Asian Barometer Survey Wave 4 2014-2016 TECHNICAL REPORT ()

By

Center for Advanced Study for Asian Barometer Survey Center for East Asia Democratic Studies National Taiwan University

January, 2016

Contact Information Center for Advanced Study #160, street 156, Teuk Laak 2, Tuol Kork, , Cambodia Tel: 855 23 884 564; Mobile: 855 16 813 511 Fax: 855 23 884 564 Email:[email protected]; [email protected]

Asian Barometer Survey No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Center for East Asia Democratic Studies, College of Social Sciences National Taiwan University Tel: 886-2-3366-8456 Fax: 886-2-2365-7179 Email: [email protected]

1. BASIC INFORMATION 1.1 LOCATION The Asian Barometer 2015 Survey covered the entire 25 of Cambodia

1.2 POPULATION The population of Cambodia in 2008 was 13,941,000, with estimation at 15,408,270 as of 2014.1

1.3 GOVERNMENT The politics of Cambodia takes place in a frame work of a constitutional monarchy, where by the Prime Minister is the head of government and a Monarch is head of state. The kingdom formally operates according to the nation’s constitution (enacted in 1993) in a framework of a parliamentary, representative democracy. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister . Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of parliament, the National Assembly and the Senate.

The Prime Minister of Cambodia is a representative from the ruling party of the National Assembly. He or she is appointed by the King on the recommendation of the President and Vice Presidents of the National Assembly. In order for a person to become Prime Minister, he or she must first be given a vote of confidence by the National Assembly.

The legislative branch of the Cambodian government is made up of bicameral parliament.

 The National Assembly (Radhsaphea) has 123 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation.  The Senate (Protsaphea) has 61 members. Two of these members are appointed by the King, two are elected by the lower house of the government, and the remaining fifty-seven are elected popularly by "functional constituencies." Members in this house serve a six-year term.

Below the central government are 25 provincial and municipal administrations (In rural areas, first-level administrative divisions are called provinces; in urban areas, they are called municipalities). The administrations are a part of the Ministry of the Interior and their members are appointed by the central government. Provincial and municipal

1 “Cambodia-Population”, http://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/cambodia. Accessed on January 7, 2016. administrations participate in the creation of nation budget; they also issue land titles and license businesses.

Since 2002, commune-level governments (commune councils) have been composed of members directly elected by commune residents every five years.

1.4 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE2

The GDP per capita of 2014 was estimated to be USD 1,084. The annual GDP growth was 7% in 2015. Garments and footwear production rose by 11%, but agricultural suffered from an extended period of low rainfall.

1.5 IMPORTANT POLITICAL AND SOCIAL EVENTS

2013 July - Opposition leader Sam Rainsy returns from exile. Parliamentary elections. Ruling party of premier Hun Sen claims victory, opposition alleges widespread irregularities.

2013 September - Mass protests in Phnom Penh over contested election results. Parliament approves new five-year term for Hun Sen. Opposition boycotts opening of parliament.

2014 January - Riot clear a two-week opposition protest camp held in Phnom Penh as part of a long-running campaign launched against the government after the disputed 2013 election.

2014 July - More than 150,000 Cambodian workers return home from neighboring Thailand after rumors circulate that the new military junta there will crack down on illegal migrants.

Opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) agrees to end its year-long boycott of parliament as part of an agreement with Prime Minister Hun Sen to break the deadlock over the disputed 2013 parliamentary election.

2 Asian Development Bank, “Cambodia: Economy”, http://www.adb.org/countries/cambodia/economy. Accessed on January 7, 2016.

Protests in support of higher wages, land rights or greater political freedom are brutally dealt with, such as at this one by garmen Nhay Chamroeun after stomping on the MP’s chest.

2014 August - A UN-backed court in Cambodia sentences two senior leaders to life in prison for their role in the terror that swept the country in the 1970s. The two, second-in-command Nuon Chea, and the former head of state Khieu Samphan, are the first top Khmer Rouge figures to be jailed.

2015 January - Prime Minister Hun Sen marks thirty years in power.

2015 October - United Nations officials push for independent inquiry into assault on Cambodian opposition lawmakers, Nhoy Chamreoun and Kong Sakphea; Cambodia National Rescue Party members were allegedly beaten by mob at pro-government demonstration in Phnom Penh while authorities watched.

2015 November Court orders arrest of Cambodian legislator Sam Rainsey in latest round of ongoing antagonism between opposition leader and country's top officials.

2. TIMETABLE

Activity Duration Preparation Sampling of interview areas 2015/07-09 Translation into Khmer language 2015/09/15-22 Pre-fieldwork Preparations: Logistics, Questionnaire reproduction, Preparation of 2015/10/16-19 showcards Supervising Training 2015/10/20 Field Interviewers’ Training & Pre-testing 2015/10/21-23 Fieldwork Field data collection 2015/10/26-11/16 Data Processing Data entry and processing 2015/11/20-12/18 Data cleaning 2015/12/21-28 Submission of Philippine data for checking 2016/01/3

3. RESPONDENTS 3.1 CRITERIA OF SELECTING RESPONDENTS Data was gathered through face-to-face interviews of voting-age Cambodian male and female adults aged 18 years old and above. The questionnaire was administered through paper and pencil interviews.

3.2 RESEARCH ETHNICAL REVIEW In Cambodia we need to obtain permission from Ministry of Interior for Socio-political type of research. For the ABS IV we also need to contact different sub-national level local authorities throughout the country to be able to enter the sample villages for interview safely. However, before the beginning of interview process, the interviewers informed all interviewees that ‘we are people from NGO, but not from government. My name is …. We are here to talk with you about some issues that facing Cambodia today. We will not record your name or identifying information about you on the questionnaire. So no one will know who gave which answers to our questions.

There is no risk to you in participating in the survey. There is also no benefit to you in participating in the survey. But if you answer our questions, you will help us understand how the public feels about issues facing the country today. Your participation in the survey is voluntary. If there are any questions you don't want to answer you don't have to answer them. And you can stop participating in the survey at any time.’

4. SAMPLING PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY

4.1 SAMPLING SIZES AND ERROR MARGINS An indicator of data quality is the standard error of the estimate, on which the margin for sampling error is based. As survey statistics are mostly proportions, the key measure of data precision is the standard error of a proportion taken from a sample. It is computed as follows:

_+ Z * p(1-p) n Where Z, at 95% confidence level is 1.96; p is the sample proportion estimate and n is the sample size. The overall sample size of 1,200 voting-age adults gives a maximum error margin of ± 2.83% at the 95% confidence level, assuming a simple random sampling design. The sampling error is at its highest when the true proportion being estimated is close to 50%.

4.2 SAMPLING SCHEME The sampling design for the Asian Barometer Survey 2015 is to be conducting in the nationwide representative. It is needs about 150 communes as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs-150), with the equal probability selection of two villages from each selected commune as the Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs-300), 4 households per selected village for Tertiary Sampling Units (TSUs-1,200) and one respondent per selected household as the Fourth Sampling Units (FSUs-1,200). The level estimation can be done within nationwide or urban and rural in separately. The proportion of variable used for measures of this survey is to be supposed has equality. Within 95% confidence level, the survey will accepted margin error is less than 3% for nation estimation. However, somewhat a little bit higher error margins are expected because the sampling design is not simple random sampling but multi-stage; the associated design effect is not readily measurable through established statistical software with the survey statistics are mostly proportions, meaning that the key measure of data precision is the standard error of a proportion taken from a sample.

4.2.1 FIRST STAGE-SELECTION OF PSU The primary sampling units (PSU’s) are well-defined geographic units for which reliable population data are available. The appropriate primary sampling units (PSU’s) are deciding as communes. The communes will be arranged by geographical codes like provinces code, districts code, communes code and the number of regular households for every communes based on the sampling frame recorded will be cumulated. The sample communes will then be selected using the Probability Proportional to Size with Linear Systematic Sampling (PPSLSS) and Random start method.

4.2.2 SECOND STAGE-SELECTION OF SSU The communes are pre-nominated in the first stage selection. So the sample selection of villages is to be done in this stage. The method of equal probability sampling selection of two villages per PSU: Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR) have been applied for selection.

 First aggregated number of villages in the selected communes.  In Microsoft Excel using random base formula (Rand ()*N$ (number villages) in the selected communes and drawing with the total sample size n (two villages)  In Microsoft Excel, fixed value of randomly is applying by copy and pasted in special value.  Concatenate , district, commune and code of villages selected.  Merge sample file in order to attach the sample village’s code by using Access or SPSS software with original frame.

4.2.3 THIRD STAGE-SELECTION OF HOUSEHOLDS In this stage the sample selection of households (four) from the individual sample SSUs (villages) to be done with the Systematic call Linear Systematic Sampling with Equal Probability of selection of four households (LSS-EQP).

4.2.4 FOURTH STAGE-SELECTION OF RESPONDENT The four selected households are pre-nominated in the third stage selection. So in this stage the sample of respondents will be done. Once again the equal probability of sample selection is done with one respondent per selected households is select.

According to the population figures the percentage of male and female are not significantly different, so the number of males and females respondents are proposed with equal proportions for each individual sample villages (2 vs. 2).

To avoid the bias selection, the Kish Grid map was proposed for selecting the respondents.

4.3 NUMBER OF CALLS AND SUBSTITUTION/ALTERNATE SAMPLES Only one village ‘Ta Nga’ out of the 300 villages was substituted by village ‘Chang’ for not accessible reasons.

4.4 SURVEY STATISTICS A total of 1,632 households were entered for the survey, of which 1,200 were completed interviews. There were 80 respondents refused to participate in the survey, including 4 partial complete.

Category Frequency Percent Interviewed 1632 100.0 Completed 1200 73.5 Partial complete 4 0.2 Respondent not home-listing completed 96 5.8 Listing not completed 5 0.3 Refusal by selected respondent 19 1.2 Household refusal 57 3.5 No eligible respondent 37 2.3 Non-interview (language, illness, death) 19 1.2 No one at home (permanent) 30 1.8 No one at home (temporary) 165 10.1

5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5.1 PREPARATION 5.1.1 QUESTIONNAIRE The final questionnaire is composed of two modules: the Main Questionnaire and the Socio-Demographic (SDC) Questionnaire. The Main Questionnaire has 172 questions, while the SDC Questionnaire has 15 questions, for a total of 187 question items.

The definitive language version of the core questionnaire, English, was translated into Khmer. The survey was conducted in Khmer.

5.1.2 PRE-TESTING AND FINALIZING QUESTIONNAIRE Pre-testing or piloting the research tool is one of the components for quality control. It can help the research run smoothly and go to the right direction. The pre-testing of research tool was held for quantitative of the study in one target areas where will not be overlap with the real fieldwork locations. The pre-test period was be one day. The interview was conducted in the morning and in the afternoon a meeting will gather all the field work enumerators for wrap up. The result of the pre-testing was employed for improvement of research tool such as determine the time length of the interview, improve the wording of the questions, if necessary, eliminate unnecessary questions or add new items, as the case may be, test question sequence and identify bases, correct and improve translation, change open-ended questions into multiple-choice questions find out which items are conceptually vague, check accuracy and adequacy of the questionnaire instructions, determine whether the focus of the question is clear; and, identify interviewer's recording difficulties.

5.1.3 TRAINING Good and reliable data that reflect the reality is CAS concern. For the research work, control and monitoring always go along from training of field data collectors to data cleaning and analysis. Training of field data collectors, including fieldwork supervisors is aimed at understanding the specificity of research and the research ethics as well. The training is also aimed at familiarizing them with the concrete guide questions and questionnaire through explanation and practice, in order that the research will be expected to have standard quality and not biases from one to another field data collectors.

5.1.3.1 SUPERVISOR A general training for the five field supervisors was conducted at the CAS office in Phnom Penh. The Supervisors are regular CAS staff who directly report to the Project Coordinator (Mr. Sokhom Hean), the Data manager (Mr. Saint Lundy. The general training was conducted by the Project coordinator.

5.1.3.2 INTERVIEWER The field interviewers’ trainings were conducted at the CAS office.

Training Time. The minimum training time for interviewers was 3 days prior to field implementation. The duration is two days.

Training Activities. These mainly consisted of: Two days office training was conducted to learn the basics of the project; and, Mock interviews among participants to get accustomed to the flow of interviewing and questionnaire format.

5.2 FIELDWORK 5.2.1 WORKERS ON HAND For this project, a total of 20 field interviewers and five supervisors were deployed. The field interviewers were from the project based of CAS interviewers. Thirty encoders were hired for data processing.

5.2.2 SUPERVISION 5.2.2.1 EVALUATION OF INTERVIEWER＇S WORK All first interviews of each field interviewer were observed by her field supervisor, and then evaluated. The supervisors always follow the field teams: One supervisor oversees four interviewers. They always monitor the randomization process as well as facilitate in contacting with local authorities and other kinds assistance if needed. They always check the filled questionnaire to make clear if nothing was missing before leaving the village.

5.2.2.2 SPOT-CHEKING As mentioned above, the supervisor did spot checking and back checking the complete questionnaires.

5.2.2.3 RE-TESTING However, two monitors from Phnom Penh had done 10% spot checking of interviews of all five teams through randomization process.

5.3 FIELD EDITING 5.3.1 DATA PROCESSING All the completed questionnaires were returned to the SWS office for data processing. A CSPro-based program was used for data entry and SPSS for the generation of data tables.

5.3.2 DATA ENTERING AND CLEANING Office editors conducted final consistency checks on all interviews prior to coding. Encoded data were validated (100%) by data manager.

5.4 PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The problems encountered in the implementation of the questionnaire were primarily related to the length of the questionnaire. Some of the questions were necessary for repeating to the respondents, because of the level of respondent’s education received. This make the duration of the interview lengthier. However, thanks to the use of show cards with the answer categories of the questions could have reduced the overall length of the interview. During the survey four respondents asked to stop the interview due to they need to go to do some tasks urgently and the length of the interview is longer than they expected.

Aside from the issue of the questionnaire being too lengthy, the questions related to participation in elections make many respondents seemed reluctant to answer, but they provide the answer anyways. However, the interviewers feel that the answers were not fully from believable, especially among the opposition party supporters. This can be from the political situation in the country was hot during the fieldwork was conducted (See section 1.5).

6. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

As part of a full review of the survey, questions were subjected to a reliability analysis. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, α. It is a common rule of thumb that a Cronbach α value of .6 to .7 is an acceptable value. This Technical Report uses commonly accepted rule of thumb in interpreting Cronbach’s α values:

α ≥ 0.9 Excellent 0.7 ≤ α < 0.9 Good 0.6 ≤ α < 0.7 Acceptable 0.5 ≤ α < 0.6 Below Standard α< 0.5 Poor

6.1 ECONOMIC EVALUTIONS The Cronbach’s α value for the six items is .471, which is considered poor. Each of the six items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q2 (.108) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of these items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if item Cronbach's α = .471 correlation deleted Q1. How would you rate the overall economic condition .270 .421 of our country today? Q2. How would you describe the change in the economic .108 .482 condition of our country over the last few years? Q3. What do you think will be the state of our country’s .370 .339 economic condition a few years from now? Q4. As for your own family, how do you rate the .313 .417 economic situation of your family today? Q5. How would you compare the current economic .129 .471 condition of your family with what it was a few years ago? Q6. What do you think the economic situation of your .324 .367 family will be a few years from now?

6.2 TRUST IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS The Cronbach’s α value for the 13 items is .812, which is considered good. Each of the 13 items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q15 (.317) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .812.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if item Cronbach's α = .812 correlation deleted Q7. The Prime Minister .493 .796 Q8. The courts .508 .794 Q9. The national .549 .790 government [in capital city] Q10. Political parties [not .410 .802 any specific party] Q11. Parliament .545 .791 Q12. Civil service .353 .807 Q13. The military(or armed .551 .791 forces)

Q14. The police .427 .802

Q15. Local government .317 .809 Q16. Newspapers .426 .801 Q17. Television .464 .798 Q18. Election Commission .519 .797 Q19. NGOs .345 .807

6.3 SOCIAL CAPITAL 6.3.1 FAMILY TRUST The Cronbach’s α value for the three items is .612, which is considered acceptable. Each of the three items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q26 (.321) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. As Q27 has the highest corrected item-total correlation of .535, deleting Q27 from the battery would have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value. That is, if it were to be deleted, it would reduce the overall reliability.612 to unacceptable .332.

Deleting Q26 from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., this item would not significant increase the reliability if it was deleted because its value .641 is just similar to the overall reliability α = .612.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if item Cronbach's α = .612 correlation deleted Q26. Your relatives .321 .641 Q27. Your neighbors .535 .332 Q28. Other people you .439 .498 interact with

6.3.2 SOCIAL NETWORK The Cronbach’s α value for the three items is .447 which is considered poor. Each of the three items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q32 (.057) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting Q32 from this battery would have a significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value. That is, if it were to be deleted, it would increase the overall reliability.469 to .726, which is moving Cronbach's α from poor to be good. Deleting any of Q30 or Q31 from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are much less than the overall reliability α .447.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if Cronbach's α = .447 correlation item deleted Q30. If you have a difficult problem to manage, are there people outside your .399 .110 household you can ask for help? Q31. When people outside your household have problems, do they come .424 .083 to you for help? Q32. If you had friends or co-workers whose opinions on politics differed from .057 .726 yours, would you have a hard time conversing with them?

6.4 ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICE The Cronbach’s α value for the 4 items is .488, which is considered poor. Each of the 4 items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q39 (.213) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .488.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if item Cronbach's α = .448 correlation deleted Q39. An identity document (such as a birth certificate or .213 .474 passport) Q40. A place in a public .296 .415 primary school for a child Q41. Medical treatment at a .367 .342 nearby clinic Q42. Help from the police .306 .426 when you need it

6.5 PSYCHOLOGICAL INVOLVEMENT The Cronbach’s α value for the 3 items is .702, which is considered good. Each of the 3 items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q46 (.525) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .702.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if item Cronbach's α = .702 correlation deleted Q44. How interested would .598 .523 you say you are in politics? Q45. How often do you follow news about politics .594 .608 and government? Q46. When you get together with your family members .525 .678 or friends, how often do you discuss political matters?

6.6 INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA The Cronbach’s α value for the six items is .454, which is considered poor. Each of the six items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q47 (.079) and Q48 (.018) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting both Q47 and Q48 would improve a bit the Cronbach α, however it still stands below standard.

Deleting any of remaining 4 items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α = .454.

Corrected Cronbach's α Cronbach's α = .454 Item-total If Item Deleted Correlation Q47. Do you have Internet access at .079 .465 home? Q48. Do you have Internet access on a .018 .473 mobile phone? Q49. How often do you use the .381 .319 internet? Q50. Do you currently use any of .175 .458 the following social media networks? Q51. How often do you use the Internet including social media .394 .304 networks to find information about politics and government? Q52. How often do you use the Internet including social media .364 .303 networks to express your opinion about politics and government?

6.7 TRADITIONALISM The Cronbach’s α value for the 14 items is .664, which is considered acceptable. Each of the 14 items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module. Q67 (.116) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α= .664.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if item Cronbach's α = .664 correlation deleted Q55.For the sake of the family, the individual should put his personal .245 .652 interests second. Q56.In a group, we should sacrifice our individual interest for the sake of .303 .644 the group’s collective interest. Q57.For the sake of national interest, .315 .642 individual interest could be sacrificed. Q58.When dealing with others, developing a long-term relationship is .325 .641 more important than securing one’s immediate interest. Q59.When dealing with others, one should not only focus on immediate .281 .648 interest but also plan for future. Q60.Even if parents’ demands are unreasonable, children still should do .312 .642 what they ask. Q61.When a mother-in-law and a daughter-in-law come into conflict, even if the mother-in-law is in the .389 .629 wrong, the husband should still persuade his wife to obey his mother. Q62.Being a student, one should not .304 .644 question the authority of their teacher. Q63.In a group, we should avoid open quarrel to preserve the harmony of the .353 .640 group. Q64.Even if there is some .323 .644 disagreement with others, one should avoid the conflict. Q65.A person should not insist on his own opinion if his co-workers disagree .270 .649 with him. Q66.Wealth and poverty, success and .203 .661 failure are all determined by fate. Q67.If one could have only one child, it is more preferable to have a boy than .116 .673 a girl. Q68.When dealing with others, one should not be preoccupied with .293 .646 temporary gains and losses.

6.8 POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 6.8.1 EXPRESSION OF IDEA The Cronbach’s α value for the 5 items is .666, which is considered acceptable. Each of the 5 items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q71 (.226) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting Q71 from this battery would have a significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value. That is, if it were to be deleted, it would increase the overall reliability.666 to .720, which is moving Cronbach's α from poor to be good. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .666.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if item Cronbach's α = .666 correlation deleted Q69. Contacted elected officials or legislative .487 .583 representatives at any level. Q70. Contacted officials at .542 .559 higher level. Q71. Contacted traditional .226 .720 leaders/community leaders Q72. Contacted other .460 .596 influential people outside the government. Q73. Contacted news media. .449 .606

6.8.2 CIVIC ACTION The Cronbach’s α value for the 5 items is .408, which is considered poor. Each of the 5 items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q78 (.062) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α = .408.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if item Cronbach's α = .408 correlation deleted Q74. Got together with others to try to resolve local .272 .299 problems. Q75. Got together with others to raise an issue or .360 .217 sign a petition. Q76. Attended a demonstration or protest .225 .346 march. Q77. Used force or violence .156 .395 for a political cause. Q78. Have you voted in every election, voted in most elections, voted in .062 .468 some elections or hardly ever voted?

6.9 REGIME PREFERENCE 6.9.1 IDEAL SYSTEM OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT The Cronbach’s α value for the three items is .393, which is considered poor. Each of the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery, but the correlations are low. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α = .393.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if item Cronbach's α = .393 correlation deleted Q79+Q79a. Regime Preference 1: Statement 1. Government leaders implement what voters want. .285 .241 Statement 2. Government leaders do what they think is best for the people. Q80+Q80a. Regime Preference 2: Statement 1. Government is our employee, the people should tell government what needs to be .282 .247 done. Statement 2. The government is like parent, it should decide what is good for us. Q81+Q81a. Regime Preference 3: Statement 1. The media should have the right to publish news and ideas without government control. .147 .403 Statement 2. The government should have the right to prevent the media from publishing things that might be politically destabilizing. Q82+Q82a. Regime Preference 4: Statement 1. .146 .388 Political leaders are chosen by the people through open and competitive elections. Statement 2. Political leaders are chosen on the basis on their virtue and capability even without election.

6.9.2 OPERATION OF CURRENT GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS The Cronbach’s α value for the 4 items is .751, which is considered good. Each of the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .751.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if Cronbach's α = .751 correlation item deleted Q83. Over the long run, our system of government is capable of solving the .489 .729 problems our country faces. Q84. Thinking in general, I am proud of our .560 .687 system of government. Q85. A system like ours, even if it runs into .552 .691 problems, deserves the people's support. Q86. I would rather live under our system of government than any other that I can .593 .667 think of.

6.10 MEANING OF DEMOCRACY The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .434, which is considered poor. Each of the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .434.

Corrected Cronbach's α Cronbach's α = .434 Item-total If Item Deleted Correlation Q88. 1. Government narrows the gap between the rich and the poor. 2. People choose the government leaders in free and fair election. .219 .389 3. Government does not waste any public money. 4. People are free to express their political views openly. Q89. 1. The legislature has oversight over the government. 2. Basic necessities, like food, clothes and shelter, are provided for all. .260 .348 3. People are free to organize political groups. 4. Government provides people with quality public services. Q90. 1. Government ensures law and order. 2. Media is free to criticize the things government does. .269 .340 3. Government ensures job opportunities for all. 4. Multiple parties compete fairly in the election. Q91. 1. People have the freedom to take part in protests and demonstrations. 2. Politics is clean and free of corruption. 3. The court protects the ordinary people .225 .385 from the abuse of government power. 4. People receive state aid if they are unemployed.

6.11 QUALITY OF GOVERNANCE The Cronbach’s α value for the nine items is .615, which is considered acceptable. Each of the nine items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q104 (.117) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α = .615.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α if Cronbach's α = .615 correlation item deleted Q101.People have the power to change a .323 .581 government they don’t like. Q102.Political parties or candidates in our country have equal access to the mass .363 .570 media during the election period. Q103.Between elections, the people have no way of holding the government .194 .626 responsible for its actions. Q104.When government leaders break the .117 .640 laws, there is nothing the court can do. Q105.All citizens from different ethnic communities in [Country X] are treated .422 .551 equally by the government. Q106.Rich and poor people are treated .300 .586 equally by the government. Q107.People have basic necessities like .209 .606 food, clothes, and shelter. Q108.People are free to speak what they .433 .556 think without fear. Q109.People can join any organization .450 .556 they like without fear.

6.12 PREFERENCE FOR DEMOCRACY The Cronbach’s α value for the five items is .430, which is considered poor. Each of the five items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q126 (.146) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .430.

Corrected Cronbach's α if Cronbach's α = .430 Item-total item deleted correlation Q125. Which of the following statements comes closest to your own opinion? (1) Democracy is always preferable to any other kind of government (2) Under some circumstances, an .189 .399 authoritarian government can be preferable to a democratic one (3) For people like me, it does not matter whether we have a democratic or a nondemocratic regime Q126. Which of the following statements comes closer to your own view? (1) Democracy is capable of solving the .146 .424 problems of our society (2) Democracy cannot solve our society’s problems Q127. If you had to choose between democracy and economic development, .272 .338 which would you say is more important? Q128. If you had to choose between reducing economic inequality and .358 .246 protecting political freedom, which would you say is more important? Q129. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: “Democracy may .164 .414 have its problems, but it is still the best form of government.”

6.13 LEGITMACY OF DEMOCRACY/DETACHMENT FROM AUTHORITARIANISM The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .676, which is considered good. Each of the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module. Q132 (.395) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .676.

Corrected Cronbach's α Cronbach's α = .676 Item-total If Item Deleted Correlation Q130. We should get rid of parliament and elections and have a strong leader .514 .572 decide things Q131. Only one political party should be allowed to stand for election and .441 .622 hold office Q132. The army (military) should .395 .656 come in to govern the country Q133. We should get rid of elections and parliaments and have experts .505 .587 make decisions on behalf of the people

6.14 CITIZEN EMPOWERMENT AND POLITICAL SUPPORT The Cronbach’s α value for the five items is .314, which is considered poor. Each of the five items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module. Q134 (.070) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar value to the overall reliability α = .314.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α Cronbach's α = .314 Correlation If Item Deleted Q134. I think I have the ability to .070 .345 participate in politics Q135. Sometimes politics and .127 .291 government seems so complicated that a person like me can’t really understand what is going on Q136. People like me don’t have any influence over what the government .169 .252 does Q137. You can generally trust the people who run our government to .158 .261 do what is right Q138. A citizen should always remain loyal only to his country, no .266 .191 matter how imperfect it is or what wrong it has done

6.15 AUTHORITARIAN/DEMOCRATIC VALUES The Cronbach’s α value for the eleven items is .704, which is considered good. Each of the eleven items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module. Q139 (.115) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α = .704.

Corrected Cronbach's α if Cronbach's α = .704 Item-total item deleted correlation Q139.Women should not be involved in politics .115 .713 as much as men. Q140.The government should consult religious .463 .664 authorities when interpreting the laws. Q141.People with little or no education should have as much say in politics as highly-educated .225 .701 people. Q142.Government leaders are like the head of a .404 .678 family; we should all follow their decisions. Q143.The government should decide whether .415 .675 certain ideas should be allowed to be discussed in society. Q144.Harmony of the community will be .357 .683 disrupted if people organize lots of groups. Q145.When judges decide important cases, they .491 .658 should accept the view of the executive branch. Q146.If the government is constantly checked [i.e. monitored and supervised] by the .436 .672 legislature, it cannot possibly accomplish great things. Q147.If we have political leaders who are morally upright, we can let them decide .314 .691 everything. Q148.If people have too many different ways of .267 .696 thinking, society will be chaotic. Q149.When the country is facing a difficult situation, it is ok for the government to .340 .686 disregard the law in order to deal with the situation.

6.16 GLOBALIZATION The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .091, which is considered poor. One of the four items is negatively correlated with other 3 questions in this module, though the correlations are low. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α = .091.

Corrected Cronbach's α if Cronbach's α = .091 Item-total item deleted correlation Q150.How closely do you follow major events .032 .094 in foreign countries / the world? Q151.Our country should defend our way of life instead of becoming more and more like other .046 .061 countries. Q152.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: “We should protect our .115 -.020a farmers and workers by limiting the import of foreign goods.” Q153.Do you think the government should increase or decrease the inflow of foreign -.022 .136 immigrants into the country?

6.17 REDISTRIBUTION The Cronbach’s α value for the six items is .224, which is considered poor. Q158 is negatively correlated with other five questions in this module, though the correlations are low. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α = .224.

Corrected Item-total Cronbach's α Cronbach's α = .224 Correlation If Item Deleted Q155. How fair do you think income .217 .026 distribution is in [Country]? Q156. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is the responsibility of the government to .168 .130 reduce the differences between people with high income and those with low incomes. Q157. How concerned are you about the loss of your or your family's .020 .244 major source of income within the next 12 months? Q158. The following is a hypothetical question: If you were unfortunate enough to lose your -.200 .343 main source of income, how serious would it be for you and your family? Q159. Considering all the effort that you and your family members have .226 .135 made in the past, do you think the income that your family currently receives is FAIR or NOT FAIR? Q160. As compared to my parent's generation, my generation has more or fewer opportunities to improve .132 .164 one's standard of living or social status?

7. EXAMINATION OF REPRESENTATIVENESS OF SAMPLE SET AND WEIGHTING

To yield representative figures at the national level, the 2013 Cambodia Inter-Population Census-based population weights are applied to the survey data. The weight factors are computed by dividing the percentage of population by the percentage of:

% of population Weighting factors =------% of the sample

We used the distribution of age groups (above 18) broken down by gender to weight

the data.

7.1 GOODNESS-OF-FIT TESTS

Gender

Gender Sample Population Result Frequency Percent Percent

Male 600 50.0 46.7 Chi square= 0.009

Female 600 50.0 53.3 P<.05 Not Consistent with Total 1200 100.0 100 the population

Age

Age Group Sample Population Result Frequency Percent Percent

18 – 29 307 25.6 41.1

30 – 39 301 25.1 19.5 Chi square=0.693

40 – 49 233 19.4 17.6 P<.05 50 – 59 224 18.7 11.2 Not consistent with 60 + 135 11.3 10.7 the population Total 1200 100.0 100.0

7.2 SAMPLE REPRESENTATIVENESS

Gender Before weighting After weighting Gender Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Male 600 50.0 560 46.7

Female 600 50.0 640 53.3

Total 1200 100.0 1200 100.0 Chi square=.000, p-value>.05, consistent with the population after weighting.

Age Before weighting After weighting Age Group Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

18 – 29 307 25.6 493 41.1

30 – 39 301 25.1 233 19.5

40 – 49 233 19.4 211 17.6

50 – 59 224 18.7 134 11.2

60 + 135 11.3 129 10.7

Total 1200 100.0 1200 100.0 Chi square=.000, p-value>.05, consistent with the population after weighting.

Appendix

1. List of PSU and SSU

Commune Village Region Province District (PSU) (SSU) Banteay Tonle Sap Mongkol Borei Phnum Touch Ou Nhor Meanchey Phnum Touch

Tboung Ou Ta Ma Phnum Srok Svay Sa Kouk Ta Sokh Svay Sa Kouk Ta Sokh Chak Ruessei Kouk Samraong Koet Kbal Tonsaong Prasat Chok Puk Malai Kandal Thmei Ta Kong Ou Svay Banan Paoy Svay Ou Ta Nhea Thma Koul Tumneab Ta Sei Battambang Voat Kor Chrab Krasang Kampong Seima Bavel Stueng Dach Sang Reang Khlaeng Meas Tomnob Takoun Toul Snal Ruessei Run Kear Pir Robas Mongkol Koun K'aek Muoy Anlong Tamok Sangkae Voat Kandal Svay Cheat Ou Sngout Ta Sanh Khang Tboang Kamrieng Svay Veaeng Rokabos Rukh Kiri Roong Prey Tralach Baribour Chhnok Tru Chhnok Tru Seh Slab Kampong Leaeng Chranouk Thlok Kandal Kampong Tralach Longveaek Oknha Pang Voat Rolea B'ier Krang Leav Tuek L'ak Andoung Preng Mean Krang Chres Chey KhnaTey Mouk Tuek Phos Tuol Khpos Roka Tong Voat Kampong Thom Baray Chong Doung Tuol Damnak Popech Kampong Svay Damrei Slab Mongkol Voa Yeav Damrei Choan Balang Khang Stueng Saen Khla Lech Damrei Choan Khla Prasat Ballangk Kraya Anlong Chuor Bos Thum Sandan Mean Rith Trapeang Tralach Rang Khnay Santuk Prasat Sampung Traeuy Myab Stoung Popok Srae Krasang Trapeang Ruessei Bakan Ou Ta Paong Prey Yeang Tuol Rokeang Kandieng Srae Sdok Saen Chey Sarieng Krakor Sna Ansa Beng Veal Vong Pursat Chamraeun Phal Leav Ou Tong Chamkar Chrey Veal Veaeng Anlong Reab Khang Cheung Dei Kraham Angkor Chum Kouk Doung Tumroab Kouk Pnov Banteay Srei Run Ta Aek Ta Aek Thnal Chi Kraeng Pongro Kraom Popel Pou Kralanh Snuol Snuol Ta Pech Puok Reul K'aek Tum Kouk Trach Siem Reap Sla Kram Boeng Doun Pa Dak Pou Srah Srang Siem Reap Nokor Thum Cheung Anhchanh Soutr Nikom Chan Sa Kaeut Chbar Leu Srei Snam Tram Sasar Neang Sraong Smach Pailin Sala Krau Stueng Thnol Bat Ou Don Ta Loeu Phnom Penh Phnom Penh Chamkar Mon Tonle Basak Phum7 Phum14 Chamkar Mon Boeng Trabaek Phum2 Phum8 Prampir Meakkakra Ou Ruessei Ti Pir Phum1 Phum6 Tuol Kouk Tuek L'ak Ti Bei Phum1 Phum9 Dangkao Dangkao Thmei Ta Lei Stueng Mean chey Trea4 Damnak Thum2 Chak Angrae Mean Chey Kraom Tuol Roka1 Preaek Ta Long1 Russey Keo Svay Pak La Kambaor Svay Pak Phnom Penh Saensokh Chres Thmei Phnom Penh

Thmei Pur SenChey Trapeang Krasang Aksar Samaki4 Kakab Prey Sala Paprak Khang

Tbong Chraoy Chongvar Kaoh Dach Chong Kaoh Lvea Chbar Ampov Nirouth Ta Ngov Kandal Ta Ngov Krom Central Plain Batheay Trab Tum Prong Trab Chamkar Leu Svay Teab Village77 Tang Krang Cheung Prey Sdaeung Chey Pongro Kdoy Kampong Cham Kampong Cham Phum Prampir Phum Dabbei Kampong Siem Ro'ang Thma Koul Romul Kang Meas Reay Pay Reay Pay Leu Reay Pay Kraom Kampong Kaoh Soutin Moha Khnhoung Chamlang Chong Khnhoung Prey Chhor Lvea Me Meang Tang Trapeang Srei Santhor Khnar Sa Angk Kngaok Stueng Trang Areaks Tnot Lvea Kilou Prampir Stueng Trang Preak Kak Andoung Pech Boeng Kachout Kandal Kandal Stueng Daeum Rues Daeum Rues Samar Kien Svay Dei Edth Popeal Khae Kanlaeng 4 Kien Svay Kokir Thum Reang Dek Reang Dek 2 Khsach Kandal Puk Ruessei Krouch Saeuch Puk Ruessei Leu Kaoh Thum Kaoh Thum Kha Preaek Ta Ker Preaek Be Kaoh Thum Sampov Pun Kbal Kaoh Tiev Preaek Sueng Lvea Aem Preaek Kmeng Preaek Kmeng Tuol Trea Angk Snuol Damnak Ampil Pong Tuek Damnak Ampil Angk Snuol Ta Prab Boeng Thnal S'ang Khpob Roka Kraom Boeng Khpob S'ang Svay Prateal Preaek Ta Sau Chong Kaoh Kor S'ang Svay Rolum Lekh Buon Lekh Pram Ba Phnum Sdau Kaong Trabaek Chun Mea Smaong Khang Kamchay Mear Ta Kaev Cheung Kralanh Kampong Trabaek Prasat Chambak Chrolong Kanhchriech Tnaot Krala Meakh Khnay Kov Me Sang Trapeang Srae Prohut Chek Thlok Peam Ro Prey Kandieng Prey Angkonh Sdau Pea Reang Reab Peareang Prey Khla Chhneah Chey Preah Sdach Reathor Leu Ta Mau Prey Veng Baray Baray Kaeut Baray Lech Sithor Kandal Pnov Ti Muoy Kamprov Phat Sandaong Svay Antor Pean Roung Prey Chreang Ta Mouk Prey Khla Ti Svay Antor Prey Khla Muoy Krachab Ti Muoy Kaoh Kban Chantrea Samraong Cheung Kaoh Kban Kandal Rumduol Chrung Popel Tuol Trea Trapeang Kruos Romeas Haek Doung Bos Sangkhor Thlok Pring Svay Chrum Chambak Thmei Tuol Chres Svay Chrum Pouthi Reach Chensa Khleang Svay Rieng Sangkhoar Thmei Pophlea Takeo Bati Doung Yuthka Chek Bati Tnaot Thmei Prey Chob Kiri Vong Kampeaeng ang Khchau Svay Voa Kaoh Andaet Pech Sar Ta Buor Chontol Mekh Prey Kabbas Kdanh Kdanh Angk Samraong Chumreah Pen Kansaom Khlaeng Chumreah Pen Tram Kak Angk Ta Saom Prey Rumdeng Chamkar Dieb Tram Kak Otdam Soriya Chong ang Prab Siem Andaeng Sang Treang Chi Khma Khmaer Chre Treang Tralach Samraong Poun Tboung Khmum Dambae Tuek Chrov Me Sar Krasang Krouch Chhmar Tuol Snuol Ta Kao Thnal Bei Maetr Memot Rung Rung Bos Ou Reang Ov Mien Saoy Boeng Kandal Ponhea Kraek Kraek Kraek Tboung Kov Tboung Khmum Boeng Pruol Boeng Pruol Leu Boeng Preah Tboung Khmum Roka Po Pram Preah Angk Praphat Tboung Khmum Tonle Bet Preaek Touch Tonle Bet Leu Plateau/Highland Kampong Speu Basedth Pheakdei Chhuk Roatn Sahakkom Khang

Lech Tnaot Muoy Basedth Preah Khae daeum Thnal Kong Pisei Srang Ou Ta Vam Trapeang Trach Odongk Preah Srae Ta Cheal Trapeang Chhuk Odongk Veang Chas Khleang Pram Krang Ponley Phnum Sruoch Moha Sang Bantoab Prasat Samraong Tong Pneay Prey Sambok Krang Ta Roatn Thpong Amleang Chreav Preaek Kracheh Chhloung Damrei Phong Boeng Kieb Srae Triek Prek Prasab Preaek Prasab Boeng Leach Preaek Prasab

Kandal Sambour Voadthonak Preaek Krieng Vodthonak Chetr Borei Dar Khnang Pos Sereipheap Mondul Kiri Pech Chreada Bu Sra Pu Tit Pu Rang Chey Saen Khyang Khyang Meun Reach Choam Ksant Sror Aem Te Chour Bosbov Steung Kheav Te Chour Ratanak Kiri Andoung Meas Nhang Ka Chut Ta Nga Ta Veaeng Ta Veaeng Leu Ta Bouk Ke Kuong Stung Treng Thala Barivat Anlong Chrey Anlong Chrey Man Otdar Meanchey Banteay Ampil Kouk Mon Soengh Tanes Samraong Koun Kriel Thmei Kdoul Coastal Angkor Chey Dambouk Khpos Ta Kao Dambouk Khpos Sdach Kong Banteay Meas Khang lech Rumpeun Chamlang Chrey Chhuk Krang Snay Touch Krang Chhuk Tramaeng Tramaeng Trapeang Boeng Khcheay Khang Dang Tong Chhlit Kraom Tboung Chhlit Leu Kampong Trach Preaek Kroes Preaek Kroes Daeum Snay Kampot Andoung Khmer Tvi Khang cheung Tvi Khang tboung Koh Kong Botum Sakor Andoung Tuek Andoung Tuek Chi Meal Preah Sihanouk Preah Sihanouk Pir Mondol Muoy Mondol Bei Prey Nob Ream Ong Smach Daeng Kaeb Ou Krasar Ou Krasar Kaeb Ou Krasar Damnak Chambak

2. Other supplement information

Table1. Number and percentage of population who age 18 and over by sex CIPS 2013 Census 2008 Gender Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Male 4,444,982 47.03,690,397 46.7 Female 5,013,876 53.0 4,217,577 53.3 Total 9,458,858 100.0 7,907,974 100.0

Table2. Number and percentage of population who age 18 and over by sex and by age group Census 2008 Age Group Male Female Total Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent 18-29 1,809,471 40.7 1,809,060 36.1 3,618,530 38.3 30-39 942,171 21.2 1,003,735 20.0 1,945,906 20.6 40-49 755,101 17.0 862,321 17.2 1,617,422 17.1 50-54 490,706 11.0 669,147 13.3 1,159,853 12.3 60+ 447,533 10.1 669,613 13.4 1,117,146 11.8 Total 4,444,982 100.0 5,013,876 100.0 9,458,858 100.0

Table3. Number and percentage of population who age 18 and over by sex and by age group CIPS 2013 Age Group Male Female Total Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent 18-29 1,598,614 43.3 1,649,323 39.1 3,247,937 41.1 30-39 743,341 20.1 794,842 18.8 1,538,183 19.5 40-49 643,280 17.4 747,821 17.7 1,391,101 17.6 50-54 358,239 9.7 523,603 12.4 881,842 11.2 60+ 346,923 9.4 501,988 11.9 848,911 10.7 Total 3,690,397 100.0 4,217,577 100.0 7,907,974 100.0

Table4. Number and percentage of population who age 18 and over by sex and by educational level CIPS 2013 Educational Level Male Female Total Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent None 652,736 14.71,407,704 28.1 2,060,441 21.8 Elementary and 1,519,271 34.2 1,868,547 37.3 3,387,818 35.8 less Junior High 1,912,038 43.0 1,513,281 30.2 3,425,319 36.2 School Senior High 192,753 4.3 132,817 2.6 325,570 3.4 School Vocational 41,268 0.9 25,446 0.5 66,713 0.7 College and above 126,916 2.9 66,081 1.3 192,998 2.0 Total 4,444,982 100.0 5,013,876 100.0 9,458,858 100.0

Table5. Number and percentage of population who age 18 and over by sex and by educational level Census 2008 Educational Level Male Female Total Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent None 603,875 16.41,335,926 31.7 1,939,801 24.5 Elementary and 1,488,009 40.3 1,799,751 42.7 3,287,760 41.6 less Junior High 1,413,940 38.3 985,779 23.4 2,399,719 30.3 School Senior High 49,830 1.4 28,452 0.7 78,282 1.0 School Vocational 41,885 1.1 23,052 0.5 64,937 0.8 College and above 92,858 2.5 44,617 1.1 137,475 1.7 Total 3,690,397 100.0 4,217,577 100.0 7,907,974 100.0