Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences Case Studies from South Africa Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences Case Studies from South Africa EDITORS Sumaya Laher, Angelo Fynn and Sherianne Kramer Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences Case Studies from South Africa EDITORS Sumaya Laher, Angelo Fynn and Sherianne Kramer Published in South Africa by: Wits University Press 1 Jan Smuts Avenue Johannesburg 2001 www.witspress.co.za Compilation © Editors 2019 Chapters © Individual contributors 2019 Published edition © Wits University Press 2019 Images and figures © Copyright holders First published 2019 http://dx.doi.org.10.18772/22019032750 978-1-77614-275-0 (Paperback) 978-1-77614-355-9 (Web PDF) 978-1-77614-356-6 (EPUB) 978-1-77614-357-3 (Mobi) 978-1-77614-276-7 (Open Access PDF) All rights reserved. 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The publication of this volume was made possible by funding from the Psychological Society of South Africa, the University of the Witwatersrand and the University of South Africa. Project manager: Inga Norenius Copyeditor: Lee Smith Proofreader: Lisa Compton Indexer: Tessa Botha Cover design: Hothouse Typesetter: MPS Typeset in 9 point Stone Serif Std Contents Tables, figures and box viii Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Research as practice: Contextualising applied research in the South African context 1 Sherianne Kramer, Angelo Fynn and Sumaya Laher Section One: Quantitative methods 2 Non-experimental research designs: Investigating the spatial distribution and social ecology of male homicide 19 Lu-Anne Swart, Sherianne Kramer, Kopano Ratele and Mohamed Seedat 3 Longitudinal designs: The RANCH-SA study 36 Kate Cockcroft, Paul Goldschagg and Joseph Seabi 4 Establishing factorial validity of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale 52 Malose Makhubela and Solomon Mashegoane 5 Using the WAIS-III to illustrate test norming strategies in multicultural contexts: A demographically stratified sampling design 69 Ann B. Shuttleworth-Edwards 6 Quasi-experimental designs in applied behavioural health research 84 Brendon R. Barnes 7 Experimental research: Randomised control trials to evaluate task-shifting interventions 97 Goodman Sibeko and Dan J. Stein 8 Repeated-measures factorial design: Exploring working memory interactions in earworms 114 Thomas Geffen and Michael Pitman 9 Q methodology: Patterns of subjectivity in academic misconduct 130 Gillian Finchilescu and Saloshni Muthal Section Two: Qualitative methods 10 Systematic case study research in clinical and counselling psychology 151 David J. A. Edwards 11 Doing psychobiography: The case of Christiaan Barnard 168 Roelf van Niekerk, Tracey Prenter and Paul Fouché 12 Narrative research in career counselling: The career construction interview 186 Jacobus G. Maree 13 Interrogating grounded theory in meaning-making of voluntary medical adult male circumcision 203 Lynlee Howard-Payne 14 Feminist approaches: An exploration of women’s gendered experiences 220 Peace Kiguwa 15 The power of critical discourse analysis: Investigating female-perpetrated sex abuse victim discourses 236 Sherianne Kramer 16 Using ethnomethodology and conversation analysis to study social categories: The case of racial categories in South African radio talk 251 Kevin A. Whitehead 17 Autoethnography: Locating the self as standpoint in post-apartheid South Africa 265 Jeanette Schmid 18 Genealogy in practice: Labour, discipline and power in the production of the mineworker in South Africa 280 Brett Bowman, Ian Siemers and Kevin A. Whitehead Section Three: Transparadigmatic methods 19 Transformative mixed methods research in South Africa: Contributions to social justice 303 Brendon R. Barnes 20 Design Research: Developing effective feedback interventions for school-based monitoring 317 Elizabeth Archer 21 Appreciative inquiry as transformative methodology: Case studies in health and wellness 337 Kathryn Nel and Saraswathie Govender 22 Photovoice methodologies for social justice 354 Shose Kessi, Debbie Kaminer, Floretta Boonzaier and Despina Learmonth 23 Action and community-based research: Improving local governance practices through the community scorecard 375 Diana Sanchez-Betancourt and Elmé Vivier 24 Trends in social science research in Africa: Rigour, relevance and responsibility 393 Sumaya Laher, Angelo Fynn and Sherianne Kramer Contributors 413 Index 419 viii Tables, figures and box Table 2.1 Descriptions of the 11 explanatory variables used in the factor analysis together with mean values and ranges for the 508 residential areas of Johannesburg 25 Table 2.2 Correlations for male homicide and neighbourhood characteristics in Johannesburg (2001–2005) 27 Table 2.3 Pattern matrix from the factor analysis with factor loadings for each contextual indicator 28 Table 2.4 Negative binomial regression results for neighbourhood characteristics on male homicide, Johannesburg (2001–2005) 30 Table 4.1 Factor matrix of the RSES 57 Table 4.2 One-factor model of the RSES structure: Goodness-of-fit statistics 60 Table 4.3 Structural path coefficients for the data 60 Table 4.4 Steps for multigroup analysis 62 Table 4.5 Goodness-of-fit statistics for tests of invariance of the RSES structure for blacks and whites 63 Table 5.1 WAIS-III and WISC-IV Index and IQ scores from two norming studies, stratified for race, first language, and level and quality of education 79 Table 7.1 Randomised controlled trial process 99 Table 7.2 CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial 101 Table 7.3 Classification of RCTs 105 Table 8.1 All eight conditions showing randomised order 121 Table 8.2 ANOVA summary 124 Table 8.3 ANOVA means for self-reported INMI 125 Table 9.1 The data matrices for R- and Q-technique factor analyses 132 Table 9.2 Example of a Fisher block design applied to P-set selection 135 Table 9.3 Starting points for factor extraction based on the number of Q-sorts 137 Table 9.4 The seven centroid factors extracted in the academic misconduct study 138 Table 9.5 Extracts from the rotated factor matrix of the academic misconduct study 139 Table 9.6 Summary of the categorised Q-sorts 140 Table 9.7 Excerpt from the table giving prototypical Q-sort rankings of the factors 140 Table 9.8 Correlation between factor scores 141 Table 9.9 Factor characteristics giving reliability information 141 Table 9.10 Crib sheet for factor 3 142 Table 11.1 Data processing and analysis matrix 172 Table 12.1 Career construction interview 189 Table 14.1 A summary of differences among the three approaches to research 229 ix Table 20.1 Design Research phases 320 Table 20.2 Description of Design Research quality criteria 321 Table 20.3 Evaluator roles utilised during Design Research 323 Table 20.4 Quality emphasis per development stage 331 Table 20.5 Product- or intervention-optimised SAMP feedback system 333 Table 22.1 Definitions 356 Figure 2.1 Number of male homicide victims per neighbourhood, Johannesburg (2001–2005) 24 Figure 4.1 Hypothesised one-factor model 58 Figure 7.1 CONSORT flow diagram 104 Figure 8.1 INMI and working memory theoretical framework 117 Figure 8.2 ANT timing and stimuli 120 Figure 8.3 Leco × gum interaction 124 Figure 8.4 Gum × ANT interaction 125 Figure 9.1 Example of a Q-sort grid design 135 Figure 13.1 Example of the initial codes from preliminary interview with first participant 205 Figure 13.2 Straussian grounded theory process to evolve codes into categories 206 Figure 13.3 Schematic representation of the processes involved in axial coding 209 Figure 13.4 Selective coding process 211 Figure 13.5 Overview representation of substantive grounded theory on meaning-making of HIV prophylactic VMAMC in South Africa 216 Figure 18.1 Employment and human rights 289 Figure 18.2 Federation of South African Trade Unions National Union of Textile Workers’ pamphlet 290 Figure 18.3 Training native mine labour 291 Figure 18.4 Native labour control and conservation 291 Figure 18.5 GAB screws test 292 Figure 18.6 STB Kohs’ block test 293 Figure 18.7 Classification of African mineworkers’ jobs 293 Figure 18.8 Excerpt from aptitude tests for native labour on the Witwatersrand gold mines 294 Figure 18.9 Comparisons of non-mechanical, mechanical and supervisory workers 295 Figure 20.1 Cyclical nature of Design Research 320 Figure 20.2 Quality criteria for Design Research 322 Figure 20.3 Shift in evaluative criteria during the design process 322 Figure 20.4 The overall Design Research framework 323 Figure 20.5a Evaluation matchboard A 325 Figure 20.5b Evaluation matchboard B 326 Figure 20.6 Overall design 330 x Figure 20.7 Design principles 333 Figure 21.1 Cyclical process of AI 343 Figure 21.2 Steps in the AI research process 345 Figure 21.3 Multimethod