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WELCOME V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 6 J ULY /A UGUST 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the July/August 2013 issue of CERN Courier.

This “double issue” provides plenty to read during what is for many people the holiday season. The feature articles illustrate well the breadth of modern IceCube brings particle physics – from the Standard Model, which is still being tested in the analysis of data from Fermilab’s Tevatron, to the tantalizing hints of news from the deep extraterrestrial neutrinos from the IceCube Observatory at the South Pole. A connection of a different kind between space and particle physics emerges in the interview with the astronaut who started his postgraduate life at CERN, while connections between particle physics and everyday life come into focus in the application of particle detectors to the diagnosis of breast cancer. And if this is not enough, take a look at Summer Bookshelf, with its selection of suggestions for more relaxed reading.

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ISOLDE OUTREACH TEVATRON From new magic LHC tourist trail to the rarest of gets off to a LEGACY EDITOR: CHRISTINE SUTTON, CERN elements great start Results continue DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p6 p43 to excite p17 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Contents

Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN cerncourier management.

Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 News editor Kate Kahle Editorial assistant Laura Hourican CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail cern[email protected] 5 N E W s Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 Web cerncourier.com • IceCube detects ultra-high-energy events and observes oscillations ISOLDE experiments: from a new magic number to Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger • the rarest element CMS sees fi rst direct evidence for γγ→WW Laboratory correspondents: • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos ALICE through a gamma-ray looking glass New precision Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin • • Cornell University (US) D G Cassel measurement of the Λb lifetime Council updates European DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck • EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini Strategy for Particle Physics • EC and CERN support major Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino facility in Middle East ILC Technical Design Report is published Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz • Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher Giant magnet ring makes epic journey DESY inaugurates GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter • • IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu prototype for the Cherenkov Telescope Array IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 12 s CiENCEWatCh  JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Nobukazu Toge Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein 14 a s t r O W a t C h  Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta NCSL (US) Ken Kingery Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer 15 r C h i v E Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman a  Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci F E a t u r E s Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock 17 The Tevatron’s data continue to excite SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan Latest results from 10 years of proton–antiproton running. Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, 23 ClearPEM clarifi es breast cancer diagnosis Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 A dedicated PET device has its origins in detectors for the LHC. Publisher Susan Curtis Production editor Jesse Karjalainen, Lisa Gibson 26 The case for a circular e+e– Higgs factory Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Group advertising manager Chris Thomas Options for a Higgs factory include a bigger version of LEP. Advertisement production Katie Graham Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage 28 From CERN to space – and back Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen Art director Andrew Giaquinto A CERN fellow who became an astronaut talks about his life.

Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) 30 The return of quarkonia or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 LHC results cast light on heavy quark–antiquark bound states.

General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] 32 Beauty in Bologna In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, The latest news from the Beauty 2013 international conference. PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] Germany Veronika Werschner, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany 35 Neutrino telescopes point towards exotic physics E-mail: desypr@desy.de Report from a workshop in Marseilles. Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 56, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] 38 F a C E s &P L a C E s  UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, 49 r E C r u i t M E N t  St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, 52 B O O k s h E L F St Charles, IL 60174, US

Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55

Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK A digital optical module descends down a hole deep in the ice during © 2013 CERN ISSN 0304-288X On the cover : the installation of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole. IceCube has recently detected neutrinos with record-breaking energies around 1 PeV and observed neutrino oscillations (p5). It also has the potential to seach for exotic physics (p35). (Image credit: NSF/B Gudbjartsson.)

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N E u t r i N O s IceCube detects ultra-high-energy events and observes oscillations neutrino experiments – thanks to the nature of the particles themselves – are notoriously diffi cult and experiments that make use of the natural source of particles within the cosmic radiation face problems of their own. in detecting cosmic neutrinos, the icecube neutrino observatory at the South Pole successfully contends with both of these challenges, as two papers to appear in Physical Review Letters reveal. They We build the complete illustrate the observatory’s capabilities in particle physics and in astroparticle physics. CS cost-efficiently from tried The potential for icecube to meet its aim of and proven components detecting neutrinos from astrophysical NEW sources has been boosted by the observation The two observed events from, left, August 2011 and, right, January 2012. Each sphere of two neutrino events with the highest represents an optical module, where the size is a measure of the recorded number of energies ever seen. The events have estimated photo-electrons. Colours represent the arrival times of the photons, where red indicates energies of 1.04±0.16 and 1.14±0.17 PeV – early and blue late times. (Image credit: IceCube collaboration.) hundreds of times greater than the energy of Control System Studio (CSS) protons at the LHc. The expected number of deployed during the period covered by this atmospheric background events at these analysis. The denser core allows lowering the Sommaire en français +0.04 energies is 0.082±0.004 (stat.)–0.057 (syst.) and energy threshold to about 20 GeV. LABVIEW ORACLE, mySQL, etc. IceCube détecte des événements de très 5 We master all control system the probability that the two observed events The analysis revealed the disappearance of haute énergie et observe des oscillations are not background is 2.9 × 10 –3, giving the low-energy, upwards-moving muon cPCI, PXIe, VME, xTCA, MTCA.4 FPGA programming technologies for Big Physics signal a signifi cance of 2.8σ (Aartsen et al. neutrinos and rejected the non-oscillation ISOLDE : un nouveau nombre magique et 6 2013a). While this is not suffi cient to indicate hypothesis with a signifi cance of more than l’élément le plus rare sur la Terre a fi rst observation of astrophysical neutrinos, 5σ. This result verifi es the fi rst, CMS trouve le premier indice de γγ→WW 7 PVSS, FESA, DOOCS, TINE, ACS... Timing system, MPS the closeness in energy of the two events is lower-signifi cance indication reported by the intriguing and is already attracting the AnTAreS collaboration. using a ALICE de l’autre côté d’un miroir à rayons γ 7 attention of theorists. two-neutrino fl avour formalism, the IceCube Nouvelles mesures de précision de la durée 8 Meanwhile, measurements of lower-energy collaboration derived a new estimation of the 2 de vie du Λb neutrinos produced in the atmosphere have oscillation parameters, |Δm23| = +0.6 –3 2 2 enabled the icecube collaboration to make 2.3–0.5 × 10 eV and sin 2θ23 > 0.93, with Le Conseil du CERN met à jour la stratégie 9 the fi rst statistically signifi cant detection maximum mixing favoured. These values européenne pour la physique des particules of neutrino oscillations in the high-energy are in good agreement with previous La Commission européenne et le CERN 10 region (20–100 GeV). The data used for measurements by the MinoS and soutiennent une installation de recherche this analysis were collected between May Super-Kamiokande experiments. d’envergure au Moyen-Orient 2010 and May 2011 by the icecube and More effi cient event-reconstruction Deepcore detectors, which together make methods are being tested, which Publication du Rapport de conception 10 up the icecube neutrino observatory together with new data sets will increase technique du Collisionneur linéaire (CERN Courier March 2011 p28). The the sensitivity of the icecube and international (ILC) icecube detector consists of an array with Deepcore detectors to atmospheric DESY inaugure un prototype pour le réseau 11 86 strings of digital sensors deployed in neutrino oscillations. As a result of these Expert staff to cover peak loads and beyond* Antarctica’s ice sheet at depths in the range improvements, the icecube collaboration de télescopes Tchérenkov 1450–2450 m. This main array defi nes the is expecting to set further constraints on the L’odyssée d’un anneau d’aimants géant 11 *yes, we do maintenance and support, even write up the documentation! high-energy detector, designed to detect oscillation parameters in the coming months. Des chercheurs mettent au point une cape 12 neutrinos with energies from hundreds to millions of giga-electron-volts – that is, up ● Further reading d'invisibilité thermique Choose the arrangement that suits you best: to the peta-electron-volts and more of the M G Aartsen et al. 2013a arXiv:1304.5356 [astro-ph. Les amas de galaxies jettent un nouvel 14 observed high-energy events. The Deepcore HE], accepted by Phys. Rev. Letts. éclairage sur la matière noire outsourcing (on-site or off-site), development services, subdetector adds eight additional strings near M G Aartsen et al. 2013b arXiv:1305.3909[hep-ex], or a customized turnkey solution. the centre of this array, six of which were accepted by Phys. Rev. Letts.

www.cosylab.com 5 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 News News

C E r N L h C P h Y s i C s ISOLDE experiments: from a new magic CMS sees fi rst direct evidence forγγ →WW in a small fraction of proton –1 number to the rarest element collisions at the LHc, the two 30 CMS, √s = 7 TeV, L = 5.05 fb data colliding protons interact only Drell-Yan τ+τ– inclusive W+W– Two teams working on experiments at electromagnetically, radiating 25 diffractive W+W– tt cern’s iSoLDe facility have published high-energy photons that W+jets elastic γγ → τ+τ– + – results that extend knowledge in different subsequently interact or “fuse” to produce 20 inelastic γγ → τ τ W W a0 aC

GeV + – * –4 γγ → W W ( = 2 10 , 2 = 0, Λcutoff = 500 GeV) areas of nuclear and atomic physics. The a pair of heavy charged particles. Fully Λ2 Λ 15 iSoLTrAP collaboration has measured exclusive production of such pairs takes aW aW W+W–( 0 = –2*10–4, C –4 γγ → 2 2 = –8*10 , Λcutoff = 500 GeV) the masses of exotic calcium nuclei using place when quasi-real photons are emitted Λ Λ + – the new multi-refl ection time-of-fl ight coherently by the protons rather than by events/30 10 γγ → W W (SM) (Mr-ToF) instrument, while a team their quarks, which survive the interaction. working at the resonant-ionization laser The ability to select such events opens up 5 ion source (RILIS) has made the fi rst the exciting possibility of transforming the LHc into a high-energy photon–photon 0 determination of the ionization potential of 050 100 250200150 300 the radioactive-element astatine. The results collider and of performing complementary pT (eμ) (GeV) from the two experiments demonstrate well or unique studies of the Standard Model and

the versatility of the iSoLDe facility. its possible extensions. Fig. 1. Above: Proton–proton collisions –1 CMS, √S = 7 TeV, L = 5.05 fb The iSoLTrAP team used the facility to The cMS collaboration has made use recorded by CMS at √s=7 TeV, featuring 0.002 make exotic isotopes of calcium, with the of this opportunity by employing a novel candidates for the exclusive two-photon aim of fi nding out how their nuclear “shell method to select “exclusive” events based production of a W+W– pair, where one W boson structure” evolves with increasing numbers Above: Lasers are a key component at the only on tracking information. The selection has decayed into an electron and a neutrino, 0.001 )

of neutrons. By integrating the Mr-ToF ISOLDE facility. Right: The MR-TOF device is made by requesting that two – and only two the other into a muon and a neutrino. –2 system into the experiment, the team has at ISOLTRAP. – tracks originate from a candidate vertex

(GeV 0 made precise determinations of the masses for the exclusive two-photon production. Fig. 2. Top right: The pT distribution of eμ 2 54 / Λ C of calcium isotopes up to ca. While the new physicists at the Technical university of The power of this method, which was fi rst pairs in events with no extra tracks W device has already been applied successfully Darmstadt. calcium is the heaviest isotopic developed for the pioneering measurement compared with the Standard Model a –0.001 standard model as a mass separator (CERN Courier chain for which three-nucleon forces – based of exclusive production of muon and electron expectation (thick green line) and CMS 95% confidence region (Λcutoff = 500 GeV) April 2013 p24), this fi rst use as a mass on an effective fi eld theory of QCD – have pairs, lies in its effectiveness even in diffi cult predictions for anomalous quartic gauge CMS 1-D limit, 95% confidence region spectrometer has already led to a key fi nding been applied. The iSoLTrAP results are high-luminosity conditions with large event couplings (dashed green histograms). (Λcutoff = 500 GeV) –0.002 and promises further important results in the in excellent agreement with the theoretical pile-up at the LHc. –0.0005 0 0.0005 W 2 –2 future. calculations and they show that a description The collaboration has recently used this Fig. 3. Right: Limits on anomalous quartic a0/Λ (GeV ) The results strengthen the prominence of extremely neutron-rich nuclei can be approach to analyse the full data sample γγWW couplings. in calcium of a “magic number” that was closely connected to a deeper understanding The measurement fi lls a long-standing collected at √s=7 TeV and to obtain the fi rst Model, allows stringent limits on anomalous not foreseen in the original nuclear shell of nuclear forces. gap in the Periodic Table because astatine direct evidence of the γγ→WW process. |η| < 2.1; no extra track associated with their quartic γγWW couplings to be derived. model, for which Maria Goeppert-Mayer one of the strengths of the iSoLDe facility is the last element present in nature for Fully leptonic W-boson decays have been vertex; and for the pair, a total pT >30 GeV/c. These surpass the previous best limits, set and Hans Jensen received the nobel prize is the riLiS source, which produces many of which this fundamental property remained measured in fi nal states characterized by After applying all selection criteria, only at the Large electron–Positron collider in 1963, exactly 50 years ago. in this model, the beams. At the source, bunches of protons unknown. it is of particular interest because opposite-sign and opposite-fl avour lepton two events remained – compared with an and at the Tevatron, by up to two orders of the protons and neutrons in a nucleus form at 1.4 GeV from cern’s Proton Synchrotron isotopes of astatine are candidates for the pairs where one W decays into an electron expectation of 3.2 events: 2.2 from γγ→WW magnitude (fi gure 3). independent “shells” that are similar to Booster are fi red at a thick target of uranium creation of radiopharmaceuticals for cancer and a neutrino, the other into a muon and a and 1 from background (fi gure 2). those of electrons in atoms. The magic carbide or thorium dioxide. The collisions treatment by targeted alpha-particle therapy. neutrino (both neutrinos leave undetected). The lack of events observed at large values ● Further reading numbers correspond to full nuclear shells, produce nuclei of many different elements, The experimental value for astatine also The leptons were required to have: transverse of transverse momentum for the pair, which CMS collaboration 2013 arXiv:1305.5596 [hep-ex], in which the constituents are bound more which diffuse inside a metal cavity held at serves as a benchmark for theories that momenta pT >20 GeV/c and pseudorapidity would be expected within the Standard submitted to JHEP. tightly, leading to greater stability and lighter around 2000°c. Shining overlapping laser predict the atomic and chemical properties masses. With 20 protons and 20 neutrons, beams of chosen wavelengths into this cavity of super-heavy elements, in particular the standard calcium, 40ca, is doubly magic, results in the selective ionization of some of recently discovered element 117, which is an while the rare and naturally occurring, the neutral atoms inside. After electrostatic astatine homologue. ALICE through a gamma-ray looking glass long-lived isotope 48ca has 28 neutrons – extraction and magnetic mass-separation, These two results demonstrate beautifully another magic number. The measurements the result is a pure beam of one isotope that the wealth of iSoLDe’s tool-box for The ALice experiment is knowledge of the geometry and chemical decays), which undergo pair production in by the iSoLTrAP team indicate a new travels on to a detector. exploring nuclear physics (CERN Courier optimized to perform in the composition of the detectors is particularly the ALice experiment, provide a precise closed-shell structure in 52ca and therefore The latest element to come under scrutiny December 2004 p9). They complement environment of heavy-ion important for tracking charged particles, 3D image of the detector, including the a new magic number of 32 (Wienholtz et al. at riLiS is astatine. With a half-life of well the recent results on the shape of radon collisions at the LHc, which for the calculation of energy loss and inaccessible innermost parts. The process 2013). its shell strength of about 4 MeV rivals just over eight hours for its longest-lived nuclei that were observed in post-accelerated can produce thousands of effi ciency corrections, as well as for various is almost exactly the same as in 1895 when that of the classic magic numbers. isotope, 210As, astatine is the rarest naturally beams (CERN Courier June 2013 p5). particles. its design combines an excellent physics analyses such as those involving Wilhelm röntgen produced an X-ray These measurements cast light on how occurring element and one of the least vertex resolution with a minimal thickness the antiproton–proton ratio, direct photons image of his wife’s hand – the inner parts nuclei can be described in the context of the known. now, a team at iSoLDe has ● Further reading of material. it has excellent performance and electrons from semileptonic decays of of the body could be seen for the fi rst time fundamental strong force, in particular in measured the element’s ionization potential F Wienholtz et al. 2013 Nature 498 346. for particle identifi cation in a large range heavy-fl avour hadrons. without surgery. The main difference lies terms of predictions using state-of-the-art for the fi rst time, giving a result of 9.31751 eV S Rothe et al. 2013 Nature Communications 4 of momenta as it employs essentially all of The γ-rays produced in proton–proton in the energy of the radiation – of the order theory that includes three-body forces, from (rothe et al. 2013). doi:10.1038/ncomms2819. the known relevant techniques. Accurate collisions at the LHc (mainly from π0 of 100 keV for röntgen’s X-rays compared

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with more than 1.02 MeV for the γ-rays from 6000 systematic (LHcb collaboration 2013). The pair conversions. importantly for the ALice result demonstrates consistency with the EMCAL experiment, it allows the implementation LHCb original HQE prediction and should help to 4000 MeV) of the detector geometry in GeAnT Monte resolve issues involving measurements of the carlo simulations to be checked. cKM parameters |Vcb| and |Vub|. using the 0 To produce the γ-ray image, photons 2000 precisely measured value of τ(B )=1519±7 fs from pair conversions are reconstructed events/(5 from the Particle Data Group (Beringer et al. through the tracking of electron–positron 2012) yields a value for τ(Λb)=1482±18±12 fs. pairs using a secondary vertex algorithm. 0 This result is about twice as precise as the best 5500 5550 5600 5650 5700 5750 contamination from other secondary TPC – previous measurement. – TRD m(J/ψ pK ) (MeV) particles, such as K0, Λ and Λ, is reduced by Much of the early work on the HQE was S ITS exploiting ALice’s excellent capabilities Invariant mass of J/ψ p K– combinations, done by nikolai uraltsev, whose passing for particle identifi cation. In this case, the showing the clear Λb signal. earlier this year is much lamented by the analysis uses the specifi c energy-loss signal community. TOF 0 *0 *0 + – in the time-projection chamber (TPc) as PHOS B → J/ψ K , K →K π . in both the Λb and well as the signal in the time-of-fl ight (TOF) Fig. 1. Top left: Cross-section of the ALICE B0 decays, four charged tracks are produced ● Further reading 798 cm detector. Photons from pair conversions experiment in the X–Y plane as used in the at the position of the b-hadron’s decay. This For more about CKMfi tter, see http:// RF Power? provide an accurate position for the 2012 run. Top right: Y-distribution versus minimizes systematic uncertainties in the ckmfi tter.in2p3.fr; for UTfi t see www.utfi t.

conversion vertex, directional information –3 X-distribution of the reconstructed photon ratio and provides excellent decay-time org/UTfi t/. 10 data and a momentum resolution given by that MC conversion candidates conversion vertices for |η| < 0.9. resolutions of around 40 fs in each mode. G Aad et al. ATLAS collaboration 2013 Phys. Rev. MC true primary conversion MC true secondary conversion D87 032002. for the charged particles – an advantage over 0 The fi gure shows the signal yield of more MC true π Dalitz –1 calorimeter measurements at low transverse MC true η Dalitz geometry and chemical composition of the than 15,000 Λ decays in 1.0 fb of LHcb T Aaltonen CDF collaboration 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. MC true combinatorics b momentum. 10–4 MC true hadronic background detectors. data. use of ring-imaging cherenkov 104 102002. γ –1 J Beringer et al. Particle Data Group 2012 Phys. Rev. Figure 1 shows the -ray picture of the cm The accuracy achieved, as well as the detectors in the experiment removes most γ + – dR beam pipe and SPD ALice experiment, i.e. the Y-distribution dN full azimuthal acceptance of the central of the backgrounds from Bs→ J/ψ K K and D86 010001. ch 1 N 0→ ψ +π– S Chatrchyan et al. CMS collaboration 2013 versus X-distribution of the reconstructed 10–5 barrel, allows converted photons to be B J/ K decays. layer + support structures

layer 0 photon conversion vertices, compared used in physics analyses. So far, photons The collaboration fi nds τ(Λb)/τ(B ) arXiv:1304.7495. layer

layer

SDD 1st LHCb collaboration 2013 LHCB-PAPER-2013–032, with the actual arrangement used in the SDD 2nd from pair conversions have been used for = 0.976±0.012±0.006, where the fi rst TPC gas TPC inner field cage vessel TPC inner containment vessel in preparation. SDD 1st 2012 run. The different layers of the inner SDD 2nd the identifi cation of neutral mesons in uncertainty is statistical and the second is tracking system and the TPc, as well as 10–6 proton–proton collisions at 7 TeV down their individual components (ladders, 0 40 80 120 160 to a transverse momentum of 0.3 GeV/c C OLLaBOratiON R (cm) thermal shields, vessels, rods and drift gas), – the fi rst time in a collider experiment. education and training. cern, in close are clearly visible up to a radius of 180 cm. Fig. 2. Radial distribution of reconstructed Moreover, a direct photon signal observed in Council updates collaboration with research institutions in To obtain a quantitative comparison, photon conversion vertices (black) for lead–lead collisions at √snn = 2.76 TeV has its member states and under the guidance the radial distribution of reconstructed |η| < 0.9 compared with Monte Carlo been measured with the photon-conversion of the cern council, will co-ordinate photon conversion vertices normalized simulations done with Phojet (red). method. The latter measurement European future european engagement with global by the number of charged particles in the Distributions for true converted photons demonstrates that the quark–gluon plasma particle-physics projects in other regions. acceptance is plotted together with the (yellow), physics contamination from π0 and formed at the LHc is the hottest matter ever The strategy emphasizes that europe Monte Carlo distributions in fi gure 2. η Dalitz decays (blue), random combina- made in the laboratory (CERN Courier Strategy for and the european particle-physics This indicates an excellent knowledge torics (brown) and hadronic background December 2012 p6). community should exploit the LHc to its of the material thickness of the ALice (grey) are also shown. Particle Physics full potential over many years via a series of experiment: up to a radius of 180 cm and ● Further reading planned upgrades. Alongside the LHc, the in the pseudorapidity region |η| < 0.9, the with the Monte carlo distributions, after B Abelev et al. (ALICE collaboration) 2012 Phys. Lett. community should also be open to engaging RF Solutions. thickness is 11.4±0.5(sys.)% of a radiation taking into account the limited knowledge B 717 162. in large particle-physics projects outside length. The systematic error is obtained of the true photon sample, of the photon M Wilde (ALICE collaboration) 2012 arXiv:1210.5958 on 30 May, at a special meeting hosted by europe and continuing to develop novel from a quantitative comparison of the data reconstruction effi ciency and of the [hep-ex]. the european commission in Brussels, the techniques for global future accelerator cern council formally adopted an update projects. european particle physics should to the european Strategy for Particle Physics. maintain a healthy base in fundamental Since the original european strategy was put physics research, with universities and New precision measurement of the Λb lifetime into place seven years ago (CERN Courier national laboratories contributing to a strong September 2006 p29), the LHc has begun european focus through cern. Last but The value of the Λb lifetime Kobayashi-Maskawa (cKM) matrix is and various attempts were made to explain routine operation, producing its fi rst major not least, the community should continue to has long been controversial essential. one way of determining these the observations. More recent measurements results at centre of mass energies of 7 TeV invest substantial effort in communication, but the situation has recently from data is to use a theoretical framework of τ(Λb), from the cDF experiment at the and 8 TeV, and the global particle-physics education and outreach activities to engage – been clarifi ed by a new called the heavy quark expansion (HQE). Tevatron using Λb→Λc π (Aaltonen et al. landscape has evolved with new neutrino global publics with science. measurement from the LHcb experiment. An early prediction from this model was 2002) and from ATLAS and cMS at the LHc and precision measurements. The updated ● The updated strategy is reproduced 0 There are many ways in which the decays that the Λb lifetime was almost equal to that of using Λb→ J/ψΛ (Aad et al. 2013, chatrchyan strategy takes these changes into account and in full in a new brochure Accelerating of b quarks are used to search for physics the B0 meson but shorter by 1–2%. However, et al. 2013) have indicated larger values but charts a leading role for Europe in a fi eld that science and innovation: societal benefi ts beyond the Standard Model. one strategy, measurements from cern’s Large electron– with relatively large uncertainties. is increasingly globalized. of European research in Particle Physics: used by the CKMfi tter and UTfi t teams, is to Positron collider using the semileptonic The LHcb collaboration has discovered An important issue for the strategy is to http://cds.cern.ch/record/1551933. For the – compare the consistency of various sets of decay Λb→ Λclν gave values of the ratio of a new decay mode Λb→ J/ψ pK that is ensure that europe stays at the forefront original statement, see http://council.web. 0 measurements and for this a knowledge of the lifetimes, τ(Λb)/τ(B ), of around 0.8. This ideally suited for measuring the lifetime, by of particle physics research, which pays cern.ch/council/en/europeanStrategy/ the elements |V | and |V | of the cabibbo- caused concern over the applicability of HQE determining it relative to that for the decays dividends in terms of knowledge, innovation, eSParticlePhysics.html. cb ub 28 Sanford Drive, Gorham, ME 04038 USA Phone: 207-854-1700 Fax: 207-854-2287 8 E-Mail: [email protected] www.megaind.com

Third_Page_2013 Tuesday, March 12, 2013 15:46 page 1 MagentaYellowBlacCyank cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 News News

s E s a M E M u O N s EC and CERN support major facility in Middle East Giant magnet ring makes epic journey The european commission (ec) and cern Magnets of the SESAME booster have agreed to support the construction of synchrotron during installation in 2012. Muon g-2 is a new experiment to measure The 15-m magnet on the move from the Synchrotron-light for experimental Commissioning of the booster will begin in the anomalous magnetic moment of the Brookhaven. (Image credit: BNL.) Science and Applications in the Middle late 2013. (Image credit: SESAME.) muon – in other words, the difference of the east (SeSAMe) facility, one of the most value of its magnetic moment g from the irreparably damaging the coils. As a result, ambitious research initiatives in the Middle simplest expectation of 2. However, before the Muon g-2 team devised a plan for a east. SeSAMe is a unique joint venture the experiment begins, its centrepiece – a fi ve-week journey of 5150 km over land based in Jordan that brings together scientists through the european neighbourhood and complex electromagnet spanning more than and sea. from its members Bahrain, cyprus, egypt, Partnership instrument and by supporting 15 m in diameter – had to embark on a long, The journey began when the ring left iran, israel, Jordan, Pakistan, the Palestinian the SeSAMe networking, computing and careful journey from Brookhaven national Brookhaven on 22 June. it was loaded onto Authority and Turkey (CERN Courier March data-handling systems. Laboratory (BnL) in new York to Fermilab a specially prepared barge to be taken down 2000 p17). construction started in 2003. Like cern, in illinois. the east coast of the uS, around the tip of The SeSAMe synchrotron light source SeSAMe was established under the auspices The magnet ring was built at Brookhaven Florida and up a series of rivers to illinois. will allow researchers from the region of uneSco. A key impetus to launch in the 1990s for the e821 experiment, The ring was then attached to a truck built to investigate the properties of advanced €5 million, allowing cern – working was the donation of components from the which ran there from 1997 until 2001. its 2004 p6). constructed of aluminium and specially for the move and driven to Fermilab materials, biological processes and cultural with SeSAMe – to supply SeSAMe with BeSSY laboratory in Berlin. Since then, a measurement of g-2 is still one of the few steel with superconducting coils inside, the to arrive there in late July. artefacts. Alongside its scientifi c goals, the magnets for a new electron storage ring at growing community of local scientists has hints for new physics beyond the Standard magnet cannot be taken apart or twisted ● For more information about Muon g-2, project aims to promote peace in the region the heart of the facility. This will pave the been working closely with partner facilities Model (CERN Courier January/February more than a few millimetres without see http://muon-g-2.fnal.gov. through scientifi c co-operation. way for commissioning to begin in 2015. from around the world and several other Through an agreement that was in addition, the ec has already contributed laboratories have contributed to making the a strOPartiCLE P h Y s i C s announced on 28 May, the ec will contribute more than €3 million to the project SeSAMe facility world-class.

a CCELEratOrs DESY inaugurates prototype for the years of globally co-ordinated r&D and detectors to record the collisions and an ILC Technical completes the mandate of the Global Design extensive outline of the geological and effort for the iLc. civil-engineering studies conducted for Cherenkov Telescope Array The iLc – a 31-km electron–positron siting the iLc. Design Report collider with a total collision energy of The design effort continues in the Linear The fi rst prototype telescope for the planned The prototype of the 500 GeV – was designed to complement and collider collaboration (CERN Courier April cherenkov Telescope Array (cTA) has medium-sized advance LHc physics. The report contains 2013 p5). This combines the two most mature been inaugurated in Berlin. The prototype telescope (MST). In is published all of the elements needed to propose the future particle-physics projects at the energy was designed and built at DeSY in an the foreground is a collider to collaborating governments, frontier – the iLc and the compact Linear international collaboration involving more camera housing, A fi ve-volume report containing the blueprint including the latest, most technologically collider (cLic) – in an organizational than 1000 scientists and engineers from now installed on the for the international Linear collider (iLc) advanced design and implementation plan partnership to co-ordinate and advance 27 countries. telescope. (Image was published on 12 June. The authors of optimized for performance, cost and risk. global development work for a linear The cTA is an international €200-million credit: DESY.) the Technical Design Report handed it Some 16,000 superconducting cavities collider. Some 2000 scientists worldwide — project to observe cosmic γ rays (CERN over to the international committee for will be needed to drive the particle beams. particle physicists, accelerator physicists and Courier July/August 2012 p28). Designed to Future Accelerators in three consecutive At the height of operation, bunches of engineers — are involved in the iLc or in achieve a sensitivity that is 10-times better ceremonies in Tokyo, cern and Fermilab, 2 × 1010 electrons and positrons will collide cLic and often in both projects. than existing installations, it will combine representing Asia, europe and the Americas. roughly 7000 times a second. The report ● For the report, see www.linearcollider.org/ three types of telescope, each optimized its publication marks the completion of many also includes details of two state-of-the-art iLc/Publications/Technical-Design-report. for its own energy range between a few tens of giga-electron-volts and 300 TeV. The prototype is a full-scale version of CERN and the Wigner Research Centre for Physics inaugurated the the medium-sized telescope (MST) with a CERN Tier-0 data-centre extension in Budapest on 13 June, marking tessellated 12-m mirror. Forty MSTs will the completion of the facility (cern courier June 2012 p9). CERN’s form the central part of the cTA. The results will allow the design of 70–100 telescopes that will be spread over director-general, Rolf Heuer, far left, joined József Pálinkás, president Fully functional mechanically, the the MSTs to be optimized before their 10 km2 and the smaller observatory in the of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and Viktor Orbán, prime prototypes will be used to test many production begins. north will have 20–30 telescopes that will minister of Hungary, in the ceremonial “cutting the ribbon”, in the aspects including the drive and safety construction of the cTA is expected be distributed over 1 km2. The sites will be company of Péter József Lévai, far right, general director of the Wigner systems, the understanding of vibrations to commence in 2015 at two sites in the chosen at the end of this year. Research Centre for Physics (RCP). This extension adds up to 2.5 MW and deformations, the mirror alignment, southern and northern hemispheres. The For further information, see www. capacity to the 3.5 MW load of the data centre at CERN’s Meyrin site, telescope pointing and the array control. larger southern observatory will include cta-observatory.org/ and www.desy.de/cta. which has already reached its limit. The dedicated and redundant 100 Gbit/s circuits connecting the two sites have been functional since Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international February and about 20,000 computing cores, 500 servers and 5.5 PB contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, of storage are already operational at the new facility. (Image credit: seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for Wigner RCP.) faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected].

10 11 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Sciencewatch Quality Components in Cryogenics

C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY

Visit us at MT-23 Researchers construct invisibility cloak for heat Industry Exhibition Many kinds of cloaking devices have been A thermal invisibility cloak. Heat is passed Booth 8 proposed – and even built – over the past around the central area from the left to the www.mt23.org decade and now there is a new one: a cloak right. Temperature characteristics (white that directs heat fl ow round an object. lines) remain parallel. (Image credit: one major approach to cloaking objects R Schittny/Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology.) from waves uses transformation optics to engineer a material that mimics a curved space around the object to be screened. with plastic, creating a heat cloak such robert Schittny of the Karlsruhe institute that any object placed inside would be for Applied Physics and colleagues have undetectable by a heat sensor – heat would realized that the heat-conduction equation, instead appear to pass straight through it. Over 40 years experience in although it describes diffusion rather than This allows a similar trick to be performed. components for cryogenic applications. waves, is form-invariant under general To implement this approach, the team ● Further reading R Schittny et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Letts. 110 195901. curvilinear co-ordinate transformations. assembled copper rings and bridges interlaid WEKA AG · 8344 Bäretswil · Switzerland info weka ag.ch · www.weka ag.ch Bomb tests cast light on too small to allow 1220 Hz sound waves to @ - - Stainless Steel Valves A tabletop accelerator pass through under normal circumstances. Cryogenic Components brain regeneration covering the holes with tensioned plastic Just how much new growth of nerve cells Gianluca Sarri of fi lm 10 μm thick, they then made air vibrate ARCA Flow Group worldwide: Competence in valves, pumps & cryogenics occurs in human adults has been diffi cult Queen’s University at 1200 Hz in the holes as if it were massless ARCA BV to estimate but now Jonas Frisén of the of Belfast and so that almost 80% of 1220 Hz sound passed von Rohr Karolinska institute and colleagues have colleagues have made through. Moreover, in the holes, the sound come up with an ingenious method that a novel accelerator intensity rose by a factor of 950. even higher has allowed them to measure how many that produces sound concentrations are possible (they nerve cells are renewed over the course of ultrarelativistic The laser set-up reached a factor of 5700), so apart from adulthood. in other words, the researchers positron beams in short could help to model making walls that pass sounds of a given have worked out how to perform carbon-14 pulses (around 30 fs) jets of high-speed frequency this work also opens a way to dating on brain cells. with small divergences electrons such as amplify sound. Between 1955 and 1963, the testing of (around 3 mrad) and this one emitted by nuclear bombs above ground during the cold at high densities a black hole in ● Further reading War boosted the concentration of carbon-14 (1014–1015 cm–3) galaxy M87. JJ Park et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Letts. 110 244302. in the atmosphere. People who were alive from a fully optical (Image credit: then took up more of it and incorporated set-up. The team NASA and the Hydrogen and dark energy it into the DnA of their cells – but this used the HERCULES Hubble Heritage radioactive isotope decays over time. laser system at the Team (STScI/ new measurements of cosmic hydrogen using accelerator mass spectroscopy University of Michigan AURA).) gas have determined the expansion rate of to count carbon-14 atoms in DnA from to blast focused, 30 fs the universe in a new time window.Untitled-1 1The 01/07/2013 11:07 hippocampal nerve cells from the autopsied pulses of laser light at a wavelength of 0.8 μm Baryon oscillation Spectroscopic Survey brains of 55 people who lived during that and an energy of 0.8 J onto a supersonic jet of (BoSS) used quasars to “backlight” time, the team found that about 35% of the helium doped with 2.5% nitrogen. intergalactic hydrogen and from the spectra nerve cells in the hippocampus had been The result was a jet – similar to astrophysical measured cosmic expansion at a redshift of renewed over the course of adulthood – a leptonic jets – containing electrons, positrons about z=2.3, when the universe was about SIMATIC WinCC Open Architecture result that would seem impossible to obtain and gamma rays, which could be separated a quarter of its current age of 13.8 billion any other way. into three distinct beams by a magnetic fi eld. years. SCADA system for large applications and projects requiring a high degree of customized adaptability. The Lorentz factors for the electrons and This fi lls a gap between values of z of ● Further reading positrons produced are between 200 and around 1 – where nearby galaxies can be SCADA System K Spalding et al. 2013 Cell 153 1219. 300, which is similar to what is observed in used – and z of around 1110, where radiation astrophysical situations. The system, which remaining from the Big Bang is seen. Apart Antisoundproofi ng apart from the laser is less than 1 m long, is from confi rming cosmic acceleration, this therefore potentially useful not only as a source also shows no sign that dark energy has SIMATIC WinCC Open Architecture scales to require- and Solaris. SIMATIC WinCC Open Architecture provides Walls are often erected to block sound of particles but also for studying astrophysical varied over the past 10 billion years. ments – from single-site systems to networked, redun- a platform for OEM/customized developments. Further- but Sam H Lee of Yonsei university and jets in the laboratory. dant high-end systems with more than 10 Mio tags more it enables fast and effective creation of applica- colleagues have instead made one that is ● Further reading and for distributed systems up to 2048 servers. tions and customized solutions. good at transmitting sound. As an example, ● Further reading N G Busca et al. 2013 Astronomy and Astrophysics The SCADA system is available for Windows, Linux they drilled 10-mm-diameter holes in a G Sarri et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Letts. 110 255002. 552 A96. 5-mm aluminium sheet – holes that would be A Slosar et al. 2013 JCAP 4 026. www.siemens.com/wincc-open-architecture

12 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Astrowatch CERN Courier Archive: 1970

C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 8, J ULY /A UGUST 1970, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER

N E W s F r O M a B r O a D Galaxy clusters shed new light on dark matter Brookhaven AGS 10th anniversary What is the actual distribution of dark matter? distribution is remarkably symmetrical Does it follow the expectations for cold dark with a pronounced central peak. The The Brookhaven Alternating Gradient One of the most famous photographs in the matter (cDM)? “Yes, it does,” according to radial profi le is found to be consistent with Synchrotron AGS really started in 1952. history of high-energy physics, taken in the a team of astronomers that has measured the the navarro-Frenk-White model at the The cosmotron had accelerated protons 80-inch bubble chamber at Brookhaven in average distribution of dark matter derived sub-10% precision level. Measurement of beyond 2 BeV (not yet called GeV) and 1964, in which an Ω – particle, whose from gravitational lensing in 50 clusters of the concentration parameter of the mass although the machine was still too rickety existence was a crucial prediction of unitary

galaxies. The density is observed to decrease in the cluster gives c200 = 4.22 + 0.40–0.36, to do real research, it was clear that the symmetry theory, was fi rst found. Negative outwards from the centre of these cosmic which is slightly above but still broadly in proton synchrotron could be extended to kaons enter from below and the sequence of giants in excellent agreement with the line with theoretical predictions for cDM. any size. cern was being established to interactions from which the Ω – was predictions of cDM models. This result confi rms that dark matter behaves build on the next larger scale (we did not identifi ed is shown. (Image credit: BNL.) While dark matter still eludes the in clusters of galaxies as expected by the yet know that the russians were embarking scrutiny of particle physicists it is becoming cDM scenario. it solves a tension between on the Synchrophasotron) and it seemed more substantial to astrophysicists. its The Subaru Telescope on the left and the two previous observations of individual clusters straightforward to extrapolate the technique, 1960 and many of the plums in the newly gravitational role is essential to hold galaxies domes of the W M Keck Observatory at sunset that found a high central concentration and until one looked critically at the technical the fi rst time. Its operation was just pipped available energy range – including such together in clusters, to account for the high on Mauna Kea, Hawai’i. (Credit: Mailseth.) other studies that included the dynamics of and fi nancial problems. Then Courant, by the cern PS [on 24 november 1959] but, sensational discoveries as the existence of rotational velocity of stars in the outer the galaxies in the clusters and suggested a Livingston and Snyder hit on alternating- with the experience of the 3 GeV cosmotron two types of neutrino, the identifi cation of regions of galaxies and more generally the distribution of mass in galaxy clusters shallower distribution. gradient focusing and realized that they had and 6 GeV Bevatron behind them, [the the omega minus and the fi rst observation of to explain the formation of large-scale follows the expectations of a medium of in the future, the team would like to really struck something. Americans] were the fi rst to get going with cP violation – fell to the AGS. structures in the universe. The relatively dark-matter particles that only interact with improve this analysis by measuring the on 29 July 1960, the AGS accelerated an excellent research programme. ● compiled from texts on pp210–21, recent ability to observe the distribution each other via gravity and do not emit or dark-matter density on even smaller scales proton beams to peak energy [30 GeV] for High-energy physics began in December 222–223. of dark matter in space makes it even more absorb photons. An international team led right in the centre of these galaxy clusters. concrete (CERN Courier January/February by nobuhiro okabe of Academia Sinica, This will be possible with the installation of a Oxford’s fast PEPR System The Oxford PEPR system for the automatic 2007 p11). The method consists of measuring Taiwan, and Graham Smith of Birmingham new camera called the Hyper-Suprime-cam measurement of bubble chamber fi lm. the slight distortion of background university used a sample of 50 massive on the Subaru Telescope, which will also A PePr [precision encoding and pattern (Image credit: Oxford University) galaxies that is induced by the gravitational clusters of galaxies to test this. The clusters allow astronomers to study smaller galaxy recognition] device, constructed at oxford deformation of space–time along the line were selected from an X-ray catalogue in a clusters, which are predicted to have a University in 1966–67, has measured fi lm measuring rate to 150 events/hour. of sight. This so-called weak-lensing effect narrow redshift range of around z = 0.2 and slightly higher dark-matter concentration. of 13,000 events of 740 MeV/c negative in future, a compromise may be adopted in allows astronomers to locate and measure observed by the Prime Focus camera of the The team notes, however, that signifi cant pion–proton interactions at rates of 150 which events whose beam track is not clearly the amount of dark matter, even though it is Japanese 8.2-m Subaru Telescope located advances on the precision achieved in the to 430 events per hour. The upper rate is distinguishable in at least two views in the transparent on the image. next to the two Keck Telescopes on Mauna current study on massive low-redshift obtained when measuring two prong events pre-scan are not presented to PePr. This The fl uctuations of the cosmic microwave Kea, Hawai’i. For each cluster, the team galaxies are only expected with future (on average one per 4 frames) for which will reduce operator intervention to around background as observed by the Planck derived the weak-lensing signal imprinted facilities such as the Large Synoptic Survey frame number, topology and vertex guidance 5% of events and maintain a measuring rate satellite imply that cDM constitutes in the shape of background galaxies and Telescope or eSA’s euclid Satellite. have been pre-defi ned at a conventional of 200–300 events per hour. about 27% of the energy content of the stacked the results to obtain the average scanning table. Development work [is planned] to universe (CERN Courier May 2013 p12). density profi le. ● Further reading PePr is a crT line digitizer of the type dispense with pre-scan information where However, it is important to check whether The obtained map of the mean dark-matter N Okabe et al. 2013 ApJ Lett. 769 L35. fi rst constructed by L Pless at MIT. It uses a PePr programs include HeLP facilities fi lm quality is good, and a three-view PEPR PDP6 computer and the programs occupy that show, on a monitor, a scan of any area is being constructed to allow immediate 30 K words of storage, with the general of fi lm in which some ambiguity has arisen. access to other views of a given track, Picture of the month strategy of the successful PoLLY system at The operator can then indicate exact vertex avoiding the present disadvantages of “post Argonne, which enables tracks associated position, etc. using a light pen. However, this mortem” matching. This intriguing new view of the stellar nursery IC 2944 has with a vertex to be rapidly distinguished. attempt to rescue doubtful events reduces the ● compiled from texts on pp258–259. been released to celebrate the 15th anniversary of the Very The main difference from PoLLY is Large Telescope (VLT). On 25 May 1998, the European that detection and measurement of tracks Compiler’s Note Southern Observatory (ESO) released the fi rst-light image is done using a 1-mm line image. A fast, The discovery of two neutrino types at Brookhaven’s AGS in 1962 and obtained by the fi rst of the four Unit Telescopes composing track-following program, the only part not of CP violation in 1963 led to Nobel prizes in physics in 1968 and 1980, the VLT. One of the fi rst targets of the VLT was a beautiful written in Fortran iV, maintains the line respectively. The simultaneous discovery at the AGS and at SLAC of the face-on galaxy called NGC 1232, which revealed the power tangential to the track while predicting along J/ψ particle in 1974, and therefore the fi rst evidence for the charmed of the new 8.2-m telescope installed on Cerro Paranal, in its length. A typical beam track from the quark, was rewarded with yet another Nobel prize in 1976. Like the Proton Chile, at an altitude of 2635 m. After 15 years, ESO is now 80 cm [Saclay] hydrogen bubble chamber releasing a more artistic view of dark clouds of dust, known [at cern] can be measured in about 60 ms. Synchrotron at CERN, the AGS continues in service to this day. as the Thackeray globules, silhouetted against the pale pink, The program outputs “master points” on all With the electronic era of particle-physics detectors fast approaching, glowing gas of the nebula. These globules are under fi erce tracks associated with a vertex in a given pattern recognition of events on bubble-chamber fi lm was reaching its bombardment by UV radiation from nearby young stars and view, and an off-line program MATcHes zenith in the late 1960s. Some of those marvellous measuring machines might not be able to collapse to form new stars before being the images from all three views, discarding – part mechanical, part electrical and part whatever else was needed destroyed.(Image credit: ESO.) redundant tracks. remaining tracks are input (one incorporated a fi shing net) – were worthy of Heath Robinson. to the geometrical reconstruction program.

14 15 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN_125x193:Mise en page 1 18/09/12 17:17 Page 1 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Fermilab www.goodfellow.com The Tevatron’s data Metals continue to excite and materials

for research On 30 September 2011, the Tevatron beams

Goodfellow Cambridge Limited ON-LINE CATALOGUE were shut down for the last time. Nevertheless, Ermine Business Park analysis of data collected during 10 years of Huntingdon PE29 6WR UK Tel: 0800 731 4653 or +44 1480 424 800 proton–antiproton running continues to provide Fax: 0800 328 7689 or +44 1480 424 900 new results, as Dmitri Denisov and Robert [email protected] Roser describe.

70 000 PRODUCTS SMALL QUANTITIES FAST DELIVERY CUSTOM MADE ITEMS The first collisions occurred in Fermilab’s Tevatron in 1985. over the following years, both the energy and the luminosity increased (CERN Courier november 2011 p28) and by the time operations ceased in 2011 the collision luminosity had reached 7 × 1032 cm–2 s–1, more than 350 times the original design value. The Tevatron’s unique feature was its collisions of protons with antiprotons. While it requires substantial technical efforts to make Verify and optimize your designs antimatter – the Tevatron’s antiproton source was the world’s most powerful producer of antimatter but still incapable by a long way ® of the destruction imagined in Angels & Demons – the study of with COMSOL Multiphysics. proton–antiproton collisions provides the opportunity to study quark–antiquark interactions against low backgrounds. By the fi nal shutdown, a total luminosity of 12 fb–1 had been delivered to each of the two gigantic Tevatron experiments, cDF and DØ, cor- QUADRUPOLE LENS: This model shows the path of a beam × 14 of B5+ ions focused by consecutive magnetic quadrupole lenses. responding to around 5 10 proton–antiproton interactions at a Such devices are used in nuclear and particle physics centers. collision energy of 2 TeV. Multiphysics tools let you build simulations Images of the two experiments (fi gure 1) appeared on the front pages of many magazines, in artworks and on TV shows. These that accurately replicate the important modern engineering marvels were largely innovative and demon- Fig. 1. CDF and DØ are complex, general-purpose detectors characteristics of your designs. The key is the strated, for example, the power of a silicon detector in a hadron-col- with over one-million detection channels. Four storeys high, they ability to include all physical e ects that exist lider environment, multi-level triggering, uranium–liquid-argon weigh in excess of 5000 tonnes. (Image credit: Fermilab.) in the real world. Download a free product calorimetry and the ability to identify b quarks. From the collisions booklet at www.comsol.com/booklet provided, the teams recorded the 2 × 1010 most interesting events to the challenge of understanding the origin of mass in the Stand- tape for detailed examination offl ine. The analysis effort included ard Model attracted world-leading experimentalists to Fermilab. searches and studies of new particles, such as the Higgs boson, and in 2005, the data sets provided by the Tevatron reached the point precision studies of the parameters of the Standard Model. Many where the search for a substantial number of Higgs events above of the exciting results obtained before the end of 2011 have already backgrounds could start. From then until 2012, the analysis teams been summarized in CERN Courier (october 2011 p20). This arti- provided not only increasingly stringent direct mass-exclusions cle presents an update on some of the results obtained by cDF and but also reduced indirectly the mass range where the Higgs boson DØ over the past two years. could exist, using highly precise measurements of the masses of the

© Copyright 2013 COMSOL The search for the Higgs boson was among the central phys- top quark and the W boson (see below). By early 2011, results from ▲ ics goals of the programme for Tevatron run ii (2001–2011) and the Tevatron and cern’s Large electron–Positron collider had

17 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Fermilab Fermilab

–1 Tevatron Run II preliminary, L ≤ 10.0 fb 0 + – mass of the top quark 80.50 95% CL limits on Br(B s→ μ μ ) kin –5 observed 68% and 95% CL fit contours M Tevatron average ±1␴ 10 expected w/o Higgs March 2013 (*preliminary) t Tevatron ATLAS+CMS w/o Mw, and Mt measurements ±1s.d. expected +ATLAS+CMS exclusion CDF (expected) 10 ±2s.d. expected CDF-I dilepton (±10.30±4.90) 80.45 exclusion 167.40±11.41 68% and 95% CL fit contours CDF (observed) w/o M , m and M measurements w t H PRD57 (1998) DØ-I dilepton DØ (expected) 168.40±12.82 (±12.30±3.60) Mw world average ±1␴ 80.40 DØ (observed) LEP exclusion ATLAS exclusion ATLAS exclusion –6

Tevatron + LEP exclusion LEP + ATLAS exclusion CDF-II dilepton 10 SM prediction 170.56±3.79 (±2.19±3.09) PRL93 (2004)

(GeV) 80.35 PRL94 (2005)

DØ-II dilepton w

174.00±2.76 (±2.36±1.44) M

95% CL limit/SM 1 CDF-I lepton+jets PRL95 (2005) 176.10±7.36 (±5.10±5.30) 80.30 10–7 PRD76 (2007) ) DØ-I lepton+jets – PLB693 (2010) (±3.90±3.60) GeV μ 180.10±5.31 GeV GeV ATLAS+CMS + 80.25 50 125.7 300 600 μ

PRL100 (2008) = = = exclusion H H = M M M H M H

CDF-II lepton+jets → CMS exclusion June 2012

172.85±1.11 (±0.52±0.98) 0 190180170160150140130120110100 200 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 DØ-II lepton+jets Br(B PRL107 (2011) 2 174.94±1.49 (±0.83±1.24) mt (GeV) –8 mH (GeV/c ) 10 CDF-I alljets Fig. 2. Higgs-boson searches at the Tevatron. The solid black 186.00±11.51 (±10.00±5.70) Fig. 4. Measured values of the top-quark mass (Tevatron), CDF-II alljets line indicates the observed limit, which is substantially above the 172.47±2.07 (±1.43±1.49) W mass (world average, dominated by the Tevatron) and Higgs black dashed line and is the expected limit indicating the excess CDF-II track mass (LHC). All results agree, demonstrating the self-consistency of the “Higgs-like” events in the vicinity of 125 GeV. 166.90±9.46 (±9.00±2.90) of the Standard Model. (Image credit: Gfi tter project.) 10–9 102 103 104 CDF-II MET+Jets * 173.95±1.85 (±1.35±1.26) integrated luminosity (pb–1) reduced the allowed mass range to 125±10 GeV, so the joke among programme. Those perfected over the past two years include the Tevatron combination * experimentalists at the time was: “We know the mass of the Higgs, 173.20±0.87 (±0.51±0.71) determination of the masses of the top quark and the W boson, Fig. 5. Steady improvements in the search for rare decay Bs → μ μ (±stat±syst) we just don’t know if it exists.” χ2/dof = 8.5/11 (67%) both of which are fundamental parameters of the Standard Model. at the Tevatron over many years. These results excluded many The cDF and DØ collaborations developed many new experi- Since the discovery of the top quark at the Tevatron in 1995, models of beyond-Standard-Model physics, with the LHCb mental methods in their hunt for the Higgs boson, from the com- 150 160 170 180 190 200 measurements of its mass have improved by more than an order of experiment observing evidence for this rare decay at the 2 bined searches of hundreds of individual channels for the boson’s mtop (GeV/c ) magnitude. in addition to the larger data sets, from some 10 events Standard-Model predicted level in late 2012. production and decay to an extremely precise understanding of the in 1995 to many thousands in 2012, the analysis methods have also backgrounds and a high-effi ciency reconstruction of the Higgs- Fig. 3. Tevatron top-quark mass measurements from CDF and been improved dramatically. one of the innovations developed The measurement of the mass of the W boson requires even decay objects. The Tevatron’s high luminosity was the key, because DØ. The combination of results from the two experiments for precision determination of the top mass – the matrix-element higher precision. By the end of the Tevatron’s operation, the only a few events were expected to remain in the signal region reaches a precision better than 1 GeV, or 0.5%. method – is now used in many other studies in particle physics. combined Tevatron measurement for this particle with a mass of following all of the selections. The unique feature of proton–anti- in the channel that allows the most accurate mass measure- 80 GeV reached 31 MeV, or 0.04%. A precise value of the mass of the proton collisions was critical for the searches, especially in the which sometimes consist of hundreds of particles – with high pre- ment, the top quark’s fi nal decay products are: a lepton (electron or W boson is critical for understanding the Standard Model; in addi- decay to a pair of b quarks – the most probable channel for Higgs cision is challenging. This is why the expected shape of the Higgs muon); missing energy from the escaping neutrino; a pair of light tion to being closely related to the masses of the Higgs boson and the decay at a mass of 125 GeV. While cross-sections for Higgs pro- signal is rather wide, with a mass resolution of around 15 GeV, in quark jets from the decay of the W boson; and two b-quark jets. top quark, it defi nes the parameters of many important processes. duction increase with energy and are much higher at the LHc, comparison with searches in the channels where single particles, Determination of the energy of the jets is the most challenging task The main decay channel used to measure the W mass is the decay the increase in the main backgrounds is even faster, so the signal- such as a pair of photons or leptons, are used to reconstruct the for precision measurement. in addition to using complex methods to a lepton (muon or electron) and a neutrino (“missing energy”). to-background ratio for this main Higgs-decay channel remains mass of the Higgs. to determine the jet energy based on energy conservation in di-jet The precision calibration of the lepton energy is obtained from favourable at the Tevatron. The cDF and DØ collaborations then combined their search and γ+jet events, the fact that a pair of light jets come from the resonances with well known masses, such as the J/ψ or the Z boson, By the early summer of 2012, both cDF and DØ had analysed results that summer. The excess observed around a mass of decay of a W boson with extremely well known mass (see below) is while the measurement of missing energy is calibrated using differ- the full Tevatron data set in all sensitive Higgs-decay modes: bb, 125 GeV, which the experiments had seen for the previous two critical in obtaining high precision for the top-quark mass. ent methods for cross-checks. The calibration of the lepton energy is W W, ττ, γγ and ZZ. The results included not only larger data sets years, became even more pronounced (fi gure 2). The signifi cance using a large fraction of the Tevatron data, cDF and DØ reached the most diffi cult part of the measurement; larger data sets provide than before but also substantially improved analysis methods. Mul- of the excess was close to 3σ. What became even more exciting a precision in the measurement of the top-quark mass of less than more events and improve the accuracy of the measurement. tivariate analysis was used to take full advantage of the informa- was that in the search channels where the Higgs decays to a pair of 1 GeV (fi gure 3), i.e. a relative accuracy of 0.5% (Tevatron Elec- With up to around 50% of the Tevatron data set, the combined tion available in each event, rather than using the more traditional b quarks only, the signifi cance of the excess exceeded 3σ, indicat- troweak Working Group 2013). This is based on the combination analysis of cDF and DØ gives the mass of the W boson to be cuts on kinematical parameters. Such techniques optimize the ratio ing evidence for the production and decay of a Higgs boson at 3.1σ of results from both experiments in many different channels. All 80.387 MeV with an accuracy of 16 MeV – twice as good as only of signal to background in a multi-dimensional phase space and (Aaltonen et al. 2012). it was an extremely exciting summer. As the of the results are in good agreement, demonstrating the validity a year previously (Tevatron electroweak Working Group 2013). were critical for reaching sensitivity to the Higgs-boson signal. Tevatron passed the baton for Higgs searches (and now studies) to of the methods that were developed and used to measure the top- The accuracy is now driven by systematic uncertainties. in order to At the Tevatron, the primary search sensitive to Higgs masses the LHc, its experiments had established evidence of the produc- quark mass at the Tevatron. Analyses of the full Tevatron data set reduce them, careful work and analysis of more data are needed; a below around 135 GeV comes from the associated production of tion and decay of a Higgs boson in the most-probable decay chan- are in progress and these should improve the accuracy by a further precision of around 10 MeV should be reachable using the full data the Higgs boson with W or Z bosons, with the Higgs decaying nel to a pair of fermions. 20–30%. experiment collaborations at both the LHc (ATLAS and set. Such accuracies were once thought to be impossible to achieve to a pair of b quarks. This topology increases the signal-to-back- cMS) and the Tevatron have formed a group to combine the results in a “dirty” hadron-collider environment. ground ratio, because decays to a pair of b quarks have the highest Precise measurements of the top-quark mass measurements from all four experiments. in the Standard Model, the masses of the Higgs boson, W boson probability while also minimizing backgrounds as the extra W or The Standard Model is one of the most fundamental and accurate Such a combination will have a precision that is substantially better and top quark are closely related and a cross-check of the relation- Z boson provides useful features, both for triggering and for offl ine theories of nature, so precision measurements of its parameters than individual measurements, because many of the uncertainties ship is one of the model’s most stringent tests. Figure 4 shows recent ▲ event selection. nevertheless, reconstructing jets from b quarks – fi gure among the major goals and results of the Tevatron’s physics are not correlated between the experiments. results for the top-quark mass (from the Tevatron), the W-boson

18 19 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Fermilab Fermilab Measuring magnetic

αs (Q) from jet and event shape data dimuon asymmetry, where the production of negative muon pairs “transverse” charged particle density: dN/dηdφ exceeds positive pairs, in contradiction with expectations from field transients? 0.22 DØ RΔR 0.9 CDF preliminary the Standard Model (Abazov et al. 2011). This result has attracted corrected data The Fast Digital Integrator FDI2056 is the world’s DØ incl. jets tune Z1 generator level 1.96 TeV much attention, because it could relate to the observed matter– fastest and most sensitive voltage integrator. 0.20 antimatter asymmetry in the universe. - Photo: Scott Maxwell www.agence-arca.com ALEPH evt. shapes 0.6 There is also a puzzling effect in the production of the heaviest For the first time it is possible to measure fast, low-level 0.18 JADE evt. shapes known elementary particle, the top quark. When top–antitop pairs magnetic field disturbances such as eddy currents in a 900 GeV are produced, more top quarks follow the direction of the collid- switched magnet. ZEUS incl. jets ing proton than is predicted in the Standard Model (Aaltonen et 0.16 H1 incl. jets 0.3 A complete and upgradable al. 2013, Abazov et al. 2013). Some of the models of new physics solution for your most exacting (Q) PYTHIA Tune Z1

s 300GeV

α magnetic measurements.

“transverse” charged density predict such abnormal behaviour. 0.14 charged particles (|η|< 1.0, PT > 0.5 GeV/c) Both of these “clouds” have a signifi cance of 2–3σ and both are 0.0 easier to study in the collisions of protons and antiprotons at the 0510 15 20 25 30 35 Now it’s possible! 0.12 Tevatron. Will these measurements point to new physics or will the PTmax (GeV/c) Designed at the CERN discrepancies be resolved with the further development of analysis 0.10 Fig. 7. CDF data at 300 GeV, 900 GeV, and 1.96 TeV on the tools or more elaborate theoretical descriptions based on the Stand- RGE for average density of charged particles in the “transverse” region ard Model? in any scenario, exciting physics from the Tevatron αs(Mz) = 0.1184±0.0007 defi ned by the leading charged particle as a function of data is set to continue. 0.08 transverse momentum. The points correspond to the average The Tevatron was at the leading edge of the energy frontier in number of charged particles per unit η–φ. particle-physics research for more than a quarter of a century. More 2010 50 100 200 500 than 1000 students received their doctorates based on data analysis Q (GeV) a discovery at the LHC was confi rmed using data already collected in the Tevatron’s physics programme, which as a result trained gen- Fig. 6. Running of the strong coupling constant verifi ed at the at the Tevatron. erations of particle physicists. So far, in excess of 1000 scientifi c Pantone 286 Pantone 032 Tevatron up to Q =400 GeV or 5 × 10 –16 cm. Many important studies performed at the Tevatron measure publications have come out of the programme, helping to shape the www.metrolab.com properties of the strong force, which holds together protons and understanding of the subnuclear world. Analysis of the Tevatron’s Magnetic precision has a name mass (dominated by the Tevatron, with a world-average accuracy of neutrons in the nucleus and is described by the theory of QCD. unique data set continues and efforts to preserve the data for future 15 MeV vs 16 MeV Tevatron only) and the mass of the Higgs boson, These include extremely accurate studies of the production of jets access are in progress. There are sure to be many more exciting as measured by the LHc experiments. The good agreement demon- and of W and Z bosons accompanied by jets. The Tevatron articles results in the coming years.

strates the validity of the Standard Model with high precision. that provide information for the development of the QCD run to ANNONCE 2.indd 1 POWERED09/03/10 BY 14:33 At its inception, researchers had not expected the Tevatron to be tens of pages long and have tens of plots and tables documenting – ● Further reading the precision b factory that it became. However, with the success with extremely high precision – the details of interactions between This article has only touched on a few of the recent results from of the silicon vertex detectors in identifying the vertexes of the strongly interacting particles. the Tevatron. For all of the results, see the website for cDF at decays of mesons and baryons containing b quarks, the copious one unusual property of the strong interaction is that, contrary to www-cdf.fnal.gov/physics/physics.html and DØ at www-d0.fnal. production of these b hadrons and the extremely well understood electromagnetic and gravity interactions where the force increases gov/run2Physics/WWW/results.htm. triggers, detectors and advanced analysis techniques, the Tevatron when objects come closer to each other, the interaction of quarks T Aaltonen et al. (CDF and DØ collaborations) 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 071804. The World’s Fastest has proved to be extremely productive in this arena. A large num- becomes stronger as they move apart. The experiments at the Teva- T Aaltonen et al. (CDF collaboration) 2013 Phys. Rev. D 87 092002. ber of new mesons and baryons have been discovered there and tron studied the strength of the strong force vs the distance between Tevatron Electroweak Working Group 2013 arXiv:1305.3929 [hep-ex]. X-ray Digital Pulse Processor the properties of particles containing b quarks have been studied quarks, the running of the strong coupling constant, and verifi ed V Abazov et al. (DØ collaboration) 2012 Phys. Rev. D 86 031103(R). with high precision, including the measurement of the oscillation that the strong force steadily decreases down to a distance between V Abazov et al. (DØ collaboration) 2011 Phys. Rev. D 84 052007. –16 V Abazov et al. (DØ collaboration) 2013 Phys. Rev. D 011103(R). frequency of the Bs mesons. particles of around 5 × 10 cm (fi gure 6). 87

Studies of particles with b quarks provide an indirect way to look During the last month of the Tevatron run in September 2011, the for physics beyond the Standard Model. The rate of the rare decay cDF and DØ experiments collected data at energies below 2 TeV, Résumé

of the Bs meson to a pair of muons is tiny in the Standard Model going all of the way down to 0.3 TeV in the centre of mass. Such Le Tevatron n’a pas dit son dernier mot but new physics models, including some versions of supersym- data are useful for studies of the energy dependence of the strong metry, predict enhancements. Figure 5 (p19) shows how the steady interaction and to compare with previous colliders results, such Les faisceaux du Tevatron au Fermilab ont connu un arrêt ultime improvements in the Tevatron limits on the decay rate reached as the Spp–S proton–antiproton collider at cern. An interesting en 2011. L’analyse des données collectées pendant les dix années

around 10–8 by 2012, as more data and more elaborate analysis recent measurement is the energy dependence of the “underlying d’exploitation proton–antiproton continue toutefois de produire

de nouveaux résultats. Depuis, les expériences CFD et DØ ont methods were developed by cDF and DØ. event” in the hard scattering of the proton and antiproton – that is, in late 2011, the ATLAS collaboration presented results indicat- everything except the two outgoing hard-scattered jets from a pair trouvé des indices de la production et de la désintégration d’un ing the existence of a new particle, which was interpreted as an of hard-scattered quarks (fi gure 7). boson de Higgs ayant une masse d’environ 125 GeV. Elles ont 12% dead-time at 1 Mcps! – excited state of a bb pair, χb(3P) (CERN Courier January/February There are many instances when the course of physics changed également mesuré les masses du quark top et du boson W, et étudié

2012 p17). It is always important to confi rm observations of a new when experimental results did not fi t the current theoretical pre- les désintégrations rares des mésons B, avec une précision toujours

particle with independent measurements and even more important dictions. Quantum theory and relativity were both born from such plus grande. Toutefois, des questions restent en suspens, ce qui to see such a particle at another accelerator and detector. Within “clouds” on the clear horizon of classical physics. Several puzzles promet une physique intéressante en provenance du Tevatron. just a couple of months, the DØ collaboration confi rmed the obser- remain in the Tevatron data, which are leading to analysis and re- vation by ATLAS (Abazov et al. 2012). This was the fi rst time that analysis of the full data set. These include the observed anomalous Dmitri Denisov and Robert Roser, Fermilab. [email protected] Tel: +1-510-401-5760 20 www.xia.com Instruments that Advance the Art cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Medical physics Your technologi cally ClearPEM clarifi es breast preferred supplier Our core competences: cancer diagnosis • Accelerator magnets & related equipment • Magnetic field calculations and measurements • Ultrastable power supplies • Beam diagnostics • Insertion devices, undulators and wigglers • Ion accelerators and ion sources • Turnkey systems, electron & ion synchrotrons, and microtrons • Installation, commissioning and service Knowledge gained in developing particle We exploit our competence in accelerator technology detectors for the LHC has been used to create to design, develop, manufacture and integrate advanced components and high-quality systems that exceed the goals of our customers in research, a dedicated PET device for breast scans. healthcare and industry worldwide.

Danfysik would like to talk to you about how Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer among women our competence in accelerator technology could benefit your application and accounts for up to 23% of all cancer cases in female patients. To hear more please contact our sales team at The chance of a full recovery is high if the cancer is detected while [email protected] or visit our website: www.danfysik.com it is still suffi ciently small and has not had time to spread to other Fig. 1. ClearPEM-Sonic installed at Hôpital Nord, in Marseilles. parts of the body. routine breast-cancer screening is therefore part (Image credit: B Frisch 2011.) of health-care policies in many advanced countries. conventional

imaging techniques, such as X-ray, ultrasound or magnetic reso- development of the lead tungstate (PbWo4) crystals now used in the nance imaging (Mri), rely on anatomical differences between electromagnetic calorimeters in the cMS and ALice experiments healthy and cancerous tissue. For most patients, the information at the LHc (Breskin and Voss 2009). provided by these different modalities is suffi cient to establish a Building on this experience, the ccc has transferred its knowl- SUPERCON, Inc. clear diagnosis. For some patients, however, the examination will edge to medical applications – initially through the development be inconclusive – for example, because their breast tissue is too of a preclinical scanner for small animals, the clearPeT (Auffray Superconducting Wire and Cable dense to allow for a clear image – so these people will require fur- et al. 2004 and CERN Courier July/August 2005 p27). indeed, the ther exams. others may be diagnosed with a suspicious lesion that technical requirements for PeT are close to those of applications Standard and Specialty designs are available to meet your most demanding requires a biopsy for confi rmation. Yet, once this biopsy is over, it in high-energy physics. Both require fast scintillators with high superconductor requirements. might turn out to have been a false alarm. light-output and good energy resolution. They need compact and Patients in this latter category can benefi t from nuclear medi- effi cient photodetectors that are read by highly integrated, low- SUPERCON, Inc. has been producing niobium-based superconducting wires and cables for half a century. cine. Positron-emission tomography (PeT), for example, offers an noise electronics that can treat the signals from thousands of chan- We are the original SUPERCON – the world’s first commercial producer of niobium-alloy based wire and entirely different approach to medical imaging by focusing on dif- nels. The ccc also has expertise in co-ordinating an international cable for superconducting applications. ferences in the body’s metabolism. PeT uses molecules involved collaboration to develop leading-edge scientifi c devices. in metabolic processes, which are labelled by a positron-emitting recently, the collaboration has used the experience gained with Standard SC Wire Types Product Applications radioisotope. The molecule, once injected, is taken up in different clearPeT to develop a dedicated PeT system for human medicine NbTi Wires Magnetic Resonance Imaging proportions by healthy and cancerous cells. The emitted positrons – the ClearPEM, shown in fi gure 1 (Lecoq and Varela 2002). The annihilate with electrons in the surrounding atoms and produce a breast was chosen as a target organ because of the benefi ts related to Nb3Sn —Bronze Nuclear Magnetic Resonance back-to-back pair of γ rays of 511 keV. The γ radiation is detected to precise diagnosis of breast cancer. With the clearPeM, the patient Nb3Sn —Internal Tin High Energy Physics reveal the distribution of the isotope in the patient’s body. However, lies in a prone position on a bed designed such that the breast hangs CuNi resistive matrix wires SC Magnetic Energy Storage whole-body PeT suffers from a low spatial resolution of 5–10 mm through a hole. A robot moves Fine diameter SC Wires Medical Therapeutic Devices for most machines, which is too coarse to allow for a precise breast the bed into position over two Aluminum clad wire Superconducting Magnets and Coils examination. Several research groups are therefore aiming to pro- parallel detector-plates that Wire-in-Channel Crystal Growth Magnets duce dedicated systems, known as positron-emission mammo- Research groups are rotate around the breast to Innovative composite wires Scientific Projects graphs (PeM), that have a resolution better than 2 mm. aiming to produce acquire a full 3D image. in one of these groups is the crystal clear collaboration (ccc), positron-emission addition, clearPeM also per- which is developing a system called clearPeM. Founded in 1990 as forms examinations of the “We deliver superconductivity!” project rD-18 within cern’s Detector research and Development mammographs with armpit – the axilla – by rotating committee’s programme, the ccc aimed at r&D on fast, radia- a spatial resolution its detector arm by 90 degrees, Contact us at [email protected] tion-hard scintillating crystals for calorimetry at the LHc (Lecoq thereby shifting the plates to be better than 2 mm. ▲ www.SUPERCON-WIRE.com 1991). in this context, the collaboration contributed to the successful on each side of it.

ad.indd 1 28/03/2012 09:43 23 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Medical physics Medical physics

Cerium Bromide (CeBr3) scintillation detectors

● High resolution a) b) ● No 138La background c) d) ● 76 x 76 mm available

4% @ 662 keV

Fig. 2. Each ClearPEM detector plate has modules with crystal matrices, top right, which are read out by APD arrays, bottom right.

each detector plate contains 96 detector matrices, where one matrix reduces the number of random coincidences. The global detection Fig. 3. a) Whole-body PET/CT and b) MRI images of a patient consists of an 8 × 4 array of cerium-doped lutetium-yttrium silicate effi ciency in the centre of the plates has been determined to be 1.5% with multifocal breast cancer; c) coronal and d) sagittal (LYSo:ce) crystals, each 2 × 2 × 20 mm3 in size. As fi gure 2 shows, at a plate distance of 100 mm. The image resolution measured with ClearPEM views of the same breast. each crystal matrix is coupled to two 8 × 4 arrays of Hamamatsu a dedicated Jasczcak phantom is 1.3 mm. S8550 avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays, such that every 2 × 2 mm2 The competent French authority has approved clearPeM-Sonic fi rst clinical results hint at the medical value of this device. SCIONIX Holland B.V. read-out face is coupled to a dedicated APD. This confi guration for a fi rst clinical trial on 20 patients. The goal of this trial is to ● The members of the clearPeM-Sonic collaboration are: cern; Tel. +31 30 6570312 allows the depth of interaction (Doi) in the crystals to be measured study the feasibility and safety of PeM examinations. in parallel, the university of Aix-Marseille; the Vrije universiteit Brussels; the Fax. +31 30 6567563 and reduces the parallax error of the lines of response, contributing the results of clearPeM are being compared with other modali- Portuguese Laboratory for Particle Physics and instrumentation, Email. [email protected] to better spatial resolution in the reconstructed image. The Doi can ties, such as classical B-mode ultrasound, X-ray mammography, Lisbon; the Laboratoire de Mecanique et Acoustique, Marseille; www.scionix.nl be measured with an uncertainty of around 2 mm on the exact posi- whole-body combined PeT and computerized tomography (PeT/ the university Milano-Biccoca; PeTsys, Lisbon; SuperSonic tion of the γ interaction in the crystal. each signal channel is coupled cT) imaging and Mri, which all patients participating in this trial imagine, Aix-en-Provence; AssistancePublique – Hôpitaux de to one input of a dedicated 192-channel ASic, developed by the Por- will have undergone. The clearPeM image is acquired immedi- Marseille; and the institut Paoli calmettes, Marseille. tuguese Laboratory for Particle Physics and instrumentation (LiP). ately after the whole-body PeT/cT, which avoids the need for a CCMar13Ad_Scionix.indd 1 04/02/2013 15:22 it provides front-end treatment of the signal before handing it over second injection of FDG for the patient. The histological assess- ● Further reading to a 10-bit sampling ADc for digitalization (Varela et al. 2007). The ment of the biopsy is used as the gold standard. For more about the ccc, see http://crystalclear.web.cern.ch. image is reconstructed with a dedicated iterative algorithm. The sample case study shown in fi gure 3 is a patient who was E Auffray et al. 2004 Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 527 171. Two ClearPEM prototypes have been built. The fi rst is currently diagnosed with multifocal breast cancer during the initial exami- A Breskin and R Voss (ed.) 2009 The CERN Large Hadron Collider: Accelerator Magnets installed at the instituto de ciências nucleares Aplicadas à Saúde in nation. The whole-body PET/CT reveals a fi rst lesion in the left and Experiments. coimbra, Portugal. The second, installed at Hôpital nord in Mar- breast and a second close to the axilla. Before deciding on the best B Frisch 2011 IEEE NSS/MIC Conf. Rec. 2011 2267. seilles, France, is used for clearPeM-Sonic, a project within the therapy, it was crucial to fi nd out whether the cancer had spread to P Lecoq et al. 1991 CERN/DRDC/91-15. european centre for research in Medical imaging (ceriMeD) the whole breast or was still confi ned to two individual lesions. An P Lecoq and J Varela 2002 Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 486 1. and coils initiative. While clearPeM provides high-resolution metabolic extended examination with Mri shows small lesions around the J Varela et al. 2007 Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 571 81. information, it lacks anatomical details. clearPeM-Sonic, how- fi rst one. The whole-body PET/CT image, however, does not show www.scanditronix-magnet.se ever, extends the second prototype with an ultrasound elastography any small lesions. The standard procedure is to obtain biopsy sam- Résumé device, which images strain in soft tissue (Frisch 2011). The aim is ples of the suspicious tissue. However, the availability of a high- Le ClearPEM améliore le diagnostic du cancer du sein to provide multimodal information that reveals the exact location resolution PeT can give the same information. indeed, when the of potential lesions in the surrounding anatomy. The availability patient was imaged with clearPeM, the lesions visible with Mri Les connaissances acquises lors de la mise au point des détecteurs of elastographic information further improves the specifi city of were confi rmed to be metabolically hyperactive, i.e. potentially de particules pour le LHC ont permis de créer un système de the examination by identifying non-cancerous diseases – such as cancerous. The biopsy subsequently conducted confi rmed this tomographie par émission de positons spécialement conçu pour benign infl ammatory diseases of the breast – that exhibit higher indication. This clinical case study, together with several others, le dépistage du cancer du sein (le ClearPEM). L’appareil a été mis uptake of the radioactive tracer, fl uorodeoxyglucose (18F), or FDG, hints at how clearPeM could improve the diagnostic process. au point par la collaboration Crystal Clear grâce à l’expérience used in PeT imaging. This project successfully demonstrates the value of fundamen- acquise par cette équipe internationale lors du développement Both prototypes have been tested extensively. The electronic tal research in high-energy physics in applications to wider soci- de cristaux pour les calorimètres électromagnétiques. Deux noise level is under 2%, with an interchannel noise dispersion ety. The knowledge gained by an international collaboration in prototypes ont été construits et ont fait l’objet de tests intensifs. L’un of below 8%. The front-end trigger accepts signals at a rate of the development of particle detectors for the LHc has been put d’eux, le ClearPEM-Sonic, a été homologué pour un premier essai 2.5 MHz, while the overall acquisition rate reaches 0.8 MHz. The to use in the construction of a new medical device – a dedicated clinique. Les premiers résultats semblent indiquer une amélioration detector has been properly calibrated and gives an energy reso- breast PeT scanner, clearPeM. it provides excellent image reso- dans le diagnostic. lution of 14.6% FWHM for 511 keV photons, which allows for lution that allows the detection of small lesions. its high detection effi cient rejection of photons that have lost energy during a scat- effi ciency allows a reduction in the total examination time and Benjamin Frisch, CERN, on behalf of the Crystal Clear collaboration and the tering process. The coincidence-time resolution of 4.6 ns FWHM in the amount of radioactive tracer that has to be injected. Last, ClearPEM-Sonic collaboration.

24 25 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Accelerators Accelerators

+ – The concept for a circular e e collider that has been most studied best-fit predictions Fig. 2. The accuracies is TLeP, which would be installed in a tunnel some 80–100 km in expected for The case for a circular circumference. This would be capable of collisions at 350 GeV in h →γγ accelerator the centre of mass, while the specifi cations call for a luminosity of measurements of 1034 cm–2 s–1 at this energy at each of the four interaction points. With various Higgs-decay h → ZZ + – conservative technical assumptions, the corresponding luminosity branching ratios, at a centre-of-mass energy of 240 GeV would exceed 4 × 1034 cm–2 s–1 together with the e e Higgs factory at each interaction point, as fi gure 1 (p26) shows (Koratzinos et al. h → WW theoretical predictions 2013). it is encouraging that previous circular e+e– colliders – such as at the best fi ts within LeP and the B factories – have established a track record of exceed- some simple h → gg ing their design luminosities and that there are no obvious show- supersymmetric model stoppers to achieving these targets at TLeP. frameworks. The design luminosity of TLeP would enable millions of Higgs Options for a future facility to study Higgs 1.00E+37 CMSSM high mass TLEP luminosity × number of IPs bosons to be produced under clean experimental conditions. The CMSSM low mass NUHM1 bosons in detail include a larger, more Higgs mass could then be measured with a statistical precision LHC HL-LHC below 10 MeV and the total decay width with an accuracy of bet- ILC ) TLEP powerful reincarnation of LEP. –1 1.00E+36 ter than 1.5%. Many decay modes, such as those into gluon pairs, s SM unc. Higgs WG –2 WW*, ZZ*, and invisible decays could be measured with an accu- racy of better than 0.2% and γγ decays to better than 1.5%. This –15 –10 –5 0 5110 5 The discovery of a Higgs boson by the ATLAS and cMS collabo- would challenge the predictions of reclusive supersymmetric mod- (BR–BRSM)/BRSM(%) rations at the LHc has opened new perspectives on accelerator- 1.00E+35 els, which predict only small deviations of Higgs properties from based particle physics. While much else might well be discovered luminosity (cm those expected in the Standard Model, as fi gure 2 shows. before the LHc experimental programme runs its full course but at the LHc as its energy and luminosity are increased, one item on one essential limitation on the ambition for such a collider is installation in a new tunnel would not be subject to such a restric- the agenda of future accelerators is surely a Higgs factory capable the overall power consumption. The largest, single energy require- tion and interest in such a project has been expressed in various of studying this new particle in as much detail as possible. Vari- 1.00E+34 ment is for the rF acceleration system. Fortunately, because it regions of the world. 050 100 150 200 ous options for such a facility are under active consideration and beam energy (GeV) would operate in continuous rather than pulsed mode, experience one attractive option would be to envisage a future circular circular electron–positron (e+e–) colliders are now among them. with LEP suggests that an overall effi ciency above 50% should be e+e– collider as part of a future, very large collider complex. For in a real sense, a Higgs factory already exists in the form of the Fig. 1. The luminosity attainable in the TLEP concept as a function attainable. The collision performances quoted here would require example, a tunnel with a circumference of 80–100 km could also LHc, which has already produced millions of Higgs bosons and of the centre-of-mass energy for four interaction points (IPs). an rF power consumption of around 200 MW, to which should be accommodate a proton–proton collider capable of collisions at could produce hundreds of millions more with the high-luminosity added some 100 MW for cooling, ventilation, other services and 80–100 TeV in the centre of mass, which would also open up the upgrade planned for the 2020s. However, the experimental condi- e+e– collisions would also offer prospects for determining the tri- the experiments. This is similar to the requirements of other major option of very-high-energy electron–proton collisions. This could tions at the LHc restrict the range of Higgs decay modes that can ple-Higgs coupling, something that could be measured at the LHc future accelerators at the energy frontier, such as the iLc and cLic. be an appealing vision for accelerator particle physics at the energy be observed directly and measured accurately. For example, decays only if it is operated at the highest possible luminosity. one attractive feature of circular e+e– colliders is that they could frontier for much of the 21st century. Such a complex would fi t of the Higgs boson into charm quarks are unlikely to be measurable There has recently been a resurgence of interest in the capabili- offer signifi cantly higher luminosities at lower energies. For exam- naturally into the updated european Strategy for Particle Physics, at the LHc. on the one hand, decays into gluons can be measured ties of circular e+e– colliders being used as Higgs factories fol- ple, a total luminosity of 2 × 1036 cm–2 s–1 should be possible with which has recently been approved. only indirectly via the rate of Higgs production by gluon–gluon lowing a suggestion by Alain Blondel and Frank Zimmermann TLeP running at the Z peak, and 5 × 1035 cm–2 s–1 at the W+W– thresh- collisions and it will be diffi cult to quantify accurately invisible in December 2011 (Blondel and Zimmermann 2011). it used to be old, which would offer prospects of data samples with the order of ● Further reading Higgs decays at the LHc. on the other hand, the large statistics thought that the Large electron–Positron (LeP) collider would be 1012 Zs and 108 W events. The statistical precision and the sensitivity For more about TLeP, see http://tlep.web.cern.ch. at the LHc will enable accurate measurements of distinctive sub- the largest and highest-energy circular e+e– collider and that linear to rare decays provided by such samples extend far beyond those A Blondel and F Zimmermann 2012, http://arXiv.org/pdf/1112.2518.pdf. dominant Higgs decays such as those into photon pairs or ZZ*. The colliders would be more cost-effi cient at higher energies. How- envisaged in previous studies of Z and W physics, corresponding, M Koratzinos et al. 2013, http://arXiv.org/pdf/1305.6498.pdf. 2 –6 rare decay of the Higgs into muon pairs will also be accessible. The ever, advances in accelerator technology since LeP was designed e.g. perhaps to δsin θW ~ 10 and δmW ~ 1 MeV. it will require both task for a Higgs factory will be to make measurements that comple- have challenged this view. in particular, the development of top-up a major experimental effort to understand how to control systematic Résumé ment or are even more precise than those possible with the LHc. injection at B factories and synchrotron radiation sources, as well errors and a major theoretical effort to optimize the interpretation of L’intérêt d’une usine à Higgs circulaire e+e– as advances in superconducting rF and in beam-focusing tech- the information obtainable from such data sets. Attractive options niques at interaction points, Although the baseline for TLeP is a tunnel with a circumference La découverte d’un boson de Higgs au LHC a ouvert de nouvelles cleaner experimental conditions are offered by e+e– collisions. raise the possibility of achiev- of 80–100 km, it is interesting to consider how the performance of perspectives pour la physique des particules avec accélérateur. Prominent among other contenders for a future Higgs factory ing collision rates at each inter- a circular e+e– collider would scale with its circumference. Gener- L’une d’elles pourrait prendre la forme d’une « usine à Higgs », are the design studies for a linear e+e– collider: the international There has been action point at a circular Higgs ally speaking, a smaller ring would be expected to have a lower capable d’étudier la nouvelle particule dans ses moindres détails. Linear collider (iLc) and the compact Linear collider (cLic). a resurgence of factory that could be more than maximum centre-of-mass energy, as well as lower luminosities at Plusieurs options sont à l’étude, notamment celle d’un collisionneur in addition to running at the centre-of-mass energy of 240 GeV interest in circular two orders of magnitude larger the energies within its reach. The lower limit of the range of ring électron-positon circulaire. Dans cet article, John Ellis passe that is desirable for Higgs production, these also offer prospects + – than those achieved at LeP. sizes under consideration is represented by the LHc tunnel, with en revue les capacités d’une telle machine, en particulier l’idée for higher-energy collisions, e.g. at the top–antitop threshold of e e colliders being Moreover, it would be possi- its circumference of 27 km. An e+e– collider in an LHc-sized tun- d’un TLEP, qui serait installé dans un tunnel de 80 à 100 km de 350 GeV and at 500 GeV or 1000 GeV in the case of the iLc, or used as Higgs ble to operate such a collider nel could reach 240 GeV in the centre of mass – for Higgs studies circonférence et pourrait produire des collisions à 350 GeV dans even higher energies at cLic. These would become particularly factories. with as many as four interac- with a luminosity above 1034 cm–2 s–1 at each interaction point – and le centre de masse. attractive options if future, higher-energy LHc running reveals tion points simultaneously, as could produce impressive quantities of Z bosons and WW pairs. it additional new physics within their energy reach. High-energy at LeP. is diffi cult to imagine installing an e +e– collider in the LHc tunnel John Ellis, King’s College London and CERN.

26 27 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Interview Interview From CERN to space – and back

Forty years after his PhD studies at the ISR, xenon and compare it with numerical simulations. Messerschmid’s student, Felix Huber, worked at cern for several months but in the former astronaut Ernst Messerschmid end nothing came of the proposal. Back in Stuttgart, Messerschmid continues to teach astronau- returned to CERN to talk about his time in tics and – as in the colloquium at cern – to spread the word on space and the imperatives for space fl ight. the value of spacefl ight for knowledge and innovation. “We fl y a mission,” he says, “and afterwards, as professors, we become ‘missionaries’ – ambassadors for science and innovation.” His “mission statement” for spacefl ight has much in common with that Ernst Messerschmid fi rst arrived at CERN as a summer student in of cern, with three imperatives: to explore – the cultural impera- 1970, in the midst of preparations for the start up of the intersect- tive; to understand – the scientifi c imperative; and to unify – the ing Storage rings (iSr). The studies that he did on beam pick-ups political imperative. While the scientifi c imperative is probably in this ground-breaking particle collider formed the topic of his self-evident, the cultural imperative recognizes the human desire diploma thesis – but he was soon back at the laboratory as a fellow, Ernst Messerschmid in the European Spacelab module on which he fl ew, to learn and the need to inspire the next generation, and the politi- sharing in the excitement of seeing injection of the fi rst beams on which is now at EADS, Bremen. In 1985, he was a payload scientist on Messerschmid, with white high-neck pullover, next to Bernard Gregory, cal imperative touches on the value of global endeavours without 29 october that same year. This time he worked on simulations of the D1 mission, where the module – carried by the space shuttle – had a then director-general, second from left, at the fi rst injection tests into the national boundaries – all aspects that are close to the hearts of the longitudinal beam instabilities, the subject of his PhD thesis. By variety of experiments on board. (Image credit: DLR, CC-BY 3.0.) ISR on 29 October 1970. founders of cern and their successors. the time he came back to cern some 40 years later to give a collo- So what advice would he give a young person, perhaps coming to quium in May this year, he was one of the few people to have worked communication systems at the German Aerospace Test and of pharmaceuticals for X-ray crystallography studies.” cern as a summer student, as he did 40 years ago? The plumber- in space and he had even had a hand in training another former research institute (DFVLr), the precursor of the German Aero- it was the experiments – more than the launch and distance from turned-accelerator physicist who became an astronaut refl ects for CERN fellow, Christer Fuglesang, before he also fl ew into space. space centre (DLr). He was selected for training as a science astro- earth – that proved to be the most stressful. “There were 100 or a few moments. “Thinking more in terms of jobs,” he replies, “con- A self-confessed “country boy”, Messerschmid grew up in naut in 1983. Two years later, after scientifi c training at various so professors and some 200 students who were dependent on the sider engineering – physicists can also become engineers.” Then he Reutlingen in south-western Germany, training fi rst as a plumber universities and industrial laboratories, as well as fl ight training at data we were collecting,” Messerschmid says. “We worked 15–18 adds: “Physicists live on the technologies that engineers produce. and then attending the Technisches Gymnasium in Stuttgart. An ESA and NASA, he was assigned as a payload specialist on the fi rst hours a day. There was not much time to look out of the window!” engineers solve the differential equations, they makes theories a aptitude for mathematics turned him towards more academic pur- German Spacelab mission, D1, aboard the Challenger space shut- But look out of the window he did, and the view of earth was to reality.” Who knows, one day the antimatter plasma-heating for suits and after military service he enrolled at the universities of tle. With two nASA pilots, three nASA mission specialists and leave a lasting impression, not only because of its beauty but also propulsion might become a reality. Tübingen and Bonn. coming to cern then as a summer student three payload specialists from europe, this was the largest crew to because of the cautionary signs of exploitation. He saw smoke from opened up a new world – an international lab set among the French- fl y on the space shuttle. Joining Messerschmid from Europe were fi res in the rainforests and the bright lights at night over huge urban ● Further reading speaking communities on the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva. his fellow German, reinhard Furrer, and Wubbo ockels, from the areas. “our planet is overcrowded,” he observes. “We can’t con- To see the colloquium, go to: http://indico.cern.ch/conference- He was on the fi rst steps of the journey that would take him much Netherlands. It was the fi rst Spacelab mission in which payload tinue like this.” Display.py?confid=252204. To see Messerschmid in space, visit further afi eld – into space. activities were controlled from outside the uS. it was also the last After his spacefl ight, Messerschmid moved to the University of www.youtube.com/watch?v=udWybeP_Awk. For a review of his Following his fellowship at the iSr, Messerschmid gained his fl ight of the Challenger before the disaster in January 1986. Stuttgart, where he became director of the Space Systems institute, book, co-authored with Berndt Feuerbacher, From Space to Earth doctorate from the university of Freiburg. After further experi- doing research and lecturing on space and transportation systems, – Laboratory and Marketplace, see p54. ence in accelerators at Brookhaven national Laboratory, he started Working in space re-entry vehicles and experiments in weightlessness. He went on to work at DeSY in 1977 optimizing the alternating-gradient mag- Between 30 october and 6 november 1985, ernst and his col- be dean of the faculty of aerospace at Stuttgart and the university’s Résumé nets for the PeTrA electron–positron collider. He looked set for leagues performed more than 70 experiments. This was the fi rst vice-president for science and technology before becoming head of Du CERN à l’espace, et vice versa a career in accelerator physics but while deciding on his future he series to take full advantage of the “weightless” conditions on the european Astronaut centre in cologne in 2000. There, he was spotted an advert in the newspaper Die Zeit: “Astronauts wanted.” Spacelab, covering a range of topics in physical, engineering involved in training Fuglesang, who has since fl own twice aboard Ernst Messerschmid est venu au CERN comme étudiant d’été, Messerschmid had by chance come across ESA’s fi rst astronaut and life-science disciplines. a space shuttle to the international Space Station (CERN Courier puis comme boursier, où il a travaillé sur les anneaux de stockage selection campaign. “There were fi ve boxes to tick,” he recalls. “These were not just ‘look october 2009 p27). Since 2005, Messerschmid has been back at à intersections (ISR), mis en service au début des années 1970. “Scientifi c training, good health, psychological stability, language and see’ experiments,” Mess- Stuttgart as chair of astronautics and space stations. Tout semblait le destiner à une carrière dans la physique des skills and experience in an international environment. Being pre- We worked 15–18 erschmid explains. “We stud- in the meantime, he renewed contact with cern when he joined accélérateurs, lorsqu’il tomba sur une petite annonce parue pared by my time at cern, i could tick them all.” out of some hours a day. There ied critical phenomena. With Gerald Smith from Pennsylvania State university and others in dans un journal : « Devenez astronaute ». Grâce, entre autres, 7000 applicants, he was among fi ve selected in Germany, of whom was not much no gravity-driven convec- 1996 on a proposal for a general-purpose, low-energy antiproton à l’expérience qu’il avait acquise au sein de l’environnement three eventually went into space: Ulf Merbold was fi rst, as an ESA tion and no sedimentation we facility at the Antiproton Decelerator, based on a Penning trap. international du Laboratoire, il devint l’un des premiers astronaut, with reinhard Furrer and Messerschmid following. time to look out could make different alloys – Messerschmid and Smith were interested in using antiprotons astronautes allemands de l’histoire. Dans cet article, il nous parle “The questions were easy for a ‘cernois’ to answer,” he says. of the window. for example, mixing a heavy and in particular the decay chain of the annihilation products for de l’époque où il fut astronaute et des obligations d’un vol dans “The challenge came afterwards.” metal with aluminium. in plasma heating in a concept for an antimatter engine. A letter-of- l’espace. So, Messerschmid left the world of particle accelerators and other experiments we grew intent described an experiment to measure the energy deposit of in 1978 went to work on satellite-based, search-and-rescue uniform, large single crystals proton–antiproton annihilation products in gaseous hydrogen or Christine Sutton, CERN.

28 29 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 LHC physics LHC physics

pp √s = 7 TeV pp √s = 7 TeV Υ (3S) 1.5 ψ (2S) 1.0 HX frame HX frame The return of quarkonia |y| < 0.6 1.0 |y| < 0.6 0.5 0.5

λϑ 0 λϑ 0

–0.5 –0.5 –1 perturbative and non-perturbative aspects of the quarkonium pro- CMS, L = 4.9 fb , total uncert. 68.3% CL –1 The physics of heavy quark–antiquark bound –1.0 CMS preliminary, L = 4.9 fb , total uncert. 68.3% CL duction process, exploiting the notion that the heavy quark and CDF, PRL 108, 151802 (2012), total uncert. 68.3% CL –1.0 NLO NRQCD, Jian-Xiong Wang et al., arXiv:1305.0748 NLO NRQCD, B Kniehl et al., MPLA28 (2013) 1350027 and private comm. states is a long-standing puzzle, made more antiquark move relatively slowly when bound as a quarkonium –1.5 state (Bodwin et al. 1995). This approach introduces into the calcu- 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 intriguing by results from the LHC. lations a mathematical expansion in the quarkʼs velocity-squared, pT (GeV) pT (GeV) v2, supplementing the usual expansion in the strong coupling con-

stant αs of the hard-scattering processes. Polarization parameter λθ as a function of pT for ϒ(3S), left, and ψ(2S), right. The measurements of CDF and CMS are compared Since the revolutionary discovery of the J/ψ meson, quarkonia – The non-perturbative ingredients in these calculations are the with predictions from NRQCD. bound states of heavy quark–antiquark pairs – have played a cru- long-distance matrix elements (LDMe) that describe the transi- cial role in understanding fundamental interactions. Being the tions from point-like di-quark objects, which can also be coloured measurements: the verdict is that there is striking disagreement, as similar to the quarkonium mass, which drive the results because hadronic-physics equivalent of positronium, they allow detailed (“colour-octet” states), to the colourless observable quarkonia. in the left-hand fi gure above shows. of their higher precision. Finally, it could be that the higher-order study of some of the basic properties of quantum chromodynamics principle these could be calculated using non-perturbative mod- A more decisive assessment of the seriousness of the theory dif- corrections in the perturbative part of the calculations (cur-

(QCD), the theory of strong interactions. Yet, despite the apparent els but the current approach leaves them as free parameters of a fi culties is provided by measurements of the polarization of high-pT rently performed at next-to-leading order in αs) are sizable and

simplicity of these states, the mechanism behind their production global fi t to some kinematic spectra of quarkonium production. charmonia. Such data probe a domain of high values of the ratio of pT not yet well accounted for in current theoretical uncertainties, or

remains a mystery, after decades of experimental and theoretical This approach successfully reproduces the differential pT cross- to mass, where the NRQCD prediction is supposed to rest on fi rmer that the LDMe expansion in the heavy-quark velocity should be effort (Brambilla et al. 2011). in particular, the angular decay- sections, which has been interpreted as a plausible indication that ground. Furthermore, the heavier charmonium state, ψ(2S), is free reconsidered. distributions of the quarkonium states produced in hadron colli- the underlying assumptions are correct. from feed-down decays and so its decay angular distribution exclu- The solution to the quarkonium-polarization problem remains sions – which should provide detailed information on their forma- The next step in the validation of the NRQCD framework is to sively refl ects the polarization of S-wave quarkonia directly pro- unknown but it seems a safe bet that it will open new perspec- tion and quantum properties – remain challenging and present a make other predictions without changing the previously fi tted duced in parton–parton scattering, therefore representing a cleaner tives over a whole class of processes. it could unveil an improved seemingly irreconcilable disagreement between the measurements matrix elements and compare them with independent measure- test of theory. The results for the ψ(2S) shown recently by the cMS Standard Model capable of providing testable predictions for high- and the QCD predictions. ments. The framework clearly predicts that S-wave quarkonia (J/ψ, collaboration at the Large Hadron collider Physics conference, momentum production of a large category of non-perturbative

Given the success of the Standard Model, why has this intriguing ψ(2S) and the ϒ(nS) states) directly produced in parton–parton reaching up to pT of 50 GeV, are in disagreement with the theo- hadronic objects. in any case, it will surely stimulate profound

situation not captivated more attention in the high-energy-physics scattering at pT much higher than their mass are transversely polar- retically expected transverse polarization, as the right-hand fi gure rethinking of how such phenomena can be described and predicted. community? The reason may be that this problem belongs to the ized – that is, their angular momentum vectors are aligned as the indicates (cMS collaboration 2013b). This challenges the assumed notoriously obscure and computationally cumbersome “non-per- spin of a real photon. Specifi cally, considering their decay into hypothesis that long- and short-distance aspects of the strong force ● Further reading turbative” side of the Standard Model. While the failure to repro- μ+μ–, this means that the decay leptons are preferentially emitted in can be separated in calculations on these QCD phenomena. The G T Bodwin, E Braaten and G P Lepage 1993 Phys. Rev. D 51 1125. duce an experimental observable that is perturbatively calculable the meson’s direction of motion. The measurements made by cDF ultimate “smoking-gun signal” will come from measurements of N Brambilla et al. 2011 Eur. Phys. J. C 71 1534. in the electroweak or strong sector would be interpreted as a sign and cMS contradict this picture dramatically: the ϒ states always the polarization of directly produced J/ψ mesons. These probe P Faccioli, C Lourenço, J Seixas and H K Wöhri 2010 Eur. Phys. J. C 69 657. CDF collaboration 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 151802. of new physics, phenomena requiring a non-perturbative treatment decay almost isotropically, meaning that they are produced with no higher pT/mass ratios and lower heavy-quark velocities than the 108 – such as those related to the long-distance regime of the strong preferred orientation of their angular momentum vectors. studies of ψ(2S) but at additional cost in the necessary experimen- CMS collaboration 2013a Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 081802. CMS collaboration 2013b CMS-PAS-BPH-13–003. force – are less likely to trigger an immediate reaction. one aspect to keep in mind is that sizeable but not yet well meas- tal discrimination of the J/ψ mesons from χc decays. it can also be argued that, until recently, doubts existed regard- ured fractions of the S-wave quarkonia (orbital angular momentum Defi nite judgements will have to wait for more thorough scr utiny ing the reliability of the experimental data, given some contradic- L=0) are produced from feed-down decays of P-wave states (L=1) of the theoretical ingredients. An explicit proof that perturbative Résumé tions among results and the incompleteness of the analysis strategies leading to more complex polarization patterns. in particular, it is and non-perturbative effects can be factorized – already existing Le retour des quarkoniums (Faccioli et al. 2010). Similar doubts also existed about the useful- conceivable that the transverse polarization of the directly pro- for several hard-scattering processes in QCD – has yet to be for- ness of the data as a test of theory, given their limited extension into duced ϒ(1S) mesons, say, is washed away by a suitable level of mally provided for the case of quarkonium production. At the same Les états liés des paires quark–antiquark lourds (quarkoniums)

the “interesting” region of high transverse-momentum (pT). The longitudinal polarization brought by the ϒ(1S) mesons produced in time, the method to determine the colour-octet transition-matrix permettent d’étudier en détail certaines des propriétés

recently published, precise and exhaustive polarization measure- χb decays. Such potential “conspiracies” illustrate how intertwined elements using measured pT spectra must be improved. For exam- fondamentales de la chromodynamique quantique, la théorie des ments of ϒ from the cDF and cMS experiments (cDF collaboration the studies of S- and P-wave states are, showing that a complete ple, the existing NRQCD global fi ts use differential cross-sections interactions fortes. Toutefois, le mécanisme à l’origine de leur

2012 and cMS collaboration 2013a), which extend to pT of around understanding of the underlying physics requires a global analysis measured with acceptance corrections that are evaluated assum- production reste un mystère, malgré des décennies de recherches 40 GeV, have signifi cantly changed this picture, building a robust and of the whole family. ing unpolarized production, ignoring the large uncertainty that the expérimentales et théoriques. En particulier, on observe une unambiguous set of results to challenge the theoretical predictions. Few measurements are so far available on the production and experiments assign to the lack of prior knowledge about quarko- divergence, à première vue inexplicable, entre les mesures et les

Quarkonium production has been the subject of ambitious theo- polarization of P-wave quarkonia (χc and χb), which are experi- nium polarization (the acceptance determinations strongly depend prédictions de la chromodynamique quantique s’agissant des retical efforts aimed at fully and systematically calculating how mentally challenging because the main detection channels on the shape of the dilepton decay distributions). Paradoxically, distributions angulaires des désintégrations des états quarkoniums – an intrinsically non-perturbative system (the cc– or bb state) is pro- involve radiative decays producing low-energy photons. in this the fi t results lead to the prediction of strong transverse polari- produits dans les collisions de hadrons. Les résultats du LHC duced in high-energy collisions and – potentially – at providing respect the ϒ(3S) resonance, only affected by feed-down decays zation. Moreover, while the NRQCD predictions are considered rendent à présent l’énigme encore plus passionnante.

Standard Model references for fully fl edged precision studies. from the recently discovered χb(3P) state, a presumably small robust only at suffi ciently high pT, the fi ts assign equal weight to

The nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) framework consistently fuses contribution, offers a clearer comparison between predictions and data collected at high pT and those collected at pT values that are Pietro Faccioli, LIP-Lisbon.

30 31 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Conference Conference

(CERN Courier June 2013 p7). The ATLAS collaboration 0 reported its fi rst fl avour-tagged study of Bs → J/ψφ decays and Quarks and Beauty: 0 –0 φ the corresponding result for the Bs – Bs mixing phase s, which An Encounter at the Airport is in agreement with previous LHcb analyses. LHcb presented the fi rst combination of several measurements of the angle γ of Ten years ago, the Beauty 2003 conference took place in Pittsburgh. I the unitarity triangle from pure tree-level decays. In the fi eld of had already been working on B physics for some years and I thought this charm physics, a new LHcb analysis of the difference of the cP would be an opportunity to learn what was happening in the fi eld and talk asymmetries in the D0 → π+π– and D0 → K+K– channels does not to some of the experts. In particular, the programme included a talk by Ed support previous measurements that pointed towards a surpris- Witten that I was keen to hear. Above all, the conference was being hosted ingly large asymmetry (CERN Courier April 2013 p7). The cDF by Carnegie-Mellon University, where I had studied physics in the 1960s. – collaboration reported on the observation of D0 – D0 mixing, I was looking forward to visiting the campus after decades and meeting my confi rming the previous measurement by LHCb. Concerning mentor, Lincoln Wolfenstein, who was one of the organizers. the exploration of rare decays, LHCb presented the fi rst angular I was based at the University of Aachen but found out that there was 0 + – a convenient fl ight from Brussels to Pittsburgh and, as a courtesy, the analysis of Bs → φμ μ . university proposed that one of its cars could drop me at the airport. On Di-muons and more arrival in Brussels, I checked in and proceeded towards immigration. in addition to this selection of highlights, one of the most promi- There was a long line of passengers heading to the US, who had to wait for 0 + – special security clearance. After some time, a young woman representing nent and rare B decays, the Bs → μ μ channel, was the focus of various discussions and presentations at Beauty 2013. in the Stand- the airline came to me to ask some questions. I told her I was going to ard Model, this decay originates from quantum-loop effects and is Pittsburgh for a conference. She checked my papers confi rming my Participants gather in the court of the Complex of San Giovanni in Monte, in the centre of Bologna. (Image credit: Riccardo Serra.) strongly suppressed. Recently, LHCb was able, for the fi rst time, to conference registration and hotel reservation. Then she asked me what 0 + – the conference was about. To avoid going into detailed explanations, I just observe evidence of Bs → μ μ at the 3.5σ level. The reported (time- +1.5 –9 integrated) branching ratio of 3.2 –1.2 × 10 agrees with the said: “It is about elementary particles. About quarks.” She looked at me Standard-Model prediction. Although the current experimental with raised eyebrows that suggested a degree of scepticism, so I decided error is still large, this measurement places important constraints to explain more about quarks. Beauty in Bologna “All of the matter you see around you is made of atoms. The centre of the on physics beyond the Standard Model. it will be interesting to monitor future experimental progress. atom is a tiny nucleus. The nucleus itself contains tinier constituents called With recently proposed new observables complementing the quarks. There are two main varieties, called up-quark and down-quark. 0 + – There are some rare varieties, too, which are heavier and unstable. One of branching ratio, the measurement of Bs → μ μ with increased precision will continue to be vital in the era of the LHc upgrade. them is called the beauty-quark. That is the one the conference is about.” The historic centre of Bologna provided an are complementary to research at the high-energy frontier con- ATLAS and CMS can also make signifi cant contributions in the I paused to see if she was registering what I said. She had a bemused look, ducted by the general-purpose experiments ATLAS and cMS at exploration of this decay. important information will additionally not sure if I was being serious. I thought it was the nomenclature of quarks appropriately attractive setting for Beauty the LHc, which aim to produce and detect new particles directly. come from stronger experimental constraints on B0 → μ+μ–, which that confused her. So I said, helpfully: “These names up, down, beauty are During the past decade e+e– B factories have been the main has a Standard-Model branching ratio about 30 times smaller than sort of arbitrary. There are some people who call the beauty-quark bottom. 2013, the latest conference on B physics. 0 + – Not a nice name, in my opinion. I much prefer beauty.” pioneers in the fi eld of B physics, complemented by the CDF and that for Bs → μ μ ; the current experimental upper bound is about DØ experiments at the Tevatron, which made giant leaps in the one magnitude above the Standard-Model expectation. Assuming At this stage she was distinctly nervous and went to fetch one of her 0 0 + – superiors. This was an older woman with a no-nonsense manner. She exploration of decays of the Bs meson (p17). exploiting the highly no suppression through new physics, B → μ μ should be observ- Some 100 physicists, including experts from all around the world, successful operation of the LHC, the experimental fi eld of quark- able at the upgraded LHc. asked to see the conference papers that I had in my hand. She glanced at converged on Bologna on 8–12 April for the 14th international flavour physics is being advanced by the purpose-built LHcb Altogether, there were 60 invited talks at Beauty 2013 in 12 top- the fi rst page, which was a copy of the conference poster with the name conference on B Physics at Hadron Machines (Beauty 2013). experiment, as well as by ATLAS and cMS. in the coming years, ical sessions and 11 posters were displayed. in addition to the “Beauty 2003” printed in bold letters. She immediately exclaimed: “It’s a Hosted by the istituto nazionale di Fisica nucleare (inFn) and by a new e+e– machine will join the B-physics programme, following searches for new physics in the so-called “golden channels”, the conference on cosmetics! Why didn’t you say so?” Without waiting for my the local physics department, the meeting took place in the pres- the upgrade of the KeKB collider in Japan and the Belle detector talks covered many other interesting measurements, as well as pro- reaction, she picked up my hand-baggage and hustled me past the line tigious Giorgio Prodi lecture hall, at the heart of a magnifi cent there. This fi eld of research will gress in theory. Results on heavy-fl avour production and spectros- of waiting passengers to the top of the queue, where I could proceed to complex in the city centre. therefore continue to be lively copy at the B factories, the Tevatron and at the ALice, ATLAS, passport control. She wished me a pleasant fl ight and disappeared. The Beauty conference series aims to review results in the fi eld for many years, with the excit- cMS and LHcb experiments were presented. Despite the primary I did not have the chance to tell her that the beauty-quark is not a of heavy-fl avour physics and address the physics potential of exist- The experimental ing perspective of reaching the focus of the conference being on B physics, two sessions were cosmetic but rather a laboratory that might shed light on some of the deep ing and upcoming B-physics experiments. The major goal of this fi eld of quark-fl avour ultimate precision in various devoted entirely to cP violation in top, charm and kaon physics. mysteries of nature, such as why we exist and why time runs forwards. research at the high-precision frontier is to perform stringent tests physics is being key measurements. There were also presentations on the status of lepton fl avour-vio- ● Lalit M Sehgal, Aachen. of the fl avour structure of the Standard Model and search for new The participants at lation and models of physics beyond the Standard Model, as well physics, where strongly suppressed, “rare” decays and the phenom- advanced by the Beauty 2013 were treated to as talks on the status and prospects for future B-physics experi- For Lincoln Wolfenstein, an expert in the phenomenology of weak enon of cP violation – i.e. the non-invariance of weak interactions purpose-built LHCb reports on a variety of impres- ments, SuperKeKB/Belle ii and the LHcb upgrade. Moreover, interactions, who turned 90 in February. under combined charge-conjugation (c) and parity (P) transforma- experiment, as well sive new results. cP violation each session featured a theoretical review talk. Guy Wilkinson of tions – play central roles. new particles may manifest themselves has recently been established oxford university gave the exciting summary talk that concluded as by ATLAS and 0 in the corresponding observables through their contributions to by LHcb in the Bs system with the conference. tours through beautiful squares and churches. The programme loop processes and may lead to fl avour-changing neutral currents CMS. a signifi cance exceeding 5σ by The charming environment of the old city centre, dating from included a visit to the Bologna Museum of History, followed by the 0 – + ▲ that are forbidden at tree level in the Standard Model. These studies means of the Bs → K π channel the Middle Ages, inspired informal physics discussions during conference dinner, with some jazz music to liven up the evening.

32 33 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Conference Workshop Your guide to products, services Your guide to products, services and expertise and expertise Neutrino telescopes point

Connect your business towards exotic physics today

A workshop in Marseilles focused on the search for exotic physics in the era of FREE large-scale neutrino telescopes and the LHC. Find out how to get your business it is more than six years since uppsala university was host to the A place of beauty andor art, institution with the backdrop connected. of a 16th-century fi rst Workshop on Exotic Physics with Neutrino Telescopes (CERN fresco by Bartolomeo Cesi, the hall was once the dining hall of Courier January/February 2007 p35). Since then, the large neu- the nunnery of the Lateran Canons. (Image credit: R Serra.) trino telescopes icecube and AnTAreS have been completed physicsworld.com/connect and indirect searches for dark matter, monopoles and other The IceCube lab at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in The food lived up to the reputation of the traditional Bolognese aspects of physics beyond the Standard Model are proceeding at Antarctica monitors the world’s largest neutrino telescope, cuisine and was particularly appreciated. full strength. indeed, some theoretical models have already been which consists of more than 5000 optical sensors held in a cubic The 14th Beauty conference marked, for the fi rst time, the domi- called into question by recent results from these detectors. Mean- kilometre of the polar ice cap. (Image credit: NSF/S Lidström.) nance of the LHC experiments in the heavy-fl avour sector. The while, searches for dark-matter candidates and indications of phys- fi eld is now entering a high-precision phase for B physics, with ics beyond the Standard Model in experiments at the LHc have However, the neutralino in minimal supersymmetry is not the the LHc and SuperKeKB promising to enrich it with many new set stringent constraints on many models, complementing those only viable candidate for dark matter. in models with r-parity vio- measurements throughout this decade. The forthcoming increase derived from the neutrino telescopes. The time was therefore ripe lation, a long-lived but unstable gravitino with a mass between a in the beam energy of the LHc will double the b-quark production for a second workshop, with the centre for Particle Physics of Mar- few and a few hundred giga-electron-volts could be a component rate, strengthening its role in the exciting quest for physics beyond seilles (cPPM) as host, bringing together 47 experts on 3–6 April. of the dark matter in the halo of galaxies. Neutrinos of any fl avour the Standard Model. can be produced in gravitino decay and can be detected by neutrino Dark matter telescopes. A feature of gravitino dark matter is that it would leave ● Further reading review talks on supersymmetric dark-matter candidates and the no signal in direct-detection experiments because the cross-section The detailed programme, including the presenters’ slides, is status of experimental searches opened the fi rst day’s sessions. for the interaction between a gravitino and normal matter is sup- available at the conference website http://beauty2013.bo.infn.it/. Supersymmetry – still a well motivated candidate for physics pressed by the Planck mass to the fourth power. beyond the Standard Model – has been put to the fi rst serious tests Models with extra dimensions of sizes in the range 10–3–10 –15 m Résumé at the LHc. The discovery there of a Higgs boson at a mass of can also provide dark-matter candidates. extra dimensions can be La beauté s’invite à Bologne 126 GeV can be seen either as just another confi rmation of the accommodated (or even required) in supersymmetry, string-theory Standard Model or as a fi rst glimpse of physics beyond it. The lack or M-theory, where they give rise to branons – weakly interacting Des centaines de physiciens se sont réunis à Bologne, du 8 au of evidence so far for supersymmetry from direct searches at the and massive fl uctuations of the fi eld that represents the 3D brane 12 avril, pour la 14e conférence internationale sur la physique LHc raises the limits of supersymmetric particle masses to the on which the standard world lives. As stable and weakly interacting des B avec des machines hadroniques. Pour la première fois, les scale of tera-electron-volts and has implications for the dark-matter objects, branons make a good candidate for dark matter, following expériences LHC ont dominé la physique des saveurs lourdes. Les candidates arising in supersymmetric models. The current pre- the usual scenario: relic branons left over after a freeze-out period participants ont annoncé de nouveaux résultats impressionnants, ferred mass-range for the lightest, stable neutralino is in the region during the evolution of the universe accumulate gravitationally in non seulement auprès des expériences LHC, mais également des of hundreds of giga-electron-volts. This is good news for neutrino the halos of galaxies, where they annihilate into Standard Model Find out how to get your usines à B et du Tevatron. Les exposés ont porté sur les résultats telescopes, which – by design – are sensitive to high-energy par- particles that can be detected by gamma-ray telescopes, surface 0 business or institution obtenus récemment sur la violation de CP dans le système Bs ticles. The downside is that the predicted rates from annihilation arrays or neutrino telescopes. et les modes de désintégration rares permettant de vérifi er le of neutralinos accumulated in heavy celestial objects are low if From the experimental side, the icecube, AnTAreS, Baikal, connected. Modèle standard, ainsi que sur un grand nombre d’autres mesures the constraints from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Baksan and Super-Kamiokande collaborations presented their intéressantes et les avancées réalisées sur le plan théorique. and the LHc are taken into account. only a handful of minimal latest results on the search for dark matter from different poten- supersymmetric Standard Model variants predict rates in cubic- tial sources – the Sun, the Galaxy or nearby galaxies. Their search physicsworld.com/connect Robert Fleischer, Nikhef and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neville kilometre neutrino telescopes that are of the order of 100 events techniques are similar and based on looking for an excess of neu- ▲ Harnew, University of Oxford, and Vincenzo Vagnoni, INFN Bologna. per year or higher. trinos over the known atmospheric-neutrino background from

34 35 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Workshop Workshop

the level of the current icecube limit of 2 × 10–8 cm–2 s–1 sr–1, a limit preliminary IceCube 86-1 KYG (sensitivity) IceCube 40 (limit) IceCube Lab IceCube 86-1 Mott (sensitivity) IceCube 22 (limit) can be set on Lorentz invariance violation, parameterized by the ANTARES 2008 (limit) factor δ, defi ned as (dE/dp) 2-1. under these assumptions, the bound 10–15 5 0 m Parker obtained from the two icecube events is δ <10 –18, which is orders of ) –13 –1 magnitude smaller than the current best limit of 10 . sr

–1 –16 s

10 MACRO High-energy atmospheric muons and neutrinos present a back- –2 ground to many of the topics discussed in the workshop. even if

Φ (cm conventionally produced, the absolute normalization of the atmos- 10–17 pheric lepton spectrum is not well understood – in particular the con- tribution from prompt charm decays. calculations of an atmospheric 1450 m 10–18 lepton component, which is rarely considered, from the decays of 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 unfl avoured mesons (η, η', ρ, ω, φ), were presented at the workshop. β These mesons decay rapidly to μ+μ– pairs and in very-high-energy A summary of current fl ux limits on relativistic (β > 0.6) cosmic-ray interactions the products of the decays can be the domi- 2450 m DeepCore monopoles, from the neutrino telecopes ANTARES and IceCube, A schematic of the 0.1 km2 ANTARES neutrino telescope nant muon fl ux at energies above 106 GeV, forming a background that 28 20 m together with an older limit from the MACRO experiment and deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. (Image credit: F Montanet, must be taken into account in exotic searches. Eiffel tower 324 m the Parker bound. (Image credit: Anna Obertacke, Wuppertal.) CNRS/IN2P3 and UJF for Antares/produced with POV-ray.) One of the unexpected developments in the fi eld since the fi rst ideas of building neutrino telescopes has been their use in neu- 3 × 10 –18 cm–2 s–1, was presented by the icecube collaboration using and, except for the lightest, they can be charged. even if unstable, trino-oscillation physics. on one hand, the detectors can probe data from its 40-string confi guration, although the ANTARES they can, because of the boost in the interaction, reach the depths oscillation physics at energies not reachable by the smaller detec- DeepCore, the denser array in the centre of IceCube, has opened limit – at a level of around 7 × 10 –17 cm–2 s–1 – remains the best of a detector and emit cherenkov light as they traverse an array. tors. on the other, an aggressive plan to lower the energy threshold up the possibility to pursue physics topics otherwise impossible so far, at between 0.65 < β < 0.75. However, the sensitivity of the The signature is two minimum-ionizing, parallel, coincident tracks of icecube and the proposed KM3neT array to the few-giga-elec- with a detector designed for tera-electron-volt neutrino full icecube detector could extend to β = 0.60 and reach a level of separated by more than 100 m. These types of searches are being tron-volt region is underway, and icecube has already produced astrophysics. (Image credit: IceCube collaboration.) between 2 × 10 –18 cm–2 s–1 and 10 –17 cm–2 s–1 in a one-year exposure, carried out by the two large neutrino-telescope collaborations, ice- physics results with its low-energy subarray, Deepcore. Plans to depending on the assumptions on the monopole spin. results are cube and AnTAreS. build megatonne water-cherenkov detectors with a giga-electron- the direction of the sources. Deepcore, the denser array in the expected soon, when the ongoing data analysis is fi nalized. The same interactions of cosmic rays with the atmosphere can volt energy threshold – PinGu at the South Pole and orcA in centre of icecube, which was not part of the original design, has The Super-Kamiokande collaboration presented a novel way to also be used to probe non-standard neutrino interactions arising the Mediterranean – were also discussed in the workshop. These proved extremely useful in lowering the energy reach of the detector search for monopoles using the Sun as the target. The idea is that from the effects of tera-electron-volt gravity and/or extra dimen- detectors consist of about 20–50 strings of optical modules with an (CERN Courier March 2011 p28). it has opened up the possibility super-heavy monopoles that have been gravitationally trapped in sions. At high energies, neutrino interactions with matter may inter-string separation of 20 m, to be compared, for example, with of pursuing physics topics that would otherwise be impossible with the Sun will induce proton decay along their orbits. neutrinos with become stronger and the atmosphere can become opaque to neutri- the 125 m inter-string separation of icecube or the 70 m inter-string a detector designed for tera-electron-volt neutrino astrophysics. an energy of tens of mega-electron-volts will then be emitted by the nos with energies of peta-electron-volts. A signature in a neutrino separation of Deepcore. Such detectors may address the issue of using the surrounding strings of icecube as a veto, starting and decays of the muons and pions produced as the protons decay. This telescope would be an absence of regular neutrinos with ultra-high the neutrino mass hierarchy at a relatively low cost and on a short contained tracks can be defi ned, therefore turning IceCube into a is a low-energy signal that is well below the threshold of large-scale energies accompanied by an excess of muon bundles at horizontal timescale because the technology exists already and the deploy- 4π detector with an energy threshold of around 10 GeV, with access neutrino telescopes but for which Super-Kamiokande has sensitiv- zenith angles. The same effect would take place with a cosmogenic ment techniques are the same as in icecube and AnTAreS. to the Galactic centre and the whole Southern Sky. ity. Indeed, this experiment provides the best limit so far on the fl ux neutrino fl ux – that is, the fl ux of neutrinos produced by the interac- However, none of the experiments report any excess, and upper of super-heavy monopoles in the range 10–5 < β < 10 –2. At the other tions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with the cosmic microwave ● Further reading limits on the neutrino fl ux and on the cross-section for interactions end of the kinematic spectrum, radio-cherenkov detectors such as background radiation. in the absence of a discovery so far, this All of the talks are available on the workshop website at http:// between weakly interacting massive particles (WiMPs) and nucle- rice and AniTA provide the best limits for ultrarelativistic mono- fl ux can be assumed to be at a level compatible with gamma-ray indico.in2p3.fr/event/epnt13. ons have been calculated over an ample range of WiMP masses, poles of intermediate mass, at the level of 10–19 cm–2 s–1. constraints from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The neu- from about 1 GeV (Super-Kamiokande) to 10 TeV (icecube). An Another bright signature, although from a different process, is trino-nucleon cross-section will depend on the number of extra Résumé

example of the long-term search capability, as well as consist- produced by slowly moving heavy nuclearites. These massive stable dimensions, nD, and a lack of events over the expected fl ux can Les télescopes à neutrinos à la recherche d’une physique exotique

ency in data analysis, was presented for the Baksan experiment. lumps of up, down and strange quarks could be detected in neutrino be transformed into a limit on nD. However, the effect in neutrino Although it has the smallest of the detectors mentioned above, it telescopes through the blackbody radiation emitted by the over- telescopes with volumes of a cubic kilometre or so is not big. For Le deuxième atelier sur les études de physique exotique au moyen

has gathered data over 24 years, from 1978 to 2009. heated matter along their path. From the analysis of 310 days of live values of nD not excluded by the LHc, fewer than one event a year de télescopes à neutrinos s’est déroulé en avril, à Marseille. Six ans time in the years 2007–2008, the AnTAreS collaboration reported is estimated for icecube. only with the larger radio arrays is the après le premier atelier du genre, les sujets de discussion étaient Monopoles, nuclearites and more a fl ux limit at the level of 10 –17 cm–2 s–1 sr–1 for nuclearite masses larger expected number of events of the order of 10 per year. nombreux. La construction des grands télescopes à neutrinos Monopoles and heavy, highly ionizing particles leave a unique sig- than 1014 GeV and β around 10–3. indeed, the limit improves previous The recent two peta-electron-volt events announced by the IceCube et ANTARES a en effet été achevée, et les recherches nal in a neutrino telescope: a strong light-yield along the path of the results from the MAcro experiment by a factor of between three icecube collaboration have already been used to set stringent limits indirectes de matière noire, de monopôles et d’autres phénomènes particle, which is much more intense than the usual track-pattern of and an order of magnitude, depending on the nuclearite mass. on the violation of Lorentz invariance. if strict Lorentz invariance de la physique au-delà du Modèle standard vont bon train. Les deux a minimum-ionizing muon. if the particle is nonrelativistic, then The atmosphere, acting as a target for ultra-high-energy cos- does not hold, then neutrino bremsstrahlung of electron–positron télescopes ont déjà permis d’établir de premières limites sur les the separation of such a signal from relativistic muons traversing mic rays, can be a useful source for searches of physics beyond pairs (ν → νe+e–) is possible, so extragalactic neutrinos would rap- sections effi caces et les fl ux, qui complètent les études menées avec the detector is even easier. However, dedicated online or offl ine the Standard Model. The interaction of a cosmic ray of energy idly lose energy via such a process. This would lead to a depletion des détecteurs de neutrinos plus petits et au LHC. triggers are needed because for a nonrelativistic particle, light is around 1011 GeV with a nucleon in the atmosphere takes place at of the ultra-high-energy neutrino fl ux at the Earth. Assuming that deposited in the detector over a time of up to tens of milliseconds, a much higher centre-of-mass energy than is achievable in accel- the icecube events are, indeed, extragalactic (that is, they have Carlos de los Heros, Uppsala University, Vincent Bertin and Jürgen instead of a few microseconds for a relativistic muon. erator laboratories and a wealth of physics can be extracted from travelled of the order of megaparsecs from the sources to the earth) Brunner, CPPM, Klaus Helbing, Wuppertal University, and Vlad Popa, The best limit for fast (β > 0.75) monopoles, at a level of about such collisions. Supersymmetric particles can be produced in pairs and that the extragalactic high-energy neutrino fl ux is at most at Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest.

36 37 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Faces & Places Faces & Places a W a r D s

a PPOiNtMENts Prize time at EPS-HEP 2013

Nigel Lockyer becomes director of Fermilab The ATLAS and cMS collaborations are among the winners of the 2013 european Physical Society High energy Physics prizes. Physicist nigel Lockyer, head of TriuMF, Nigel Lockyer will be Fermilab’s next The High-energy and Particle-Physics canada’s national laboratory for particle director. (Image credit: TRIUMF.) Prize, for an outstanding contribution to and nuclear physics, will in September high-energy physics, is awarded to the become the sixth director of Fermi national two collaborations, “for the discovery Accelerator Laboratory. of a Higgs boson, as predicted by the Lockyer will be a familiar face to many. Brout-englert-Higgs mechanism”, and to He spent 22 years as a researcher on the cDF future of the fi eld looks to be very exciting; it Michel Della negra, Peter Jenni and Tejinder experiment at Fermilab, starting in 1984. He is a great time to be a particle physicist.” Virdee, “for their pioneering and outstanding was co-spokesperson of the 600-member Lockyer is an accomplished physicist and leadership roles in the making of the ATLAS experiment from 2002 to 2004. leader. in 2006 he won the Panofsky Prize for and cMS experiments”. The Board of Directors of the Fermi measuring the lifetime of the bottom quark. The Young experimental Physicist research Alliance, which operates Fermilab During his time as director of TriuMF, Prize for outstanding work by one or more for the uS Department of energy, offered starting in 2007, the laboratory opened new young physicists in the fi eld of particle Lockyer the top job at the conclusion of a facilities, developed new technology for physics and/or particle astrophysics also Left to right: EPS-HEP prize-winners Tejinder “Jim” Virdee and Michel Della Negra of nine-month, international search. He will creating medical isotopes, pushed for the recognizes research at the LHc. it goes to CMS and Peter Jenni of ATLAS. succeed Pier oddone, who retired in July commercialization of innovations from the Diego Martinez Santos in the nikhef LHcb after eight years as head of the laboratory. physical sciences and established canada’s group “for his outstanding contributions to In the fi eld of neutrino physics, the Super-Kamiokande and Sno experiments”. “The opportunity to lead one of the world’s fi rst accelerator-science co-operative the trigger and commissioning of the LHcb Giuseppe and Vanna cocconi Prize for Finally, Don Lincoln of Fermilab (and most prestigious particle physics laboratories agreements with Japan, india, china and experiment, and the analyses leading to fi rst an outstanding contribution to particle the University of Notre Dame) is the fi rst 0 + – was too good to pass up,” says Lockyer. “The Korea. evidence for the rare decay Bs →μ μ ”. astrophysics and cosmology in the non-european to receive the outreach Zohar Komargodski of the Weizmann past 15 years goes this year to Arthur Prize, for outstanding outreach achievement institute receives the 2013 Gribov Medal McDonald, director of the Sudbury neutrino connected with high-energy physics and/or Brookhaven Rome honours for outstanding work by a young physicist in observatory (Sno) collaboration and particle astrophysics, “for communicating theoretical particle physics and/or fi eld theory Yoichiro Suzuki, director of the Kamioka in multiple media the excitement of “for his deep insights into the structure of the observatory, “for their outstanding high-energy physics to high-school students appoints new memory of renormalization group in four-dimensional contributions to the solution of the solar and teachers and the public at large”. fi eld theories and, in particular, his proof (with neutrino puzzle by measuring the fl ux of ● The awards are to be presented at the physics chair Pontecorvo Adam Schwimmer) of the a-theorem”. all neutrino fl avours from the Sun with the ePS-HeP 2013 in Stockholm on 18–24 July.

Laurence Littenberg takes the reins as chair The year 2013 is the centenary of the birth In a ceremony on 29 May, Roy Steve Myers, director of accelerators of the physics department at Brookhaven of Bruno Pontecorvo, one of the great Kerr of Canterbury University and technology at CERN, is to national Laboratory (BnL) as of 1 July. He physicists of the 21st century and a pioneer in Christchurch, New become an offi cer of the Order of the succeeds Thomas Ludlam, who has served as of high-energy physics. To honour his Zealand, received the Albert British Empire (OBE) for services to chair since September 2007. memory as a person and a scientist, the Einstein Medal 2013, awarded science and technology, as Littenberg joined BnL in 1974 and has Physics Department of Sapienza university, by the Albert Einstein Society, announced in the Queen’s Birthday been recognized for his role in ground- in rome, will hold an international meeting, in Bern. The medal, which is to Honours list for 2013. Myers has had breaking research in particle physics. As “The Legacy of Bruno Pontecorvo: the Man honour extraordinary a leading role in the development of part of an international team of 50 physicists, and the Scientist”, on 11–12 September. achievements related to CERN’s particle colliders over the Littenberg discovered and measured the rare Bruno Pontecorvo’s life was characterized Einstein’s legacy, is awarded past 40 years, including the kaon decay K+→π+vv at the e787 experiment by his ground-breaking scientifi c ideas to Kerr for his “1963 Intersecting Storage Rings, the at the laboratory’s Alternating Gradient and by his ideological choices, sometimes discovery of a solution to Large Electron–Positron collider Synchrotron (CERN Courier December dramatic, which marked his destiny as a Einstein's gravitational fi eld and the LHC. In his current role at 2008 p6). person and as a scientist. The meeting will equations”. The Kerr metric CERN, he is responsible for the in his new role, Littenberg will oversee be a fi tting tribute to the memory of the describes space–time around roy Kerr with the 2013 Albert exploitation of the LHC. Steve Myers, oBe. BnL’s physics portfolio. This includes the Laurence Littenberg is the new chair at youngest ragazzo di Via Panisperna and a spherical mass with angular einstein Medal. (image credit: Additional honours this year relativistic Heavy ion collider, which is the Brookhaven’s physics department. (Image provide an opportunity to encounter and momentum, such as a rotating edith ruchti, Bruegg.) include an OBE for James Hough, chief executive of Scottish only particle collider currently operating credit: BNL.) celebrate his scientifi c vision and his civil black hole. Universities Physics Alliance and research professor in natural in the uS, as well as the laboratory’s role commitment. The scientifi c programme The Albert Einstein Society was founded in Bern in 1977 and the philosophy at the University of Glasgow, for services to science. at the LHc – particularly in the ATLAS Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, as well will revisit the steps that led him to his fi rst medal was awarded to Stephen Hawking in 1979, the Hough is well known for his research on gravitational waves and is collaboration. He also takes charge of BnL’s as the long-standing programme in neutrino important scientifi c results and review his centenary of Einstein’s birth. The society also maintains Einstein’s the UK’s principal investigator on the GEO 600 Gravitational collaboration in the Baryon oscillation research, which includes the uS proposal for legacy for today’s neutrino experiments. former fl at at 49 Kramgasse in Bern as a commemoration site open Wave Detector being built by a University of Hanover/MPQ/ Spectroscopic Survey and the development a future Long Baseline neutrino experiment ● For further information, see www.roma1. to the public. University of Glasgow consortium. of a multi-gigapixel camera sensor for the (CERN Courier April 2012 p12). infn.it/pontecorvo/.

38 39 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Faces & Places Faces & Places

W O r k s h O P 2013 Markov prize recognizes progress in CAS course in Italy neutrino oscillations specializes in

contributions to the study of neutrino superconductivity oscillations in experiments with accelerator and reactor neutrinos, and to This year’s spring cern Accelerator School the measurement of the mixing angle θ13, (cAS) focused on superconductivity for Participants at the spring CAS travelled to link the winners of the 2013 Markov Prize. accelerators. Held at the ettore Majorana Italy from far and wide, including Belarus, Yury Kudenko of the institute for nuclear Foundation and Centre for Scientifi c Culture China, India, Japan and North America. research (inr) of the russian Academy of (eMFcSc) in erice on 24 April – 4 May, (Image credit: Alessandro Noto EMFCSC.) Sciences (rAS), Moscow, and Alexander it attracted 94 participants representing olshevsky, head of the nuclear Problems 23 nationalities, including an ethiopian studies with great enthusiasm and produced Laboratory of Jinr, Dubna, received the studying in Germany. some excellent results. Harald Fritzsch, right, of the Ludwig- award at the 2013 Markov readings held at Following some lectures to recapitulate The general feedback was positive and Maximilians-Universitäet in Munich the inr on 14 May. background accelerator physics and the refl ected the high standard of the lectures. visited the University of Leipzig on 16 May under Kudenko’s leadership, the russian Left to right: INR deputy director, Leonid Bezrukov, Alexander Olshevsky, Yury Kudenko fundamental processes of superconductivity, in addition to the academic programme, the to receive an honorary degree for his work group working on the long-baseline and academician Victor Matveev. (Image credit: INR.) the course covered a range of topics in participants had the opportunity to visit the on quantum chromodynamics. Growing up experiment T2K in Japan developed a unique superconductivity and highlighted the latest Museum of the nave Punica in Marsala and in East Germany, Fritzsch had studied at scintillation detector for the near detector. signifi cant contributions to the precision each year at the Markov readings, an developments in the fi eld. Realistic case the Greek temple and Hellenistic theatre at Leipzig in the years 1963–1968. Beate The group continues to participate in data measurement of θ13 at Daya Bay. international seminar held to commemorate studies and topical seminars completed the Segesta. Schuecking, left, of the faculty of medicine, taking and analysis. olshevsky is a leader The Markov Prize was established by the russian physicist, who made pioneering programme, which featured 35 lectures, ● The next cAS will be an advanced-level is the president of Leipzig University. of the Jinr teams working on the oPerA inr-rAS in commemoration of Moisey contributions to neutrino physics, as well three seminars and seven hours of case course held in Trondheim, norway, on (Image credit: Leipzig University.) and the Daya Bay neutrino-oscillation Markov (1908–1994), one of the founders as to quantum gravity and at the borderline studies. The participants pursued the case 18–29 August (http://cas.web.cern.ch/cas/). experiments. He and his group made of the institute. The prize is awarded between particle physics and cosmology. W O r k s h O P Award winners François Englert, left, and CERN, Higgs and Peter Higgs at CERN on 4 July 2012. Taming the beam–beam effect Englert receive The awards date back to 1981 and seek to encourage and promote scientifi c and An icFA mini-workshop on “Beam–Beam of these effects will be essential for extending the requirements of the LHc experiments Prince of Asturias cultural values. effects in Hadron colliders” took place at the physics reach of today’s colliders. and for the operation of the collider. The The award recognizes that science is cern in March to discuss and summarize The workshop at cern capitalized on need for luminosity-levelling techniques to performed through collaboration of theory the current understanding of beam–beam what has already been learnt at existing make optimal use of the luminosity is a new award and experiment and through the efforts of effects. organized by the LHc beam–beam colliders. experimental data from the LHc, aspect of beam–beam studies. The possible the thousands of particle physicists involved team and sponsored by the international Fermilab’s Tevatron and the relativistic implementation of such techniques and their in an announcement made on 29 May, the in cern’s research. Both englert and committee for Future Accelerators (icFA), Heavy-ion collider at Brookhaven cast expected side effects through the beam– Prince of Asturias Foundation awarded be presented in the autumn in oviedo at a Higgs paid tribute to robert Brout, who the ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de light on beam–beam effects in hadron beam interaction need attention and careful François englert, Peter Higgs and cern the ceremony chaired by the Prince of Asturias, passed away in May 2011 and whose work Lausanne and the High-Luminosity LHc colliders. Several years of LHc operation design. Suffi cient diagnostic tools form an 2013 Prince of Asturias Award for Technical Felipe de Borbón, heir to the throne of Spain contributed to the Brout-englert-Higgs project, it attracted around 60 accelerator have provided valuable data and experience important ingredient in this context. An and Scientifi c Research. The awards will and honorary president of the foundation. mechanism. physicists from laboratories worldwide. and led to much better understanding as important part of the work at the meeting was A challenge with most particle colliders is well as some unexpected results. Data were dedicated to discussing possible beam–beam h O N O u r s Nigel Glover, left and Terry the demand to extend the physics capabilities also presented from lepton colliders such compensation schemes and their application Wyatt, now both FRS. (Image by increasing the luminosity, that is the as KeKB, VePP, BePc and DAPHne, to the LHc. The Royal Society credits: G Robson and T Wyatt.) collision rate. However, the “beam–beam where novel schemes including the use of The outcomes of the topical sessions were interaction” has been and continues to be a crab cavities to minimize the side-effects put together in a summary session chaired elects new fellows performance-limiting effect for both hadron of crossing angles have been tested. These by Alex chao of Stanford university and and lepton colliders. This occurs in colliders concepts are highly relevant for the High SLAc. Giving his personal impressions, he when the beams experience each other’s Luminosity LHc upgrade programme and emphasized the remarkable progress and Two particle physicists have joined the ranks electromagnetic fi elds as they pass through for future collider studies. large number of new ideas and concepts that of Fellows of the royal Society (FrS) in the common beam pipes in the region of the Advances in the theoretical treatment have been developed in recent years. new uK following the 2013 election in May. experiments. complex collision patterns can of beam–beam effects and in simulation effects, such as the interplay between beam– nigel Glover of the university of Durham lead to unwanted and sometimes unexpected techniques were discussed in dedicated beam interactions and other components has made pivotal research contributions effects and problems including instabilities, sessions. new tools now enable beam–beam – for example electron cloud and machine to the understanding of data collected exploitation of the perturbative structure of has developed powerful discriminants particle losses, orbit distortions and increases effects to be predicted more reliably, allowing impedance – need to be studied in more at high-energy particle colliders. His QCD. of signatures for the production of heavy in beam size. An unexpected additional improvements to be made in the design of detail. Although the work might not be theoretical studies of weak boson, Higgs Terry Wyatt of the university of quarks (b and t) and electroweak bosons (W problem occurs in the LHc where the future colliders and upgrade projects. easy, the approach to this interesting fi eld of and jet production in particular are used Manchester is distinguished for his and Z) implemented at cern’s Spp–S and instantaneous luminosity might be too large The impact of beam–beam effects on accelerator physics is promising. worldwide. He is especially distinguished contributions to the experimental verifi cation Large electron–Positron colliders and at to be exploited effi ciently by the experiments. the operation of the LHc was discussed ● For further details, see https://indico.cern. for his contributions to the development and of the Standard Model. in particular, he Fermilab’s Tevatron. The understanding, control and optimization in other sessions, with presentations on ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confid=189544.

40 41 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Faces & Places Faces & Places

C O M P u t i N G O u t r E a C h improbable research. educators and students CERN launches CERN hosts its showed that you are never too young to be a research scientist, while surprises included a Google Glass tour of the LHc tunnel. project to restore fi rst TEDx TED is a non-profi t organization that supports “ideas worth spreading” through info.cern.ch The inaugural TeDxcern event took talks of 18 minutes or less given at two place on 3 May in the Globe of Science and annual TeD conferences and posted online. innovation, with a live webcast elsewhere at TeDx (x = independently organized TeD cern and participating institutes around event) is a programme of local events that on 30 April 1993, cern published a the world and online. using the theme of create a similar experience. in addition to statement making World Wide Web “multiplying dimensions”, the event went the event on 3 May, scientists from cern technology available on a royalty-free beyond particle physics with speakers worked with animators from TeD-ed to basis. This allowed the Web to fl ourish ranging from pioneers to young scientists. develop fi lms about particle physics to by making the software required to run a A packed audience was enthralled by educate and entertain. web server, a basic browser and a library of talks on topics ranging from networking ● All videos and animations are available code, all freely available. To mark the 20th chemistry and DnA to citizen astronomy, online via http://tedxcern.ch. anniversary of this publication, cern has the early universe and the Higgs boson, and started a project to restore the fi rst website from seafl oor earthquakes and “big data” TEDxCERN hosts included Nobel laureate and preserve digital assets associated with to consciousness, gendered innovation and George Smoot. the birth of the Web. The plan is to re-establish the fi rst web address – http://info.cern.ch – putting back Passport starts the fi les that were there in their earliest possible iterations, enabling people to experience the line-mode browser and the A screenshot of the original NeXT web browser as it looked in 1993. with a bang neXT browser and editor. The team will look at the fi rst Web servers at CERN and addresses to their original state. Through this ● To learn more about the fi rst website see what assets from them can be preserved restoration and more, the project aims to tell project or to get involved, visit http:// in collaboration with its local partners, and shared, restoring machine names and iP the story of the early days of webs. fi rst-website.web.cern.ch. cern inaugurated “Passport to the Big Bang” on 2 June – a new, permanent, B r u N O F E s t scientifi c tourist trail that links key points Ferrara and many others talked about some above ground around the ring of the Large Berkeley of the tremendous theoretical ramifi cations Hadron collider. Ten exhibition platforms The inauguration included a 54-km of this pioneering work, which also underlies explain the fundamental research conducted mountain bike rally (top left) and numerous hopes for new physics beyond the Standard at cern. They are located in eight French activities including detector model-building honours Zumino Model, as reviewed by Luciano Maiani, and Swiss communes and are linked by (top right). From now on, visitors can tour Fabiola Gianotti, Gigi rolandi and John 54 km of sign-posted itineraries. the 10 stages around the LHC (bottom). Schwarz, in particular. one highlight of the The inauguration day began with a Friends, collaborators and colleagues of meeting was Gianotti’s public lecture, which mountain-biking rally for hardened and local tourist offi ces. They can then Bruno Zumino met at the Berkeley center provided a welcome opportunity to share enthusiasts followed by a bicycle tour tour the area on foot or by bike to “stamp” for Theoretical Physics at the beginning some of the latest news from cern on the for families. in the afternoon a myriad their passports at the various platforms and of May to honour him on the occasion of Higgs boson discovery with the Berkeley of attractions at all stages of the circuit take part in “Mission LHc” to claim their his 90th birthday. A leader in theoretical community and to remind them of the included oriental dance, reptiles, music With the route now in place, visitors to personalized reward. physics for many decades, Bruno is intellectual giant living in their midst. schools, cryogenic demonstrations, building the area can pick up their own passports, ● Find out more about the trail at http:// universally respected as a kind and generous Bruno’s more recent infl uential detectors from Kapla and much more. available in French or english from cern passeport-big-bang.web.cern.ch/en. colleague and adviser to many generations developments were also the focus of of younger physicists. The event was a Bruno during a trip to Europe in 2011. discussion at the meeting, notably his well as theoretical advancements in QCD multifaceted celebration with many personal (Image credit: Courtesy Sergio Ferrara.) pioneering work with Mary Gaillard on A new timeline and the understanding of strong interactions. reminiscences adding fl avour to the scientifi c duality. The concept of duality underlies in this way, it shows how ALice has adapted memories and latest news. broken symmetries. Participants were many of the most exciting developments in to the developments in heavy-ion physics Featuring among Bruno’s many reminded that Bruno and Wess introduced string theory throughout the past couple of for ALICE over the years. The timeline brings people achievements that were recalled at the ideas from geometry and topology into decades. into the spotlight, showcasing those who conference – in particular by edward Witten – particle physics that underlie the modern Bruno has been a pillar of the Berkeley To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the have contributed to the success of ALice, were his rigorous proofs with Gerhart Lüders treatment of anomalies and much else. physics community since moving from ALice experiment, its website presents from building the detector to developing the of the spin-statistics and cPT theorems, currently, much theoretical and cern in 1981 and many of his present a new timeline that traces its history from software for data collection and analysis. The among the most profound results in quantum experimental interest centres on and former colleagues and students 1993, when the original letter of intent result is a media-rich online resource. fi eld theory. Several speakers, including supersymmetry, a concept introduced into there expressed the scientifi c esteem and was submitted, to 2013, when the fi rst ● Visit http://alice20.web.cern.ch/alice20/ Steven Weinberg, also mentioned his realistic 4D fi eld theories in a brilliant series personal respect they have for him. All of proton–lead run took place. to view this journey of discovery. beautiful formulation – together with curtis of papers that Bruno wrote in collaborations the participants wish Bruno the best for the The timeline highlights the connections callan, Sidney coleman and Julius Wess – with Julius Wess, Sergio Ferrara and John future. Will nature be kind enough to reveal between ALice and other heavy-ion The new online ALICE timeline traces the of effective Lagrangians for spontaneously iliopoulos at cern in 1973 and 1974. supersymmetry soon? experiments at cern and worldwide, as experiment's 20-year history.

42 43 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Faces & Places Faces & Places

M E D i C a L P h Y s i C s Also on 21 May, The Turkish minister Viliam C´ islák, left, of health, Mehmet the state secretary of Müezzinog˘lu, CERN hosts workshop on X-ray detectors for medicine the ministry of health left, visited CERN of the Slovak Republic, on 22 May. During The 2nd Workshop on Medical Applications degraded spectral fi delity. The programme are permitting the fi rst functional imaging came to CERN. He his visit to the of Spectroscopic X-ray Detectors attracted of talks then began with sessions on sensor using spectral information. was welcomed by CMS underground 104 participants to cern on 22–25 April. materials, continuing with ASics and image There were presentations during the Rolf Heuer, the experimental area, Among those attending were some processing and concluding with pre-clinical workshop from spin-off companies using director-general, seen he was presented 50 representatives from industry and and clinical applications. technologies originating in high-energy here presenting the with a book of the sizeable numbers from prestigious medical Spectroscopic imaging should complement physics at cern, in2P3 in France, inFn in state secretary with a experiment by Tiziano schools in europe and the uS. other modalities such as magnetic resonance italy, the KTH royal institute of Technology temperature-sensitive Camporesi, deputy The scientifi c committee – chaired by imaging (Mri) and positron-emission in Sweden and the Paul Scherrer institute in mug showing the spokesperson of the cern’s Michael campbell – also included tomography (PeT). in particular, it is Switzerland. Taking advantage of the location history of the universe. CMS collaboration. key staff from major medical-equipment potentially faster, more specifi c and has at cern, participants also appreciated a suppliers. Many such companies now have better spatial resolution, whereas Mri talk by John ellis on the physics of the LHc active internal research programmes in this provides excellent soft-tissue detail and PeT and beyond, as well as a presentation on the On 4 June, Elio Di Rupo, Tissa Vitharana, new fi eld, which has taken off in the two is extremely sensitive. results from a team ATLAS experiment by Markus nordberg and the prime minister of Sri Lankan senior years since the fi rst workshop. at the Mayo clinic, rochester, in the uS, a visit to the site of the detector. Belgium, left, visited CERN minister of scientifi c The meeting started with an overview demonstrated that spectral information could The workshop summary talk was given accompanied by groups of affairs, right, toured given by norbert Pelc of Stanford university. be used to classify kidney stones according by Anthony Butler of christchurch, new Belgian school students. the LHC tunnel He highlighted some of the expected benefi ts to their composition. With no increase in Zealand, a member of the team developing His tour included the CMS during his visit to of spectroscopic imaging, such as improved X-ray dose, optimized treatment plans were the Medipix All resolution System (MArS), underground experimental CERN on 5 June. He detector quantum effi ciency, dose reduction proposed to patients, in some cases avoiding which is a small-animal scanner. He area with theoretical was accompanied by and material identifi cation, as well as some unnecessary surgery. other researchers concluded that “spectral molecular imaging” physicist François Englert CERN’s international of the remaining challenges – principally presented biological tracers labelled with will provide clinicians with novel data for of the Université Libre relations adviser charge sharing and pile up leading to heavy atoms (e.g. gold nano-particles), which diagnosis. de Bruxelles, centre, Rudiger Voss, left, and Joe Incandela, the and vice-president v i s i t s spokesperson for the CMS CERN Council, Walter collaboration. Van Doninck. David Willetts, centre, the The minister of UK’s minister for universities communications, and science, visited CERN on science and N EW P r O D u C t s The president of Austria, 9 April. He is seen here in the technology of Lesotho, Heinz Fischer, second ATLAS cavern with, left to Tseliso Mokhosi, Lake Shore has announced the introduction from right, with spouse, right, John Womersley, chief came to CERN on of its Model 121 programmable Dc centre, and the Austrian executive of the UK’s STFC, Dave 17 May. His time current source, which will replace a range minister for science and Charlton, ATLAS collaboration at the laboratory of existing current sources. The Model research, Karlheinz spokesperson, Paul Collier, included a tour of the 121 current source is intended for testing, Töchterle, right, came head of the beams department, ATLAS visitor centre measuring, and operating resistive and to CERN on 11 June. and Sarah Gillett, the UK’s and underground semiconductor devices such as diodes. The Their visit included a tour ambassador to Switzerland. experimental area. Model 121 provides a low-noise, highly of CERN’s Antimatter stable Dc current source with six decades Decelerator with AEGIS of output current, operator-selectable collaboration spokesperson Leoš Heger, the minister The minister or programmable in the range 100 nA – Michael Doser, left. of health of the Czech of health for 100 mA, a large LeD display and a uSB Republic, was one Greece, Andreas interface for integration with automated test of several important Lykouretzos, systems. For more details, contact sales@ visitors to CERN on was another lakeshore.com or visit www.lakeshore.com. For more details, contact Aya Tonooka, oliver Kalmey, tel: +49 5407 8766–12 or 21 May. His visit included visitor to CERN tel +44 1252 811666, e-mail atonooka@ e-mail [email protected]. a tour of the LHC on 21 May. His Murata has introduced the UDQ murata.co.uk or visit www.murata.eu. superconducting magnet tour included the series of isolated digitally controlled Telonic Instruments has introduced a test hall and the LHC CMS underground Dc/Dc converters. incorporating a 32-bit RST has announced the 4th generation of new range of low-cost high-performance tunnel, as well as ATLAS experimental area ArM7 processor, the 420 W regulated its cable glands that also protect sensitive benchtop digital oscilloscopes manufactured and the Antiproton as well as the LHC UDQ2204/001 model is the fi rst in a series of plant from electromagnetic interference, by rigol Technologies. Designated the Decelerator. tunnel. Dc/Dc converters from Murata to include ensuring their uninterrupted operation. DS-2000 series, the range consists of three a PMBus-compatible digital interface. The The new euro-Top eMc contact system oscilloscopes with a bandwidth of 70 MHz UDQ is an isolated, fully regulated, quarter facilitates quick and safe cable connection (DS2072), 100 MHz (DS2102) and 200 MHz brick supporting the TnV input-voltage by remaining open and allowing the (DS2202). The 8-inch (800 mm × 480 mm) Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international range of 36–75 V with a typical effi ciency stripped cable to be pulled through. The wide colour WVGA screen enables easy contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, of 95.5%. The PMBus interface facilitates new generation meets the requirements of viewing of waveform displays. For more seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for monitoring of input and output voltages and protection types iP68 and iP69K for the details, contact Bob or Doug Lovell, tel: +44 faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected]. currents, as well as operating temperature. entire gland range. For more details, contact 118 9786911 or e-mail [email protected].

44 45 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Faces & Places Faces & Places

O B i t u a r i E s Massimiliano Ferro-Luzzi 1932–2013 Jean-Jacques Loeffel 1932–2013 Massimiliano (Max) Ferro-Luzzi, a well Max then turned for a while to weak Jean-Jacques Loeffel passed away from known cern physicist, passed away on interactions and neutrinos, fi rst in 1984 Alzheimer’s disease on 22 April. He was 18 March. His contributions to particle with an experiment at cern’s Proton 80 years old. physics span a period of more than 40 years. Synchrotron, then in 1986 at the Alternating Jean-Jacques was born in the “Jura Max grew up in Asmara (eritrea) and Gradient Synchrotron in Brookhaven, using bernois” in Bienne. He studied at eTH studied at rome university, where he joined Conversi fl ash tubes. He also conducted Zurich and began working on a PhD under the nuclear-emulsion group of edoardo some tests of the fi rst prototype for the Wolfgang Pauli. However, Pauli died at the Amaldi and graduated in 1955. Here, icAruS neutrino detector. narrow end of 1958 so it was res Jost who became he investigated antiproton reactions in resonances were again at stake from 1989 his supervisor. in autumn 1962, Jost sent emulsions exposed at Berkeley’s Bevatron, onwards, this time in p–p annihilations in Jean-Jacques to cern and it was then that where antiprotons had just been produced for the JeTSeT experiment at the Low-energy we in the Theory Division discovered his the fi rst time. Antiproton ring (LeAr), with an emphasis immense talents. He played a major role From the start – and throughout his on p–p → φ(1020)φ(1020) → 4K. Various in the collaboration that led to the KLM career – Max combined careful analysis particle-identifi cation devices were used to (Toichiro Kinoshita, Loeffel and André of data with special attention to technical cope with the four-kaon fi nal state, including Martin) paper. This considerably improved improvements (in this case the automation of a variant of the ring-imaging cherenkov the fi xed-angle bound on the high-energy track measurement) and better instruments. detector designed specially for this purpose. scattering amplitude compared with the With the scarce statistics available then, When LeAr ceased operation in 1995, previous result of Marcel Froissart, assuming no unexpected features showed up but the Max joined the DirAc collaboration, the Mandelstam representation. observation of a fi rst candidate for the decay Max Ferro-Luzzi. (Image credit: D Drijard.) looking for the formation of ππ atoms, Jean-Jacques then travelled to various – of a Σ + seems to have marked the beginning and led the cern group that played an places: Dubna (where he spoke French of Max’s interest in strange baryons, Kp and Kn interactions in hydrogen and important role in setting up and carrying with nicolai Bogoliubov and learnt a little including the Y* hyperons, as they were deuterium bubble chambers. His most out the experiment. He also took care russian), Seattle, new York university, the Jean-Jacques Loeffel. (Image credit: Liliane Loeffel.) known in those days. important contribution using data from of the design and implementation of the institute for Advanced Study in Princeton Starting in 1960, he spent three years at bubble chambers was the discovery and ionization hodoscope and trigger at the core and orsay – where he acted as a neutral as illustrated by the following example. Bethe lattices, illustrating the diversity of his Berkeley as a national Academy of Sciences study of baryonic resonances, especially the of the detector. Overall, the fi rst steps of negotiator between students and professors There were meetings between physicists and interests. fellow in Luis Alvarez’s legendary group. He elucidation of hyperon resonances. For this the experiment greatly benefi ted from his during the events of May 1968, but mathematicians in Strasbourg every year. on Jean-Jacques was not only immensely analysed the pictures of the 15 inch hydrogen he organized several successful european participation and guidance. nevertheless produced a fundamental paper one occasion, Arthur Wightman (who died not cultured in mathematics and physics but bubble chamber exposed to a K− beam. With collaborations, for example the cern- Max was a member of the Proton on the “inverse problem” at fi xed energy long ago), said that his student, Barry Simon, also in literature, philosophy, religion, the Λ(1520) and Σ(1660), he began a fruitful Heidelberg-Saclay (cHS) collaboration that Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron (the reconstruction of a potential from the was convinced that carl Bender and Tai Tsun mineralogy, botany, ornithology and amateur career as a discoverer of hyperon states. By for a decade was the world champion team for Committee in 1981 and the scientifi c scattering amplitude). Last, he returned to Wu had made a mistake in their treatment of astronomy. He liked art, including modern carefully analysing data collected in Λ(1520) studying Kn two-body interactions below an secretary of the research Board in the years Switzerland and – after some time – became the anharmonic oscillator. on the train back art and music: he sang in the Bach choir in formation in K−p interactions, he was also able incident momentum of 2 GeV/c. Again, the 1984–1997. He retired from cern in 1997. professor at the university of Lausanne, to Switzerland, Jean-Jacques took a piece Lausanne with his wife, Liliane. in short he to determine – together with Bob Tripp and systematic studies of Y∗ formation were the intellectually rigorous yet tempered by teaching also at the École Polytechnique of paper and in three lines proved that it was was a perfect honnête homme. He also liked Mason Watson – the KpΣ parity. This result, basic ingredient for fully establishing Su(3) a degree of pragmatism in interpreting Fédérale de Lausanne. He was a rigorous Simon who was wrong. This led to important to make his friends taste excellent Vaudois when put together with previous knowledge symmetry and the quark model. experiments, Max was a keen advocate of teacher and published relatively few papers results on the bound states of the anharmonic white wines. on the KpΛ parity, indicated that the ΣΛ In the late 1960s Max was among the fi rst linguistic precision. The papers reporting his but they were all of a high level. oscillator. Jean-Jacques also did excellent For all of us, his passing is a great loss. parity was even. This was a key test for Su(3) to realize the need to move to electronic own results are models of the kind. He also He was sharp, deep and sometimes quick, work on Borel summable functions and on ● André Martin, CERN. symmetry because, if the Σ and the Λ are to be detectors. “in this twilight of the old took great care in presenting physics in an assigned to the same Su(3) octet, they must fashioned hadron spectroscopy,” as he put it, “organized”, pedagogical way, as shown by have even relative parity. The issue was settled Max formed a small group of counter- and his review papers and summer-school courses. defi nitely one year later by another team, in an bubble-chamber physicists who from 1970 He had a highly individual view of the world. Albert (Bacco) Messiah 1921–2013 experiment at cern that measured directly to 1980 focused – by purely electronic means He used to “call a spade a spade” and could the ΣΛ parity to be even. – on a high-statistics study of low-energy be blunt but his steps were always those of a in 1963 Max moved to cern, where hadron elastic-scattering and the search for prudent, correct and rigorous person. Albert M L (Bacco) Messiah died on 17 April San-Jean-de-Luz in the south-west of the the French colony from the Vichy French he spent the rest of his working life – with structures. Here, he pioneered a number of Max was a remarkable physicist. His 2013 in Paris. He had a remarkable life, both country where they hoped to be sheltered military forces who actively opposed the the exception of a sabbatical year at SLAc new techniques in multiwire proportional friends loved him: his death is a hard loss as a physicist and educator who wrote the from the nazis. After hearing a radio talk by Allies. At the end of 1944 he joined the in 1976. As one of the leaders in the Track chambers and ultraviolet cherenkov-light for them. fi rst books on modern quantum mechanics Marshal Pétain during the drive south – and 2nd Armored Division in the liberation chamber division, he continued to analyse detection. ● His colleagues and friends. from which two generations of French realizing that Pétain would not resist the of Strasbourg and was part of the allied physicists learnt quantum mechanics and as a nazis – Messiah resolved to leave France, advance into Germany. He was in the unit member of the Free French Army during the expecting to fi ght the Germans in Africa. that occupied Berchtesgaden and he took Second World War. He joined a group of Poles on a ship that trophies, including Hermann Goering’s Albert Messiah was born in nice on he thought would go to Africa. instead the briefcase and Adolf Hitler’s ruler, both of 23 September 1921. At the start of the ship went to London where Messiah joined which he later donated to the Museum of the VACUUM VALVES Second World War, he and his brother André charles de Gaulle and the Free French Liberation. were studying at the ecole Polytechnique forces. Having been a French Jew who escaped in the north of France. Their uncle hired in September 1940 Messiah joined an France to fi ght in the Free French Army of Request our NEW catalogue: www.vatvalve.com them to drive himself and his wife to expedition to Dakar that failed to liberate de Gaulle, he was awarded a grant to study

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YI0404EC_Banner_VacuumValves_RequestOurNewCatalogue.indd 1 06.03.09 15:37:28 CERN Courier July/August 2013 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Faces & Places Recruitment and work at the institute for Advanced French on quantum mechanics for many Study, Princeton, in the uS. The seminars years. Messiah later became the director of F OR ADVERTISING ENQUIRIES , CONTACT CERN C OURIER RECRUITMENT / CLASSIFIED, IOP P UBLISHING , TEMPLE C IRCUS , TEMPLE WAY, B RISTOL BS1 6HG, UK. TEL +44 (0)117 930 1264 FAX +44 (0)117 930 1178 E- MAIL SALES @ CERNCOURIER . COM at the institute were incomprehensible the physics division at the French Atomic P LEASE CONTACT US FOR INFORMATION ABOUT RATES , COLOUR OPTIONS , PUBLICATION DATES AND DEADLINES . to Messiah, who had only a high-school energy commission and a professor at the education in physics, and he became Pierre and Marie curie university in Paris. depressed to the extent that he considered Messiah collaborated with oscar abandoning his plans to become a physicist. Greenberg on identical particle statistics National Superconducting Fortunately he met robert Marshak at a other than bosons or fermions. This work www.stfc.ac.uk Cyclotron Laboratory meeting of the American Physical Society led directly to Greenberg’s suggestion FACULTY POSITION IN in Washington, Dc. Marshak suggested of parastatistics of order 3 for quarks, EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEAR SCIENCE that Messiah move to the university of which was the fi rst suggestion that quarks Michigan State University (MSU) invites applications for a faculty position in exper- rochester and work for a uS PhD in carry a hidden three-valued charge, now The Science and Technology Facilities Council brings strategic leadership imental nuclear science at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory to UK investments in large national and international research facilities, (NSCL). NSCL faculty members typically have joint appointments in an academic physics. colloquially called “colour”. together with delivering world-class science and technology. The Council department, such as Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry, or Engineering, where When Messiah returned to France, he Messiah’s fi rst wife Jacqueline, died is involved in some of the world’s most advanced facilities, such as ISIS. they are expected to teach and supervise graduate students. Applications are par- taught quantum mechanics at the French suddenly in 1962. He then married Janine ticularly encouraged in emerging areas of research and technology complement- ISIS is a world-leading source of pulsed neutrons and muons located at the ing NSCL’s existing research portfolio. These areas broadly include nuclear astro- nuclear centre at Saclay. There was no Grenier in 1964. He has three children, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near Oxford. We currently have an physics, the study of fundamental symmetries and neutrinos, nuclear structure text on quantum mechanics in French Martine, Antoine and Pierre Henri, as well opportunity for a Mechanical Engineer to join the ISIS Design Division and and reactions, and applications of nuclear techniques to other fields. until he wrote his two-volume Mécanique as four grandchildren. work closely with fellow engineers and scientists, providing high level The successful candidate is expected to add new research directions to the labo- Quantique, published by Dunod in 1959. We will remember Bacco for his warmth designs for one off items, then contributing to managing the manufacture, ratory, conduct worldleading research and innovative technological developments, installation and commissioning of the equipment you have produced. and contribute to the strong graduate and undergraduate science programs in one His books were translated to english by and kindness, for his sense of humour and for of the broad areas indicated above. Depending upon qualifications, the position G M Temmer, as well as to other languages. Albert “Bacco” Messiah. (Image credit: the depth of his understanding of physics. can be filled at the assistant, associate, or full professor level. Mechanical Engineer (£36,000 - £40,000 pa) The books were the standard references in Janine Messiah.) ● O W Greenberg, University of Maryland. NSCL is a world-leading laboratory for nuclear science and is operated as a Accelerator Design Engineering Group national user facility for research with rare isotope beams funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). It is home to forefront research programs in Working for the ISIS Design Division, you will be responsible for the nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear chemistry and accelerator science high level engineering designs of complex mechanical components for with more than 50 Ph.D. students at any time. NSCL is a Core Institution of the Perihan Tolun 1934–2013 various parts of our particle accelerator, such as normal conducting Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics (JINA), an NSF Physics Frontier Center. An magnets, RF structures, diagnostics and UHV vacuum systems. This Applied Isotope Science Program has recently been started. MSU is also funded by the U.S. Department of Energy to establish the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams work includes the conceptual phase of design, performing stress, (FRIB) as a national user facility. Research at FRIB promises major new thermal and other engineering calculations, through to the advances in many fields. Information about NSCL, JINA and FRIB can be found Perihan Tolun, the fi rst experimental particle procurement, testing and installation phases. physicist at the Turkey and Middle east at nscl.msu.edu, jinaweb.org and frib.msu.edu; details about NSCL faculty We are looking for an engineer with a thorough understanding of appointments are provided at http://www.hr.msu.edu/documents/ Technical university (MeTu), passed away fundamental engineering principles (thermal, stress, fluid dynamics), facacadhandbooks/NSCLFacPos.htm. on 27 May in istanbul at the age of 79. and the ability to apply this understanding to the design and operation The successful applicant must have a Ph.D. and normally is expected to have Perihan Tolun graduated in the top rank of broad range of bespoke equipment on our operational particle postdoctoral experience. Applications will be reviewed starting October 15, 2013. accelerator. An appetite for learning and an ability to cross boundaries For immediate consideration, please go to www.jobs.msu.edu and apply for from the science branch of Arnavutköy posting number 7953. Applicants should also email a cover letter with a CV, a list American college for Girls, a renowned into physics, electrical engineering, controls and plant are key attributes. of publications, a research plan (no more than two pages), and the names and high school in istanbul, in 1955. She then email addresses of at least three references to [email protected]. came fi rst among the physics applicants for An excellent index linked pension scheme and generous leave allowance MSU is committed to achieving excellence through cultural diversity. The universi- is included. Review of applications will commence on the 9th August. For ty actively encourages applications and/or nominations of women, persons of a rockefeller scholarship to study abroad for further information or to apply, please send your CV and a coving letter color, veterans and persons with disabilities. an advanced degree. She used the scholarship to: [email protected] to go to Bristol university, where she earned www.stfc.ac.uk www.isis.stfc.ac.uk her BSc in 1961 and a PhD in 1966. While in Bristol, she worked in cecil Powell’s group, participating in experiments at the Proton MSU is an Affirmative Action, Equal Opportunity Employer. Synchrotron, which is how her association with cern began. Following invitations from the eminent Perihan Tolun. (Image credit: M and N Simuhin.) Join us on Twitter for the Turkish physicists Erdal İnönü and Feza CERN Courier (color)European Spallation Source AB is Gürsey, Tolun joined the Physics Department image for the cHoruS experiment. A new 1991 onwards, her participation in the cern latest physics and Size: 2 (3.7”) x 6.5” at MeTu, Ankara, in 1966. She spent the system was later developed for the oPerA neutrino programme continued with the preparing to construct a world-leading Issue : July 21 European materials research centre in rest of her career there until her retirement experiment in the Gran Sasso national cHArM ii and cHoruS experiments, with engineering positions Lund, Sweden. ESS is partnered by a in 2001, with periods as a research associate Laboratory. signifi cant Turkish contribution, especially Deadline: June 28large number of European countries. at Yale university (1970–1971) and cern Tolun’s fi rst experiment at CERN, with in cHoruS. Following her lead, after the (1976–1977). She was remained an active Powell’s group for her PhD, involved the cHoruS experiment, MeTu joined the researcher at MeTu until the beginning of measurement of the magnetic moments of the oPerA collaboration. 2013, just before her illness was diagnosed. Λ0 and Σ+ hyperons. After she joined MeTu Tolun was highly respected: she was At METU, Tolun started the fi rst group in 1966, under her leadership the group from compassionate, courteous, thoughtful and Be part of the future! in experimental particle physics and set Ankara collaborated with cern, Lausanne, candid. She dedicated her life to science up a laboratory where manual stereo Munich and rome in the subsequent and her passing away is a great loss to the microscopes were installed for analysis experiment, making precision measurements particle-physics community in Turkey. She www.twitter.com/brightrecruits We are looking for a highly qualified: of elementary-particle tracks in plates of of the magnetic moment of the Λ0 hyperon. in will be remembered by her students and photographic emulsion. The lab was then 1977, her group joined the WA17 experiment, colleagues as a brilliant researcher, inspiring PerSonnel Protection SyStem engineer equipped with an automatic microscope measuring the lifetime of charmed hadrons teacher and adviser. system, in which a ccD camera reads out the produced in neutrino interactions. From ● Mehmet Zeyrek, METU/Ankara. See all our positions at: www.esss.se/careers

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2011 BR Odd Sizes for recruitment.indd 5 02/07/2013 11:41 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Changing Lives Accelerators | Photon Science | Particle Physics

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association Use your physics skills ACCELERATOR to help 1,000,000 RESEARCHª cancer sufferers each year DESY, Hamburg location, is seeking: Scientist (f/m) Tenure Track DESY Elekta is a human care company pioneering DESY is one of the world’s leading centres for the investigation of the structure of matter. DESY develops, runs and uses accelerators and detec- significant innovations and clinical solutions tors for photon science and particle physics. for treating cancer and brain disorders. The Accelerator research at DESY in Hamburg, Germany, is being extended company develops sophisticated state of the into new research fields and strengthened with additional resources. DESY accelerator research is part of the Helmholtz ARD program that art tools and treatment planning systems for aims at reinforcing a coordinated, world-class accelerator R&D program in radiation therapy and radiosurgery, as well as Our preference is for candidates to Germany that includes all Helmholtz centres and institutes and has close be educated to MSc or PhD level or collaborations with universities. The DESY focus is on conventional and workflow enhancing software systems across equivalent. The ability to work to tight deadlines plasma-based accelerators with applications in photon science, particle the spectrum of cancer care. physics and atto-second science. The position of a tenure track scientist and within a successful team is also essential for in accelerator research is open. these roles. The position We have a number of vacancies for Physicists • Conduct experimental and conceptual studies in accelerator research and development. Participate in one or several of the following research to join our R&D Physics group in Crawley. The Current vacancies include, but are not themes: Design and construction of a dedicated accelerator research Physics group is responsible for providing support limited to: area in the DORIS beam facility, experiments on ultra-high gradient to the business and contribute with designs and plasma acceleration, research on electron pulses in the atto-second regime, studies with free-electron lasers at FLASH and XFEL measurements in the following areas: Physics of R&D Physicist (Delivery Systems) • Study realistic applications of new accelerator technologies for photon Radiotherapy Systems, including beam generation science and particle physics, prepare new project proposals and pre- The position will involve the evaluation of measurements and dosimetry (electron beams, MV and kV photon sent them in various committees in- and outside of DESY techniques and tools for the Quality Assurance and • Help in the supervision of master and PhD students beams), general Radiation Physics, Monte Carlo performance assessment of image-guided radiotherapy simulations and other computational modelling Requirements Linac systems, in particular with regard to more • Studies of physics or engineering with a PhD degree methods, Control Systems for experiments, • Several years of experience in accelerator, nuclear or particle physics advanced techniques, such as Volumetric Modulated Radio-Frequency components and theory, Optics, • Knowledge of experimental techniques and data analysis in accelerator Arc Therapy and stereotactic treatments with high-dose or particle detector physics Detector Physics, Physics of X-ray sources and • Experience in computer simulations and numerical methods rate beams. In this role, the candidate will also be Imaging Systems. For further questions contact Dr. Ralph Aßmann, phone +49 40 8998-3187, expected to provide technical advice to the business [email protected]. regarding the interpretation of international compliance Successful applicants will take a leading role in Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service standards. Candidates should have at least a degree organisations in Germany. Classification is based upon qualifications and supporting the development of new products and will in Physics, Medical Physics, Radiation Physics or assigned duties. DESY operates flexible work schemes. People with dis- be involved on a number of projects including both abilities will be given preference to other equally qualified applicants. closely related discipline, with significant experience of DESY is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages computational and experimental activities. Ideally radiotherapy, acquired either in an industrial or clinical applications from women. There is a bilingual kindergarten on the DESY site. candidates will have experience of environment. Familiarity with radiotherapy physics QA Please send your application quoting the reference code, also by e-mail, to: image-guided medical accelerator systems and the programmes and tools is required. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY ability to contribute in several of the areas that the Human Resources Department | Code: EM067/2013 Notkestraße 85 | 22607 Hamburg | Germany Physics group is responsible for. Knowledge of clinical To apply for this and other vacancies please visit Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 | E-mail: [email protected] workflows in radiation oncology and demonstrable Deadline for applications: 25th July 2013 our website www.elekta.com and apply via the www.desy.de experience of technical innovation will generally be careers section. an advantage. Projects will often offer interaction with The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s Research Hospitals and other Institutions, therefore largest scientific organisation. www.helmholtz.de exceptional written and spoken communication skills

The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s will be required. largest scientific organisation. www.helmholtz.de

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Summer Bookshelf Summer is the season of conferences for physicists with holidays squeezed in where possible. For those with time for reading something other than drafts of their latest papers and preprints with new results, this Bookshelf features a few books for more relxed reading – or for recommending to family and friends while the hard work continues.

The Particle at the End of the Universe By Sean Carroll Oneworld Hardback: £16.99 Paperback: £9.99 in his latest book, Sean carroll, author of the brilliant From Eternity to Here, has produced an accessible read aimed at the layperson interested in an up-to-date account of the state of particle physics and, in particular, the discovery of the Higgs boson. carroll is was more respectful of cern’s science, the powerful but unscrupulous head of the Police Agency subsequently confi rmed well placed to offer the reader an in-depth providing detailed scientifi c descriptions but large experiment that is likely to bring him 15,883 deaths, ensuring that this date will view of the world of particle physics, being the chequered history of accelerators: the his position as an exceptionally talented with the risk of breaking the rhythm of the the Nobel prize; Helena, the hyper-effi cient, live long in the Japanese cultural memory. close enough to give a personal account yet engineering challenges and the agonies of writer of diffi cult physics concepts for the novel (CERN Courier December 2011 p59). fi ghting and bright director-general of Strong in the Rain brings together six maintaining the perspective of an onlooker. having your machine switched off when layperson. He weaves together fascinating By contrast, J J Gómez cadenas has been cern; and Boiko, a natural-born killer, stories from people affected by the tragic As a result he is a superb advocate of the case a major discovery could be just around facts, amusing anecdotes and insightful gifted with a rare combination of talents: he who escaped to Geneva from the horrors events associated with the earthquake/ for “Big Science”, which he demonstrates to the corner; or the frustrations of not analogies. in storyteller style, with colourful is a good writer and a professional particle of Chernobyl and Grozny. The deadly fi ght tsunami on 11 March. The book is described full effect in both the opening and closing getting the machine built at all, as with the characters and thrilling plots, he propels physicist (CERN Courier March 2013 p23). between Hector and Boiko has the intensity as “part history, part science” and the chapters of the book, beginning with several Superconducting Super collider. in this way, the reader along the journey that particle As a result, Materia Strana is a powerful of the pages of Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite authors use the experiences of the six people snapshots of physicists celebrating the the account does justice to the magnitude physics has made in our lifetime. The thriller based on an almost realistic Runner. intermixed with dreams and ghosts in the book, in addition to their own, to paint milestones that led up to the announcement of and achievements of the LHc and its layperson can empathize with the emotional scientifi c case that fi ts well with an engaging crossing the border between life and death, a tale of heroes and villains. the major discovery at cern on 4 July 2012. experiments. highs and lows of research, the patience and narration. these stories provide the texture for a decent The book gets off to a slow start but the By interweaving the scientifi c concepts What is meant by the “discovery” of a tenacity required to bring a project like the The possible existence of stable strange thriller where good wins eventually over reading becomes gripping once the stories with chapters on historical, social and particle is also explained clearly, together LHc to completion and the laudable level matter in the universe was put forward by evil, although with a heavy toll. move on to the tales of the six central political aspects of particle physics, carroll with the issues concerning the timing and of co-operation that the particle-physics edward Witten and independently by Álvaro ● Roberto Battison, University of Trento. protagonists. it delves into the Japanese dilutes the hard bits with human interest, control of such announcements, especially community demonstrates to other large and De rújula and Sheldon Glashow in 1984. cultural strengths and weaknesses in equal appealing to the widest possible audience. given the high level of public interest. complex organizations – to quote: “if only Some neutron stars could, indeed, be strange Strong in the Rain measure, from the lack of information He conveys the central importance of the Concerning the diffi culties of apportioning the united nations could work like cern, stars. The possibility that high-energy By Lucy Birmingham and David McNeil provided regarding the nuclear meltdown at Higgs discovery before going into the credit, Carroll proposes that scientifi c the world would be a better place.” ion–ion collisions could create chunks of Palgrave Macmillan the Fukushima Daiichi to the best qualities theory in any detail, so that we get an idea collaborations should be allowed to win the ● Theresa Harrison, Ilmington. strange matter that would have a tendency Hardback: £17.99 $ 27.00 of the Japanese spirit and character, which of what the fuss is about. He explains that nobel prize and that “Whoever gets that to grow exponentially in size was debated E-book: $12.99 are embodied in the town mayor who the particle at the end of the universe is not rule change implemented might deserve the Materia Strana (Strange Matter) when the relativistic Heavy-ion collider Some dates will remain in the public changes press coverage of the nuclear a reference to the Higgs boson’s location nobel Peace Prize”. By J J Gómez Cadenas, translated from the original started operating in the uS. The probability consciousness forever, given their cultural meltdown with a heartfelt plea uploaded to in space or time but rather its location in A couple of errors should be mentioned: Materia Extraña, published by Espasa Calpe of this happening has been calculated to be impact. Personally, these would include YouTube. our understanding, as the fi nal piece of the Higgs boson is repeatedly credited Edizioni Dedalo negligibly low but in Materia Strana it is 11 September 2001 (the attacks on the twin Living somewhere like the uK it is hard the Standard Model. This marks the end with distinguishing the electron from the Paperback: €16 assumed to be much higher – dangerously towers in new York), 7 July 2005 (the London to picture the epic scale of this disaster of the journey to describe our everyday neutrino and the up quark from the down, cern has attracted the attention of a high for a high-luminosity, ion–ion LHc at underground bombings) and 11 november but the authors weave between the stories surroundings and the beginning of a new era etc. The important qualifi cation that this number of writers as a stage for their cern. (Armistice Day, commemorating the end of of the protagonists to make you feel like of full discovery. The theme is developed statement holds true only for the left-handed thrillers and in most cases they have been This is the main theme around which the First World War). you were there. The book manages to be further when carroll gets into his stride components of these particles is mentioned assisted on the scientifi c background by a truly international thriller develops On 11 March 2011 the Tōhoku earthquake both heart-breaking and uplifting in equal with dark matter, supersymmetry and only latterly. Also, there is an unfortunate friends or by interviews with key cern involving irene, the gifted young occurred approximately 70 km off the measure and the title Strong in the Rain string theory, demonstrating how the Higgs sign error in the diagram of Fleming’s scientists. in Dan Brown’s Angels & theoretician with iranian roots and Héctor, coast of Japan. it was the most powerful – taken from a famous Japanese poem – particle can act as a portal for exploring as left-hand rule – not a big deal in itself but Demons, cern’s science portfolio was an an amazing experimental physicist from the earthquake ever to hit Japan and the fi fth becomes an apt description of the events that yet unreachable phenomena. enough to undermine confi dence in the excuse for writing a science-fi ction novel in uS with multiple backgrounds as a boxer, most powerful to be recorded since records unfold. True to the headline-grabbing comments book for some readers, perhaps giving the which special effects overshadow reality to soldier and scientist, who becomes involved began in 1900. The earthquake triggered Some books portraying historical events of intrigue and drama in high-energy impression that it has been rushed into print. create shocking situations. Bruno Arpaia’s in a highly dangerous mission in iran – as powerful tsunami waves that reached have the potential to become dated but i physics on the cover, the book recounts With this book carroll consolidates L’Energia del Vuoto (Vacuum’s Energy) well as with irene. There is also Friedrich, heights of up to 40 m. The Japanese national believe that Strong in the Rain will stand

52 53 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier July/August 2013 Bookshelf

up well to the test of time. This is mainly particularly interesting. in addition, the because of the human stories within the author presents diffi cult theoretical topics in book that leave you questioning how you an accessible way that i really appreciated. might have behaved under similar stress. The fourth part is where i was expecting What would you leave and who would you the most from the author, as i knew he had save? What does it take to be a hero? it also worked at cern to develop machines to leaves you thinking how important learning be used for hadron-therapy, the medical from the past is to save us all in the future. technique that uses particle accelerators i would heartily recommend this book and to treat tumours. However, although he is will be lending it to all of my friends. clearly at ease with the topics (there are ● Steve Pritchard, University of the West of England. fewer references to other publications) and the quality of the writing remains high, i This is Improbable: Cheese String Theory, thought that he would have had much more Magnetic Chickens and other WTF to say. My curiosity is therefore not entirely Research satisfi ed – which should be interpreted as ACHIEVE By Marc Abrahams an invitation to the author to write a second Oneworld book soon. Paperback: £8.99 ● HIGHEST VACUUM Antonella Del Rosso, CERN. Anyone from cern who attended the Ig Nobel show in Geneva in May, or goes From Space to Earth: Laboratory and to the real ig nobel Awards ceremony in Marketplace By Berndt Feuerbacher and Ernst Messerschmid PERFORMANCE cambridge, Massachusetts, every autumn will know why they should acquire this Men the Day France Won the 1998 World Schiffer Agilent TwisTorr 304 FS book. For those who did not and do not, cup of Football.” This is a healthy helping of Hardback: £32.50 €39.90 $39.99 Marc Abrahams is the editor of the Annals scholarship served with a light heart. if unlocking the subatomic world was The new generation Agilent 300 l/s turbo pump with Agilent of Improbable Research and the founder of ● Tim Radford, science editor of the Guardian until a defi ning aspect of the fi rst half of the Floating Suspension the ig nobel Awards. He is also a columnist 2005. 20th century, then the opening up of our • HIGH PERFORMANCE: Proven best performance on the market, with for the Guardian and here i declare an neighbourhood in space took on a similar New TwisTorr stages optimized for H Compression Ratio interest: he is a friend and this book is a Simmetrie dell’universo: Dalla scoperta mantle during the second half. With the 2 collection of his Guardian columns. But dell’antimateria a LHC launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957, the space age • INNOVATION: Agilent Floating Suspension, the breakthrough bearing even if i did not have an interest to declare, By Paolo Berra began. More than 50 years on, “space” is technology that reduces acoustical noise and vibration i would say the same thing about this rich Edizioni Dedalo now part of daily life – think of satellite assembly of risible research. Paperback: €16 broadcasting and GPS systems – but it • RELIABILITY: Ideal for demanding instrumentation, if you want to know more about the Paolo Berra is a nuclear engineer who continues to excite. academic and research applications air-conditioning capacity of the human worked for many years at cern before First published in German as Vom All in Learn more: www.agilent.com/chem/TwisTorr304FS nose (a paper published in the Annals of going on to do an MBA at Harvard. His den Alltag (Motorbuch 2007), From Space Biomedical Engineering) or why european background and education are so diverse to Earth charts the achievements of half a washing machines tend to walk across the that it was diffi cult to know what to expect century of space fl ight. It does this not so much room (Journal of Sound and Vibration) or from his book for the general public about in chronological order but in sections on, for why an 18th century Bishop of Durham is the symmetries of the universe. However, example, space in everyday life, exploration survived by his rectum (no longer attached i think that the result of this “experiment” of the solar system and the work of astronauts to the bishop, it is pickled in a jar at the turns out to be a success. in space. This brings back memories for older Hunterian Museum of the royal college of The book starts with a general readers – from Sputnik-spotting through Surgeons in London), then this is the book introduction to the physics of the the fi rst Moon landings to amazing views of for you. You can also learn about the effect 20th century: Paul Dirac, erwin Jupiter and Saturn relayed by the Voyager of mobile phones on sexual behaviour in Schrödinger, Albert einstein and the spacecraft and incredible landscapes seen rabbits; medical uses for tea bags; and the theories that revolutionized our vision of through the eyes of Mars rovers. effect of garlic bread on family interaction. the universe. The author then goes on to However, it is the younger generation – in 2002 doctors in Bristol warned in the talk about the Standard Model, richard the future astronauts, space engineers and BMJ that just watching sport could be a Feynman, symmetries, unifi cation theories, scientists – who the authors have fi rmly in health hazard: “risk of admission for acute black holes and other mysteries that the their sights. Highly experienced in space myocardial infarction increased by 25% universe is still hiding from researchers. fl ight and space science, they started out on 30 June 1998 [the day england lost to This journey through the history of science as physics students –Messerschmid was Argentina in a penalty shoot-out] and the and its leading fi gures ends with part three a cern fellow who became an astronaut GET A QUOTE following two days.” A team in Lausanne of the book. The fourth and last part breaks (p28 of this issue). So they are well placed DISCOVER INNOVATION reported in the International Journal of with the narrative as the author focuses on to include side texts that explain the physics TRADE-UP & UPGRADE Toll-Free EU 00-800-234-234-00 Cardiology that sudden cardiac deaths were the machines that are necessary to explore behind the achievements. For those who want TO TWISTORR 304 FS Toll-Free US 1-800-882-7426 up 63% during the World cup, compared what he calls “Big Science”. to join in, pages describe what it takes to be

with an equivalent period a year earlier I liked the fi rst three parts a great deal. an astronaut, while the fi nal chapter looks © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2013 when there was no World cup. These things The language is clear and the logical into the future and the possibility of space balance out: in the journal Heart, two French links between various historical periods colonization – something that the authors see doctors wrote a paper entitled “Lower and scientifi c fi ndings across the years as inevitable, given the technology. Myocardial infarction Mortality in French are emphasized, making the reading ● Christine Sutton, CERN.

54 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3

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CernCourier Luglio-Agosto 2013_OK.indd 1 02/07/13 13:40 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 cerncourier V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3 Contents 5 N ew s 15 A r c h i v e  30 The return of quarkonia • IceCube detects ultra-high-energy events and observes LHC results cast light on heavy quark–antiquark bound states. oscillations ISOLDE experiments: from a new magic number to F e a t u r e s • 32 Beauty in Bologna the rarest element CMS sees first direct evidence for γγ→WW 17 The Tevatron’s data continue to excite • The latest news from the Beauty 2013 international conference. • ALICE through a gamma-ray looking glass • New precision Latest results from 10 years of proton–antiproton running. measurement of the Λ lifetime Council updates European b • 23 ClearPEM clarifies breast cancer diagnosis 35 Neutrino telescopes point towards exotic physics Strategy for Particle Physics EC and CERN support major facility • A dedicated PET device has its origins in detectors for the LHC. Report from a workshop in Marseilles. in Middle East • ILC Technical Design Report is published • Giant magnet ring makes epic journey • DESY inaugurates prototype for 26 The case for a circular e+e– Higgs factory 38 F a ce s &P l a ce s  the Cherenkov Telescope Array Options for a Higgs factory include a bigger version of LEP. 49 R ec r u i t men t  12 S c i encew a t c h  28 From CERN to space – and back 52 oo k s h elf A CERN fellow who became an astronaut talks about his life. B 14 A s t r ow a t c h  cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 6 J u l y /A u g u s t 2 0 1 3