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Africa's Future Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Africa’s Future,Challenge Human Development DIRECTIONS INDEVELOPMENT Early ChildhoodCareandDevelopment in 42700 Marito Garcia,AlanPence,andJudithL.Evans,Editors Sub-Saharan Africa Africa’s Future, Africa’s Challenge Africa’s Future, Africa’s Challenge Early Childhood Care and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa Editors Marito Garcia Alan Pence Judith L. Evans © 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 11 10 09 08 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 978-0-8213-6886-2 eISBN: 978-0-8213-6887-9 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6886-2 Cover photographs: Left: © Bernard van Leer Foundation/Jim Holmes (2003); Edines Lyakurwa’s children near Moshi, Tanzania, photographed during a field visit with Kiwakkuki, a women’s organization working with rural Tanzanian communities affected by HIV/AIDS. Right: © Aga Khan Foundation (AKF)/Jean-Luc Ray (1991); two boys in Mombasa, Kenya, photographed sorting beans in a counting and color identification exercise. Cover design: Naylor Design Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Africa’s future, Africa’s challenge: early childhood care and development in sub Saharan Africa / Marito Garcia, Alan Pence & Judith Evans, editors. p. cm. ISBN: 978-0-8213-6886-2 1. Child care—Africa, Sub-Saharan. 2. Early childhood education—Africa, Sub-Saharan. 3. Child development—Africa, Sub-Saharan. I. Garcia, Marito, 1951– II. Pence, Alan R., 1948– III. Evans, Judith L. HQ778.7.A35A37 2007 362.70967—dc22 2007008823 Contents Foreword xix Acknowledgments xxi Contributors xxiii Abbreviations xxvii Introduction1 Alan Pence, Judith L. Evans, and Marito Garcia Children in Sub-Saharan Africa1 Children as Social Entities2 Children on the Agenda in Africa3 Why This Volume?3 Sections and Chapters4 Notes6 References6 SECTION 1 Contexts9 Chapter 1 The State of Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa 11 Marito Garcia, Gillian Virata, and Erika Dunkelberg v vi Contents Indexes Indicate the Conditions of Children 14 Children in Sub-Saharan Africa Fare Worse than Children in Most Other Regions 17 Investments in Young Children 26 Notes 27 References 27 Chapter 2 Positioning ECD Nationally: Trends in Selected African Countries 29 Agnes Akosua Aidoo Africa’s Young Children 30 Evolution of ECD Policy 31 ECD Links with International and Regional Conventions and African Development Policies 32 National ECD Policies: Needs and Challenges 36 Policy Development Process 39 Conclusion and Key Actions 44 Note 48 References 48 Chapter 3 Early Childhood Care and Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Would It Take to Meet the Millennium Development Goals? 51 Adriana Jaramillo and Alain Mingat Can the World’s Goals for Children Be Met? 52 Arguments to Support the Extension of ECCD Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa 60 Policy Implications for Reaching ECD Goals 66 Conclusion 69 Notes 69 References 70 Chapter 4 Brain Development and ECD: A Case for Investment 71 Mary Eming Young and Fraser Mustard The Economics of ECD 72 Contents vii Africa Today 73 Why ECD? 74 Brain Development and Function: The Science 74 Literacy and Health 80 Turning Around Poor Development in the Early Years 83 Vulnerability and Cognition 84 The Benefits of ECD for Africa 85 Conclusion 87 Notes 88 References 88 Chapter 5 New Threats to Early Childhood Development: Children Affected by HIV/AIDS 93 Jodie Fonseca, Chloe O’Gara, Linda Sussman, and John Williamson HIV/AIDS and Young Children: The Problem 94 The Rationale for a Response 100 Young Children Affected by HIV/AIDS: The Way Forward 105 Notes 108 References 108 SECTION 2 Sociohistorical Contexts 115 Chapter 6 ECD in Africa: A Historical Perspective 117 Larry Prochner and Margaret Kabiru ECD in the Colonial Era 118 Indigenous ECD in Historical Perspective 123 A Contemporary Community-Based ECD Model: Kenya’s Harambee Preschools 126 Conclusion 130 References 130 Chapter 7 (Mis)Understanding ECD in Africa: The Force of Local and Global Motives 135 A. Bame Nsamenang viii Contents Whose Interests Are Addressed in ECD Programs? 136 Fundamentals of Indigenous African ECD 139 Concluding Thoughts 144 References 146 Chapter 8 Fathering: The Role of Men in Raising Children in Africa—Holding Up the Other Half of the Sky 151 Linda M. Richter and Robert Morrell Absent Fathers 152 Why Is It Important to Involve Men in the Care of Young Children? 155 What Do Children Say About Fathers? 158 Men’s Care and Protection of Young Children 159 What Still Needs to Be Done? 161 References 163 SECTION 3 Policy Development 167 Chapter 9 ECD Policy: A Comparative Analysis in Ghana, Mauritius, and Namibia 169 J. K. A. Boakye, Stella Etse, Madeez Adamu-Issah, Medha Devi Moti, Juditha Leketo Matjila, and Shamani-Jeffrey Shikwambi Ghana 170 Mauritius 173 Namibia 178 Conclusion 183 References 185 Chapter 10 Participatory ECD Policy Planning in Francophone West Africa 187 Emily Vargas-Barón The Three-Country Project 188 Some Lessons Learned about ECD Policy Planning in Africa 193 Contents ix Future ECD Policy Challenges 197 Note 198 References 198 SECTION 4 Programming 199 Chapter 11 Responding to the Challenge of Meeting the Needs of Children Under 3 in Africa 201 Kofi Marfo, Linda Biersteker, Jenieri Sagnia, and Margaret Kabiru Key Issues: An Overview 203 Case Studies: Exemplary and Innovative Approaches to Policy and Program Delivery 209 Summary and Concluding Comments 220 Notes 222 References 222 Chapter 12 Introducing Preprimary Classes in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges 227 Linda Biersteker, Samuel Ngaruiya, Edith Sebatane, and Sarah Gudyanga South Africa 229 Kenya 232 Zimbabwe 234 Lesotho 238 Opportunities and Challenges: What Have We Learned? 241 Conclusion 244 Notes 245 References 246 Chapter 13 Inclusive Education: A Mauritian Response to the “Inherent Rights of the Child” 249 Gilberte Chung Kim Chung and Cyril Dalais Inclusive Education: A Brief History 251 The Experience in Mauritius 252 xContents Schools for Children with Special Education Needs 253 From Segregation to Inclusion: A Long Road 253 Developments 259 The Inclusive Reform Strategy 260 Conclusion 261 References 263 Chapter 14 Parenting Challenges for the Changing African Family 265 Judith L. Evans, Chalizamudzi Elizabeth Matola, and Jolly P. T. Nyeko The Changing African Family 265 A Focus on Families and Communities 270 Strengthening Care for the Youngest Children through Parenting Programs 271 Conclusion 280 References 281 Chapter 15 ECD and HIV/AIDS: The Newest Programming and Policy Challenge 285 Patrice L. Engle and Erika Dunkelberg, with Shireen Issa Programming for Young Children Affected by HIV/AIDS 285 Program Options 288 Best Practices and Challenges 298 The Policy Framework 302 Conclusions 309 Notes 311 References 311 Chapter 16 Supporting Young Children in Conflict and Postconflict Situations: Child Protection and Psychosocial Well-Being in Angola 317 Michael Wessells and Carlinda Monteiro Contents xi The Angolan Wars and the Aftermath 319 Tools to Support Young Children 321 References 328 Chapter 17 Strategic Communication in Early Childhood Development Programs: The Case of Uganda 331 Cecilia Cabañero-Verzosa and Nawsheen Elaheebocus The Need for Strategic Communication in ECD Programs 332 Key Concepts of Strategic Communication 333 Case Example: Uganda Nutrition and Early Childhood Development Project 336 Conclusion 344 Notes 350 References 350 SECTION 5 Evaluations and Research 353 Chapter 18 The Synergy of Nutrition and ECD Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa 355 Harold Alderman and Patrice L. Engle Synergy of Nutrition and Cognitive Development and School Readiness 356 The Programmatic Synergy of Community Nutrition and ECD Approaches 359 Conclusion 367 Note 367 References 367 Chapter 19 The Impact of ECD Programs on Maternal Employment and Older Children’s School Attendance in Kenya 371 Michael M. Lokshin,
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