Manuela Zips-Mairitsch LOST LANDS? (Land) Rights of the San in and the Legal Concept of Indigeneity in Africa

LIT Contents

Acknowledgements 9

Preface by Rene 13

Introduction 21

Part 1: Indigenous Peoples in International Law

I. Historical Overview 29

II. "Indigenous Peoples": Term, Concepts, and Definitions 34 Differentiation from Term "Minority" 40 III. Special or Special Circumstances? Indigenous Protection Standards, Rights of Freedom, and 42 1. Sources of Law 42 1.1 Binding Norms 43 1.1.1 Convention 169 43 1.1.2 UN Convention on Biological Diversity 45 1.2 "Soft law" Instruments 46 1.2.1 Agenda 21, Chapter 26 (1992) 47 1.2.2 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 47 1.2.3 Declarations and Policies of various International Bodies 52 1.3 Indigenous Rights as Part of Customary International Law 56 2. "Sources of Life": Lands and Natural Resources 57 2.1 Material Standards of Protection 57 2.1.1 Cause of Action 58 2.1.2 The Relationship between Indigenous Peoples and their Territories 59 2.1.3 Collective Land Rights 61 2.1.4 Scope of Indigenous Territories 63 2.1.5 Restriction of Alienation and Disposal 64 2.2 Universal Treaties 64 2.2.1 Right of Ownership 65 2.2.2 Right to Culture 66 2.2.3 Right to Private and Family Life 66 2.3 Jurisdiction of International Monitoring Bodies 67 2.3.1 Human Rights Committee 67 2.3.2 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 68 3. Sources of Freedom and Equality: Self-Determination 70

Part 2: "Being Indigenous in Africa": Legal Developments of Indigenous Peoples Law in Africa

I. Historical Overview 79 1. Nature Conservation v. Human Rights Protection 81 2. African Initiatives for the Protection of Indigenous Rights 83 II. "Indigenous Peoples in Africa": Applying the Concept 88

III. Indigenous Rights in the African Context 93 1. Regional Indigenous Rights 94 1.1 The African Charter on Human and 94 1.2 The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 101 1.3 The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 104 2. National Indigenous Rights 110 2.1 Selected Constitutional Guarantees 110 2.2 Jurisdiction using the example of South Africa 116 2.2.1 The Case of San 117 2.2.2 Richtersveld Case 120 Excursus: "Aboriginal Tide" 122 2.2.2.1 "Aboriginal Tide" before the South African Constitutional Court 128 2.2.3 "Hoodia Case 132

3: Legal Perspectives of San Communities

I. Terminology: San, "Bushmen", Basarwa, Khoesan, N/oakwe or .. 155

II. Historical Overview until the End of Colonial Times 161 1. Regional Historical Differences 169 1.1 Botswana 169 1.2 Namibia 172 1.3 South Africa 173 1.4 The "Northern San" 174 III. Reflections on Indigenous Legal Perspectives and World Views 177 Part 4: Botswana: State and Society

I. Sociopolitical History 187 1. Phase 187 2. Protectorate Bechuanaland 189 3. Republic of Botswana 199 II. Sources of Law and Legal Pluralism 216 1. Constitutional Law 216 2. Customary Law 219 3. Common and Statutory Law 222 4. International Law 223 5. Fundamental and Human Rights 225

5: San in Botswana

I. San as Citizens: Basarwa Batswana? 237

II. Dominant Views of the San in Botswana 241

III. Development Policies 246 1. Remote Area Development Programme 246 2. Based Natural Resource Management 253 IV Development - Nature Conservation: A Contradiction? 260

V NGO Initiatives 265 1. National San NGOs 265 2. Regional San NGOs 268

Part 6: "The Lost Lands": Relocation from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve

I. the Central Kalahari Game Reserve 291

II. The Relocation of the wi and Gana (San) 305

III. The Legal Dispute over the (temporarily?) "Lost Lands" 322 1. Roy Sesana v. Government of Botswana 322 1.1 Termination of Basic and Essential Services 326 1.2 Restoration Basic and Essential Services 328 1.3 Lawful Occupation 329 1.4 Deprivation of Land Possession 332 1.5 Special Game Licences 337 1.6 Access to the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) 339 1.7 Conclusions 343 2. Consequences of the High Court's Decision: Summary 345 IV The Legal Dispute over Access to Water 359 1. Matsipane Mosetlhanyane, Gakenyatsiwe Matsipane 6c fur­ ther applicants v. Attorney General of Botswana 360 2. Matsipane Mosetlhanyane Gakenyatsiwe Matsipane v. At­ torney General of Botswana, Court of Appeal 365 3. Consequences of the Summary 369

7: Conclusion 379

The Return of the Oudaws: An Epilogue by Werner Zips 385

Appendix

Examples of Indigenous Peoples in Africa (not exhaustive!) 392

Abbreviations 394

Bibliography 395

(Selected) Legal Texts 419 1. International Instruments 419 2. National Laws, Regulations and Policies 421 3. Court Cases 423 4. Interviews 424 Index of Figures 425

Index 427

About the Authors 431