly frustrated or redefi ned Russian military and diplo- matic projects in the West. The struggle was every bit as important as Russia’s wars in northern and central Europe for driving the Russian state-building process, forcing military reform and shaping Russia’s visions of Empire. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700 examines the course of this struggle and explains how Russia’s ultimate prevalence resulted from new strategies of military colonization in addition to improvements in army command-and-control, logistics, and tactics. Brian L. Davies is Associate Professor of History at the University of Texas at San Antonio. His publications include State Power and Community in Early Modern Russia: The Case of Kozlov, 1635–1649 (2004). Warfare and History General Editor Jeremy Black Professor of History, University of Exeter Air Power in the Age of Total War Modern Chinese Warfare, Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500– John Buckley 1795–1989 1800: Maritime Confl icts and the Bruce A. -
Integrating Minorities: Traditional Communities and Modernization
INTRODUCTION INTEGRATING MINORITIES: TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES AND MODERNIZATION 1 INTEGRATING MINORITIES: TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES AND MODERNIZATION 2 INTRODUCTION INTEGRATING MINORITIES: TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES AND MODERNIZATION Edited by: Agnieszka Barszczewska – Lehel Peti THE ROMANIAN INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON NATIONAL MINORITIES KRITERION Cluj-Napoca, 2011 3 INTEGRATING MINORITIES: TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES AND MODERNIZATION Title: Integrating minorities: traditional communities and modernization Edited by: Agnieszka Barszczewska – Lehel Peti The Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities Kriterion Publisher Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Integrating minorities : traditional communities and modernization / ed.: Agnieszka Barszczewska, Lehel Peti. - Cluj-Napoca : Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale : Kriterion, 2011 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-606-92744-9-1 ISBN 978-973-26-1047-3 I. Barszczewska, Agnieszka (ed.) II. Peti, Lehel (ed.) 323.1(498) Series editor: István Horváth, Albert Zsolt Jakab Peer-review: Vilmos Keszeg Translated by: Agnieszka Barszczewska, Jenő Szőke, Noémi Gál, Péter Virginás, Sándor Ilyés Proofreading: Camille Ratcliff, Nancy Ratcliff Design: Elemér Könczey Layout: Ferenc Sütő Printed by: IDEA and GLORIA Cluj © Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the RIRNM and the Romanian Government cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained -
The Long Reformation at the Micro Level and from a Regional Perspective
IDEAS • BOOKS • SOCIETY • READINGS © Philobiblon. Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Humanities THE LONG REFORMATION AT THE MICRO LEVEL AND FROM A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE. ON A NEW TEXT OF THE ROMANIAN REFORMATION IN THE HAȚEG REGION KATALIN LUFFY* Abstract The study examines the issue of the long Reformation in a manuscript that originated in the late 17th century, the first decades of the 18th century. The manuscript is the product of the Reformation in Romania, whose linguistic and regional peculiarities are at least as important as its lay and occasional nature: we have not discovered another source that documents communal but not ecclesiastical, individual, but not solitary religious piety. We hereby undertake the micro- level analysis of this document. Keywords Long Reformation, Reformation of the Romanians, the Hațeg region, manuscripts, translation, cultural transfer. I. Introduction In the case of the Romanian Reformation, two phenomena, often running/acting in parallel, must be taken into account. One, aimed at the internal renewal of the Eastern Orthodox Church, named by Ana Dumitran “the Reformed [Eastern Orthodox] Church” (biserica ortodoxă reformată), is a phenomenon particular to Transylvania; in this case, from the point of view of book culture, we refer to Simion Ștefan’s translation of the New Testament, or to Ioan Zoba’s volumes, who worked in Vințu de Jos. The other, the body of texts, largely left in manuscript, written for the community of practitioners of the Romanian-language Reformed (Calvinist) denomination.1 I relate to the latter topic by presenting a specific set of texts from the manuscripts related to the Reformation of Romanians in the Hațeg region. -
Stanţe De Medalii Şi Monede, Jetoane, Miniaturi Şi Falsuri Monetare Din Colecţia Muzeului Naţional De Istorie a României
Cercetări numismatice, XII-XIII, 2006-2007, p. 493-518 STANŢE DE MEDALII ŞI MONEDE, JETOANE, MINIATURI ŞI FALSURI MONETARE DIN COLECŢIA MUZEULUI NAŢIONAL DE ISTORIE A ROMÂNIEI Katiuşa Pârvan Abstract The aiticle presents dies of medals and coins, tokens, miniaturcs and forgeries of modern Romanian coins, purchased in 1972 and 1978 from George Buzdugan and in 1992 from Ecaterina Şovăială from Bucharest, a distant relative of Buzdugan. The author followed the chronological sequence, thus identifying the dies used to issue official medals. Almost all the specimens are the work of Menachem Carniol, father and son; one is signed by Carniol and Radivon and only one specimen by Radivon alone (both were employed by the Roya! House). The first die is the one employed for the reverse of the prize meda! of the agriculture and industry contest in Botoşani, 1879. The next specimens dates to 1880 - the pair of dies that was never used, engraved for the samc contest în Botoşani - as well as thc dic used for thc obvcrsc of a meda! which commemoratcd the foundation ofthe Literary society „Generaţia Nouă". The follo\\ing dies were created in 1896, to isse the medals dedicated to the visit of Emperor Franz Josef in Romania. The National History Museum of Romania holds thc lpunch of the meda! dedicatcd to the participation of Franz Josef, Charles I and Alexander Caragheorghcvit at the opening of the Iran Gates' channel, as well as two Jower dies uscd for the same lower die, both hming 29mm in diameter, but signed in a different manner: the first CARNIOL FIUL, creatcd along \\ith the punch, because on the scarf of Charles I the lines prescnt the same pattern with the ones on the punch, and the second, signed only CARNIOL, whcre the decorations of the scarf are different in style. -
History and Political Thought: South Slavic Ideologies, Greater Croatia
History and Political Thought: South Slavic Ideologies, Greater Croatia Pavao Ritter Vitezović. Part IV By Dr. Vladislav B. Sotirović Region: Europe Global Research, September 29, 2018 Theme: History In-depth Report: THE BALKANS Read Part I, II, III. An importance and influence of P. R. Vitezović’s ideological concept P. R. Vitezović’s works had a great impact on the development of the South Slavic national ideologies, national consciousness, and nationalism. Paradoxically but true, P. R. Vitezović influenced at the great degree the 18th century Serbian and Bulgarian national movements. His heraldic manual under the title Stemmatographia, sive Armorum Illyricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitution (Vienna, 1701), in which coats of arms of all “Illyrian” (i.e., according to him, Croatian) historical provinces were presented, was translated into the Slavonic- Serbian language, adapted and expanded in the mid-18th century by the Serbian patriot of the Bulgarian ethnic origin from South Hungary, Hristifor Žefarović (1700–1753). Nonetheless, previously to P. R. Vitezović, the examples of coats of arms of Illyria (i.e. the Balkans) were available in Sebastian Münster’s Cosmographia (Basel, 1544) and revised by the Italian version in 1575. A very idea of the Illyrian (i.e. the Balkan or the South Slavic) unity could be found exactly in S. Münster’s Cosmographia, where the lands of Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia, Slavonia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina are described as the Illyrian provinces. P. R. Vitezović used, in addition to S. Münster’sCosmographia , as a basis for his own armorial manual, a heraldic work of the Herzegovinian nobleman and admiral in the Spanish navy service, Petar Ohmučević (known in Spain as Don Pedro) from 1596. -
I. Main Info – Romania Romania
I. MAIN INFO – ROMANIA Romania. Facts and figures Romania is located in South Eastern of Europe. Its neighbours are: - the Republic of Moldova to the east, - Bulgaria to the south, - Serbia to the south and south -east, - Hungary to the west, - Ukraine to the north, - The Black Sea in South. It has an area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi) and a temperate -continental climate . With almost 20 million inhabitants, the country is the seventh most populous member state of the European Union . Its capital and largest city, Bucharest , is the sixth -largest city in the EU , with 1,883,425 inhabitants as of 2011. The largest cities in Romania are: Bucharest , Ia şi, Timi şoara, Cluj, Constan ţa, Gala ţi, Bra şov, Ploie şti, Oradea and Suceava. The Romanian Flag is and The coat of arms of Romania is this . Romanian language is a Latin language and Romania itself is considered to be a “Latin island in a Slav sea”. The Climate The climate is continental, with oceanic influence in the West, Mediterranean in the South-West and excessively continental in the North -East. Summer can be hot and winter bitterly cold. Temperature: July average is 25 – 30°C, January average is -15 – -4°C, but you might also very well experience +35°C or -20°C. Currency Romanian Leu (RON). The leu’s subdivision is the ban . (1 RON = 100 bani) When you change money at exchange offices you have to look for the word “Comision” which have to be 0%. I.1. Info centres for migrants, NGO, Governmental organizations OFFICIAL ORGANIZATIONS (EMBASSIES, CONSULATES) The Ministery of Foreign Affairs http://www.mae.ro/ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the institution of central public administration which implements the foreign policy of Romania, in accordance with the legislation in force and with the Government’s Program. -
Princely Power and the Officially Recognized Confessions in Transylvania During the Reign of Michael I Apafi
ANTON DÖRNER1 PRINCELY POWER AND THE OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED CONFESSIONS IN TRANSYLVANIA DURING THE REIGN OF MICHAEL I APAFI Abstract: Few studies in recent Romanian historiography have addressed the problem of Transylvania‘s confessional history during the reign of Michael I Apafi. The growing interest in this subject of scholarly research is justified by the evolution of the 17th-century society, in which religion was present at all hours of the day (morning service, prayers before the lunch and evening meals, vespers) and among all walks of life. This study aims to reveal the role played by prince in the life of the officially recognized confessions in Transylvania. Keywords: Michael I Apafi, the Reformed, Catholic, Lutheran and Unitarian confessions In the second half of the 17th century, Transylvania boasted a remarkable confessional diversity. It was the only country in Europe that gave constitutional recognition to the free practice of four religions across its territory: Calvinist, Lutheran, Unitarian and Catholic. The politicians of that time were extremely proud of the aforementioned legislative provision, enshrined in the very first chapter of the Constitution, and of the country‘s democratic statehood, in which the Diet prevailed over the elected prince. The Central and West European States were perceived by the Transylvanian ruling elite as kingdoms in which emperors had acquired unlimited powers, which had allowed them to impose an autocratic system encompassing not only political life, but also spiritual life, directly subordinated to them. The writings of the Transylvanian authors from that period who approached general issues of state governance laid particular emphasis on certain semantic aspects: the word regnum was commonly used for the type of state described above and, in their vision, it differed radically from the model created and imposed by them in Transylvania‘s Constitution, a model designated through the term respublica. -
Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the Library of the University of Leiden
INVENTORIES OF COLLECTIONS OF ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS INVENTORY OF THE ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN VOLUME 2 MANUSCRIPTS OR. 1001 – OR. 2000 REGISTERED IN LEIDEN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1665 AND 1871 COMPILED BY JAN JUST WITKAM PROFESSOR OF PALEOGRAPHY AND CODICOLOGY OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD IN LEIDEN UNIVERSITY INTERPRES LEGATI WARNERIANI TER LUGT PRESS LEIDEN 2007 © Copyright by Jan Just Witkam & Ter Lugt Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2006, 2007. The form and contents of the present inventory are protected by Dutch and international copyright law and database legislation. All use other than within the framework of the law is forbidden and liable to prosecution. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author and the publisher. First electronic publication: 27 October 2006. Latest update: 13 August 2007 © Copyright by Jan Just Witkam & Ter Lugt Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2006, 2007 2 PREFACE The arrangement of the present volume of the Inventories of Oriental manuscripts in Leiden University Library does not differ in any specific way from the volumes which have been published earlier. For the sake of brevity I refer to my prefaces in those volumes. A few essentials my be repeated here. Not all manuscripts mentioned in the present volume were viewed by autopsy, but many were. The sheer number of manuscripts makes this impossible. At a later stage this may be achieved, but trying to achieve this at the present stage of inventorizing would seriously hamper the progress of the present project. -
Viktoria Potapkina
Nation Building in Contested States Viktoria Potapkina TESI DOCTORAL UPF/ANY 2018 DIRECTOR DE LA TESI Dr. Klaus-Jürgen Nagel DEPARTAMENT DE CIENCIES POLITIQUES I SOCIALS For My Family Acknowledgments I am grateful to UPF for being my academic “home” during the time I spent writing this thesis. I want to thank all the professors for their advice, critique and guidance. It was a long, but greatly enriching venture. My utmost gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Klaus-Jürgen Nagel, who generously offered his time and expertise to discuss my work with me. I am thankful for his invaluable suggestions, endless encouragement, deliberation and guidance from day one. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues, who took the time to discuss my research with me, read various drafts and chapters, and generally supported me every step of the way. I am grateful to all the people who took their time to share their insight and observations with me in and about Northern Cyprus and Kosovo during the time I spent there. Finally, I would like to thank my family who have supported me during this uneasy process. My most sincere thanks go to my parents, grandparents and brother, who have provided me with unconditional support and encouragement. This thesis would not have been possible without their unfailing support. v vi Resum (Catalan) Aquesta tesi consisteix en una anàlisi dels processos de construcció nacional (nation-building) actuals. Centrada específicament en els casos de la República Turca del Nord de Xipre, la República Moldava de Pridnestroviana i Kosovo, es basa en dades originals en anglès i en un sol treball.