Asian Barometer Survey Wave 4 2014-2016 TECHNICAL REPORT (CAMBODIA) By Center for Advanced Study for Asian Barometer Survey Center for East Asia Democratic Studies National Taiwan University January, 2016 Contact Information Center for Advanced Study #160, street 156, Teuk Laak 2, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: 855 23 884 564; Mobile: 855 16 813 511 Fax: 855 23 884 564 Email:[email protected]; [email protected] Asian Barometer Survey No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Center for East Asia Democratic Studies, College of Social Sciences National Taiwan University Tel: 886-2-3366-8456 Fax: 886-2-2365-7179 Email: [email protected] 1. BASIC INFORMATION 1.1 LOCATION The Asian Barometer 2015 Survey covered the entire 25 provinces of Cambodia 1.2 POPULATION The population of Cambodia in 2008 was 13,941,000, with estimation at 15,408,270 as of 2014.1 1.3 GOVERNMENT The politics of Cambodia takes place in a frame work of a constitutional monarchy, where by the Prime Minister is the head of government and a Monarch is head of state. The kingdom formally operates according to the nation’s constitution (enacted in 1993) in a framework of a parliamentary, representative democracy. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister Hun Sen. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of parliament, the National Assembly and the Senate. The Prime Minister of Cambodia is a representative from the ruling party of the National Assembly. He or she is appointed by the King on the recommendation of the President and Vice Presidents of the National Assembly. In order for a person to become Prime Minister, he or she must first be given a vote of confidence by the National Assembly. The legislative branch of the Cambodian government is made up of bicameral parliament. The National Assembly (Radhsaphea) has 123 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation. The Senate (Protsaphea) has 61 members. Two of these members are appointed by the King, two are elected by the lower house of the government, and the remaining fifty-seven are elected popularly by "functional constituencies." Members in this house serve a six-year term. Below the central government are 25 provincial and municipal administrations (In rural areas, first-level administrative divisions are called provinces; in urban areas, they are called municipalities). The administrations are a part of the Ministry of the Interior and their members are appointed by the central government. Provincial and municipal 1 “Cambodia-Population”, http://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/cambodia. Accessed on January 7, 2016. administrations participate in the creation of nation budget; they also issue land titles and license businesses. Since 2002, commune-level governments (commune councils) have been composed of members directly elected by commune residents every five years. 1.4 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE2 The GDP per capita of 2014 was estimated to be USD 1,084. The annual GDP growth was 7% in 2015. Garments and footwear production rose by 11%, but agricultural suffered from an extended period of low rainfall. 1.5 IMPORTANT POLITICAL AND SOCIAL EVENTS 2013 July - Opposition leader Sam Rainsy returns from exile. Parliamentary elections. Ruling party of premier Hun Sen claims victory, opposition alleges widespread irregularities. 2013 September - Mass protests in Phnom Penh over contested election results. Parliament approves new five-year term for Hun Sen. Opposition boycotts opening of parliament. 2014 January - Riot police clear a two-week opposition protest camp held in Phnom Penh as part of a long-running campaign launched against the government after the disputed 2013 election. 2014 July - More than 150,000 Cambodian workers return home from neighboring Thailand after rumors circulate that the new military junta there will crack down on illegal migrants. Opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) agrees to end its year-long boycott of parliament as part of an agreement with Prime Minister Hun Sen to break the deadlock over the disputed 2013 parliamentary election. 2 Asian Development Bank, “Cambodia: Economy”, http://www.adb.org/countries/cambodia/economy. Accessed on January 7, 2016. Protests in support of higher wages, land rights or greater political freedom are brutally dealt with, such as at this one by garmen Nhay Chamroeun after stomping on the MP’s chest. 2014 August - A UN-backed court in Cambodia sentences two senior Khmer Rouge leaders to life in prison for their role in the terror that swept the country in the 1970s. The two, second-in-command Nuon Chea, and the former head of state Khieu Samphan, are the first top Khmer Rouge figures to be jailed. 2015 January - Prime Minister Hun Sen marks thirty years in power. 2015 October - United Nations officials push for independent inquiry into assault on Cambodian opposition lawmakers, Nhoy Chamreoun and Kong Sakphea; Cambodia National Rescue Party members were allegedly beaten by mob at pro-government demonstration in Phnom Penh while authorities watched. 2015 November Court orders arrest of Cambodian legislator Sam Rainsey in latest round of ongoing antagonism between opposition leader and country's top officials. 2. TIMETABLE Activity Duration Preparation Sampling of interview areas 2015/07-09 Translation into Khmer language 2015/09/15-22 Pre-fieldwork Preparations: Logistics, Questionnaire reproduction, Preparation of 2015/10/16-19 showcards Supervising Training 2015/10/20 Field Interviewers’ Training & Pre-testing 2015/10/21-23 Fieldwork Field data collection 2015/10/26-11/16 Data Processing Data entry and processing 2015/11/20-12/18 Data cleaning 2015/12/21-28 Submission of Philippine data for checking 2016/01/3 3. RESPONDENTS 3.1 CRITERIA OF SELECTING RESPONDENTS Data was gathered through face-to-face interviews of voting-age Cambodian male and female adults aged 18 years old and above. The questionnaire was administered through paper and pencil interviews. 3.2 RESEARCH ETHNICAL REVIEW In Cambodia we need to obtain permission from Ministry of Interior for Socio-political type of research. For the ABS IV we also need to contact different sub-national level local authorities throughout the country to be able to enter the sample villages for interview safely. However, before the beginning of interview process, the interviewers informed all interviewees that ‘we are people from NGO, but not from government. My name is …. We are here to talk with you about some issues that facing Cambodia today. We will not record your name or identifying information about you on the questionnaire. So no one will know who gave which answers to our questions. There is no risk to you in participating in the survey. There is also no benefit to you in participating in the survey. But if you answer our questions, you will help us understand how the public feels about issues facing the country today. Your participation in the survey is voluntary. If there are any questions you don't want to answer you don't have to answer them. And you can stop participating in the survey at any time.’ 4. SAMPLING PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY 4.1 SAMPLING SIZES AND ERROR MARGINS An indicator of data quality is the standard error of the estimate, on which the margin for sampling error is based. As survey statistics are mostly proportions, the key measure of data precision is the standard error of a proportion taken from a sample. It is computed as follows: _+ Z * p(1-p) n Where Z, at 95% confidence level is 1.96; p is the sample proportion estimate and n is the sample size. The overall sample size of 1,200 voting-age adults gives a maximum error margin of ± 2.83% at the 95% confidence level, assuming a simple random sampling design. The sampling error is at its highest when the true proportion being estimated is close to 50%. 4.2 SAMPLING SCHEME The sampling design for the Asian Barometer Survey 2015 is to be conducting in the nationwide representative. It is needs about 150 communes as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs-150), with the equal probability selection of two villages from each selected commune as the Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs-300), 4 households per selected village for Tertiary Sampling Units (TSUs-1,200) and one respondent per selected household as the Fourth Sampling Units (FSUs-1,200). The level estimation can be done within nationwide or urban and rural in separately. The proportion of variable used for measures of this survey is to be supposed has equality. Within 95% confidence level, the survey will accepted margin error is less than 3% for nation estimation. However, somewhat a little bit higher error margins are expected because the sampling design is not simple random sampling but multi-stage; the associated design effect is not readily measurable through established statistical software with the survey statistics are mostly proportions, meaning that the key measure of data precision is the standard error of a proportion taken from a sample. 4.2.1 FIRST STAGE-SELECTION OF PSU The primary sampling units (PSU’s) are well-defined geographic units for which reliable population data are available. The appropriate primary sampling units (PSU’s) are deciding as communes. The communes will be arranged by geographical codes like provinces code, districts code, communes code and the number of regular households for every communes based on the sampling frame recorded will be cumulated. The sample communes will then be selected using the Probability Proportional to Size with Linear Systematic Sampling (PPSLSS) and Random start method. 4.2.2 SECOND STAGE-SELECTION OF SSU The communes are pre-nominated in the first stage selection. So the sample selection of villages is to be done in this stage. The method of equal probability sampling selection of two villages per PSU: Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR) have been applied for selection.