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The Challenges of Change: a Tracer Study of San Preschool Children in Botswana

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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 463 848 PS 030 260 AUTHOR le Roux, Willemien TITLE The Challenges of Change: A Tracer Study of San Preschool Children in Botswana. Early Childhood Development: Practice and Reflections. Following Footsteps. INSTITUTION Bernard Van Leer Foundation, The Hague (Netherlands). REPORT NO No-15 ISBN ISBN-90-6195-062-7 ISSN ISSN-1382-4813 PUB DATE 2002-02-00 NOTE 115p.; Funding provided by UNICEF Botswana. For number 14 in this series, see ED 462 143. AVAILABLE FROM Bernard van Leer Foundation, P.O. Box 82334, 2508 EH, The Hague, Netherlands. Tel: 31-70-3512040; Fax: 31-70-3502373; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.bernardvanleer.org. PUB TYPE Books (010)-- Reports Evaluative (142)-- Tests/Questionnaires (160) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Achievement; Comparative Analysis; Corporal Punishment; *Culturally Relevant Education; Developing Nations; Dropouts; Followup Studies; Foreign Countries; Intervention; *Minority Groups; Outcomes of Education; Parent Attitudes; *Parents; *Primary Education; Program Descriptions; Social Change; Student Adjustment; Teacher Attitudes; *Young Children IDENTIFIERS Botswana; *San People ABSTRACT This report details findings of a study undertaken during 1993-1995 in the Ghanzi District of Botswana to ascertain the progress of the San children in primary school, comparing children who attended preschool to those who did not. The report also describes the Bokamoso Preschool Programme, started in 1986. Data for the study were collected through interviews with San parents and questionnaires and interviews with primary school teachers. Findings focus attention on the difficulties of the San people in responding to current demands that they earn a livelihood through agriculture rather than through traditional hunting and gathering practices. San people have found it difficult to understand and adjust to the formal system of education in which children are often sent to boarding schools far from their parents. The main findings deal with the lack of mother-tongue teaching and materials in the primary schools, the lack of cultural understanding, and the system of corporal punishment in the schools. The report concludes with 13 recommendations for improving the chances of success for San children entering the formal education system. An epilogue adds further recommendations made by the San themselves and general recommendations for governments and nongovernmental organizations in the area of education. Two appendices contain the tracer study questionnaire and additional data tables. (Contains 26 references.) (KB) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 0 0 * 0 f I 0 0 : P U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Office of Educational Research and Improvement DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) yThis document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it 13. Al OchePt El Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinions stated in this INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy 1 trnar Van 4 About the Bernard van Leer Foundation The Bernard van Leer Foundation is a private foundation based in The Netherlands. It operates internationally. The Foundation aims to enhance opportunities for children 0-8 years, growing up in circumstances of social and economic disadvantage, with the objective of developing their potential to the greatest extent possible. The Foundation concentrates on children 0-8 years because research findings have demonstrated that interventions in the early years of childhood are most effective in yielding lasting benefits to children and society. The Foundation accomplishes its objectives through two interconnected strategies: oa grantmaking programme in selected countries aimed at developing culturally and contextually appropriate approaches to early childhood care and development; and othe sharing of knowledge and know-how in the domain of early childhood development that primarily draws on the experiences generated by the projects that the Foundation supports, with the aim of informing and influencing policy and practice. The Foundation currently supports approximately 150 projects in 40 selected countries world wide, both developing and industrialised. Projects are implemented by project partner organisations that may be governmental or non-governmental. The lessons learned and the knowledge and know-how in the domain of early childhood development that are generated through these projects, are shared through a publications programme. The Bernard van Leer Foundation was established in 1949. Its income is derived from the bequest of Bernard van Leer, a Dutch industrialist and philanthropist, who lived from 1883 to 1958. CIP-DATA KONINKLLIKE BILBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG le Roux, Willemien The challenge of change: A tracer study San preschool children in Botswana Willemien le Roux - The Hague : Bernard van Leer Foundation Ill. (Early childhood development: practice and reflections) ISSN 1382-4813 ISBN 90-6195-062-7 Subject headings: childcare, community development, early childhood project, preschool, primary school cover photo: by Coby Visser A ° 0 0 0 0 ' 0 I . 0 . 0 0 000 0. 0 A O 0 0 00 A0 . A '90 A . S. O 000 0 0 . 0 A 00 A 0 ft 00 0 0 A A ID 00 . 00O A0 I . A0 0 I. A 0 A A0 09 0 . AO A . 0 0 0 A 0 0. 0 0 OSO 00 . e see 0-- oe - 00 0 0 A 00 0 A0 0 0AA 09 0 . 0 II 0 0 0 A0 AO 0 0 O 0 .01 0 . :0 0 - 0-o. I ' 010 . - De . -1, eel, D-- es - 10 e -s op .1.0 -0 s 40-e -0 0 0 II* D-- op - s o - - . el e . o se e- S. :e 5- G 0 . - : . : .. -0 0 D . -0.0 - 0 I- - - 0 5 A 0 0 A : . ' 0 . 0 . 0A0O A . 00 0 . oe . o 0-- so - 0 AO O 0 o -0 . 0 . 0 . -0 .o : o 0.0 111 0 0 0.: Contents Foreword 4 Acknowledgements 8 Glossary/abbreviations 9 Executive summary 11 Map of the area 12 Chapter one Introduction 14 Chapter two Early childhood in Botswana 20 Chapter three The people: a closer look 30 Chapter four The surveyhow it was done 42 Chapter five The survey results 48 Chapter six Discussions and conclusions 70 Chapter seven Recommendations 82 Epilogue 88 Bibliography 100 Appendix One Enrolments, repetition rates and dropouts in 104 Ghanzi District, 1997-2000 Appendix Two Survey questionnaire io8 rn' arr' 74,71 A ".7 bfre ^ N.'*" "7". , - 01 44, r,r;42 , 4 , ; k -AO 41. rrrrr 1,.4".,k, r. `. , .- , e,!,,' 444, .'"' IZ'it ,d1.14 e.44'..4,... ' '.'fkr''' '''''"-. It. i .1A.'4 '''..;"' ;''Ir'"'" '' 4, ..,,, ' ^,;;irr.r. t''''s .!... 4 IA ' `rr ' t' ' ' 4" -.44,34...,..14",t4.''. -44 - -:^, 4 :,7," '' . .44.2::"-,,,..:',',,..','4,444,,,f4,-, Tr.."' :-- '' '" , "rrCP rk ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4",,,"..,44..:,, , - :.' t r ,,,,, r. '. i' 4.,1`,,, " ., ': 4: ,4.1,.. ....., r ,' ^- ' - 4.04 1rt . ...,,,,,,,rrk r ..... - 40,.....i r.' `r A ' ' ;,...,,,,-1,44.,,.re ,,,f A -, 1. .,- El..., (- .r. .......,...., P 7' r - '.r' -. r rr- r- f .' , . ..., PO r',..,.. t..,4,--,,,.,..447:17.,...,`a,..."; ,.,'14.,1,..,,,,, ,,..r'r..,7:,''' 1,kk,k ,,,,,,..,..,tk,,, ktk1-1. I t f Foreword The San (also called Bushman or Basarwa) population of Botswana is among the last groups of hunter-gatherers still surviving into the 21st century. Few of the San are now able to exist solely by hunting and gatheringmuch of the land they used to live from is now fenced and farmed, while most of the animals they hunted can now only be found in protected game reserves. The values and norms by which the San have lived for centuries are different in many respects to those of the majority of the Botswana population; thus, adaptation brings with it barriers that can seem insurmountable for both adults and children. This report of a tracer study of the Bokamoso Preschool Programme describes very clearly, sometimes poignantly, how these differing values and norms affect the children of the San. In traditional society, San children were not kept apart nor confined to 'classes'. It was a society in which children were brought up as equals with adults. When small, they were in almost continual bodily contact with adults; they learned by listening, watching and practising; they were disciplined orally, not physically. The Bokamoso Programme has its origins in a preschool that started in 1983 at a small farm in Ghanzi District. Over the years, it has grown to include a full-fledged preschool teacher training programme and preschools in the settlements of the Kalahari that have been established by the Government of Botswana to accommodate Remote Area Dwellerswho mainly comprise the San. Despite the efforts of the people working in the programme, it was apparent to them that the San children were facing enormous difficulties in adjusting to primary school, and it was reported that many children were dropping out at an early stage. This is the background to the decision to trace as many preschool graduates as possible, to find out where they were and what they were doing, and to look for the reasons behind success or failure. It is a sad reflection of how little has changed that we can now republish the report of the study that was carried out in 1993/1994 and first published by the Kuru Development Trust in 1995. Additional background material, and new findings from research on the situation of San children, is also included to help to bring the Bokamoso story up to date. Against a background of a people forced to adopt a new lifestyle, the results are in some respects encouraging: children wiio had attended the preschools were mostly still in school, there were many instances of parents who were very supportive of the photo: Gerry Sa bole Bernard van Leer Foundation preschools and of formal education in general, some head teachers were trying to adapt the school to the realities of the community, and many of the children believed to have dropped out were, in fact, still in school.
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    BLUE BOOK - BOTSWANA BLUE BOOK - BOTSWANA Statuwr.vlnstrurnent No.102 l~f2014 CUSTOMARY COURTS ACT (C<ip. 04:05) ESTABLISHMENT AND JURISDICTION OF CUSTOMARY COURTS ORDER, 2014 (Published on. 15th August, 2074) ARRANGEMENT OF PARAGRAPHS PARAGRAPH 1. Ciwtion 2. Recognition and establishment 3. Area of jurisdiction 4. Jmisdiction of coun 5. Jurisdiction [n respect of stock theft and drugs and re-lated substances 6. Revocation of S .I. No. 68 of 1972 SCHEDULES IN EXERCISE of tJw powers conferred on the Minister of Local Government and Rural Development by section 7 (3) of the Customary Court;; Act, the following Order is hereby made - Citation 1. This Order may be cill•d as the Establishment and Jurisdiction of Customary Courts Order, 2014. Rcx:<:>gnition ar.d 2. Tht.' customary courts listed in the flrst column of Schedule l hereto have ~stohi i shment by warrant been recognised and established as customary couJts \Vi thin the districts named in the said column. Area of 3. The area of jurisdiciion of each court shalll:>e the area stated in rdation jurisdiction to the Court in the second column of Schedule l . Jurisdiction 4. Subject to paragraph 5, the jurisdiction of each court in respel:t of civil of court and criminal matters shall be that indicated by ktters in relation to its name in the third and fourth columns respectively of Schedule 1, which letters refer to the maximum awards, fines or punishments which may be imposed, infl icted or granted by ihe court and which arc more fully indicated in s(.~hcd ulc 2.