DOCSLIB.ORG

The Inconvenient Indigenous

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Inconvenient Indigenous 1 SIDSEL SAUGESTAD The Inconvenient Indigenous Remote Area Development in Botswana, Donor Assistance, and the First People of the Kalahari The Nordic Africa Institute, 2001 2 The book is printed with support from the Norwegian Research Council. Front cover photo: Lokalane – one of the many small groups not recognised as a community in the official scheme of things Back cover photos from top: Irrigation – symbol of objectives and achievements of the RAD programme Children – always a hope for the future John Hardbattle – charismatic first leader of the First People of the Kalahari Ethno-tourism – old dance in new clothing Indexing terms Applied anthropology Bushmen Development programmes Ethnic relations Government policy Indigenous peoples Nation-building NORAD Botswana Kalahari San Photos: The author Language checking: Elaine Almén © The author and The Nordic Africa Institute 2001 ISBN 91-7106-475-3 Printed in Sweden by Centraltryckeriet Åke Svensson AB, Borås 2001 3 My home is in my heart it migrates with me What shall I say brother what shall I say sister They come and ask where is your home they come with papers and say this belongs to nobody this is government land everything belongs to the State What shall I say sister what shall I say brother […] All of this is my home and I carry it in my heart NILS ASLAK VALKEAPÄÄ Trekways of the Wind 1994 ∫ This conference that I see here is something very big. It can be the beginning of something big. I hope it is not the end of something big. ARON JOHANNES at the opening of the Regional San Conference in Gaborone, October 1993 4 Preface and Acknowledgements The title of this book is not a description of the indigenous people of Botswana, it is a characterisation of a prevailing attitude to this group. The focus is on the relationship between the government of Botswana and its indigenous minority, known as Bushmen, San, Basarwa, or more recently N/oakwe or simply Kwe. The analysis combines modern theories about ethnic groups with the under- standing of indigenous peoples that has become a topic in international debates over recent decades. It is my hope that this approach may provide a useful contribution to an understanding of the present situation in Botswana, the proc- esses that have generated this situation, and the potentials for a constructive development in the future. While the approach chosen may seem obvious and even pedestrian to aca- demics conversant with minority issues, characterising the San as an indigenous minority introduces a terminology that is seen as irrelevant or potentially divi- sive by many influential quarters in Botswana, and cumbersome by many bu- reaucrats. In these discrepant views lies much of the challenge, and also much of the justification for this study. The book is a chronicle of a period of history that was important in the establishing of San organisations and identities. It also records the story of the Remote Area Development Programme, which formed an important context for this process, and its less known but also important predecessor: The Bushmen Development Programme. It is also an essay in applied anthropology. It tries to make sense of a rather complex situation by expanding the semantic field within which the discourse on state-minority relations takes place. It is my hope that this study may contribute to the continuous analysis of their situation that the first people of the Kalahari have to undertake (and here I mean all first people, not only the organisation of that name). The data consist of publications and observations in a variety of forms: books, newspaper reports, project- and policy documents, and the public debates as these were expressed in workshops and meetings. Data were mostly collected in 1992 and 1993 when I worked as a NORAD expert attached to the Remote Area Development Programme, and was based at the University of Botswana. The events of these two years are most prominent in my analysis. However, thanks to a programme for research collaboration between the Universities of Botswana and Tromsø I have been able to keep in touch with Botswana after that period, and I draw freely, but less systematically, on events and examples up to the time of writing. Over the years that I have been working with the issues that are the topic of this study, I have incurred a debt of gratitude to a great many people. My thanks go first of all to Benedicte Ingstad, for first introducing me to Botswana and for encouragement in writing this book, and to Janet Hermans, for friendship, for sharing of interests, and for hospitality in Gaborone. Thanks to both for reading earlier versions of this study, and to Janet for patiently correcting my English. Thanks to some very good colleagues at the University of Botswana who in their different ways share my interest and concern for the topic of this book, particularly Joseph Tsonope, also a much valued counterpart in the NUFU-funded 5 San/Basarwa Research Programme, Maitseo Bolaane, Stella Monageng, Shelagh Willet and other participants in the collaborative programme. In Ghanzi, the late John Hardbattle provided inspiration and visions for the future of San people, along with Aron Johannes, Mathambo Ngakaeaja, Hunter Sixpence, Selina Magu and the late Kamana Phetso of the Kuru Development Trust and WIMSA, and Mama Rampadi and Roy Sesana of the First People of the Kalahari. Thanks also to Willemien and Braam le Roux and Coby and Hessel Visser for many stimulating discussions. Also a generalised thanks to the many people, known and unknown who appear in the photographs, whom I cannot reach individually. Your contribution is acknowledged symbolically through providing copies of this book to the organisations that strive to repre- sent you. Thanks to patient readers of previous drafts of this manuscript: Megan Biesele for reading a very early draft, Alan Barnard for meticulous comments, Ken Good for criticism, and Tony Traill for invaluable advice on Khoesan languages. Thanks to Dona Lee Davis and Helle Valborg Goldman for helpful comments on the organisation of my arguments, and Trond Thuen for comments on the concluding chapter. A previous version of this book was completed in 1998 and was defended for the degree of Doctor Philosophiae in 1999. Thanks for lucid comments from my two opponents: Richard Lee and Patrick Molutsi. The Faculty of Social Science of the University of Tromsø and my colleagues at the Department of Social Anthropology have provided a good environment to work in. The Institute for the Comparative Study of Cultures gave me a small travel grant in 1995. The Norwegian Universities’ Committee for Development Research and Education has funded the Collaborative Programme for San/ Basarwa Research (NUFU PRO 20/96) that has given me the opportunity for further travel. A grant from the Norwegian Research Council under the pro- gramme Globalisation and Marginalisation (13166/730) released me from teach- ing in 2000 and gave me the opportunity to revise and update the manuscript for the present book, and a further grant (139329/540) has contributed to the cost of publication. Thanks to Per Mathiesen, husband, friend, and colleague, for valuable com- ments on parts of the manuscript, and to Mari and Kaia, beloved daughters, who went with me to Botswana and for one year suffered a mother who took more interest in Bushmen than in wildlife safaris. Needless to say, the views and conclusions contained in this study are solely mine, and do not necessarily represent the points of view of any of the institu- tions I have been associated with. Tromsø, January 2001 SIDSEL SAUGESTAD This book is dedicated to John, and to those who have carried on. 6 Acronyms and Abbreviations BCC Botswana Christian Council BDO Bushmen Development Officer BDP Botswana Democratic Party CBRNM Community Based Natural Resource Management CKGR Central Kalahari Game Reserve DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks (MFDP) ELCIN Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia EPF Economic Promotion Fund FPK First People of the Kalahari GOB Government of Botswana GON Government of Norway ILO International Labour Organisation IWGIA International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs KDT Kuru Development Trust MFDP Ministry of Finance and Development Planning MLGL&H Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing NDP National Development Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIR National Institute of Development Research and Documentation, University of Botswana NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NUFU Norwegian Council of Universities’ Committee for Development Research and Cooperation PS Permanent Secretary RADP Remote Area Development Programme SADC Southern African Development Community SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SNV Netherlands Development Organisation TOR Terms of Reference TGLP Tribal Grazing Land Policy UB University of Botswana UT University of Tromsø VDC Village Development Committee WIMSA Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa WGIP UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations WMA Wildlife Management Area 7 Contents PART 1 – THE PROBLEM 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 26 Nation-State — Minority Relations .......................................................26 A sensitive issue .....................................................................................36 Events and arenas for observation .........................................................38
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of the Native Advisory Council in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1919-1960
    The African e-Journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library. Find more at: http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/ Available through a partnership with Scroll down to read the article. Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies, vol. 13, nos. 1 & 2 (1999) The role of the Native Advisory Council in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1919-1960 Kenneth R. D. Manungo The Bechuanaland Protectorate lagged behind most British African colonies in the development of its government. In 1920 a Native (later "African") Advisory Council was established, representing mainly the chiefs. Key issues for the Council included raclla dlscrlmmatlOn m the Protectorate, agricultural improvement, and (above all) preventing the Protectorate's transfer to the Union of South Africa. Despite calls for constitutional development, it was not until 1960 that a Legislative Council for the Protectorate was established. Background on British rule in the Protectorate British rule in Africa has been the subject of discussion by many scholars who have written on the Colonial era in Africa. Apart from a few divergences most of these sources indicate that there is a general agreement on the nature of the British Administration in their colonial territories. I "Pax Britannica" had no clear cut policy for the administration of its colonies or protectorates. What is certain is that Britain needed colonies where she could obtain raw materials and also markets for her products without much cost to the exchequer. This resulted in a policy that was later to be called "Indirect Rule".
    [Show full text]
  • From Ogoni to Endorois (African System) Through Saramaka (Inter-American System) Does Provide More
    INDIGENOUS GROUPS AND THE DEVELOPING JURISPRUDENCE OF THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS: SOME REFLECTIONS * GAETANO PENTASSUGLIA I. INTRODUCTION The African Charter on Human and Peoples‟ Rights – also known as the African or Banjul Charter (AfrCH) - lies at the core of the African human rights regime. It was adopted in 1981 and entered into force in 1986 following ratification by a majority of member states of the (then) Organisation of African Unity.1 Together with a number of classical individual rights of civil, political and/or socio-economic nature, it enshrines rights of „peoples‟ in Articles 19 through to 24. The AfrCH is monitored by the African Commission on Human and Peoples‟ Rights (ACHPR), which performs both promotional and protective functions. Such functions are principally organised around examining states‟ reports (Article 62), examining communications from individuals, NGOs or states parties on alleged breaches (Articles 47, 55), and interpreting the AfrCH more generally (Article 45(3)). Importantly individuals or NGOs may petition the ACHPR irrespective of whether they are the direct victims of the violation complained of, subject to pre- defined procedural requirements. As the number of African institutions increases,2 the ACHPR still remains central to enhancing human rights protection in Africa.3 * Fernand Braudel Senior Fellow, Department of Law, European University Institute, Italy, 2010; Senior Lecturer in International Law and Director of the International and European Law Unit, University of Liverpool, UK; Visiting Professor, University of Toronto Faculty of Law, Fall 2009. His latest publications include Minority Groups and Judicial Discourse in International Law: A Comparative Perspective (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Elephant Social Dynamics, Spatial Ecology and Human Elephant Conflict in the Makgadikgadi Salt Pans and Kalahari Ecosystems
    Elephant Social Dynamics, Spatial Ecology and Human Elephant Conflict in the Makgadikgadi Salt Pans and Kalahari Ecosystems August 2009 Submitted to: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Botswana Funded by: The San Diego Zoo and Elephants Without Borders Michael Chase Elephants Without Borders Po Box 682 Kasane Botswana Tel/Fax: ++267 6250202 Email: [email protected] PROJECT NARRATIVE Background Conservation management plans for wildlife species require accurate and reliable longitudinal information about population size, distribution, demography, reproductive rate and habitat use. However, obtaining detailed data is often hampered due to financial and time constraints imposed on local governments and scientists. Our fundamental aim in this segment of our elephant ecology study in the Kavango Zambezi TFCA is to augment the elephant conservation efforts of the Botswana Government by conducting research on the ecology of elephants in the Makgadikgadi and Kalahari ecosystems to identify factors regulating the spatiotemporal distribution and habitat use of elephants. Our ultimate goal is to share this information with appropriate authorities, communities and the scientific community, in order to mitigate Human Elephant Conflict (HEC) while simultaneously promoting the conservation of African elephants and their natural habitats in Botswana. Our study is unique and timely in that it monitors elephant range patterns in and out of national parks, across international boundaries and in habitats ranging from nearly desert to wetland/riverine environments. No other study has sought to conserve a “flagship” species by incorporating such a large and varied ecosystem. By adopting the most rigorous scientific methods and state-of- the- art techniques to derive estimates of elephant population size and distribution, as well as movement patterns across the region, we will greatly improve our understanding of the dynamic forces regulating elephant life histories, and their interactions with people thereby make significant contributions towards elephant conservation in Botswana.
    [Show full text]
  • Botswana Semiology Research Centre Project Seismic Stations In
    BOTSWANA SEISMOLOGICAL NETWORK ( BSN) STATIONS 19°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 24°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 26°0'0"E 27°0'0"E 28°0'0"E 29°0'0"E 30°0'0"E 1 S 7 " ° 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° " 7 S 1 KSANE Kasane ! !Kazungula Kasane Forest ReserveLeshomo 1 S Ngoma Bridge ! 8 " ! ° 0 0 ' # !Mabele * . MasuzweSatau ! ! ' 0 ! ! Litaba 0 ° Liamb!ezi Xamshiko Musukub!ili Ivuvwe " 8 ! ! ! !Seriba Kasane Forest Reserve Extension S 1 !Shishikola Siabisso ! ! Ka!taba Safari Camp ! Kachikau ! ! ! ! ! ! Chobe Forest Reserve ! !! ! Karee ! ! ! ! ! Safari Camp Dibejam!a ! ! !! ! ! ! ! X!!AUD! M Kazuma Forest Reserve ! ShongoshongoDugamchaRwelyeHau!xa Marunga Xhauga Safari Camp ! !SLIND Chobe National Park ! Kudixama Diniva Xumoxu Xanekwa Savute ! Mah!orameno! ! ! ! Safari Camp ! Maikaelelo Foreset Reserve Do!betsha ! ! Dibebe Tjiponga Ncamaser!e Hamandozi ! Quecha ! Duma BTLPN ! #Kwiima XanekobaSepupa Khw!a CHOBE DISTRICT *! !! ! Manga !! Mampi ! ! ! Kangara # ! * Gunitsuga!Njova Wazemi ! ! G!unitsuga ! Wazemi !Seronga! !Kaborothoa ! 1 S Sibuyu Forest Reserve 9 " Njou # ° 0 * ! 0 ' !Nxaunxau Esha 12 ' 0 Zara ! ! 0 ° ! ! ! " 9 ! S 1 ! Mababe Quru!be ! ! Esha 1GMARE Xorotsaa ! Gumare ! ! Thale CheracherahaQNGWA ! ! GcangwaKaruwe Danega ! ! Gqose ! DobeQabi *# ! ! ! ! Bate !Mahito Qubi !Mahopa ! Nokaneng # ! Mochabana Shukumukwa * ! ! Nxabe NGAMILAND DISTRICT Sorob!e ! XurueeHabu Sakapane Nxai National Nark !! ! Sepako Caecae 2 ! ! S 0 " Konde Ncwima ° 0 ! MAUN 0 ' ! ! ' 0 Ntabi Tshokatshaa ! 0 ° ! " 0 PHDHD Maposa Mmanxotai S Kaore ! ! Maitengwe 2 ! Tsau Segoro
    [Show full text]
  • Mansi Gautam Type the Insert Picture Matter……………
    Healing Initiative Leadership Linkage (HILL) Student Magazine: Country Name - BOTSWANA World without BordersMonthly update: <Date> Current News Host Editor Country Editor: Mansi Gautam Type the Insert picture matter……………. Music Art Sports Their songs cover themes such as However, the most popular sport in Botswana war, hunting, farming, school, and is football, no doubt due to the British influence religion. Singing styles range from in the country. Other popular sports unison to harmony to call–and– include cricket, rugby, tennis,softball, badmint response and are often accompanied by clapping and stomping, with an on, golf and track and field. occasional whistle or drum. Most sporting clubs in Botswana make use of social Instrumental tracks feature media to advance their cause. Taking to Facebook instruments such as Insert and Twitter, to spread news of their activity, news, the ambira(thumb piano) updates and games. The Botswana Premier picture and lengope (mouth bow). Liner League is the Commercial Wing of Botswana notes include a description of Football Association. Its website covers only Botswana’s geography, ethnic groups, football related news and updates. music, and dance. Lyrics and track notes are also included. Youth Excellence& Leader: What is catching the attention of your youth? The first ever Botswana Youth Awards will recognise their contribution in building this nation. Unveiling the awards in Gaborone, recently, Mr Benjamin Raletsatsi, the Botswana National Youth Council (BNYC) executive director said it was high time Batswana youth were celebrated and rewarded for excellence. “This is a way to formally recognise young people who are going all out in their respective communities and encourage them to greater heights,” he said.
    [Show full text]
  • Botswana Green Desert Safari with Tau Pan and Nxai Pan 12 Nights/13 Days
    BOTSWANA GREEN DESERT SAFARI WITH TAU PAN AND NXAI PAN 12 NIGHTS/13 DAYS This is a superb value 12 night safari visiting Tau Pan and Nxai Pan in the south, Pom Pom Camp and either Moremi Crossing or Gunn’s Camp in the Okavango Delta and Lebala Camp in the Kwando Concession. A short Flight by light aircraFt takes you to Chobe SaFari Lodge on the banks of the Zambezi River. On arrival into Maun you are met and transFerred For your light aircraFt transFer to Tau Pan For 2 nights. TAU PAN – KALAHARI DESERT Tau Pan accommodates up to eighteen guests in specially designed thatched units on raised decks. The camp offers truly incredible views from the ridge of an ancient sand dune, an unusual experience in a land as flat as Botswana, and overlooks the famous Tau Pan - recognised for its stark beauty and remoteness. This, the first safari camp to be built in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, is a model of environmental sensitivity. As with its sister camp, Nxai Pan, Tau Pan has been constructed with the delicate ecologies in mind. Both utilise only solar power for the generation of electricity, heating of water and pumping of water from deep under the Kalahari sands. Waste water is treated in a state-of-the-art sewerage treatment plant and the fully treated water is returned to the sands from whence it came. Activities offered at Tau Pan are game drives, day trips to the well-known Deception Valley, Sunday, Piper and Passarge Pans, star gazing, bush brunches on Tau Pan, and nature walks with Bushman trackers.
    [Show full text]
  • BEST of BOTSWANA 2020 to 2021
    BEST OF BOTSWANA 14 DAY SAFARI “BEST OF BOTSWANA” offers guests the opportunity of starting and ending off in Livingstone, near the remarkable ViCtoria Falls, as well as seeing Mkagadigadi and Sua- the world’s largest salt pans, the unique wilderness that enCompasses Nxai Pan, one of the least visited areas in Botswana and the pristine wetlands of the Okavango. This serviCed mobile safari entails a 14 day tour through wildlife areas...Nxai Pan, Moremi Game Reserve,Okavango and Chobe National Park,with diverse habitats ranging from semi-arid drylands to lush woodlands and riverine forests. Days are spent game-driving aCross vast areas, in searCh of the tremendous variety of animals Botswana is well known for-from Wild Dogs to huge herds of Elephant, the elusive Leopard, Prides of Lion and good variety of Antelope. A total of ten nights are spent inside game-reserves and beCause the number of guests are well Controlled and limited-very few vehiCles and other signs of Civilization. Only private sites are utilized to set up our well-appointed Camp. TOUR CODE WD : DEPARTURE POINT IS THE ZAMBEZI WATERFRONT HOTEL (LIVINGSTONE) Guests are required to be at the reception at 07h00 on day 1. Day 01: Mkagadigadi Salt Pans Guests depart Livingstone by road transfer (07h00) and cross the Zambezi River into Botswana at Kazungula, where the borders of Zambia, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Botswana meet. After customs and immigration formalities, you will meet your guide, who will assist with the purchase of drinks in Kasane, before driving south to the villge of Nata, which is situated on the edge of the Madgadigadi Salt Pans.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Names Standardization BOTSWANA GEOGRAPHICAL
    SCALE 1 : 2 000 000 BOTSWANA GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 20°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 24°0'0"E 26°0'0"E 28°0'0"E Kasane e ! ob Ch S Ngoma Bridge S " ! " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° Geographical Names ° ! 8 !( 8 1 ! 1 Parakarungu/ Kavimba ti Mbalakalungu ! ± n !( a Kakulwane Pan y K n Ga-Sekao/Kachikaubwe/Kachikabwe Standardization w e a L i/ n d d n o a y ba ! in m Shakawe Ngarange L ! zu ! !(Ghoha/Gcoha Gate we !(! Ng Samochema/Samochima Mpandamatenga/ This map highlights numerous places with Savute/Savuti Chobe National Park !(! Pandamatenga O Gudigwa te ! ! k Savu !( !( a ! v Nxamasere/Ncamasere a n a CHOBE DISTRICT more than one or varying names. The g Zweizwe Pan o an uiq !(! ag ! Sepupa/Sepopa Seronga M ! Savute Marsh Tsodilo !(! Gonutsuga/Gonitsuga scenario is influenced by human-centric Xau dum Nxauxau/Nxaunxau !(! ! Etsha 13 Jao! events based on governance or culture. achira Moan i e a h hw a k K g o n B Cakanaca/Xakanaka Mababe Ta ! u o N r o Moremi Wildlife Reserve Whether the place name is officially X a u ! G Gumare o d o l u OKAVANGO DELTA m m o e ! ti g Sankuyo o bestowed or adopted circumstantially, Qangwa g ! o !(! M Xaxaba/Cacaba B certain terminology in usage Nokaneng ! o r o Nxai National ! e Park n Shorobe a e k n will prevail within a society a Xaxa/Caecae/Xaixai m l e ! C u a n !( a d m a e a a b S c b K h i S " a " e a u T z 0 d ih n D 0 ' u ' m w NGAMILAND DISTRICT y ! Nxai Pan 0 m Tsokotshaa/Tsokatshaa 0 Gcwihabadu C T e Maun ° r ° h e ! 0 0 Ghwihaba/ ! a !( o 2 !( i ata Mmanxotae/Manxotae 2 g Botet N ! Gcwihaba e !( ! Nxharaga/Nxaraga !(! Maitengwe
    [Show full text]
  • The Makgadikgadi/Nxai Pans Conservation Initiative Workshop Summary Camp Kalahari September 3-5, 2018
    Charting Connections: The Makgadikgadi/Nxai Pans Conservation Initiative Workshop Summary Camp Kalahari September 3-5, 2018 Workshop Convenors Natural Selection Conservation Trust Round River Conservation Studies Botswana Predator Conservation Trust Okavango Research Institute Workshop Host Camp Kalahari, Uncharted Africa Safaris Workshop Participants Julian Griggs, Principal, Dovetail Consulting Group Samara Moreira, Instructor, Round River Conservation Studies Obert Gwapela, Park Manager for Makgadikgadi Trent Alvey, Board Member, National Park, DWNP Tholego Ngwengare, Kgosi, Round River Conservation Studies Phuhududu Community Kimberly Heinemeyer, Lead Scientist, Emily Bennitt, Okavango Research Institute, Round River Conservation Studies Cosmos Rathipana, Program Director University of Botswana Round River Conservation Studies Jess Isden, Coexistence Coordinator, Ralph Bousfield, Uncharted Africa Safaris Trans-Kalahari Predator Programme, WildCRU Hennie Rawlings, Natural Selection James Bradley, ESA Botswana Jennifer Lalley, Director Walona Sehularo, Community Outreach Officer, Rebecca Dannock, Project Manager Natural Selection Conservation Trust Elephants for Africa Elephants for Africa Gaseitsiwe Masunga, Okavango Research Institute, Moses Selebatso, Mphapi Dikaelo, Former Boteti Community University of Botswana Kalahari Research and Conservation Association Director JW Tico McNutt, Director, Dennis Sizemore, Executive Director, Neil Fitt, Executive Director, Botswana Predator Consevation Trust Round River Conservation Studies Kalahari
    [Show full text]
  • LOST LANDS? (Land) Rights of the San in Botswana and the Legal Concept of Indigeneity in Africa
    Manuela Zips-Mairitsch LOST LANDS? (Land) Rights of the San in Botswana and the Legal Concept of Indigeneity in Africa LIT Contents Acknowledgements 9 Preface by Rene 13 Introduction 21 Part 1: Indigenous Peoples in International Law I. Historical Overview 29 II. "Indigenous Peoples": Term, Concepts, and Definitions 34 Differentiation from Term "Minority" 40 III. Special Indigenous Rights or Special Circumstances? Indigenous Protection Standards, Rights of Freedom, and 42 1. Sources of Law 42 1.1 Binding Norms 43 1.1.1 Convention 169 43 1.1.2 UN Convention on Biological Diversity 45 1.2 "Soft law" Instruments 46 1.2.1 Agenda 21, Chapter 26 (1992) 47 1.2.2 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 47 1.2.3 Declarations and Policies of various International Bodies 52 1.3 Indigenous Rights as Part of Customary International Law 56 2. "Sources of Life": Lands and Natural Resources 57 2.1 Material Standards of Protection 57 2.1.1 Cause of Action 58 2.1.2 The Relationship between Indigenous Peoples and their Territories 59 2.1.3 Collective Land Rights 61 2.1.4 Scope of Indigenous Territories 63 2.1.5 Restriction of Alienation and Disposal 64 2.2 Universal Human Rights Treaties 64 2.2.1 Right of Ownership 65 2.2.2 Right to Culture 66 2.2.3 Right to Private and Family Life 66 2.3 Jurisdiction of International Monitoring Bodies 67 2.3.1 Human Rights Committee 67 2.3.2 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 68 3.
    [Show full text]
  • DEVELOPMENT DESTROYS Thekill HEALTH of TRIBAL PEOPLES
    LAND AND LIFE Progress can HOW IMPOSED DEVELOPMENT DESTROYS THEkill HEALTH OF TRIBAL PEOPLES a Survival International publication ‘OUTSIDERS WHO COME HERE ALWAYS CLAIM THEY ARE BRINGING PROGRESS. BUT ALL THEY BRING ARE EMPTY PROMISES. WHAT WE’RE REALLY STRUGGLING FOR IS OUR LAND. ABOVE ALL ELSE THIS IS WHAT WE NEED.’ ARAU, PENAN MAN, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA, 2007 contents * 1 INTRODUCTION: LAND AND LIFE 1 2 LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF SETTLEMENT ON HEALTH 10 3 IDENTITY, FREEDOM AND MENTAL HEALTH 22 4 MATERNAL AND SEXUAL HEALTH 28 5 HEALTHCARE 33 6 CONCLUSION: HEALTH AND FUTURE 42 Introduction: Land and Life Across the world, from the poorest to ‘We are not poor or primitive. * the richest countries, indigenous peoples We Yanomami are very rich. Rich today experience chronic ill health. They in our culture, our language and endure the worst of the diseases that our land. We don’t need money accompany poverty and, simultaneously, or possessions. What we need many suffer from ‘diseases of affluence’ is respect: respect for our culture – such as cancers and obesity – despite and respect for our land rights.’ often receiving few of the benefits of Davi Kopenawa Yanomami, Brazil 1995. ‘development’. Diabetes alone threatens the very survival of many indigenous Tribal peoples who have suffered communities in rich countries.3 Indigenous colonisation, forced settlement, peoples also experience serious mental assimilation policies and other ‘You napëpë [whites] talk about health problems and have high levels forms of marginalisation and removal what you call “development” and of substance abuse and suicide. The from ancestral lands almost always tell us to become the same as you.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Botswana the Project for Enhancing National Forest Monitoring System for the Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management
    DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND RANGE RESOURCES (DFRR) MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND TOURISM (MENT) REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA THE PROJECT FOR ENHANCING NATIONAL FOREST MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT DECEMBER 2017 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY（JICA） ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO., LTD. JAPAN FOREST TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION GE JR 17-131 DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND RANGE RESOURCES (DFRR) MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND TOURISM (MENT) REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA THE PROJECT FOR ENHANCING NATIONAL FOREST MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT DECEMBER 2017 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY（JICA） ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO., LTD. JAPAN FOREST TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION DFRR/JICA: Botswana Forest Distribution Map Zambia Angola Zambia Legend KASANE Angola ! ! Settlement CountryBoundary Riparian Forest Typical Forest Woodland Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Bushland/Shrubland Savanna/Grassland/Forbs MAUN ! NATA Baregorund ! TUTUME ! Desert/Sand Dunes Marsh/Wetland FRANCISTOWN Waterbody/Pan ! ORAPA Namibia ! TONOTA ! GHANZI Angola Zambia Namibia ! SELEBI-PHIKWE BOBONONG ! ! Zimbabwe SEROWE ! PALAPYE ! Namibia MAHALAPYE ! South Africa KANG ! MOLEPOLOLE MOCHUDI ! ! JWANENG ! GABORONE ! ´ 0 50 100 200 RAMOTSWA ! KANYE Kilometres ! Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Datum: WGS 1984 LOBATSE ! Botswana Forest Distribution Map Produced from
    [Show full text]