CERN Courier – Digital Edition Welcome to the Digital Edition of the April 2015 Issue of CERN Courier

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WELCOME V OLUME 5 5 N UMBER 3 A P R I L 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the April 2015 issue of CERN Courier.

Celebration of the International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies (IYL 2015) continues in this issue with a look at the challenges in building a new light source in South East Asia, while Viewpoint asks whether the skills developed for high-energy physics could be used to make the dark side of the universe visible. These skills are already being directed at a large-scale project to investigate further what are arguably the most invisible of the elementary particles – the neutrinos. Celebrations also extend to wishing a happy 90th birthday to CERN Courier’s first editor, Roger Anthoine.

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CERN BIRTHDAY THE HEPTECH Making a splash Pioneering editor as the LHC gets achieves his NETWORK EDITOR: CHRISTINE SUTTON, CERN ready to restart 90th deadline Where academia meets DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p5 p41 industry p17

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier April 2015 Contents 4 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Covering current developments in high-energy Which do you want to engage? physics and related ﬁ elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories afﬁ liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for CERNCOURIER January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management.

Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 News editor Kate Kahle CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Beamline Electronic Precision Current E-mail cern [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 5 n EWS Instrumentation Transducers Web cerncourier.com • The LHC: a machine in training • NUCLEON takes its place in Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger space • LHCb gets a precise handle on sin 2β • ATLAS sets limits Laboratory correspondents: on anomalous quartic-gauge couplings CMS prepares to search Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin for heavy top-quark partners in Run 2 Proto-collaboration Cornell University (US) D G Cassel • DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck formed to promote Hyper-Kamiokande EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz 11 S CiEnCEWatCh • TURN-KEY Solution for Photon Beam • Precision current measuring Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter Position Monitors and for Power transducers with closed-loop current IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu 13 a S t r O W a t C h IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov Supply System for Optics transformer technology (Zero Flux INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 15 a r C h i v E technology) JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko • Low Noise and High Resolution KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Saeko Okada Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein F E a t u r E S • Ethernet Connectivity • Galvanic isolation between primary Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta NCSL (US) Ken Kingery 17 HEPTech: where academia meets industry and secondary conductor Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer • Firmware Remote Update Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman Innovative approaches for technology transfer in Europe. • Current-Output and Voltage-Output Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle versions available Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci 20 Long-distance neutrinos Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem An international approach for a new 1000 km experiment. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd 22 The TPS begins to shine IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK The challenges in building a new light source. Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481

Publisher Susan Curtis 27 Working with quarkonium Magnet Power MTCA.4 Production editor Lisa Gibson Technical illustrator Alison Tovey The 10th meeting of the Quarkonium Supply Systems MicroTCA for Physics Group advertising manager Chris Thomas Working Group provides a good time Advertisement production Katie Graham Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage to take stock.

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© 2015 CERN ISSN 0304-288X • Beamline Electronic Instrumentation First light for the TPS • Precision Current Transducers CERN BIRTHDAY THE HEPTECH Making a splash Pioneering editor On the cover: The two light sources at the NSRRC, with the TLS (small) and the as the LHC gets achieves his NETWORK ready to restart 90th deadline Where academia meets • Magnet Power Supply Systems p5 p41 industry p17 TPS (big), which has just achieved its ﬁ rst light (p22). (Image credit: NSRRC.) • MTCA.4 - MicroTCA for Physics www.caenels.com 3

CC_CAENels_September2014_bcINSIDE.indd 1 28/07/14 16:37 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier April 2015 cividec News Instrumentation

CIVIDEC Instrumentation is an R&D company born of cutting-edge technologies from CERN. We specialize in turn-key solutions for beam diagnostics based on CVD diamond technology. C E r n Diamond-XBPM The LHC: a machine in training

Successful injector tests sent protons through part of the LHC ring in March, creating “splash” events in the LHCb (left) and ALICE experiments. (Image credits: LHCb, left, and ALICE collaborations.) NEW: Diamond XBPM – our novel X-Ray Beam Position Monitor is made of single crystal CVD diamond for precision beam position measurements. After the long maintenance and electromechanical stresses and a local prepared their experiments to receive pulses consolidation campaign carried out during increase in temperature that triggers a of particles and recorded “splash” events as Excellent X-ray transparency. the fi rst long shutdown, LS1, the early part change from the superconductive to the the particles travelled through their detectors. • • Position resolution 0.1% of the beam size. of 2015 has been dominated by tests and resistive state. The entire coil is then warmed LHCb used the tests to commission the • Suitable for photon energies above 5 keV. • Position resolution of 10 nm for 10 µm beams. magnet training to prepare the LHC for up and cooled down again – for the LHC detector and the data-acquisition system, • For X-ray beams in the micron range. • Fast response, wide dynamic range. a collision energy of 13 TeV. With all of dipoles, this might take several hours. The as well as to perform detector studies and the hardware and software systems to be magnet protection system is crucial for alignments of the different sub-detectors. checked, a total of more than 10,000 test detecting a quench and safely extracting the The ALICE collaboration meanwhile 10% 1.00 steps needed to be performed and analysed energy stored in the circuits – about 1 GJ used muons originating from the Super CERN 0.75 on the LHC’s magnet circuits. per dipole circuit at nominal current ( Proton Synchrotron beam dump for timing The LHC’s backbone consists of Courier September 2013 p33). studies of the trigger and to align the muon 0.50 1232 superconducting dipole magnets The typical time needed to commission spectrometer. 1% 0.25 with a fi eld of up to 8.33 T operating in a dipole circuit fully is in the order of three If commissioning remains on schedule, 0 superﬂ uid helium at 1.9 K, together with to fi ve weeks, and all of the interlock and the LHC should restart towards the end of    more than 500 superconducting quadrupole protection systems have to be tested, both March, with fi rst collisions at 13 TeV in late -0.25 0.1% magnets operating at 4.2 K or 1.9 K. Many before and while ramping-up the current in May/early June. -0.50 other superconducting and normal resistive steps. By mid-February, the dipole circuits magnets are used to allow the correction in three sectors had been trained to the level -0.75 Sommaire en français Position resolution [% of beamsize] Position resolution of all beam parameters, bringing the total equivalent to 6.5 TeV, with the total number 0.01% -1.00 Le LHC : une machine à l'entraînement 5 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 number of magnets to more than 10,000. of quenches confi rming the initial prediction Photon flux at 12.6 keV [photons/s] Beam position [µm] About 1700 power converters are necessary of about 100 quenches for all of the dipoles NUCLEON prend sa place dans l’espace 6 to feed the superconducting circuits. in the machine. By early March, four sectors Figure: Measurements at Diamond Light Source Ltd., UK, Figure: Measurements on the B16 Test Beamline at Diamond The dipole magnets in the fi rst of the LHC’s were fully trained for 6.5-TeV operation, LHCb cerne mieux sin 2β 6 show the measured position resolutions at 1 kHz bandwidth Light Source Ltd, UK, show the position response for a 50 mi- eight sectors were trained successfully to with a fi fth well into its training programme. Couplages de jauge quartiques anormaux : 7 for various beam intensities of 12.6 keV photons. A position cron beam size. Note the very sharp response and the excel- nominal current in December (CERN Courier On the weekend of 7–8 March, operators ATLAS ﬁ xe des limites resolution of better than 0.1% of beamsize is obtained even for lent scale factor at the centre of the device. January/February 2015 p5), and training performed injection tests with beams of Recherche de partenaires lourds du quark t : 8 an incident flux as low as 109 photons/s. continued throughout the fi rst three months protons being sent part way around the LHC. of 2015. Although all of the dipole magnets Beam 1 passed through the ALICE detector CMS se prépare pour l’exploitation 2 were tested individually before installation, up to point 3 of the LHC, where it was Naissance d’une proto-collaboration pour 9 they had to be trained together in the tunnel up dumped on a collimator, and beam 2 went promouvoir Hyper-Kamiokande to 10,980 A, the current that corresponds to a through the LHCb detector up to the beam BEST PERFORMANCE WITH OUR NEW ELECTROMETER AMPLIFIERS beam energy of 6.5 TeV. dump at point 6. The team recorded various Le dipneuste pour comprendre l’évolution 11 Training involves repetitive quenches parameters, including the timings of the de l’ouïe before a superconducting magnet reaches injection kickers and the beam trajectory in Planck ne révèle aucune nouvelle physique 13 the target magnetic fi eld. The quenches the injection lines and LHC beam pipe. CIVIDEC Instrumentation GmbH | Vienna are caused by the sudden release of The ALICE and LHCb collaborations

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C O S M i C r a y S complex phase (CERN Courier July/August of the hadronic environment of the LHC, the 2014 p26). Its unitarity relates observables 0.4 result is at a similar precision to the 1200 C LHCb 0 → ψ 0 NUCLEON takes of many different measurements to a small B J/ KS analyses of the BaBar and Belle 1000 number of parameters, thereby allowing for 0.2 experiments at the PEP-II and KEKB Mg Si N O a stringent test of the electroweak sector of B factories. 800 B Al S Ti Cr its place in space Ca MnFe the Standard Model. 0 BaBar and Belle established CP violation Na Ar Sc V CoNi 0 0 0 Ne P Cl K The CP violation in B → J/ψ K arises in the B meson system by observing it 600 S F Cu from the interference of the direct decay –0.2 in B0 → J/ψ K0 decays for the fi rst time in – S On 13 January, less than three weeks after and the decay after B0–B0 oscillation. It 2001 (CERN Courier April 2001 p5). They 400 Zn signal yield asymmetry Li being launched into space, the NUCLEON Be manifests itself as an asymmetry between –0.4 have since contributed with measurements number of events – satellite experiment was switched on to 200 the decay rates of B0 and B0 mesons that 50 10 15 of sin 2β leading to a very precise collect its fi rst cosmic-ray events. Orbiting depends on the decay time, t: t (ps) world-average value of 0.682±0.019 (Heavy 0 the Earth on board the RESURS-P No.2 – Flavor Averaging Group 2014). Although 0 10 20 30 NB0 (t) – NB0 (t) Α( – ∝ Δ Δ satellite, NUCLEON has been designed to t) = NB0 (t) + NB0 (t) S sin( m t) – C cos( m t). The time-dependent asymmetry between LHCb’s new result is not yet as precise, it Z – investigate directly the energy spectrum Clockwise from top left: Fig. 1. The the decay rates of B0 and B0 mesons notably demonstrates that the experimental of cosmic-ray nuclei and their chemical NUCLEON fl ight model at the H8 SPS beam Here, S and C are the CP observables, measured by LHCb. challenges are met, and that a similar – composition from 100 GeV to 1000 TeV line, for combined tests of all of the detector and Δm/2π is the frequency of the B0–B0 precision will be achievable with the data (1011–1015 eV), as well as the cosmic-ray subsystems. (Image credit: JINR.) Fig. 2. oscillation. Because the decay is dominated tagging exploits event properties that are to be collected in the LHC’s Run 2. LHCb electron spectrum from 20 GeV to 3 TeV. It Charge measurements of the NUCLEON by a single decay amplitude, C is expected to correlated to the production fl avour of will then contribute signifi cantly to our is well known that the region of the “knee” detector from the SPS 2013 test run. Fig. 3. vanish and S can be identifi ed as sin 2β. the B meson. The fl avour identifi cation knowledge of this fundamental parameter, 14 16 0 0 – 10 –10 eV – is crucial for understanding The launch of the rocket Soyuz-2.1b with the The LHCb collaboration has now succeeds for 41,560 B → J/ψ K S decays, and and will allow for more stringent tests of the origin of cosmic rays, as well as their RESURS-P No.2 satellite. (Image credit: analysed the full data set from Run 1 of the is correct in 64% of the cases. CKM unitarity. acceleration and propagation in the Galaxy. Roscosmos.) LHC, comprising 114,000 reconstructed The LHCb measurement yields 0 0 ● NUCLEON has been produced by a and selected B → J/ψ K S decays S = 0.731±0.035 (stat.) ±0.020 (syst.), and is in Further reading collaboration between the Skobeltsyn The small electromagnet calorimeter NUCLEON’s charge-measurement system. (LHC Collaboration 2015). The analysis good agreement with the value expected J Charles et al. 2015 arXiv:1501.05013 [hep-ex]. Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow (six tungsten/silicon microstrip layers The results showed that it provides a charge relies on identifying the initial fl avour of from CKM unitarity when excluding direct Heavy Flavor Averaging Group 2014 arXiv:1412.7515 +0.017 State University (SINP MSU) as the main 180 × 180 mm weighing about 60 kg, owing resolution better than 0.3 charge units in the the B meson, i.e. whether it was produced measurements of sin 2β, 0.771–0.041 [hep-ex]. – partner, together with the Joint Institute for to satellite limitations) has a thickness of region up to atomic number Z = 30 (fi gure 2). as a B0 or a B0 meson. This so-called fl avour (Charles et al. 2015). Despite the challenges LHC Collaboration 2015 LHCb-PAPER-2015-004. Nuclear Research (JINR) and other Russian 12 radiation lengths, and will measure the The Z < 5 beam particles were suppressed by scientifi c and industrial centres. It consists primary cosmic-ray energy for some of the the NUCLEON trigger system. of silicon and scintillator detectors, a carbon events. The effective geometric factor is In 2013, NUCLEON was installed on ATLAS sets limits on anomalous quartic-gauge couplings target, a tungsten γ-converter and a small more than 0.2 m2sr for the full detector and the RESURS-P No. 2 satellite platform for electromagnet calorimeter. close to 0.1 m2sr for the calorimeter. The combined tests at the Samara-PROGRESS The charge-detection system, which NUCLEON device must allow separation of space-qualifi cation workshop, some Experiments at measurement isolates a fi nal state with a consists of four thin detector layers of the electromagnetic and hadronic cosmic-ray 1000 km southeast of Moscow. The complex the LHC have 70 ATLAS data W boson decaying to leptonic fi nal states × Wγγ ν μν 1.5 1.5 cm silicon pads, is located in components at a rejection level of better NUCLEON tests were continued in 2014 at been exploring Zγ e or plus the production of two photons 3 60 front of the carbon target. It is designed for than 1 in 10 for the events in the calorimeter the Baikonur spaceport, in conjunction with every corner of Wγj + Wjj with transverse energy ET > 20 GeV, and precision measurement of the charge of the aperture. the satellite and the Soyuz-2.1b rocket, before predictions made by the Standard Model 50 γγ + jets additional kinematic requirements defi ned primary-particle charge. The design, production and tests of the the successful launch on 26 December. in search of deviations that could point other backgrounds by the acceptance of the ATLAS detector 40 A new technique, based on the generalized trigger system were JINR’s responsibility. The satellite is now in a Sun-synchronous to a more comprehensive description of √s = 8 TeV, 20.3 fb–1 and the need to suppress soft photons. This ° kinematical method developed for The system consists of six multistrip orbit with inclination 97.276 and a middle nature. The LHC detectors have performed 30 muon channel (N ≥ 0) process is sensitive to possible deviations emulsions, is used to measure the cosmic-ray scintillator layers to select useful events by altitude of 475 km. The total weight of the superbly, producing measurements that, jets of the quartic-gauge coupling WWγγ from energy. Avoiding the use of heavy absorbers, measuring the charged-particle multiplicity NUCLEON apparatus is 375 kg, with a to date, are consistent with the model in events/50 GeV 20 Standard Model predictions. the Kinematic Lightweight Energy Meter crossing the trigger planes. The two-level power consumption of 175 W. every area tested, the discovery of the Higgs The rate of WWγγ is six orders of (KLEM) technique gives an energy trigger systems have a duplicated structure The fl ight tests of the NUCLEON boson with Standard Model properties 10 magnitude lower than that of inclusive resolution of 70% or better, according to for reliability, and will provide more than detector were continued during January and being a crowning achievement of LHC 0 W production. The isolation of this 8 11 simulations. Placed just behind the target, 10 events with energy above 10 eV during February, and the NUCLEON team hopes to Run 1 data-taking. 0 100 200 300 400 500 signal is a challenge, owing to both the this energy-measurement system consists the planned fi ve years of data taking. present the preliminary results at the summer The ATLAS and CMS collaborations are mγγ (GeV) small production rate and competition of silicon microstrip layers with tungsten The NUCLEON prototypes were tested conferences this year. The next step after now looking into deeper levels of Standard from similar processes containing a layers to convert secondary γ-rays to many times at CERN’s Super Proton this experiment will be the High-Energy Model predictions by probing additional Diphoton invariant-mass distribution for W boson with jets and single photons. The electron–positron pairs. This signifi cantly Synchrotron (SPS) with high-energy electron, cosmic-Ray Observatory (HERO) to study ways in which the gauge bosons (W+, W−, the muon channel in Wγγ. The hashed areas measurement relies upon the ability of increases the number of secondary particles hadron and heavy-ion beams. The last test at high-energy primary cosmic-ray radiation Z and photon) interact with each other. show the total systematic and statistical the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter and therefore improves the accuracy of the CERN, which took place in 2013 at the H2 from space. The fi rst HERO prototype is to These self-interactions are at the heart of uncertainty on the background estimate. to select isolated, directly produced energy determination for a primary particle. heavy-ion beam, was dedicated to testing be tested at the SPS in autumn. the model’s electroweak sector. The gauge photons from those embedded in the more bosons are predicted to interact through the quartic coupling of four gauge bosons. prolifi c production of hadronic jets. The L h C EXPEriMEntS point-like triple and quartic couplings. The This can be done through the two-by-two fi gure shows the m(γγ) mass distribution 0 0 The “golden channel”, B → J/ψ K S, triple-gauge couplings have been tested scattering of the bosons, or more directly from the 110 events that pass the fi nal LHCb gets a precise handle on sin 2β allows for a clean determination of the angle both at the LHC and at Fermilab’s Tevatron, through the transition of one of the bosons pp → W(μν) γγ + X selection cuts. The data β of the triangle that represents the unitarity following on from beautiful studies at to a fi nal state with three bosons. are compared with the sum of backgrounds In the fi rst week of March, LHCb collaboration announced a precision of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa the Large Electron–Positron collider The ATLAS experiment has used data plus the Wγγ signal expected from the at Les Rencontres de measurement of CP (charge/parity) violation (CKM) quark-mixing matrix. The matrix that demonstrated the existance of these collected in 2012 from 8 TeV proton–proton Standard Model. 0 0

Physique de la Vallée in decays of neutral B mesons to the J/ψ KS describes CP violation in the Standard couplings and measured their properties. collisions to make a measurement of These data are used to put limits on ▲ d’Aoste, La Thuile, the fi nal state. Model as the result of a single irreducible A new frontier at the LHC is to explore triple-gauge boson production. The deviations of the quartic gauge coupling

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WWγγ from Standard Model predictions resulting limits on various parameters that topologies” can be exploited thanks to Event display of by introducing models for anomalous introduce non-Standard Model quartic CMS prepares to dedicated reconstruction algorithms that a simulated (non-Standard Model) contributions couplings show that they are all consistent were developed and became well established T → tH decay. to pp → Wγγ + X production. These with zero (ATLAS Collaboration 2015). search for heavy in the context of the analyses of Run-1 data contributions typically enhance events Once again, the Standard Model survives a (CERN Courier November 2014 p8). with large invariant mass of the two measurement that probes a new aspect of its Searches for top-quark partners performed photons. The anomalous quartic coupling electroweak predictions. top-quark partners by CMS on the data from Run 1 span a large limits are imposed using a subset of the variety of different strategies and selection pp → Wγγ + X events with m(γγ) > 300 GeV ● Further reading in Run 2 criteria, to push the mass-sensitivity as and no central high-energy jets. The ATLAS Collaboration 2015 CERN-PH-EP-2015-009. high as possible. These searches have now been combined to reach the best exclusion As the experiment limit from the Run-1 data: heavy top-quark collaborations get ready partners with masses below 800 GeV are for Run 2 at the LHC, the now excluded at the 95% confi dence level. PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter situation of the searches The fi gure shows a simulated event with a for new physics is rather top-quark partner decaying into a top-quark the experiment when the LHC starts up in 2015. The higher centre-of-mass energy different from what it was in 2009, when plus a Higgs boson (T → tH) in a fully this year. The new triggers for boosted increases the probability for pair production Run 1 began. Many models have been hadronic fi nal state. topologies are expected to open new regions of these new particles, as well as of single Reach new heights constrained and many limits have been set. CMS plans to employ these techniques of phase space, which would be out of production. The CMS collaboration is now Yet a fundamental question remains: why to analyse boosted topologies not only in reach otherwise. Some of these searches preparing to exploit the early data from in magnetic eld is the mass of the newly discovered Higgs the analysis framework, but for the very are expected to already be very sensitive Run 2 in the search for top-quark partners boson so much below the Planck energy fi rst time also in the trigger system of within the fi rst few months of data-taking produced in 13 TeV proton collisions. scale? This is the so-called hierarchy measurement problem. Quantum corrections to the mass n E u t r i n O S of the Higgs boson that involve known The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new particles such as the top quark are divergent Proto-collaboration formed to promote Hyper-Kamiokande standard for precision magnetometers. and tend to push the mass to a very high energy scale. To account for the relatively Leveraging 30 years of expertise building low mass of the Higgs boson requires the world’s gold standard magnetometers, fi ne-tuning, unless some new physics enters electrical-machinery water-purification system room it takes magnetic eld measurement to the picture to save the situation. A variety of theories beyond the Standard new heights: measuring higher elds with Model attempt to address the hierarchy better resolution. problem. Many of these predict new particles whose quantum-mechanical cavity (lining) contributions to the mass of the Higgs The PT2026 offers unprecedented exibility boson precisely cancel the divergences. In particular, models featuring heavy partners 5 m in the choice of parameters, interfacing height 54 m of the top quark with vector-like properties access width 48 m m total length 247. and probe placement, as well as greatly compartment are compelling, because the cancellations tunnel length 49.5 (five compartments) improved tolerance of inhomogeneous are then achieved in a natural way. These elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces models, which often assume an extension of Left, schematic of the detector proposed for the Hyper-Kamiokande project (Image credit: HK Collaboration.) Right: Participants at the and LabVIEW software, it ts perfectly into the Standard Model Higgs sector, include Inaugural Symposium of the Hyper-Kamiokande Proto-Collaboration. (Image credit: ICRR.) the two-Higgs doublet model (2HDM), the modern laboratory environments. composite Higgs model, and the little Higgs The Inaugural Symposium of the Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) CP violation in neutrinos, but to close model. In addition, theories based on the Hyper-Kamiokande Proto-Collaboration, with a new detector based on precision in on theories of elementary-particle www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com presence of extra dimensions of space often took place in Kashiwa, Japan, on 31 January, experimental techniques developed unifi cation by discovering proton decay. By predict the existence of vector-like quarks. attended by more than 100 researchers. The in Japan – a new megaton-class water expanding solar, atmospheric, and cosmic The discovery of the Higgs boson was aim was to promote the proto-collaboration Cherenkov detector to succeed the highly neutrino observations, as well as advancing a clear and unambiguous target for Run 1. and the Hyper-Kamiokande project successful Super-Kamiokande detector. neutrino-interaction research and neutrino In contrast, there could be many potential internationally. In addition, a ceremony The Hyper-Kamiokande detector astronomy, Hyper-Kamiokande will also discoveries of new particles or sets of to mark the signing of an agreement for will be about 25 times larger than provide new knowledge in particle and particles to hope for in Run 2, but currently the promotion of the project between the Super-Kamiokande, the research facility nuclear physics, cosmology and astronomy. no model of new physics is favoured a priori Institute for Cosmic Ray Research of the that fi rst found evidence for neutrino mass in As an international project, researchers above any other. University of Tokyo and KEK took place 1998. Super-Kamiokande’s discoveries that, from around the world are working to start the One striking feature common to many of during the symposium. in comparison to other elementary particles, Hyper-Kamiokande experiment in 2025.The these new models is that the couplings with The Hyper-Kamiokande project aims neutrinos have extremely small masses, and Hyper-Kamiokande proto-collaboration now third-generation quarks are enhanced. This both to address the mysteries of the origin that the three known types of neutrino mix includes an international steering committee Pantone 286 Pantone 032 results in fi nal states containing b quarks, and evolution of the universe’s matter and almost maximally in ﬂ ight, support the ideas and an international board of representatives vector bosons, Higgs bosons and top quarks to confront theories of elementary-particle of theories that go beyond the Standard Model with members from 13 countries: Brazil, that can have signifi cant Lorentz boosts, unifi cation. To achieve these goals, the to unify the elementary particles and forces. Canada, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Poland,

Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com so that their individual decay products project will combine a high-intensity In particular, the Hyper-Kamiokande Portugal (observer state), Russia, Spain, often overlap and merge. Such “boosted neutrino beam from the Japan Proton project aspires not only to discover Switzerland, the UK and the US.

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Imaging Conference C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY 22nd International Symposium on Town and Country Hotel Lungfi sh provide clues on how hearing evolved Room-Temperature Semiconductor 31 October – 7 November Hearing may have evolved from direct The lungfi sh ear is a good model for the ears X-Ray and Gamma-ray Detectors Abstract Submission Deadline: perception of vibrations by early vertebrate of the fi rst terrestrial vertebrates. A new study brains. Christian Christensen of Aarhus shows that they can detect airborne sound 5 May, 2015 University in Denmark and colleagues despite not having a tympanic middle ear. Electronics Applications in Medical www.nss-mic.org/2015 have found that lungfi sh – the closest living (Image credit: Christian Bech Christensen.) Imaging, Physics, relatives of the fi rst four-legged animals to Radiation Detectors come onto land around 350-million years water all of the time – have no middle ear, Industry, Homeland ago – have brains that respond to vibrations and that they too can detect sound in air Instrumentation in their heads. This is despite their having no lungfi sh detect underwater sound pressure (Christensen et al. 2015b). Security, Space and middle ear to sense pressure directly. via pressure-to-particle motion transduction Algorithms Biology The researchers studied hearing in the by air volumes in their lungs and, more ● Further reading lungfi sh by measuring neurophysiological surprisingly, they also respond to airborne C B Christensen et al. 2015a Journal of Experimental recordings to estimate the vibration and sound (Christensen et al. 2015a). The Danish Biology 218 381. pressure sensitivity of African lungfi sh researchers also found that salamanders – C B Christensen et al. 2015b Proc. Royal Soc. B (Protopterus annectens). They found that the including fully juvenile ones, which live in doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1943.

Learning to play achieved similar results using genes from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii to make Magnetars A breakthrough in computer learning E. coli that are also dependent on synthetic has been achieved by DeepMind, a amino acids to live (Rovner et al. 2015). Google-owned artifi cial-intelligence Such organisms with exotic biochemistries company in London. Volodomyr Mnih and are attractive both to study life outside of colleagues used a single algorithm based on the normal range of terrestrial biochemistry, a deep (meaning several layers between input and as candidates for clinical, environmental and output) neural network and reinforcement and industrial applications, because they are learning to make what they call a deep unlikely to become out of control and have Q-network or DQN. Using only pixels and undesired or unpredictable effects on the rest game scores, and no direct information of life on Earth. about the rules of the games, it learnt to play 49 classic Atari 2600 games (such as ● Further reading “Space Invaders”), beating all previous D J Mandell et al. 2015 Nature 518 55. Artist’s impression of the magnetar algorithms and reaching a level comparable A J Rovner et al. 2015 Nature 518 89. SGR 0418+5729. (Image credit: ESA.) to professional human game testers. This is the fi rst artifi cial agent able to learn and excel Vocal learning in chimps Magnetars are neutron stars with huge at a diverse range of diffi cult tasks. magnetic fi elds of around 1015–1016 G, but Researchers in the UK have found that captive the origin of these fi elds has remained an ● Further reading chimpanzees can learn new grunts from open question. Now, Maxim Dvornikov of V Mnih et al. 2015 Nature 518 529. neighbours to refer to food, suggesting an the University of São Paulo, the Pushkov analogue of human language-acquisition. Institute in Moscow and Tomsk University, Safe GMOs Stuart Watson of York University and and Victor B Semikoz, also at the Pushkov colleagues compared grunts of seven chimps Institute, have shown that the electroweak A common concern with genetically modifi ed moved from the Netherlands to join six interaction of ultrarelativistic electrons with Vesna Sossi Adam Alessio organisms (GMOs) is that they might escape chimps in a UK zoo. One year after the move, nucleons in a neutron star can grow a seed fi eld to the required strength within the 10,000 University of British Columbia University of Washington from the lab into the environment and either the Dutch chimps used a high-pitched call to grow where not wanted, in their original or refer to apples, quite distinct from the deeper years or so typical for young magnetars. The General Chair MIC Program Chair mutated forms, or transfer genes horizontally grunts used by the British chimps. After three required magnetic-fi eld instability comes to other organisms. Two groups have now years, however, the Dutch chimps adopted from electroweak parity-violation in the Tom Lewellen Lawrence MacDonald found ways to make organisms that are the grunts of the Brits. While this may not be electron–nucleon interaction, suggesting that University of Washington University of Washington essentially bioconfi ned to the lab. enough to count as language acquisition, it these objects are not just the most magnetic Deputy General Chair MIC Deputy Program Chair George Church of Harvard Medical School is the fi rst time that such behaviour has been in the universe, but among the most striking in Boston and colleagues computationally seen in non-humans, and suggests that social large-scale demonstrations of parity violation. John Valentine Ralph James redesigned essential enzymes in a learning of referential words in humans could strain of E. coli bacteria to depend on be older than previously thought. ● Further reading Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory non-standard amino acids for their survival M Dvornikov and V B Semikoz 2015 Phys. Rev. D NSS Program Chair RTSD Co-Chair (Mandell et al. 2015). Farren Isaacs of Yale ● Further reading 91 061301(R). University in New Haven and colleagues S K Watson et al. 2015 Current Biology 25 495. Chiara Guazzoni Michael Fiederle Politecnico de Milano & INFN Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum NSS Deputy Program Chair RTSD Co-Chair 11

Ad.indd 1 07/01/2015 09:49 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 Ready to jump in at any stage of your Control System Project... CERN Courier April 2015 Astrowatch

C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA , AND CHIPP, U NIVERSITY OF Z URICH Planck reveals no evidence of new physics

The release of the full mission data of “Dark Ages”. There are, however, other ESA’s Planck spacecraft is a milestone for interesting results on more fundamental cosmology. Despite the high quality of the physics. Planck further limits the sum of the data – including, for the fi rst time, polarization active neutrino masses to be below 0.194 eV, observations – and the thorough analysis by and constrains the effective number of light,

the Planck collaboration, this event had little relativistic neutrinos, Neff, to be 3.04±0.33 impact in the community and in public. Rather (both at 95% CL with external constraints). than strengthening the case for new physics, This strongly disfavours the existence it confi rms with high accuracy the standard of an additional fourth quasi-massless model of cosmology, disfavours the existence All-sky map of polarized dust emission in the neutrino, which could have been a sterile of a light sterile neutrino, and turns down the Milky Way (colour coded) with a texture (“right-handed”) one, but it does not exclude hope for a dark-matter origin of the positron rendering of the magnetic-fi eld lines of the the possibility of heavier (> 1–10 eV) sterile excess in cosmic rays. Galaxy. The area observed by BICEP2 is in neutrinos. Planck is the third generation of missions the lower, blue part of the image, but is still Another interesting result coming from We build the complete dedicated to the observation of the cosmic affected by signifi cant dust emission blending CMB polarization measurements is a microwave background (CMB). This “fi rst with the possible signal from primordial constraint on dark-matter annihilation, CS cost-efficiently from tried light” – freed 380,000 years after the gravitational waves. (Image credit: ESA and which could have contributed to the and proven components Big Bang – provides key information on the Planck Collaboration.) re-ionization of the universe at the beginning NEW the universe as a whole, its fundamental of the “Dark Ages”. The derived upper limit constituents and its past and future papers (CERN Courier May 2013 p12). almost entirely excludes the dark-matter evolution. Planck builds on the detection of Already then, the results confi rmed with interpretation – a neutralino with a mass the fi rst large-scale CMB anisotropies by higher accuracy the relative abundance of of the order of 1 TeV – of the positron the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) the cosmic ingredients, namely ordinary excess measured by the Alpha Magnetic Control System Studio (CSS) in the early 1990s, and the much sharper (baryonic) matter, cold dark matter (CDM) Spectrometer (CERN Courier November view provided by NASA’s Wilkinson and a cosmological constant (Λ), as derived 2014 p6). Finally, the combined analysis Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) by WMAP (CERN Courier May 2008 p8). of Planck data with the measurements by LABVIEW ORACLE, mySQL, etc. We master all control system in the following decade (CERN Courier The new Planck results confi rm that these BICEP2 and the Keck array on the curly May 2006 p12). Planck’s strength is that, components sum up to the critical density B-modes of the CMB polarization confi rms cPCI, PXIe, VME, xTCA, MTCA.4 FPGA programming technologies for Big Physics by extending the wavelength coverage corresponding to a fl at universe with no that at least most, if not all, of the signal is to higher frequencies than measured by global curvature, and yield only small from galactic dust in the Galaxy (CERN WMAP, it is better able to disentangle changes to the relative abundances in this Courier November 2014 p15), therefore PVSS, FESA, DOOCS, TINE, ACS... Timing system, MPS foreground emission from the Milky Way standard ΛCDM cosmology. disproving the claim for primordial and other galaxies. The press release from ESA emphasizes gravitational waves from infl ation (CERN The Planck collaboration – including the result that the re-ionization of the Courier May 2014 p13). individuals from more than 100 scientifi c universe by the fi rst stars took place some institutes in Europe, the US and Canada 550 million years after the Big Bang, ● Further reading – released the fi rst data of the mission in which is some 100 million years later than Planck 2015 results, submitted to A&A: March 2013, together with 31 scientifi c previously assumed for this end of the www.cosmos.esa.int/web/planck/publications.

Picture of the month

The Hubble Space Telescope caught, for the fi rst time, multiple images of a single supernova. The stellar explosion took place in the distant universe, and was split into four images (yellow dots) by the strong gravitational-lensing effect of an intervening galaxy belonging to the cluster MACS J1149+2223 located along the line of sight about fi ve-thousand million light-years away. The gravity of ordinary and dark matter in this Expert staff to cover peak loads and beyond* galaxy distorts space–time, opening four different routes for light from the remote supernova to Earth – a confi guration called an Einstein cross. Owing to the different *yes, we do maintenance and support, even write up the documentation! lengths of these routes, the image reveals the supernova fading at different epochs after ignition of the explosion. In the years to come, a fi fth route could even show the explosion in “replay” from the start. (Image credit: NASA, ESA, S Rodney (John Hopkins University) and the FrontierSN team; T Treu (University of California Los Angeles), P Kelly (University Choose the arrangement that suits you best: of California Berkeley) and the GLASS team; J Lotz (STScI) and the Frontier Fields team; outsourcing (on-site or off-site), development services, M Postman (STScI) and the CLASH team; and Z Levay (STScI).) or a customized turnkey solution.

www.cosylab.com 13

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Pioneers in CERN Courier Archive: 1972 Mineral Insulated Cable A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 12, A PRIL 1972, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER

We were among the ﬁ rst pioneering companies n a L to manufacture Mineral Insulated cable to improve product performance and reliability. Over the decades, we’ve reﬁ ned and improved that First pulses at 200 GeV technology, as it remains the heart of our products to this day. We specialise in: The National Accelerator Laboratory came instabilities at energies over about 30 GeV. into being in the summer of 1967 with the At 11.00 a stable beam was achieved after mandate to build and operate a 200 GeV injection of about 1011 protons per pulse Thermocouple Cables proton synchrotron. The move to the site, at 7.2 GeV from the Booster. By 11.30 the around the former village of Weston, Illinois, beam was through transition and a steady Resistance Cables was completed in September 1968. On 1 climb to higher energies began. To simplify December 1968 ground was broken and the removal of magnets which failed, the RF Coaxial Cables construction was under way, aiming to have magnet water-cooling circuits were not the accelerator built within a budget of $250 operating and pulse rates had to be kept low Multi-conductor Transmission Cables for million and operational by 1 July 1972. to avoid overheating. The cycle sequence 1 March 1972. “There it is”. Happy faces power, control and instrumentation On the morning of 1 March 1972 there was forty pulses at 30 GeV, each taking 1 s, cluster around the screen in the NAL Main was a pep talk from Laboratory Director followed by a single pulse to 200 GeV fi eld Control Room. At the scope are (l. to r.) Bob Wilson and from Ernie Malamud levels taking 5 s. Frank Cole, Jeff Gannon and John Clarke reviewing commissioning progress. In the At 12.30 the scope trace indicating with, immediately behind them, Dick Cassel, Main Control Room, Frank Cole was leading accelerated beam crept out to 167 GeV. Ryuji Yamada, Bruce Strauss and Paul the new attack on design energy with Jim Excitement was growing and the Main Evan. (Image credit: NAL.) Griffi n at the other end of the intercom in Control Room became a crowd scene with the RF building. Don and Helen Edwards a huddle of heads round Ed Gray operating had been achieved several months ahead of Temperature is our business | www.okazaki-mfg.com had worked during the night to tidy up the the main control console. At 13.08 the the initial schedule and within the forecast tracking between bending and quadrupole shout went up “There it is”; the trace went construction budget. magnets, a possible source of beam all the way out to 200 GeV. Design energy ● Compiled from texts on pp120–123.

okazaki-cernad2-193x125-Mar15.indd 1 06/03/2015 14:16 B u B B L E C h a M B E r S measuring can be carried out in the Special lenses were made by Jos. Schneider, BESSY image plane with a precision of ±170 μm Germany, at a price of 1000 SF per unit, Powered by (equivalent to ±10 μm in the fi lm plane). to correct distortions caused by the fi lm In 1969, when the question of processing of The tricks which helped bring the price pressure plates. The mirror has only been fi lm from the 3.7 m [Big] European hydrogen down to 41,500 SF, less than half the price polished once; the quality is adequate Bubble Chamber BEBC was tackled, it of a table produced using conventional and the price is less than a fi fth that of a became clear that to use existing scanning methods throughout, concern the fi lm high precision mirror. The lamps with devices, regions containing interesting driving motors, lenses, fi lm pressure incorporated mirror are commercially events would have to be roughly identifi ed plates, mirrors, projector and condenser. available units from movie projectors. The in advance. The result is BESSY, the BEBC The driving motors are very sturdy car condenser is made from a plastic Fresnel European Scanning SYstem, a scanning and windscreen wiper motors; there are twelve lens costing a few tens of Swiss francs. The World’s Most Advanced preliminary measuring table not involving of them at a price of about 50 SF each. ● Compiled from texts on pp127–128. high precision. Digital Pulse Processor BESSY has a mirror fi xed to the machine, a projection table 1.3 × 1.6 m2 and four Compiler’s Note ADQ-412 Mechanical and electro-mechanical devices have long brought out projection lenses on a single plate giving a total magnifi cation of 17×. Preliminary the whimsical and wonderful in inventors, as evidenced in some of Dynamic Current Measurement • Up to 8 channels the machines for scanning and measuring bubble-chamber fi lm. Even of simultaneous Nobel laureate Ernest Rutherford sanctioned this approach to building Current measurement at its best up to 50 A processing apparatus in his apocryphal declaration “If you can’t do it with string and – dynamic and with high-precision! sealing wax on a lab bench, it probably isn’t worth doing at all”. • Over 3 Mcps • Precise wide range current measurement from 1 μA up to 50 A During the Second World War, semi-automatic analysis machines, processed by invented to help decrypt secret messages of the Axis Powers, were • Dynamic current measurement with up to 20 kHz bandwidth each channel operated by “girls”, namely “Wrens” from the Women’s Royal Naval Service • 2 differential channels with 700 V isolation voltage (WRNS) at the UK Government Code and Cypher School in Bletchley Park. • Two 18 bit ADCs, up to 1.6 MS/s sample rate [email protected] The Wrens found the devices so comical that they christened them “Heath • Non interrupting switching between the Tel: +1-510-401-5760 Visit us in Nuremberg, 19th to 21st of May Robinsons” in honour of the renowned British cartoonist whose speciality was drawing ridiculously measurement ranges ±25 mA and ±50 A 2015 in hall 11, booth 11-241. www.xia.com A prototype of BESSY, the scanning table complicated gadgets to solve simple problems. Heath Robinsons were the predecessors of Colossus, the Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Youtube and take a designed specifi cally for use on fi lm from world’s fi rst programmable digital electronic computer, and the Wren operators might well be regarded as look at our new brochure under: www.alldaq.com/cc2. BEBC, delivered to CERN in December the predecessors of particle physics’ scanning girls (was there ever a scanning boy?). ALLDAQ – a division of ALLNET GmbH Computersysteme 1971. (Image credit: CERN-EX-7204071.) D-82110 Germering | Phone: +49 (0)89 / 894 222 74 | Email: [email protected] alldaq.com

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CERN Courier April 2015 THINK VACUUM, Technology transfer THINK EDWARDS Giving you a clear edge HEPTech: where academia

We have a deep understanding of high energy physics applications and the critical role that vacuum plays at every stage. This experience, coupled with class leading products and application know-how, allows us to offer a broad meets industry range of solutions enabling you to push the boundaries of modern physics. • Optimum solution not compromises Widest portfolio of pumping mechanisms optimised for performance from atmospheric pressure to ultra-high vacuum Eleonora Getsova explains how the HEPTech • Not just pumps, complete solution Broad depth of application and simulation experience network gives a European dimension to across vacuum industry innovative approaches and technology-transfer

• Increased productivity, high reliability opportunities in high-energy physics. High uptime solutions Representatives of HEPTech member organizations and the network’s Co-ordination Committee at the HEPTech Board [email protected] Technologies developed for fundamental research in particle, Meeting, which took place at CERN in December 2014. (Image edwardsvacuum.com astro-particle and nuclear physics have an enormous impact on credit: CERN-PHOTO-201412-257-2.) everyday lives. To push back scientifi c frontiers in these fi elds requires innovation: new ways to detect one signal in a wealth of “Particle physics is a highly co-operative environment. The idea data, new techniques to sense the faintest signals, new detectors was to spread that spirit over to the Technology Transfer Offi ces.” that operate in hostile environments, new engineering solutions So in 2008 a proposal was made to the CERN Council to establish that strive to improve on the best – and many others. a network of Technology Transfer Offi ces (TTOs) in the fi eld of The scientifi c techniques and high-tech solutions developed by particle physics. The same year, Council approved the network high-energy physics can help to address a broad range of challenges for a pilot phase of three years, reporting annually to the Euro- faced by industry and society – from developing more effective pean Strategy Session of Council. In the light of the positive results medical imaging and cancer diagnosis through positron-emission obtained over those three years, Council approved the continua- New Photomultiplier HV Base tomography techniques, to developing the next generation of solar tion of the network’s activities and its full operation. “Since then Using photomultipliers is now even easier with a new panels using ultra-high vacuum technologies. However, it is dif- it has grown – both in expanding the number of members and in range of compact, low noise, HV Bases from ET Enterprises. fi cult and costly not only for many organizations to carry out the facilitating bodies across Europe that can bring innovation from R&D needed to develop new applications, products and processes, high-energy physics faster to industrial exploitation”, says Le Goff. Incorporating socket, voltage divider and HV supply, they are suitable for use with a wide but also for scientists and engineers to turn their technologies into The primary objective of the HEPTech network is to enhance range of photomultipliers operating in analogue, commercial opportunities. technology transfer (TT) from fundamental research in physics to pulse counting or photon counting modes. The aim of the high-energy physics technology-transfer network society. Therefore, the focus is on furthering knowledge transfer . range of input voltage (5V to 15V) – HEPTech – is to bring together leading European high-energy (KT) from high-energy physics to other disciplines, industry and . output voltage adjustable from 100V to 2000V physics research institutions so as to provide academics and industry society, as well as on enhancing TT from fundamental research in . very low power with a single point of access to the skills, capabilities, technologies physics to industry for the benefi t of society. The network also aims high stability . and R&D opportunities of the high-energy physics community in to disseminate intellectual property, knowledge, skills and technolo- Visit our website for further information. a highly collaborative open-science environment. As a source of gies across organizations and industry, and to foster collaborations ET Enterprises is now your single source for ‘Electron Tubes’ and ADIT technology excellence and innovation, the network bridges the gap between scientists, engineers and business. Another important task photomultipliers, including many Photonis replacements. between researchers and industry, and accelerates the industrial pro- is to enable the sharing of best practices in KT and TT. Use our interactive website to search our complete range of products or follow cess for the benefi t of the global economy and wider society. HEPTech’s activities are fully in line with its objectives. To foster the contact links to discuss your application. HEPTech is made up of major research institutions active in the contacts with industry at the European level, the network organ- particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics. It has a membership of izes regular academia–industry matching events (AIMEs). These ET Enterprises Limited, Riverside Way, Uxbridge, UB8 2YF, UK 23 institutions across 16 countries, including most of the CERN are technology-themed events that provide matchmaking between Phone: +44 (0)1895 200880 Fax: +44 (0)1895 270873 member states (see table on page x). Detailed information about industrial capabilities and the needs of particle physics and other [email protected] HEPTech member organizations and an overview of the network’s research disciplines. They are HEPTech’s core offering to its mem- www.et-enterprises.com From sensors to equipment, find more solutions at activities are published annually in the HEPTech Yearbook and are bers and the wider community, and the network has an active pro- ADIT Electron Tubes, 300 Crane Street, Sweetwater, Texas 79556, USA also available on the network’s website. gramme in this respect. Resulting from joint efforts by the network Phone: (325) 235 1418 So, how was the network born? Jean-Marie Le Goff, the fi rst and its members, the AIMEs usually attract about 100 participants

Fax: (325) 235 2872 ▲ [email protected] co-ordinator and present chairman of HEPTech, explains: from more than 10 countries (fi gures from 2014). Last year, the www.electrontubes.com catch the light 17

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the horizon of the events and allows coverage of the subject fi eld HEPTech members across Europe. It is different from doing a local event – for instance, A timeline of HEPTech events having companies only from Hamburg or just with the focus on Ger- Workshop Academia-Industry Matching Event In-kind Contribution Workshop on Marketing of Academia-Industry Matching on Technology on Neutron Detection Follow-Up Institution Country many. As the research work concerned has an international scope, it Workshop Science and Technology Event on Cryogenics January 2014 May 2014 Licensing March 2015 Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies France absolutely makes sense to organize such events. It is good to have the December 2014 June 2015 alternatives (CEA) Show and Tell Workshop 2nd Hellenic Forum for Science Academia-Industry Academia-Industry Matching Event input of HEPTech in shaping the programme of the event and to have April 2014 and Technology Innovation Matching Event on on Photon Detection with MPGDs European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Switzerland June 2014 Big Data June 2015 the network’s support within the organizing committee as well.” March 2015 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que France HEPTech has teamed up with the work package on relations with (CNRS/IN2P3) industry of the Advanced European Infrastructures for Detectors Centro Nacional de Fisica de Particulas Astroparticulas Spain at Accelerators (AIDA) project (which was co-funded by the Euro- Workshop on Workshop on Marketing y Nuclear (CPAN) pean Commission under FP7 in 2011–2014), to organize AIMEs HEPTech Symposium AIDA AIME: Resistive Plate Academia-Industry Startups and of Science Results June 2014 Matching Event on University of Belgrade (Center for Technology Transfer Serbia on detectors, with a view to fostering collaboration with industry Chambers and Thin Gap Building an ELI Academia-Industry Matching Spin outs September 2015 Chambers Event on High Energy Lasers Industrial Applications April 2015 HEPTech Centric Ecosystem Academia-Industry and Institute of Physics) during the pre-procurement phase. A total of seven AIMEs were March 2014 November 2014 of High Energy Lasers Symposium Workshop Workshop on ELI-NP March 2015 June 2015 Demokritos National Centre for Scientifi c Research (NCSR) Greece organized in collaboration with AIDA and the RD51 collaboration April 2014 October 2015 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Germany at CERN, covering most of the technology fi elds of impor tance for ELI ALPS Hungary detectors at accelerators. HEPTech fi nanced four of them. A total ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics of the Academy Czech Republic of 101 companies attended the events, giving an average of 14 com- interest was awarded an expenses-paid trip around the UK to look elaborate our annual work plan, particularly in relation to training of Sciences panies per event. For technology topics where Europe could meet for funding for his project. The 2015 symposium will be held in and best-practice sharing”, explains Dobrev. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Switzerland the needs of academia, the percentage of EU industry was about Prague on 31 May–6 June and will be hosted by Inovacentrum Taking into consideration the overall achievements of HEPTech European Spallation Source (ESS) Sweden/Denmark 90% or above, going down to 70% when the leading industry for a from the Czech Technical University in collaboration with ELI and based on the annual reports of the network co-ordinator, CERN Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Germany technology topic was in the US and/or Asia. Beamlines and the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences. Council encouraged HEPTech to continue its activities and amplify Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Romania To help event organizers fi nd pertinent academic and industrial HEPTech has established a competitive procedure for members its efforts in the update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH) players in the hundreds, sometimes thousands, of organizations that would like to host the event in future. Those interested have to in May 2013. The following year, in September, the Council presi- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Italy active in a particular technology, CERN used graph-analysis tech- demonstrate their capacity for organizing both a quality training dent gave strong support and feedback for HEPTech’s work. Inovacentrum- Czech Technical University Czech Republic niques to develop a tool called “Collaboration spotting”. The tool programme and the entertainment of the participants. HEPTech’s collaborative efforts with the European Extreme Light Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI) Slovenia automatically processes scientifi c publications, patents and data Providing opportunities for capacity-building and sharing Infrastructure (ELI) project resulted in network membership of all Knowledge Transfer Network (KTN) UK from various sources, selects pertinent information and populates a best practice among its members is of paramount importance to three pillars of the project. Moreover, at the Annual Forum of the EU Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental Portugal database that is later used to automatically generate interactive socio- HEPTech. The network is highly active in investigating and imple- Strategy for the Danube Region, representatives of governments in de Partículas (LIP) grams representing the activity occurring in individual technology menting novel approaches to TT. A dedicated workgroup on sharing the Danube countries acknowledged HEPTech’s role as a key project National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece fi elds. Organizations and their collaborations are displayed in a graph best practices responds to requests from members that are organ- partner in the Scientifi c Support to the Danube Strategy initiative. Sofi a University St. Kliment Ohridski Bulgaria that makes the tool valuable for monitoring and assessing the AIMEs. izing events on a number of subjects relevant to the institutions and With its stated vision to become “the innovation access-point for Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) UK However, the fi ndings from AIDA show that it is diffi cult to con- their TT process. These include, for instance, workshops presenting accelerator- and detector-driven research infrastructures” within Weizmann Institute of Science Israel duct an assessment of the impact on industry of an AIME. “To keep cases on technology licensing, the marketing of science and technol- the next three years, HEPTech is looking to expand – indeed, three Wigner Research Centre for Physics Hungary a competitive advantage, companies entering a partnership agree- ogy ond others. Through workshops, the network is able to upscale new members joined the network in December 2014. It also aims to ment with academia tend to restrict the circulation of this news the skills of its member institutions and provide capacity-building by take part in more European-funded projects and is seeking closer as much as possible, at least until the results of the collaboration sharing techniques and different approaches to the challenges faced collaboration with other large-scale science networks, such as the topics ranged from the dissemination of micropattern-gas-detector become commercially exploitable,” explains Le Goff. “Although within TT. These events – an average of four per year – are driven European TTO Circle – an initiative of the Joint Research Centre technologies beyond fundamental physics, through potential appli- it tends to take some years before becoming visible, an increase in by the members’ enthusiasm to explore advanced techniques in KT of the European Commission, which aims to connect the TTOs of cations in the technology of controls, to fostering academia–indus- the number of co-publications and co-patents among attendees is and TT, and help to create a collaborative spirit within the network. large European public research organizations. try collaboration for manufacturing large-area detectors for the a good indicator of collaboration. Clearly some of them could have The members provide signifi cant assistance to the implementation of next generation of particle-physics experiments, and future appli- been initiated at preceding events or under other circumstances, these events, including lecturers and workshop organization. Résumé cations of laser technologies. but in any case, the AIME has contributed to fostering or consoli- Bojil Dobrev, co-convener of the workgroup on best practices HEPTech : un pont entre la recherche et l’industrie “The topics of the events are driven on the one hand by the tech- dating these collaborations.” provides a recent example of best-practice transfer within the net- nologies we have – it’s very much a push model. On the other hand, work, in which intellectual property (IP) regulations elaborated Le réseau de transfert de technologies en physique des hautes they are the results of the mutual effort between the network and its Learning and sharing by a HEPTech workgroup were successfully used as a basis for énergies (HEPTech) a pour but de rassembler les grands instituts members, where the members have the biggest say because they put Another area of activity is the HEPTech Symposium, which is dedi- development of IP regulations at Sofi a University, Bulgaria. In de recherche européens de physique des hautes énergies afi n in a lot of effort”, says Ian Tracey, the current HEPTech co-ordinator. cated to the support of young researchers in developing entrepre- 2013-2014, a survey focusing on the needs and skills of HEPTech d’offrir aux chercheurs et aux entreprises un point d’accès aux He believes that a single meeting between the right people from aca- neurial skills and in networking. This annual event brings together members was conducted within the remit of this workgroup. The connaissances, compétences, technologies et possibilités de demia and industry is only the fi rst step in the long process of initi- researchers at an early stage in their careers who are working on objectives were to identify the skills and potential of the HEPTech R&D de la communauté de physique des hautes énergies dans un ating co-operation. To establish a project fully, the network should potentially impactful technologies in fi elds related to astro-, nuclear members and their requirement for support through the network, environnement fondé sur le principe de la science ouverte et de provide an environment for regular repetitive contact for similar peo- and particle physics. For one week, HEPTech welcomes these Early focusing mainly on the early stage (established recently) TTOs. la collaboration. Source d’excellence et d’innovation en matière ple. To address this need, HEPTech looks at increasing the number of Stage Researchers from around Europe, providing an opportunity The survey covered all aspects of a TTO’s operation – from organi- technologique, le réseau représente un pont entre les chercheurs AIMEs from initially four up to eight events per year. for networking with commercially experienced professionals and zation and fi nancing, through IP activities, start-ups, licensing and et les entreprises et accélère le processus industriel au service de “The benefi t of having HEPTech as a co-organizer of the AIMEs TT experts and for developing their entrepreneurial potential. contacts with industry, to marketing and promotion. “The sur- l’économie mondiale et de la société dans son ensemble. is clearly the European perspective”, says Katja Kroschewski, head The first HEPTech Symposium took place in June 2014 in vey was used as a tool to investigate the demand of the TTOs. Its of TT at DESY. “Having speakers from various countries enlarges Cardiff. The young researcher whose project attracted the greatest outcomes helped us to map HEPTech’s long-term strategy and to Eleonora Getsova, HEPTech Communication Offi cer, CERN.

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ICARUS and WA105

Long-distance neutrinos The ICARUS experiment, led by Carlo Rubbia, employs the world’s largest (to date) liquid-argon detector, which was built for studies of neutrinos from the CNGS beam at CERN (CERN Courier July/August 2011 p30). The ICARUS detector with its 600 tonnes of liquid argon took data from 2010 Layout of the proposed long-baseline neutrino experiment. to 2012 at the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory. ICARUS The international community plans to use demonstrated that the liquid-argon detector has excellent spatial and the deployment of a fi rst detector with 10 kt fi ducial mass by 2021, calorimetric resolution, making for perfect visualization of the tracks of high-energy neutrinos from Fermilab in a followed by implementation of the full detector mass as soon as pos- charged particles. The detector has since been removed and taken to sible. The accelerator upgrade of the Proton Improvement Plan-II at CERN to be upgraded prior to sending it to Fermilab, where it will begin a high-precision 1000-km baseline experiment. Fermilab will provide 1.2 MW of power by 2024 to drive a new neu- new scientifi c programme. trino beam line at the laboratory. There is also a plan that could fur- For more than a decade, the neutrino community has been interested in ther upgrade the Fermilab accelerator complex to enable it to provide mounting a truly giant liquid-argon detector with some tens-of-kilotonnes The neutrino is the most abundant matter-particle in the universe up to 2.4 MW of beam power by 2030 – an increase of nearly a factor active mass for next-generation long-baseline experiments, neutrino and the lightest, most weakly interacting of the fundamental of seven on what is available today. With the possibility of space for astrophysics and proton-decay searches – and, in particular, for searches fermions. The way in which a neutrino’s fl avour changes (oscil- expansion at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, the new for CP violation in the neutrino sector. WA105, an R&D effort located at lates) as it propagates through space implies that there are at least international collaboration will develop the necessary framework to CERN and led by André Rubbia of ETH Zurich, should be the “last step” three different neutrino masses, and that mixing of the different design, build and operate a world-class deep-underground neutrino of detector R&D before the underground deployment of detectors on the mass states produces the three known neutrino fl avours. The con- Participants at the Neutrino Summit held in September at and nucleon-decay observatory. This plan is aligned with both the tens-of-kilotonne scale. The WA105 demonstrator is a novel dual-phase sequences of these observations are far reaching because they Fermilab. (Image credit: Fermilab.) updated European Strategy for Particle Physics (CERN Courier July/ liquid-argon time-projection chamber that is 6 m on a side. It is already imply that the Standard Model is incomplete; that neutrinos may August 2013 p9) and the report of the Particle Physics Project Prior- being built, and should be ready for test beam by 2017 in the extension of make a substantial contribution to the dark matter known to exist measuring the neutrinos in the beam, the experiment will study itization Panel (P5) written for the High Energy Physics Advisory CERN’s North Area that is currently under construction. in the universe; and that the neutrino may be responsible for the neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay. This experiment will be Panel in the US (CERN Courier July/August 2014 p12). matter-dominated fl at universe in which we live. of an unprecedented scale and dramatically improve the under- A letter of intent (LoI) was developed during autumn 2014, and This wealth of scientifi c impact justifi es an energetic programme standing of neutrinos and the nature of the universe. the fi rst collaboration meeting was held in mid January at Fermilab. the study of neutrino astrophysics and cosmology. to measure the properties of the neutrino, interpret these proper- This new collaboration – currently dubbed ELBNF for Experi- Sergio Bertolucci, CERN’s director for research and computing, With such a broad and exciting programme, ELBNF will be at ties theoretically, and understand their impact on particle physics, ment at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility – has an ambitious and interim chair of the institutional board, ran the meeting. More the forefront of the fi eld for several decades. The remarkable suc- astrophysics and cosmology. The scale of investment required to plan to build a modular liquid-argon time-projection chamber than 200 participants from around the world attended, and close to cess of the LHC programme has demonstrated that a facility of this implement such a programme requires a coherent, international (LAr-TPC) with a fi ducial mass of approximately 40 kt as the far 600 physicists from 140 institutions and 20 countries have signed scale can deliver exceptional science. The aim is that ELBNF will approach. In July 2013, the International Committee for Future detector and a high-resolution “near” detector. The collabora- the LoI, to date. The collaboration has chosen its new spokes- provide a second example of how the world’s high-energy-physics Accelerators (ICFA) established its Neutrino Panel for the purpose tion is leveraging the work of several independent efforts from persons – Mark Thompson of Cambridge University and André community can come together to deliver an amazing scientifi c pro- of promoting both international co-operation in the development of around the world that have been developed through many years Rubbia of ETH Zurich – and will begin the process of securing the gramme. New collaborators are still welcome to join in the pursuit. the accelerator-based neutrino-oscillation programme and inter- of detailed studies. These groups have now converged around the early funding needed to excavate the cavern in a timely fashion so national collaboration in the development of a neutrino factory as a opportunity provided by the megawatt neutrino-beam facility that that detector installation can begin in the early 2020s. ● Further reading future intense source of neutrinos for particle-physics experiments. is planned at Fermilab and by the newly planned expansion with Mounting such a signifi cant experiment on such a compressed For the ELBNF LoI, see indico.fnal.gov/getFile.py/access?resId= The Neutrino Panel’s initial report, presented in May 2014, pro- improved access of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in time frame will require all three world regions – Asia, the Ameri- 0&materialId=0&confId=9214. vides a blueprint for the international approach (Cao et al. 2014). South Dakota, 1300 km from Fermilab. To give a sense of scale, to cas and Europe – to work in concert. The pioneering work on the Cao et al. 2014 arXiv:1405.7052. The accelerator-based contributions to this programme must be house this detector some 1.5 km underground requires a hole that is liquid-argon technique was carried out at CERN and implemented Cao et al. 2015 arXiv:1501.03918. capable both of determining the neutrino mass-hierarchy and of approximately 120,000 m3 in size – nearly equivalent to the volume in the ICARUS detector, which ran for many years at Gran Sasso. seeking for the violation of the CP symmetry in neutrino oscil- of Wimbledon’s centre-court stadium. To deliver the ELBNF far detector requires that the LAr-TPC Résumé lations. The complexity of the oscillation patterns is suffi cient to The principal goals of ELBNF are to carry out a comprehensive technology be scaled up to an industrial scale. To deliver the pro- Neutrinos sur une longue distance justify two complementary approaches that differ in the nature of investigation of neutrino oscillations, to search for CP-invariance gramme required to produce the large LAr-TPC, neutrino plat- the neutrino beam and the neutrino-detection technique (Cao et al. violation in the lepton sector, to determine the ordering of the neu- forms are being constructed at Fermilab and at CERN. A team led À l’été 2014, une collaboration mondiale sur les neutrinos a 2015). In one approach, which is adopted by the Hyper-K collabo- trino masses and to test the three-neutrino paradigm. In addition, by Marzio Nessi is working hard to make this resource available at vu le jour. Objectif : utiliser un faisceau de neutrinos large ration, a neutrino beam of comparatively low energy and narrow with a near detector on the Fermilab site, the ELBNF collaboration CERN and to complete in the next few years the R&D needed for bande du Fermilab dirigé vers un détecteur souterrain dans energy spread (a narrow-band beam) is used to illuminate a “far” will perform a broad set of neutrino-scattering measurements. The both the single- and dual-phase liquid-argon technologies that are le Dakota-du-Sud. En plus de mesurer les neutrinos dans le detector at a distance of approximately 300 km from the source large volume and exquisite resolution of the LAr-TPC in its deep being proposed on a large scale (see box). faisceau, l’expérience étudiera l’astrophysique des neutrinos et la (see p9). In a second approach, a neutrino beam with a higher underground location will be exploited for non-accelerator physics The steps taken by the neutrino community during the nine months désintégration des nucléons. D’une ampleur sans précédent, elle energy and a broad spectrum (a wide-band beam) travels more topics, including atmospheric-neutrino measurements, searches or so since summer 2014 have put the particle-physics community on améliorera considérablement notre compréhension des neutrinos et than 1000 km through the Earth before being detected. for nucleon decay, and measurement of astrophysical neutrinos the road towards an exciting and vibrant programme that will culmi- de la nature de l’Univers. Plus de 200 participants du monde entier Since summer 2014, a global neutrino collaboration has come (especially those from a core-collapse supernova). nate in exquisitely precise measurements of neutrino oscillation. It étaient présents à la première réunion de la collaboration, et près de together to pursue the second approach, using Fermilab as the The new international team has the necessary expertise, technical will also establish in the US one of the fl agships of the international 600 physiciens de 20 pays ont signé à ce jour la lettre d’intention. source of a wide-band neutrino beam directed at a far detec- knowledge and critical mass to design and implement this exciting accelerator-based neutrino programme called for by the ICFA Neu- tor located deep underground in South Dakota. In addition to “discovery experiment” in a relatively short time frame. The goal is trino Panel. In addition, ELBNF will be a world-leading facility for Ken Long, Imperial College London and STFC, and Rob Roser, Fermilab.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier April 2015 CERN Courier April 2015 Accelerators Accelerators The TPS begins to shine

Creative solutions to a series of challenges Clockwise from top left: The big ring of the TPS nestles behind the administration building at the NSRRC, located in the Hsinchu were key to the successful start of a new light Science Park; the ﬁ rst synchrotron light from the TPS storage ring, delivered on 31 December 2014; the TPS storage ring (left) and source in South-East Asia. booster ring (right) inside the tunnel. (Image credits: NSRRC.)

addition, seven intensive review meetings took place, conducted On 31 December, commissioning of the Taiwan by the Machine Advisory Committee. Photon Source (TPS) at the National Synchrotron From the land preparation in 2010 onwards, the civil-construc- Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) brought 2014 tion team faced daily challenges. For example, at the heart of the to a close on a highly successful note as a 3 GeV elec- Hsinchu Science Park, the TPS site is surrounded by heavy traffi c, tron beam circulated in the new storage ring for the 24 hours a day, all year round. To eliminate the impact of vibra- fi rst time. A month later, the TPS was inaugurated tion from all possible sources, the 20 m wide concrete ﬂ oor of the in a ceremony that offi cially marked the end of the 10-year journey accelerator tunnel is 1.6 m thick. Indeed, the building overall can since the project was proposed in 2004, the past fi ve years being resist an earthquake acceleration of 0.45 g, which is higher than the dedicated to the design, development, construction and installation Safe Shutdown Earthquake criteria for US nuclear power plants of the storage ring. required by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The new photon source is based on a 3 GeV electron accelerator The civil engineering took an unexpected turn at the very start consisting of a low-emittance synchrotron storage ring 518.4 m in when a deep trench of soft soil, garbage and rotting plants was circumference and a booster ring (CERN Courier June 2010 p16). uncovered 14 m under the foundations. The 100 m long trench was The two rings are designed in a concentric fashion and housed in estimated to be 10 m wide and nearly 10 m thick. The solution was a doughnut-shaped building next to a smaller circular building to fi ll the trench with a customized lightweight concrete with the where the Taiwan Light Source (TLS), the fi rst NSRRC accel- hardness and geological characteristics of the neighbouring foun- erator, sits (see cover). The TLS and the new TPS will together dations. The delay in construction caused by clearing out the soft serve scientists worldwide whose experiments require photons soil led to installation of the fi rst accelerator components inside ranging from infrared radiation to hard X-rays with energies the TPS shielding walls in a dusty, unfi nished building with no air above 10 keV. conditioning. The harsh working environment in summer, with temperatures sometimes reaching 38 °C, made the technological Four-stage commissioning fi nal alignment of each component, preparation for the integra- the second week of February 2015, the TPS stored beam current challenges seem almost easy. The task of commissioning the TPS comprised four major stages tion tests of the complete TPS system in the pre-commissioning had increased to 50 mA. involving: the linac system plus the transportation of the electron phase was then fully under way by autumn. The US$230 million project (excluding the NSRRC staff wages) Technology transfer beam from the linac to the booster ring; the booster ring; the trans- The performance tests and system integration of the 14 sub- involved more than 145 full-time staff members in design and The ultra-high-vacuum system was designed and manufactured by portation of the electron beam from the booster ring to the storage systems in the pre-commissioning stage started in August. By 12 construction. Like any other multi-million-dollar, large-scale NSRRC scientists and engineers, who also trained local manufac- ring; and, fi nally, the storage ring. Following the commissioning December, the TPS team had begun commissioning the booster project, reaching “fi rst light” required ingenious problem solving turers in the special technique of welding, the clean-room setup, and of the linac system in May 2011, the acceptance tests of key TPS ring. The electron beam was accelerated to 3 GeV on 16 Decem- and use of resources. Following the groundbreaking ceremony in processing in an oil-free environment. This transfer of technology subsystems progressed one after the other over the next three years. ber and the booster’s effi ciency reached more than 60% a day February 2010, the TPS project was on a fast track, after six months is helping the factories to undertake work involving the extensive The 700 W liquid-helium cryogenic system, beam-position moni- later. Commissioning of the storage ring began on 29 Decem- of preparing the land for construction. Pressures came from the use of lightweight aluminum alloy in the aviation industry. Dur- tor electronics, power supplies for quadrupole and sextupole mag- ber. On the next day, the team worldwide fi nancial crisis, devaluation of the domestic currency, ing the integration tests, the magnetic permeability of the vacuum nets, and two sets of 2 m-long in-vacuum undulators completed injected the electrons for the reduction of the initial approved funding, attrition of young engi- system in the booster ring, perfectly tailored for the TPS, proved their acceptance tests in 2012. Two modules of superconducting Stringent project fi rst time and the beam com- neers who were recruited by high-tech industries once they had not to meet the required standard. The elliptical chambers were cavities passed their 300 kW high-power tests. The welding, pleted one cycle. The 3 GeV been trained with special skills, and bargaining with vendors. In removed immediately to undergo demagnetization heat-treatment assembly and baking of the 14 m-long vacuum chambers designed requirements left electron beam with a stored addition, the stringent project requirements left little room for even in a furnace heated to 1050 °C. For the 2 m long components this and manufactured by in-house engineers were completed in 2013. little room for even current of 1 mA was then small deviations from the delivery timetable or system specifi ca- annealing took place in a local factory, while shorter components Then, once the installation of piping and cable trays had begun, the small deviations achieved and the fi rst synchro- tions, which could have allowed budget re-adjustments. were treated at the NSRRC. The whole system was back online after power supply and other utilities were brought in, and set-up could tron light was observed in the To meet its mandate on time, the project placed reliance and only three weeks – with an unexpected benefi t. After the annealing start on the booster ring and subsystems in the storage ring. from the delivery early afternoon on 31 Decem- pressure on experienced staff members. Indeed, more than half of process, the relative magnetic permeability of the stainless vacuum The installation schedule was also determined by the avail- timetable. ber (far right). The stored cur- the TPS team and the supporting advisors had participated in the steel chambers reached 1.002, lower than the specifi cation of 1.01 ability of magnets. By April 2014, 80% of the 800 magnets had rent reached 5 mA a few hours construction of the TLS in 1980s. During construction of the TPS, currently adopted at light-source facilities worldwide. been installed in the TPS tunnel, allowing completion of the later, just before the shut down alongside the in-house team were advisers from all over the world The power supplies of the booster dipole magnets were produced ▲ accelerator installation in July (bottom right). Following the for the New Year holiday. As of whose expertise played an important role in problem solving. In abroad and had several problems. These included protection

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RF Amplifiers helium cryogenic plant was dissembled and reinstalled inside the Integrated Control TPS storage ring in March 2014, followed by two months of func- Systems tion tests. With the liquid nitrogen tanks situated at the northeast HV Power Supplies corner, outside and above the TPS building, feeding the TPS cool- Water Cooling ing system – which stretches more than several hundred metres – is Systems a complex operation. It needs to maintain a smooth transport and a long-lasting fl uid momentum, without triggering any part of the system to shut down because of fl uctuations in the coolant temperature or pressure. The cold test and the heat-load test of the liquid helium transfer-line is scheduled to fi nish by the end of March 2015 so that the liquid helium supply will be ready for the SRF cavities early in April. Since both the civil engineering and the construction of the accelerator itself proceeded in parallel, the TPS team needed to conduct acceptance tests of most subsystems off-site, owing to the Left: NSRRC staff celebrating the successful TPS commissioning, including front row, from right, Gwo-Huei Luo, executive director compact and limited space in the NSRRC campus. When all of TPS project and NSRRC deputy-director, Shangjr Gwo, NSRRC director, Shih-Lin Chang, former NSRRC director, Lih-Juann Chen, the components began to arrive at the yet-to-be completed storage chair of the NSRRC Board of Trustees, Yuen-Chung Liu, former NSRRC director, and Chien-Te Chen, director-general TPS project ring, the installation schedule was planned mainly according to the and former NSRRC director. (Image credit: NSRRC.) Right: President Ying-Jeou Ma, centre, touring the TPS storage ring with availability of magnets. This led to a two-step installation plan. In Chien-Te Chen, left, and Shangjr Gwo, during the offi cial inauguration on 25 January. (Image credit: Offi ce of the President.) the fi rst half of the ring, bare girders were set up fi rst, followed by Los Alamos National Labs Solid State the installation of the magnets as they were delivered and then the 201.25 MHZ 2MW FPA Power Supply circuits that overheated to the extent that a fi re broke out, causing the produce higher operational power and enable a stored electron vacuum chambers. For the second half of the ring, girders with pre- system to shut down during initial integration tests in August. As the beam of up to 500 mA – better, that is, than the original specifi ca- mounted magnets were installed, followed by the vacuum cham- Michael Troje Contact Us Paul Utay vendor could not schedule a support engineer to arrive on site before tion. (Meanwhile, the fi rst phase of commissioning in December bers. This allowed error-sorting with the beam-dynamics model 214.275.2319 214.275.2318 [email protected] late November, the NSRRC engineers instead quickly implemented used three conventional fi ve-cell cavities from the former PETRA to take place before fi nalizing the layout of the magnets for the a reliable solution themselves and resumed the integration process in collider at DESY – one for the booster and two for the storage ring minimum impact on the beam orbit. Afterwards, the fi nal align- about a week. The power supplies for the quadrupole and sextupole – which had been purchased from DESY and refurbished by the ment of each component and tests of the integrated hardware were magnets of the storage ring were co-produced by the NSRRC and a NSRRC SRF team.) carried out in readiness for the commissioning phase. domestic manufacturer, and deliver a current of 250 A, stable to less The TPS accelerator uses more than 800 magnets designed Like other large-scale projects, leadership played a critical role than 2.5 mA. Technology transfer from the NSRRC to the manufac- by the NSRRC magnet group, which were contracted to manu- in the success of completing the TPS construction to budget and on You know what turer on the design and production of this precise power supply is facturers in New Zealand and Denmark for mass production. To schedule. Given the government budget mechanism and the politi- another byproduct of the TPS project. control the electron beam’s orbit as defi ned by the specifi cation, cal atmosphere created by the worldwide economic turmoil over you want to detect: the magnetic pole surfaces must be machined to an accuracy of the past decade, leaders of the TPS project were frequently second- 24-hour shifts less than 0.01 mm. At the time, the New Zealand factory was guessed on every major decision. Only by having the knowledge of Ahead of completion of the TPS booster ring, the linac was com- also producing complicated and highly accurate magnets for the a top physicist, the mindset of a peacemaker, the sharp sense of an - X-rays missioned at a full-scale test site built as an addition to the original NSLS-II accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory. To pre- investment banker and the quality of a versatile politician, were the - Gamma-rays civil-construction plan (CERN Courier July/August 2011 p11). The vent delays in delivering the TPS magnets – a possible result of project leaders able to guide the team to focus unwaveringly on the task of disassembling and moving the linac to the TPS booster limited factory resources being shared by two large accelerator ultimate goal and turn each crisis into an opportunity. - Neutrons ring, re-assembling it and testing it again was not part of the initial projects – the NSRRC assigned staff members to stay at the over- plan in 2009. The relocation process nearly doubled the effort and seas factory to perform on-site inspection and testing at the pro- ● Further reading - Particles work time. As a result, the four-member NSRRC linac team had duction line. Any product that failed to meet the specifi cation was For more details, see http://www.nsrrc.org.tw/english/index.aspx. to work 24-hour shifts to keep to the schedule and budget – saving returned to the production line immediately. The manufacturer in US$700,000 of disassembly and re-assembly fees had this been New Zealand also constructed Résumé carried out by the original manufacturer. After the linac had been a laboratory that simulated La TPS commence à briller relocated, the offsite test facility was transformed into a test site for the indoor environment of the the High-Brightness Injector Group. Leadership played TPS with a constant ambient L’année 2014 s’est terminée en beauté pour la Source de photons de Initially, the TPS design included four superconducting radio- a critical role in temperature. Once the mag- Taïwan (TPS) au Centre de recherche national sur le rayonnement frequency (SRF) modules based on the 500 MHz modules the success of nets reached an equilibrium synchrotron : le 31 décembre, un faisceau d’électrons de 3 GeV a pu designed and manufactured at KEK in Japan for the KEKB stor- temperature corresponding to circuler pour la première fois dans le nouvel aimant de stockage. age ring. However, after the worldwide fi nancial crisis in 2008 completing the a room temperature of 25°C in Un mois plus tard, la TPS a été inaugurée lors d’une cérémonie qui TPS construction caused the cost of materials to soar nearly 30%, the number of the controlled laboratory, vari- a offi ciellement marqué la fi n de dix années de préparation depuis SCIONIX Holland B.V. SRF modules was reduced to three and the specifi cation for the to budget and on ous tests were conducted. que le projet a été proposé en 2004, les cinq dernières années ayant Tel. +31 30 6570312 stored electron beam was reduced from 400 mA to 300 mA. But Like the linac, the TPS été consacrées à la conception, au développement, à la construction Fax. +31 30 6567563 We know how to collaboration and technology transfer on a higher-order mode- schedule. cryogenic system was com- et à l’installation de l’anneau de stockage. Email. [email protected] build your detectors damped SRF cavity for high-intensity storage rings from KEK missioned at a separate, spe- www.scionix.nl has allowed the team at NSRRC to modify the TPS cavity to cially constructed test site. The Diana Lin, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center.

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NOW FEATURING THE APPLICATION BUILDER Visit comsol.com/release/5.0 Working with quarkonium

FROM MODEL

Almost 200 experts met at CERN in November to discuss the latest developments in TO APP quarkonium physics at the 10th meeting organized by the Quarkonium Working Group.

Quarkonium lies at the very foundation of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In the 1970s, following the discovery of the J/ψ in 1974, the narrow width (and later the hyperfi ne splittings) of quarkonium states corroborated spectacularly asymptotic freedom as predicted by QCD in 1973 and served to establish it as the theory of the strong interaction (CERN Courier January/February © Copyright 2014 COMSOL 2013 p24). Further progress in explaining quarkonium physics in terms of QCD turned out, however, to be slow in coming and relied for a long time on models. The reason for these diffi culties is that non-relativistic bound states, such as quarkonia, are multiscale MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC. systems. While some processes, such as annihilations, happen at QWG activity since 2002: 10 workshops, one school, two the heavy-quark mass scale and, as a consequence of asymptotic reports. (Image credit: A Vairo.) freedom, are well described by perturbative QCD, all quarkonium observables are also affected by low-energy scales. If these scales potential for systematic and precise QCD studies. But surprises Your guide to products, services and expertise Your guide to products, services and expertise are low enough for perturbative QCD to break down, then they call were around the corner. the global leader in for a nonperturbative treatment. In 2003 the fi rst observation of the X(3872) by Belle – which with In the 1990s, the development of non-relativistic effective fi eld more than 1000 citations is the most quoted result of the B-factories gas measurement theories such as non-relativistic QCD (1986, 1995) and potential – opened an era of new spectroscopy studies sometimes called and control non-relativistic QCD (1997, 1999) led to a systematic factoriza- the “charmonium renaissance” (CERN Courier January/February Connect your business tion of high-energy effects from low-energy effects in quarkonia. 2004 p8). From 2003 onwards, several new states were found in solutions Progress in lattice QCD allowed an accurate computation of the the charmonium and bottomonium regions of the spectrum, and today latter. Hence, the theory of quarkonium physics became fully con- they were unlikely to be standard quarkonia. Some of them – the ± ± nected to QCD. The founding of the Quarkonium Working Group many charged states named Zc and Zb – surely were not. Suddenly (QWG) in 2002 was driven mostly by this theoretical progress and quarkonium became again a tool for discoveries, not necessarily of the urgency and enthusiasm to transmit the new paradigm. Elec- new theories, but of new phenomena in the complex realm of low- tron–positron collider experiments (BaBar, Belle, BES, CLEO) energy QCD. The second QWG document in 2011 captured this and experiments at Fermilab’s Tevatron were yielding quarkonium overwhelming fl ow of new data and the surrounding excitement data with unprecedented precision, and QCD was in a position to (Quarkonium Working Group take full advantage of these data. Collaboration 2011). But more FREE The QWG gathered together experimentalists and theorists to The original intent excitement and more new data establish a common language, highlight unsolved problems, set were still to come. future research directions, discuss the latest data, and suggest of the QWG was to Almost exactly 12 years after new analyses in quarkonium physics. Its fi rst meeting took place rewrite quarkonium the fi rst meeting organized by Find out how to get your business at CERN in November 2002 (CERN Courier March 2003 p6), the QWG, quarkonium experts where the urgency and enthusiasm of 2002 animated long evening physics in the converged again on CERN for or institution connected. sessions that eventually led to the fi rst QWG document in 2005 language of effective the group’s 10th meeting on (Quarkonium Working Group Collaboration 2005). This docu- 10–14 November 2014. Spon- WWW.MKSINST.COM fi eld theories. ment refl ects the original intent of the QWG: to rewrite quarkonium sored by the QWG, the 2014 1.978.645.5500 physicsworld.com/connect ▲ physics in the language of effective fi eld theories, emphasizing its meeting was organized

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Find out how to get your business or institution connected. physicsworld.com/connect CERN Courier April 2015 CERN Courier April 2015 QCD QCD

locally by CERN affi liates and staff members, and supported by that arise in trying to describe these data, and emphasized the the LHC Physics Centre at CERN. The meeting began with several 0.0 crucial role that experiments must play in resolving these issues. pp √s = 7 TeV J/ψ HX frame sessions devoted to spectroscopy, with the focus on the new spectros- –0.5 One such issue is that different determinations of the nonper- 1.0 copy. The ATLAS, Belle, BESIII, CMS and LHCb collaborations all turbative matrix elements of non-relativistic QCD, which rely presented new analyses and data. One surprise was BESIII’s obser- –1.0 on fi tting to the data in different transverse-momentum regions 0.5 vation of an e+e– → γX(3872) signal at s > 4 GeV, perhaps via Y(4260) tree level and/or on different sets of observables, lead to different results. 1 loop → γX(3872). If confi rmed it would relate two of the best known new –1.5 Some of these determinations fail to yield defi nite predictions for

+ const. 2 loop 0

E λϑ 0 states in the charmonium region and challenge the popular interpre- 1 3 loop quarkonium polarizations, while others lead to polarization pre- r –2.0 tation of the Y(4260) as a charmonium hybrid. 3 loop + us. res. dictions that are in contradiction with polarization data (fi gure 2). In view of the many new states, theoretical effort has concen- –2.5 An important related issue is to establish clearly the transverse- –0.5 trated on fi nding a common framework that could describe them. momentum region in which non-relativistic QCD factorization Molecular interpretations, tetraquarks and threshold cusp-effects –3.0 holds. This issue is best addressed by having the greatest pos- CMS, |y|< 0.6 NLO NRQCD, BK –1.0 were among the possibilities discussed at the meeting. A novelty sible amount of cross-section and polarization data at high and NLO NRQCD, GWWZ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 CMS, 0.6 <|y|< 1.2 NLO NRQCD, CMSWZ was the proposal to use lattice data to build hybrid and tetraquark low transverse-momenta for both charmonium and bottomonium r/r1 multiplets within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Two states, including the P-wave χc and χ b states. Some speakers pointed 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 lively round-table discussions debated the new states further. In a Fig. 1. Comparison of 2+1-ﬂ avour lattice QCD data for the static out that measurements of additional production processes may fur- pT (Gev)

special discussion panel, the Particle Data Group members of the energy E0 in units of r1 = 0. 3106(17) fm with perturbative ther constrain the non-relativistic QCD matrix elements. Finally, QWG asked for input in establishing a naming scheme for these expressions at different orders of accuracy. (From the talk of others suggested that a resolution of the theoretical issues may not Fig. 2. The quarkonium polarization puzzle: J/ψ polarization for states. The suggestion that eventually came from the QWG was X Garcia i Tormo.) be far away. three different sets of non-relativistic QCD matrix elements vs PC ++ to call the new states in the charmonium region XcJ if J = J , YcJ CMS data. (From the talks of G Bodwin and C Lourenço.) PC — PC –+ PC +– A celebration of quarkonium if J = J , PcJ if J = J and ZcJ if J = J , and to follow a similar at the workshop. It is important to account for recombination scheme in the bottomonium region. effects and to look at tightly bound states that are less sensi- Embedded in the workshop, Chris Quigg’s seminar in the CERN ● Further reading tive to nonperturbative contributions (bottomonium). It is also Physics Department’s series celebrated the first 40 years of For all of the speakers and their presentations, see http://indico. Presenting new results important to consider the dynamics of thermalization – a key quarkonium in the presence of many of the heroes of quarkonium cern.ch/event/278195/. Non-relativistic effective fi eld theories, perturbative QCD and ingredient to link spectral studies to actual data. Finally, it is physics. The talk, rich in anecdotes and insights, but also with Quarkonium Working Group Collaboration (N Brambilla et al.) 2005 lattice calculations played a major role in the sessions that were important to have a controlled way to compute the underlying many highlights on current directions, served as a delightful pause FERMILAB-FN-0779, CERN-2005-005, arXiv:hep-ph/0412158. devoted to precise determinations of the heavy-quark masses, the dissociation processes. This is where major progress was made in the packed schedule of the workshop. It also served to put the Quarkonium Working Group Collaboration (N Brambilla et al.) 2011 strong coupling constant and other short-range quantities. Typi- in recent years with the development of non-relativistic effec- workshop, whose discussion items focused on the advances of the Eur. Phys. J. C71 1534, arXiv:1010.5827 [hep-ph]. cal results required calculations with three-loop or higher accu- tive fi eld theories for quarkonium in a thermal bath. The main past year and a half, on a broader, more historical perspective. racies. New results were presented on the leptonic width of the result has been a change in the understanding of quarkonium Quarkonium is a special system. Its multiscale nature with at Résumé ϒ(1S), the quarkonium spectrum, the heavy-quark masses, heavy- dissociation. Until recently, dissociation was mostly under- least one large energy scale allows for systematic studies of QCD Travailler avec le quarkonium

quark pair production at threshold and αs. Lattice QCD provided stood as a consequence of the screening that is induced by the across a range of energy scales. Its clean experimental signatures a valuable input in some of these determinations (fi gure 1) or an medium, but, nowadays, additional mechanisms of dissociation have led over the years to a signifi cant experimental programme, La découverte, dans les années 1970, des états étroits du alternative derivation with comparable precision. On the exper- have been identifi ed, which under some circumstances may be which is pursued today by, among others, the Belle and BES exper- quarkonium corrobora de façon remarquable la liberté imental side, the KEDR collaboration highlighted some of its more important than screening. Several speakers reported on iments as well as those at RHIC and at the LHC. Quarkonium has asymptotique prédite par la chromodynamique quantique, et permit most recent precision measurements in the charmonium region the present theoretical situation, as well as lattice calculations proved to be a competitive, sometimes unique, source for pre- d’ériger celle-ci en théorie des interactions fortes. Toutefois, il aura below or close to threshold. Quarkonium observables may serve in an effective-fi eld-theory framework. cise determinations of the parameters of the Standard Model fallu attendre les années 1990 pour que la physique du quarkonium not only to constrain precisely Standard Model parameters in the Quarkonium production mechanisms in hadron colliders are at (the strong-coupling constant, masses, Higgs-coupling to heavy puisse être expliquée plus ﬁ nement sur le plan théorique. En QCD sector, but also to determine some otherwise diffi cult-to- the core of the modern understanding of quarkonium physics. The quarks), a valuable probe for emergent QCD phenomena in vacuum 2002, le groupe de travail sur le quarkonium a été constitué access electroweak parameters. In particular, there was a report successful theoretical description of production data from the (such as exotic bound states: hybrids, tetraquarks, molecules; or aﬁ n qu’expérimentateurs et théoriciens fassent le point sur les on the possibility of measuring the Hcc̄ coupling in the radiative Tevatron through the so-called colour-octet mechanism helped to the colour-octet mechanism in quarkonium production and decay) problèmes irrésolus, examinent les dernières données disponibles decay of the Higgs boson to J/ψ. establish non-relativistic QCD as a suitable effective fi eld theory and in medium (such as the state of matter formed in heavy-ion et proposent de nouvelles analyses dans le domaine de la physique The last two days of the workshop were devoted to quarkonium for quarkonia in the 1990s. Predictions of non-relativistic QCD collisions); and, possibly, a probe for new physics. The QWG has du quarkonium. En novembre 2014, près de 200 experts se sont production at heavy-ion and hadron colliders. Measurements of continue to be challenged by provided during the past 12 years an organization in which the réunis au CERN à l’occasion de la dixième réunion du groupe. quarkonium production cross-sections in heavy-ion and proton– the enormous amount of data advance of quarkonium physics could be shared in a coherent heavy-ion collisions were presented by the LHC collaborations that has been provided over the framework among a wide community of physicists. The CERN Nora Brambilla and Antonio Vairo, TU Munich for the Quarkonium ALICE, CMS and LHCb, and by PHENIX and STAR at Brook hav- Quarkonium’s past years by the experiments workshop in 2014 was also a celebration of this achievement. Working Group. en’s Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). It has been known multiscale at DESY’s HERA collider since 1986 that quarkonium dissociation – induced by the medium nature allows for and at the Tevatron and, most that is produced in heavy-ion collisions – may serve as a probe of recently, by the LHC experi- the properties of the medium, possibly revealing the presence of a systematic studies ments. ALICE, ATLAS, CMS of QCD across a Download your copy today new state of matter. and LHCb all presented data http://cerncourier.com/digital To isolate the relevant signal, it is important that the effects range of energy on regions of large transverse- of cold nuclear matter are properly accounted for. This is the scales. momentum that were, up to CERNCOURIER motivation behind measurements of proton–heavy-ion col- now, unexplored. The meeting has gone digital lisions, and the many theoretical studies that were presented discussed theoretical issues

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier April 2015 DTM - 333 Digital Teslameter Faces & Places 3-Channel, 3- Axis Operation Touchscreen Interface Built-in Ethernet USB Data Storage Graphical Display Data Logging for Easy Access F a C i L i t i E S 100% Backward Compatibility Accuracy +/- 0.03% of Reading + 0.03% of full scale maximum at 25°C NSLS-II dedicated at Brookhaven 0 to 3T bipolar

In a ceremony on 6 February, Ernest Moniz, the US secretary of energy, dedicated the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The new facility continues the 32-year legacy of research at Brookhaven’s fi rst light source, NSLS, which led directly to the awarding of two Nobel prizes and contributed to a third. The planning, design and construction of NSLS-II spanned 10 years before it delivered its “fi rst light” in October 2014. It provides beams 10,000 times brighter than NSLS, and when the 30 beamlines are all completed it will be able to support thousands www.group3technology.com of scientifi c users each year. NSLS-II is a $912-million user facility of the US Department of Energy’s Offi ce of * Available May 2015* Science, which produces extremely bright Designed for Group3 Miniature 3-Axis Probe beams of X-ray, ultraviolet and infrared light. With $150 million in funding through the American Recovery and Reinvestment At the ceremony, Department of Energy secretary Ernest Moniz, centre, recognized Act of 2009, it has come online on time and Brookhaven site ofﬁ ce manager, Frank Crescenzo, left, and NSLS-II project director, SUPERCON, Inc. under budget. Steve Dierker, for their leadership on the project. (Image credit: BNL.) a P P O i n t M E n t Superconducting Wire and Cable Ratoff takes over at the Cockcroft Institute Standard and Specialty designs are available to meet your most demanding superconductor requirements. The Cockcroft Institute at Daresbury Laboratory has appointed Peter Ratoff as SUPERCON, Inc. has been producing niobium-based superconducting wires and cables for half a century. its new director from 1 March. A founding We are the original SUPERCON – the world’s first commercial producer of niobium-alloy based wire and member of the institute when it was cable for superconducting applications. established in 2004, he has been acting director since Swapan Chattopadhyay took up a new appointment in the US in July 2014 Standard SC Wire Types Product Applications (CERN Courier September 2014 p32). NbTi Wires Magnetic Resonance Imaging As professor of experimental particle Nb3Sn —Bronze Nuclear Magnetic Resonance physics and head of the Physics Department Nb Sn —Internal Tin High Energy Physics at Lancaster University, Ratoff’s research 3 A topping-out ceremony for the has focused on the design and construction of Peter Ratoff, left, at the farewell for Swapan CuNi resistive matrix wires SC Magnetic Energy Storage headquarters building of the European particle detectors and experiments at particle Chattopadhyay, right, in July 2014. (Image Fine diameter SC Wires Medical Therapeutic Devices XFEL took place in Schenefeld in the accelerators and colliders, in particular for credit: DL Media Services.) Aluminum clad wire Superconducting Magnets and Coils German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein testing the Standard Model in both strong Wire-in-Channel Crystal Growth Magnets on 18 February. The event marked a and electroweak sectors. He takes over at a Manchester, Lancaster University and the milestone in the construction of the X-ray time when the institute’s portfolio contains Science and Technology Facilities Council. Innovative composite wires Scientific Projects free-electron laser. The symbolic “tree” challenging new research projects, ranging Dedicated to the design and optimization made its way to the roof by crane, as the from upgrades of the LHC at CERN to a of new accelerator technologies at the LHC, ceremony began with the traditional toast ground-breaking R&D programme in light as well as at other accelerator laboratories “We deliver superconductivity!” given by the foreman of the site in honour of sources at Daresbury. around the world, the institute enables UK the construction workers. (Image credit: The Cockcroft Institute is a joint venture scientists and engineers to play a major Contact us at [email protected] European XFEL.) in accelerator science and technology role in accelerator design, construction and www.SUPERCON-WIRE.com involving the Universities of Liverpool and operation.

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a W a r d C O n F E r E n C E Lahri to receive the Hevesy Medal Poland looks at participation in future accelerators

Susanta Lahiri of the Saha Institute of and the LIEBE test project at ISOLDE, Nuclear Physics, Kolkaka, is one of two and in research on radiopharmaceuticals awardees for the 2015 Hevesy Medal, “for and superheavy elements. In a long list his outstanding and sustained contribution in of achievements, Lahiri launched the heavy-ion-induced radioisotope production, conference series on Application of tracer packet technique, converter targets, RadiotraCers and Energetic Beams in and green chemistry”. The 2015 award goes Sciences (ARCEBS). He will receive also to Kattesh Katti of the University of the award at the 10th International Missouri-Colombia. Conference on Methods and Applications Lahiri is recognized for a rich of Radioanalytical Chemistry (MARC X), career during which he has developed another major conference in the fi eld. and maintained active international The medal is named after George Susanta Lahiri. (Image credit: S Lahiri.) collaborations with leading physics and de Hevesy, who received the Nobel Prize Participants at the round table: left, from left to right, Agnieszka Zalewska, Ewa Rondio, Andrzej Siemko, Roman Pöschl, Alain Blondel, chemistry institutes, including CERN, in Chemistry in 1943 for his work on the established 25 years later as the premier Tadeusz Lesiak, Roy Alexan; right, from left to right, Manfred Kramer, Robert Zwaska, Max Klein, Lucie Linssen, Marek Jeżabek. (Image notably for the development of high-power use of isotopes as tracers in the study of international award of excellence in credit: Epiphany Conference organizing committee.) targets in the EURISOL Design Study chemical processes. The Hevesy Medal was radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry. Around 110 particle physicists gathered in China and FCC at CERN) came under Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN), O u t r E a C h together on 8–10 January for the Cracow scrutiny, with special attention paid to the discussion concentrated on options for in Alexandria. In an area of 400 square Epiphany Conference on Future High accelerator issues as well as the physics European contributions to future projects for New exhibition metres, the exhibition covers four main Energy Colliders. The meeting took place at potential and detector prerequisites. The particle physics. themes: what we know, open issues, the headquarters of the Polish Academy of LHC upgrade together with CERN’s R&D Following its two-decades-long accelerators and detectors, computing and Arts and Sciences, in the heart of the city. studies of future superconducting magnets tradition, the Epiphany meeting provided on CERN opens applications. Rather than the three biblical Magi were also discussed. Separate talks were a useful platform for young researchers The 40 exhibits, designed by CERN and searching for the baby Jesus – traditionally devoted to the AWAKE project of plasma to present their scientifi c achievements, in Egypt the PSC, were handmade in Egypt. Some celebrated at Epiphany – the conference acceleration at CERN, and to Fermilab’s with 17 interesting talks. The inspiring and were inspired by and based on existing brought together physicists in search of a programme of intense proton beams aimed friendly atmosphere of the conference, with CERN exhibitions but most were created strategy for future European participation at neutrino physics. lively discussions after the talks and during The Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt is from scratch. The Higgs fi eld is explained in new accelerator projects. To guide them, The conference concluded with an coffee, was particularly motivating for the one of the most culturally inspiring, yet using pistons that can be pushed to feel “The Alphabet of the Universe” exhibition several world-class experts provided the excellent overview by Agnieszka Zalewska, young attendees. unexpected, places to fi nd an exhibition the difference in resistance, and therefore in Egypt. (Image credit: Bibliotheca participants with 24 illuminating talks. the president of CERN Council, which was ● For more about the Epiphany conference, about CERN and particle physics. “The mass. Mesons and hadrons are explained Alexandrina.) All of the relevant proposed accelerator followed by a round-table discussion. Led visit epiphany.ifj.edu.pl/current. The Alphabet of the Universe: from CERN with black and white magnetic pieces that schemes, both linear (ILC in Japan and by Marek Jeżabek, the general director proceedings will be published as the July to North Africa and the Middle East” can be put together only according to the where different cultures work together on CLIC at CERN) and circular (CEPC/SppS of Cracow’s Institute of Nuclear Physics 2015 issue of Acta Physica Polonica B. was inaugurated on 19 January in the allowed combinations. The exhibition also cutting-edge science. Planetarium Science Centre (PSC), one of includes a presentation of CERN as the The exhibition will remain in Alexandria O u t r E a C h the main attractions in the modern library world’s largest particle-physics laboratory, until the end of the year. Build your own Lego LHC John Bell, the theoretician from CERN who is deservedly best known for his ground-breaking theorem, has been A PhD student working on the ATLAS honoured in his native Belfast with the experiment has created a replica of the LHC naming of a new street after his work. “Bell’s using Lego bricks. Nathan Readioff, from Theorem Crescent” celebrates the famous the University of Liverpool, has submitted 1964 paper that laid the basis for emerging his design to Lego Ideas, and now awaits Left: A computer simulation of the miniature Lego LHC. (Image credit: N Readioff.) Right: new technologies such as quantum the 10,000 votes needed for it to qualify for Nathan Readioff tests his designs. (Image credit: Kate Shaw.) computing (CERN Courier September 2014 the Lego Review, which decides if projects p34). The unveiling of the new street name become new Lego products. another – for example, the LHC diploes are together well, to help the builder assemble – which marked the start of the ﬁ rst-ever Readioff’s design is a stylized model of the oversize – but they use the same size of base each detector within minutes. Northern Ireland Science Festival – was LHC, showcasing the four main experiments to maximize the detail that can be included, To build your own miniature LHC, attended by Belfast lord mayor, Nichola ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb, but on a and give a more uniform look to the set. download the complete instruction manuals Mallon, relatives of John Bell (Ruby micro scale. Each detector is small enough While working on the Lego LHC, Readioff and parts lists at https://build-your-own- McConkey, centre left, and Robert Bell, to fi t into the palm of the hand, yet the details learnt a surprising amount about CERN and particle-detector.org. To vote for Readioff’s centre right), and representatives from of the internal systems are intricate and the various detectors. He also learnt how to Lego LHC design, register with Lego Northern Ireland’s science community. revealed by cutaway walls. Every major assemble a robust Lego model, and questions Ideas and click the “Support” button on the (Image credit: Stakeholder.) sub-detector is represented by a Lego piece. the designs recommended by computer Lego LHC page https://ideas.lego.com/ The models are not strictly in scale with one simulation. His replica has parts that hold projects/94885.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier April 2015 CERN Courier April 2015 Silicon Drift Detectors Faces & Places Faces & Places • Solid State Design • Easy to Use v i S i t S O B i t u a r y • Low Cost The Nepalese minister for health and FAST SDD® population, Khaga Raj Adhikari, Charles Townes 1915–2015 right, visited CERN on 29 January. Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS Following a general introduction to the laboratory’s activities by CERN’s head of The inventor of the laser, Charles Hard water masers operating in space. These Resolution Peaking Time international relations, Rüdiger Voss, Townes, passed away on 27 January at the observations initiated a new area of 125 eV FWHM 4 µs he was presented with a temperature- age of 99. He made signifi cant contributions astronomical research. 130 eV FWHM 1 µs sensitive mug depicting the history in many areas of physics and remained active Townes then grew interested in other 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs of the universe. Later, the minister until his last year, when declining health aspects of infrared astronomy, searching for 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs visited the CMS experiment and the intervened. heat sources in outer space, and pursuing Antiproton Decelerator. (Image credit: Townes was born in 1915 in Greenville, precision infrared spectrometry. In 1985, CERN-PHOTO-201501-018 – 10.) South Carolina. Following undergraduate he and Reinhard Genzel observed swirling SDD Spectrum 5.9 work at Furman University, he did graduate gas clouds orbiting a massive object now keV work at Duke University and then Caltech, known to be a black hole. Townes developed 55 Fe where he received his PhD in 1939. He then high-resolution interferometric arrays, eV FWHM moved to Bell Labs in New Jersey, where he using them to study the dust that surrounds

Counts 125 25 mm2 x 500 µm remained throughout the Second World War, old stars and even to search for signals from 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 keV designing radar-based bombing systems. extra-terrestrial civilizations. P/B Ratio: 20000/1 After the war, he became interested in Throughout his life, Townes maintained Energy (keV) using shorter, microwave wavelengths for an interest in the intersection of science Resolution vs Peaking Time molecular spectroscopy. The challenge was Charles Townes. (Image credit: Lawrence and religion. His seminal 1966 article “The 180 to generate suffi ciently intense beams. He Berkeley National Laboratory.) Convergence of Science and Religion” 25 mm2 170 conceived the idea of putting the gas in a established him as a unique voice – resonant cavity – by absorbing an incident at Berkeley recently accelerated electrons to among scientists, in particular – seeking 160 Standard SDD photon, the gas would be stimulated to emit 4.2 GeV, in a 9-cm-long accelerator (CERN commonality between the two disciplines. ® a coherent burst. In 1954, he and his students Courier January/February 2015 p9). For this work, he received the 2005 150 FAST SDD built such a device: an ammonia maser. In 1967, Townes moved to Berkeley, where Templeton Prize. 140 By 1958, he was interested in shorter, he acquired an interest in astronomy. One Townes is survived by his wife of 74 years, visible wavelengths. He and his of his fi rst activities was to build a maser Frances Hildreth Townes (née Brown), four 130 brother-in-law, Arthur Schawlow, conceived amplifi er and microwave spectrometer, to daughters, six grandchildren and two great Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) On 30 January, Carlos Moedas, the European During his visit to CERN on 17 February, the idea of a laser, using mirrors in a gas search for radiation from the vibrational grandchildren. 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 commissioner for research, science and the Lithuanian minister of education and ● Peaking Time (μs) tube to produce a cavity. For this work, modes of complex molecules. By 1968, he Based – with permission – on the obituary innovation, visited the CMS underground science, Dainius Pavalkis, third row, right, Townes shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in and Jack Welch had observed ammonia by Robert Sanders published on the UC experimental cavern, with CERN’s director for met teachers taking part in the Lithuanian Throughput physics. Today, lasers are used in household and water signatures from the core of the BerkeleyNews Center website, http:// 1,00,0000 research and computing, Sergio Bertolucci, Teachers’ Programme – one of many national items from laser printers to DVD readers. Milky Way, confounding many astronomers newscenter.berkeley.edu/2015/01/27/ left. The visit also included the Computing programmes organized by CERN. He also heard 0.2 μs In research, they are even being used for who did not believe that molecules could nobel-laureate-and-laser-inventor-charles- Centre and the area where magnets for the about the LHC Computing Grid project and saw particle acceleration – the BELLA facility survive in space. They went on to discover townes-dies-at-99/. 100,000 1 μs SESAME light source in Jordan are being tested. the CMS underground area. (Image credit: (Image credit: CERN-PHOTO-201501-019 – 2.) CERN-PHOTO-201502-033 – 5.) n EW P r O d u C t S

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics | | Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron RECRUITMENT A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association For advertising enquiries, contact CERN Courier recruitment/classified, IOP Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK. The Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB) is one of Tel +44 (0)117 930 1027 Fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 E-mail [email protected] Germany’s leading research universities. The Please contact us for information about rates, colour options, publication dates and deadlines. University draws its strengths from both the diversity and the proximity of scientific and engineering PARTICLE disciplines on a single, coherent campus. This highly dynamic setting enables students and researchers PHYSICS to work across traditional boundaries of academic • subjects and faculties. The RUB is a vital institution DESY, Hamburg location, is seeking: in the Ruhr area, which has been selected as Scientist (m/f) People Fellowship at Fermilab European Capital of Culture for the year 2010. The Peoples Fellowship at Fermilab seeks applications from newly minted • Excellent oral and written communication skills as demonstrated by DESY Ph.Ds. (degree conferred within the past three years) in the following presentations at conferences and a strong record of publications in DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, disciplines: Accelerator Physics; Accelerator-Related Technology; Particle professional journals particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. Physics and Cosmology or related field. Post-doctoral experience is not Respect, understand and value the individual differences that embody the PROFESSOR (W2) IN EXPERIMENTAL required but may be advantageous for candidates applying from the field of principles of diversity. The particle physics programme of DESY consists of strong contributions particle physics and cosmology or a related field. Abide by all environmental, safety and health regulations. PHYSICS IN THE FIELD OF HADRONS to the LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS and to the preparation of a future The Fellowship is awarded on a competitive basis and is designed to attract linear collider. The experimental programme is enhanced by collaboration outstanding entry-level accelerator physicists, specialists in accelerator Physical Activity and Work Requirements AND NUCLEI with a strong theory group. DESY is searching an experienced high energy technologies, and high energy physics post-doctoral researchers with Human Factors: Prolonged Computer Work, Visually Demanding, Tight Work experimental physicist, who will take a leading role in the reconstruction of demonstrated leadership potential who wish to embark on a new career in Schedules, Confined Spaces The Ruhr-Universität Bochum – faculty of Physics and charged particles in ATLAS and contribute actively to physics data analysis. accelerator physics or technology. • Ability to travel by automobile and/or commercial air carrier both Astronomy invites applications for the position of a Professor This exciting opportunity offers extraordinary latitude in research activities domestically and internationally may be required (W2) in Experimental Physics in the field of hadrons and The position selection. Current areas of research that are of interest at FNAL include (but • Ability and a willingness to work in underground experimental areas may Active role in the ATLAS experiment nuclei to start as soon as possible. • are not limited to): single particle and collective nonlinear dynamics of intense be required Leading role in the reconstruction of charged particles and in the analy- beams, microwave/optical stochastic and electron cooling of phase-space, • To be considered for this exceptional opportunity, candidates must The future holder of the post will represent the subject in sis of ATLAS data high intensity proton beams, high intensity neutrino sources, high-field submit a cover letter with statement of interest, an online CV, three (3) Participation in the supervision of students and postdocs superconducting magnets, superconducting radio-frequency science and research and teaching. • letters of reference, and a list of publications. technology, high luminosity and high energy 1-100 TeV class future colliders The applicant should further demonstrate the ability to for leptons and hadrons, novel accelerator concepts, accelerator controls and The application deadline is June 30, 2015. Requirements develop a productive and vigorous externally-funded research PhD in experimental High Energy Physics feedback, and computational physics, simulations and modeling. Questions may be submitted via email to [email protected] • and/or . program in the field of experimental hadron physics as well Extensive knowledge in tracking algorithms The Peoples Fellowship provides an attractive salary and benefits package [email protected] Attention: Prof. Swapan Chattopadhyay, Chair, • Experience in HEP data analysis preferentially at hadron colliders competitive with a university assistant professorship. The appointment term Peoples Fellowship Committee as the enthusiasm and drive to teach and mentor both • There is no legal requirement that Fermilab sponsor an employee for U.S. Outstanding teamwork abilities for candidates with less than two years post-doc experience is an initial four undergraduate and graduate students. The new professorship • permanent residence. As a result, Fermilab will make the decision to sponsor Excellent communication skills and knowledge of English year appointment eligible to be considered for a second three-year term. For should complement existing activities in the field of meson • candidates with two or more years of post-doc experience, the term is an initial an employee on a case-by-case basis. Fermilab will consider the following three year appointment, eligible to be considered for a second two-year term. factors, among others, when determining whether to sponsor an employee for spectroscopy and the successful candidate should take part For further Information please contact Klaus Moenig +49-33762-7-7271, U.S. permanent residence: performance, length of service, long-term need for in the planning and construction of experiments and detectors [email protected] or Ingrid-Maria Gregor +49-40-8998-3032, Qualifications and Essential Job Functions the position, and cost. at the future FAIR facility in Germany. Modern detector [email protected]. • Ph.D. within the last three years in accelerator physics or accelerator-related technology is also used in medicine and the faculty has just technology or particle physics and cosmology or a related field Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service organi- Diverse People, Diverse Jobs opened a new field of studies in Medical Physics so a • Demonstrated ability to carry out independent research Fermilab is an Equal Opportunity Employer. sations in Germany. Classiﬁcation is based upon qualiﬁcations and assigned • Demonstrated leadership potential Minorities/Women/Disabled/Veterans are encouraged to apply. willingness to build up a working group in this is also duties. DESY operates flexible work schemes. Handicapped persons will desirable. be given preference to other equally qualified applicants. DESY is an equal The teaching obligations are for Experimental Physics within opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from women. There is a bilingual kindergarten on the DESY site. all of the courses of study offered by the Department. The successful candidate should also participate actively in the We are looking forward to your application quoting the reference code pre- newly created Medical Physics course of study. ferably via our electronic application System: Online-Application or by email [email protected] Positive evaluation as a junior professor or equivalent Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY academic achievement (e.g. habilitation) and evidence of Human Resources Department Code: EM045/2015 | special aptitude are just as much required as the willingness Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 | | | to participate in the self-governing bodies of the RUB and to Deadline for applications: 15 May 2015 generally get involved in university processes according to www.desy.de IceCube WinterOver Experiments Operator RUB’s mission statement. We expect further more: The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s WIPAC is a research center at the UW-Madison responsible for the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole. largest scientific organisation. high commitment in teaching Connecting motivated jobseekers with high-profile employers www.helmholtz.de Working as a team with one additional IceCube winter-over personnel, this position will be responsible for · readiness to participate in interdisciplinary academic work all winter-over operations of this state-of-the-art neutrino observatory. · willingness and ability to attract external funding This position is located at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station and reports to the Winter-over Manager in Madison, WI. · The Ruhr-Universität Bochum is an equal opportunity Training for two candidates is anticipated to begin in Madison, WI at the beginning of August. Deployment to the South Pole is expected to be in employer. early October for 12-13 months with no possibility of leaving during the winter months from mid-February to mid-October. Reach an international audience Complete applications with cover letter, full CV, statements of Successful candidates will attend the NSF contractor orientation program and will be expected to pass physical and psychological evaluations to work Reach an at polar and high altitude sites for one year, as required by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs. teaching philosophy and teaching records, publication list and a research plan should be sent to the Dean of M.S. in Computer Science, Physics, Electrical Engineering or related field is required. B.S. in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, or the faculty of Physics and Astronomy of the international audience related field and substantial (equivalent to a Masters degree) experience will be considered. Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, For instructions to apply http://www.ohr.wisc.edu/WebListing/Unclassified/PVLSummary.aspx?pvl_num=81771 Germany no later than April 2, 2015. Further To ensure consideration, application materials must be received by April 11, 2015. information is available at www.physik.rub.de. Reach an international audience

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2011 BR Odd Sizes for recruitment.indd 4 03/02/2015 15:47 CERN Courier April 2015 Bookshelf Post-Doctoral Opportunity in Accelerator Physics at Fermilab This position is for an initial period of up to three (3) years with the potential for extension. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory seeks a highly qualified candidate for a postdoctoral Research Associate position in its Accelerator Division’s IOTA/ASTA Quantum Field Theory for the Gifted Thinking the Future. Department to work on the theoretical Advanced Accelerator R&D program with the Amateur focus on the development of novel concepts for future intensity frontier experiments. The successful candidate will be accepted to participate in a comprehensive By Tom Lancaster and Stephen J Blundell feasibility study and investigation of an integrable optics rapid cycling synchrotron Oxford University Press RESEARCH ASSISTANT / ASSOCIATE as an essential component of a potential future multi-MW facility to advance neutrino Hardback: £65 $110 in Experimental and Theoretical Particle/Astroparticle Physics science. The range of activities will also include modeling of beam dynamics effects, Paperback: £29.99 $49.95 RESEARCH TRAINING GROUP (GRADUIERTENKOLLEG) PARTICLE AND evaluation of technical aspects, interpretation and scientific publication of results. Also available as an e-book, and at the CERN ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS IN THE LIGHT OF LHC Respect, understand, and value individual differences that embody the principles of diversity. bookshop OUR PROFILE Abide by all environmental, safety, and health regulations. The research goal of the DFG graduate school "Particle and Astroparticle Qualifications and Essential Job Functions Gauge Theories of the Strong, Weak, and Physics in the Light of LHC" is to explore the limits of the standard model of • Ph.D. or an equivalent degree in Physics, Accelerator Physics or related fields by the time of the appointment Electromagnetic Interactions (2nd edition) particle physics in the era of new data from major experiments in particle and • Strong record of recent accomplishments in physics By Chris Quigg astroparticle physics. Our experimental research groups participate in the CMS • Excellent oralVisit and written communication skills as demonstrated by presentations at Princeton University Press and LHCb experiments at the LHC, in the AMS experiment on the ISS, in the conferences and a record of publication(s) in peer-reviewed journals. Hardback: £52.00 $75.00 Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina, in the IceCube Neutrino Observatory Application Instructions Also available as an e-book, and at the CERN at the South Pole, and in various neutrino physics experiments. Theoretical interestedfor candidates your should submit: next 1) a cover letter includincareerg a brief statement move bookshop research focuses on electroweak symmetry breaking, physics beyond the of research interests and 2) a curriculum vitae with a list of selected publications. standard model, top quark and flavour physics, dark matter and cosmology. Online application: https://fermi.hodesiq.com/apply_online_1.asp?jobid=4996444 Many readers of CERN Courier will The application deadline is May 31, 2015. already have several introductions to For general information about this position, please contact quantum fi eld theory (QFT) on their YOUR PROFILE Dr. Alexander Valishev at [email protected] You have received an excellent university degree (master or equivalent) There is no legal requirement that Fermilab sponsor an employee for U.S. permanent shelves. Indeed, it might seem that another in particle physics, astroparticle physics or cosmology. We expect strong residence. As a result, Fermilab will make the decision to sponsor an employee on book on this topic has missed its century commitment to teamwork, excellent communication skills, and high flexibility. a case-by-case basis. Fermilab will consider the following factors, among others, – but that is not quite true. Tom Lancaster when determining whether to sponsor an employee for US permanent residence: Please apply with a curriculum vitae, a one-page summary of your thesis, two performance, length of service, long-term need for the position, and cost. and Stephen Blundell offer a response to letters of reference, and a one-page description of your research interests a frequently posed question: What should For example, fi gure 41.6 is presented in fi gures that illustrate beautifully the within the framework of the graduate school. Selection will be based on Diverse People, Diverse Jobs Fermilab is an Equal Opportunity Employer. I read and study to learn QFT? Before the margin to explain how QED vacuum intriguing properties of the Standard Model. competitive evaluation. Preference will be given to those candidates whose Minorities/Women/Disabled/Veterans are encouraged to apply. this text it was impossible to name a polarization works, illustrating equations However, it’s hard for me personally to research interests combine two of the aforementioned scientific areas. contemporary book suitable for self-study, 41.18-20. The fi gure gives the impression end the review on this high note since the where there is regular interaction with an that the QED vacuum-polarization effect research in the fi eld of gauge theories of YOUR DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES The European Spallation Source is preparing to construct a world- adviser but not classroom-style. Now, in decreases the Coulomb–Maxwell potential strong interactions does not end with the You will work in close collaboration with your advisor(s) on the scientific leading European materials research centre in Lund, Sweden. goals of this graduate school. You will participate in the school's training Visit this book I fi nd a treasury of contemporary strength, while the equations and subsequent perturbative processes. Over the past 30 ESS is an international partnership of 17 European countries. programs (e.g., seminars, special lectures, etc.), and present your work at material presented concisely and lucidly discussion correctly show that the observed years, a vast new area has opened up with our annual workshop. in a format that I can recommend for vacuum-polarization effect in atoms adds many fundamental insights. These connect independent study. attraction to electron binding. The reader to the QCD vacuum structure, the Hagedorn OUR OFFER Quantum Field Theory for the Gifted should be given an explanation of the subtle temperature and colour deconfi nement The position is of two years with a possible prolongation of 12 months and to Science for Society Amateur is in my opinion a good investment, point that reconciles the intuitive impression as encapsulated in the new buzzword be filled as soon as possible. This is a part-time position (75 % of the standard although of course one cannot squeeze all of from the fi gure with the equations. – quark–gluon plasma, the strongly- weekly hours for full-time employees). The successful candidate has the QFT into 500 pages. Specifi cally, this is not Despite these issues, I believe that this interacting colour-charged many-body opportunity to pursue a doctoral degree. The salary corresponds to level a book about strong interactions; QCD is not volume offers an attractive, new “rock state of quarks and gluons. Moreover, there TV-L E13 of the German public service salary scale (TV-L). in the book, not a word. Reading page 308 at and roll” approach, fi lling a large void in is a wealth of numerical lattice results that RWTH Aachen University is certified as a "Family-Friendly University". We the spectrum of QFT books, so my strong accompany these developments. We are looking for a highly qualified: the end of subsection 34.4 one might expect particularly welcome and encourage applications from women, disabled that some aspects of quarks and asymptotic positive recommendation stands. The I fi nd no key word for this in the index of persons and ethnic minority groups, recognizing they are underrepresented Head of Division and Project Manager freedom would appear late in chapter 46, question that the reader of these lines will Quigg’s book, although there is mention across RWTH Aachen University. The principles of fair and open competition but they do not. I found the word “quark” now have in mind is how to mitigate the of “confi nement” (p336ff). On page 340, apply and appointments will be made on merit. once – on page 308 – but as far as I can tell, absence of some material. a phrase-long summary mentions the The jobsFor moresite details, for have physics a look at: and engineering “gluon” did not make its way at all into the The answer lies in the second edition temperature of a chiral-symmetry-restoring http://europeanspallationsource.se/vacancies YOUR CONTACT PERSON part on “SomeThe applicationsjobs site from thefor world physics of Chris Quigg’s Gauge Theories of the transition (from what to what is not stated) For further details, please contact of particle physics.” Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic that characterizes the lattice QCD results Prof. Dr. Stefan Schael If you are a curiousand amateur engineering and hear Interactions. By a remarkable coincidence, seen in fi gure 8.47 on p342. This one-phrase Tel.: +49 (0) 241-80-27159 about, for example, “Majorana” (p444ff) or this essentially revised volume fi lls in much entry is all that describes in my estimate Fax: +49 (0) 241-80-22661 perhaps “vacuum instability” (p457ff, done of what the “gifted amateur” wants to know 20% of the experimental work at CERN of Email: [email protected] nicely) or “chiral symmetry” (p322ff), you about how QFT is applied in traditional the past 25 years, and the majority of particle For further information, please visit our website at: can start self-study of these topics by reading particle physics. It is hard to fi nd words to physics at Brookhaven for the past 15 years. www1b.physik.rwth-aachen.de/~kolleg2012/ these pages. However, it’s a little odd that describe Quigg’s clean, high-quality work; In this section I also read how vacuum although important current content is set up, it as an author he is a virtuoso performer. He dielectric properties relate to confi nement. I Please send your application by April 30, 2015 to is not always followed with a full explanation. takes the reader through the Standard Model know this argument from Kenneth Wilson, In these examples, oscillation into a different of particle physics to the fi rst steps beyond as refi ned and elaborated on by TD Lee, and Prof. Dr. Stefan Schael ﬂ avour is given just one phrase, on p449. it, showing the most important insights, the lattice-QCD work initiated by Michael I. Physikalisches Institut B Some interesting topics – such as describing open questions and proposing Creutz at Brookhaven, yet Quigg attributes RWTH Aachen “coherent states” – are described in depth, original literature and further reading. He this to an Abelian-interaction model that I D-52056 Aachen, Germany but others central to QFT merit more words. has designed or collected many insightful did not think functioned. The jobs site for physics and engineering 39 38 CERN Courier April 2015

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The author, renowned for his work accommodate a non-zero θ13, and the addressing two-particle interactions, deviation of the lepton-mixing matrix from represents in his book the traditional the simple tri-bi-maximal form. particle-physics programme as continued The authors end with a brief chapter today at Fermilab, where the novel area on cosmology, concentrating mainly of QCD many-body physics is not on the on dark matter and its connection to Roger Anthoine: A man of many parts research menu, though it has come of age at neutrinos. While this chapter obviously CERN and Brookhaven. One can argue that cannot replace a dedicated introduction to this new science is not “particle physics” – cosmology, a few more details such as an but it is defi nitively part of “gauge theories introduction of the Friedmann equation Celebrating the 90th birthday of the iconic fi gures in both particle physics of strong interactions”, words embedded in could have been helpful here. In general, and politics – including, perhaps most the title of Quigg’s book. Thus, quark–gluon the treatment of astroparticle physics of CERN Courier’s fi rst editor. surprisingly, Che Guevara, who in 1964 plasma, vacuum structure and confi nement is shorter than expected from the title visited CERN as Cuba’s minister of industry. glare brightly by their absence in this volume. of the book. For example, the detection After 27 years at CERN, Roger retired Looking again at both books it is of extragalactic neutrinos at IceCube is in 1986. He had served under seven remarkable how complementary they are not covered – indeed, IceCube is only I must have fi rst met Roger Anthoine in directors-general, from Bakker who fi rst for a CERN Courier reader. These are two mentioned in passing as an experiment that 1979, when I was physical-sciences editor employed him, up to Herwig Schopper, who excellent texts and together they cover most is sensitive to the indirect detection of dark of New Scientist, he was in charge of public thanked him at his retirement ceremony. of modern QFT and its application in particle matter. Also leptogenesis and supernova relations at CERN, and the organization Now at the age of 90, he has been retired for physics in 1000 pages at an affordable cost. neutrinos are mentioned only briefl y. was celebrating its 25th anniversary. Now, longer than he was at CERN, but he has kept I strongly recommend both, individually The book mainly serves as a detailed as he celebrates his 90th birthday, I realize up his contact with the press in the region, or as a set. As noted, however, the reader and concise, thorough and pedagogical what a privilege it is to have come to know returning to his roots as a journalist by who purchases these two volumes may introduction to the relationship of neutrinos him a little better during my time as editor writing for local newspapers about CERN’s need a third one covering the new physics of to physics beyond the Standard Model, and of CERN Courier. activities. He has also been able to spend deconfi nement, QCD vacuum and thermal in particular the related particle-physics Back in 1979, Brian Southworth led the more time on his fi rst love – aviation. A pilot quarks and gluons – the quark–gluon plasma. authors give a detailed discussion of the phenomenology. This subject is highly editorial team of CERN Courier, which since 1944, it is only recently that he lost ● Johann Rafelski, University of Arizona. lepton-mixing matrix – the basic tool to topical and will be more so in the years to also included Gordon Fraser and Henri-Luc the right to fl y solo, for health reasons. His describe oscillations – and seesaw models come. As such, Neutrinos in High Energy Felder. Little did I realize then that like much fl ying provided CERN with some historic Neutrinos in High Energy and Astroparticle of various types. An interesting aspect is and Astroparticle Physics does an excellent of public relations at CERN, the Courier – a aerial photos. In January 1963, after a Physics the thorough discussion of what could be job and belongs on the bookshelf of every source of information that I valued highly three-day blizzard, Roger took to the skies By José W F Valle and Jorge C Romão called “Majorananess” and its relation to graduate student and researcher who is in my role at New Scientist – had begun with above the laboratory at the controls of a Wiley-VCH neutrino masses, lepton-number violation seriously interested in this interdisciplinary Roger. He had been hired by CERN 20 years Piper Super Cub, in temperatures of around Paperback: £75 �€90 and neutrinoless double beta decay – for and increasingly important topic. previously, expressly to start an internal A special small edition of CERN Courier –25 °C, to take pictures of the snow-covered Also available at the CERN bookshop example, in the paragraphs dealing with the ● Heinrich Päs, TU Dortmund, and Sandip Pakvasa, publication for what in those early days was wished the magazine’s fi rst editor “Bonne landscape, with one ungloved hand on his Neutrinos have kept particle physicists Majorana–Dirac confusion and black-box University of Hawaii. fewer than 900 staff. The publication was the anninversaire” for his 90th birthday. Rolleifl ex 6 × 6 cm camera (CERN Courier excited for at least the past 20 years. After theorems, a point that is rarely covered in vision of the then director-general, Cornelis October 2004 p55.) During retirement, they were fi nally proved to be massive, two text books and often results in confusion. Books received Bakker. Roger, a Belgian with degrees in era – about to start up. It was an appropriate with time to apply his writing talents to his mass-squared differences and all three Next, the book discusses how neutrino engineering and journalism, was in many time for the monthly magazine to start, with interest in historical aspects of aviation, mixing angles have now been determined, masses are implemented in the Standard Canonical Quantum Gravity: Fundamentals ways the ideal person for the task. With no the fi rst issue appearing in August 1959. he has published books in French and in × and Recent Developments the fi nal remaining angle,θ 13, in 2012 by Model’s SU(2) U(1) gauge theory and knowledge of the arcane world of particle Unfortunately, Roger soon had his hands English. After I eventually stepped into the three reactor experiments: Daya Bay, the relationship to Higgs physics. This is By Francesco Cianfrani et al physics, he could put himself in the position full for rather tragic reasons. John MacCabe, his shoes in 2003, our conversations often RENO and Double Chooz. As neutrino followed by a detailed treatment of neutrinos World Scientifi c of the non-physicist staff members who head of CERN’s small Public Information turned to the British Royal Air Force, in masses are expected to be linked intimately and physics beyond the Standard Model Hardback: £84 wanted to fi nd out in the simplest terms what Offi ce, died suddenly in April 1960 at the which my father served during the Second to physics beyond the Standard Model that (supersymmetry, unifi cation and the fl avour E-book: £63 their laboratory was doing. age of 45, and Roger immediately found World War. can be probed at the LHC, and as neutrinos problem), which constitutes almost half of Also available at the CERN bookshop He had to begin from square one, securing himself in charge of other public-relations Roger started CERN Courier with an initial are about to start a “second career” as the entire book. Here the text exhibits its This book aims to present a funding, deciding on the format, frequency activities, including VIP visits and the press print run of 1000, and by the time he had to astrophysical probes, it seems a perfect time particular strength – also in comparison to pedagogical and self-consistent and distribution, fi nding a printer and, last offi ce. It was diffi cult to edit the magazine, put it on hold, little more than a year later, to publish a new textbook on the elusive the competing books by Carlo Giunti and treatment of the canonical but not least, choosing a name – CERN even if only 12 pages long, as well as do his the number had already risen to 3000. Now, particle. The authors Jose Vallé and Jorge Chung Kim, and by Vernon Barger, Danny approach to quantum gravity, Courier in English, Courrier CERN in former superior’s job. So, the Courier went some 21,000 copies are printed 10 times a Romão are leading protagonists in the fi eld Marfatia and Kerry Whisnant, both of which starting from its original French. The name, and much else of the into “hibernation” before re-emerging with year. From the start it had excited interest who have devoted most of their careers to concentrate more on neutrino oscillation formulation to the most recent magazine today, still bears Roger’s imprint. a new-style cover under a new editor – Alec beyond CERN, and today serves a worldwide the puzzling neutrino. In this new book they phenomenology – by discussing exhaustively developments in the fi eld. It begins with an The budget allocated was suffi ciently low Hester – in January 1962. community, having been rebranded in 1974 share their experience of many years at the how neutrino physics is linked to physics introduction to the formalism and concepts of from the start to oblige him to seek additional Roger was to spend the next 25 years with the subtitle “International Journal of forefront of research. beyond Standard Model phenomenology, general relativity, the standard cosmological support from advertising – an unusual working in public relations in its widest High-Energy Physics” (CERN Courier They begin with a brief historical such as lepton-fl avour violation or collider model and the infl ationary mechanism. After strategy for a “house” magazine. The sense. During this time he introduced much December 2014 p28). introduction, before reviewing the processes. The inclusion of a detailed presenting the Lagrangian approach to the content, he recalled in the article he wrote at of what was to become familiar at CERN: the Much of what Roger introduced remains Standard Model and its problems and discussion of these topics is a good choice Einsteinian theory, the basic concepts of the the time of the Courier’s 50th anniversary, fi rst in-house guides to explain the wonders refl ected in the magazine today. So, reader, discussing the quantization of massive and it makes the book valuable as a textbook, canonical approach to quantum mechanics was perhaps the easiest issue to decide of the organization to visitors, then mainly as you enjoy this issue (as indeed I hope neutral leptons. The next three chapters although it does make this part rather long are provided, focusing on the formulations upon (CERN Courier July/August 2009 on Saturdays; the comic strips by Georges you do), join with me, and all of those who deal with neutrino oscillations and and encyclopedic. Another strong point is relevant for canonical quantum gravity. p23). There was plenty happening at the Boixader fi rst published in theTribune de worked with Roger at CERN, in wishing absolute neutrino masses – the mass being the focus on model building. For example, Different formulations are then compared, laboratory, with its fi rst small accelerator, the Genève in 1978; the naming of CERN’s him “Bonne anniversaire et une superbe one of the fundamental properties of the book discusses in detail the challenges leading to a consistent picture of canonical Synchrocyclotron, already running, and the streets; the production of fi lms at CERN… 91ème année”. neutrinos that is still unknown. Here the in fl avour-symmetry model building to quantum cosmology. Proton Synchrotron (PS) – the fl agship of the He also had the opportunity to meet many ● Christine Sutton. CERN.

40 41

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In search of hidden light Chamber Builder™ Vacuum Chambers Could the skills developed Einstein, top, and light could have a dark side and be invisible Bose shared an – “hidden-sector photons” could have a role for the energy frontier also affi nity for to play in the world of dark matter, along with strings: Einstein the likes of axions. And dark energy – is it be focused on the cosmic played the violin real, what carries it? from childhood All general considerations for the 30+ Years frontier? and Bose was a laboratory detection of dark matter and dark of Expertise master on the energy lead to the requirement of spectacular Indian string signal sensitivities with the discrimination In my journey as a migrant instrument, the of one part in 1025, and an audacious ability scientist, crossing continents esraj. (Image to detect possible dark-energy “zero-point” and oceans to serve physics, credits: top, fl uctuation signals at the level of 10–15 g. institutions and nations E O Hoppe/LIFE; Already today, the electrodynamics of wherever and whenever I below, Birla microwave superconducting cavities offers am needed and called upon, Industrial and a resonant selectivity of one part in 1022 CERN has always been Technological in the dual “transmitter–receiver” mode. the focal point of illumination. It has been Museum.) Vacuum, laser and particle/atomic beam a second home to whichever institution techniques promise gravimeters at 10–12 g and country I have been functioning from, levels. Can we stretch our imagination to particularly at times of major personal organization has also taken the lead in consider eavesdropping on the spontaneous and professional transition. Today, at the exploring for the long-term future the disappearance of the “visible” into the “dark”, completion of yet another major transition scientifi c, technological and fi scal limits and back again? Or of sensing directly in a across the seas, I am beginning to connect of the highest energy scales achievable in laboratory setting the zero-point fl uctuations to the community from my current home at laboratory based particle colliders, via the of the dark-energy density, complementing Fermilab and Northern Illinois University. recently launched Future Circular Collider the increasingly precise refi nement of the 100% Eight years ago, I wrote in this column on (FCC) design effort, to be completed by nonzero value of the cosmological constant Inspection “Amazing particles and light” (CERN Courier 2018. In this bold initiative, in line with its via cosmological observations? March 2007 p50) and, serendipitously, past tradition, CERN has again taken the The comprehensive skills base in I am drawn by CERN’s role in shaping progressive approach of basing such colliders accelerator, detector and information developments in particle physics to comment on technological innovation, pushing the technologies accumulated across decades again in this International Year of Light, 2015. frontier of high-fi eld superconducting at CERN and elsewhere could inspire “For the rest of my life I want to refl ect on dipole magnets beyond the 16 T range. non-traditional laboratory searches for the what light is!”, Albert Einstein exclaimed The ambitious strategy inspires societal “hidden sector” of the vacuum at the cosmic in 1916. A little later, in the early 1920s, aspirations, and has the promise of returning frontier, complementing the traditional S N Bose proposed a new behaviour for commensurate value to global creativity collider-based energy frontier. discrete quanta of light in aggregate and and collaboration. It also leaves room for Like the synergy between harmony and On-Site explained Planck’s law of “black-body a luminous electron–positron collider as a melody in music – as in the notes of the Manufacturing radiation” transparently, leading to a Higgs factory at the energy frontier, either harmonic minor chord of Vivaldi’s Four major classifi cation of particles according as an intermediate stage in the FCC itself or Seasons played on the violin, and the same to quantum statistics. The “photon as a possibility elsewhere in the world, and notes played melodiously in ascending and statistics” eventually became known as is complementary to the development of descending order in the universal Indian raga the Bose–Einstein statistics, predicting a emerging experimental opportunities with Kirwani (a favourite of Bose, played on the class of particles known as “bosons”. Sixty neutrino beams at the intensity frontier in esraj) – the energy frontier and the cosmic years later, in 1983, CERN discovered North America and Asia. frontier are tied together intimately in the the W and Z boson at its Super Proton What a marvellous pursuit it is to reach echoes of the Big Bang, from the laboratory Synchrotron collider, at what was then the ever higher energies via brute-force particle to outer space. Talk To Us About Your energy frontier. In another 30 years, a fi rst colliders in an earth-based laboratory. • Swapan Chattopadhyay is with Manufacturing Needs glimpse of a Higgs boson appeared in 2012 Much of the physics at the energy frontier, the Fermilab senior leadership team at today’s high-energy frontier at the LHC, however, is hidden in the so-called “dark and its accelerator division in a joint again at CERN. sector” of the vacuum. Lucio Rossi appointment with Northern Illinois • Largest Inventory of Quality • Highly Professional • Renowned Technical Today, CERN’s highest-priority wrote in this column last month how University, where he is professor Vacuum Products in Europe Customer Service Expertise particle-physics project for the future is the light is the most important means to see, and director of accelerator research. Until recently, High-Luminosity LHC upgrade (CERN helping us to bridge reality with the mind he served as the inaugural director of the Cockcroft Courier March 2015 p28). However, the (CERN Courier March 2015 p54). Yet even Institute, UK (2007–2014). Enabling Technology for a Better World | www.lesker.com 42

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April_OK2.indd 1 04/03/15 10:10 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 CERNCOURIER V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 3 A p r i l 2 0 1 5 Contents

5 News F e a t u r es 31 F a ces &P l a ces The LHC: a machine in training NUCLEON takes its place in 17 HEPTech: where academia meets industry • • 36 ec r u i t me n t space • LHCb gets a precise handle on sin 2β • ATLAS sets limits on Innovative approaches for technology transfer in Europe. R anomalous quartic-gauge couplings CMS prepares to search for • 39 B oo k s h elf heavy top-quark partners in Run 2 Proto-collaboration formed to 20 Long-distance neutrinos • An international approach for a new 1000 km experiment. promote Hyper-Kamiokande 41 I n s i d e S t o r y 22 The TPS begins to shine 11 S c i e n cew a t c h The challenges in building a new light source. 42 V i ewpo i n t 13 A s t r ow a t c h 27 Working with quarkonium 15 A r c h i v e The 10th meeting of the Quarkonium Working Group provides a good time to take stock.

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