DOCSLIB.ORG

Sub-Saharan Africa Will Become Vulnerability to Projected Climate Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

9 Africa Coordinating Lead Authors: Michel Boko (Benin), Isabelle Niang (Senegal), Anthony Nyong (Nigeria), Coleen Vogel (South Africa) Lead Authors: Andrew Githeko (Kenya), Mahmoud Medany (Egypt), Balgis Osman-Elasha (Sudan), Ramadjita Tabo (Chad), Pius Yanda (Tanzania) Contributing Authors: Francis Adesina (Nigeria), Micheline Agoli-Agbo (Benin), Samar Attaher (Egypt), Lahouari Bounoua (USA), Nick Brooks (UK), Ghislain Dubois (France), Mukiri wa Githendu (Kenya), Karim Hilmi (Morocco), Alison Misselhorn (South Africa), John Morton (UK), Imoh Obioh (Nigeria), Anthony Ogbonna (UK), Hubert N’Djafa Ouaga (Chad), Katharine Vincent (UK), Richard Washington (South Africa), Gina Ziervogel (South Africa) Review Editors: Frederick Semmazzi (USA), Mohamed Senouci (Algeria) This chapter should be cited as: Boko, M., I. Niang, A. Nyong, C. Vogel, A. Githeko, M. Medany, B. Osman-Elasha, R. Tabo and P. Yanda, 2007: Africa. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 433-467. Africa Chapter 9 Table of Contents .....................................................435 9.4.4 Agriculture ............................................................447 Executive summary 9.4.5 Ecosystems ...........................................................449 ........................................................435 9.1 Introduction 9.4.6 Coastal zones........................................................450 9.1.1 Summary of knowledge assessed in the Third Assessment Report ...............................................435 9.4.7 Tourism ..................................................................450 9.1.2 New advances and approaches used in the 9.4.8 Settlements, industry and infrastructure................451 Fourth Assessment Report....................................436 ..452 9.5 Adaptation constraints and opportunities ...................436 9.2 Current sensitivity/vulnerability 9.5.1 Adaptation practices .............................................452 9.2.1 Current sensitivity to climate and weather.............436 9.5.2 Adaptation costs, constraints and opportunities....453 Box 9.1 Environmental changes on Mt. Kilimanjaro .........438 .........................................................454 9.2.2 Current sensitivity and vulnerability to other 9.6 Case studies stresses .................................................................440 9.6.1 Food insecurity: the role of climate variability, change and other stressors ...................................454 ..................443 9.3 Assumptions about future trends 9.6.2 Indigenous knowledge systems ............................456 9.3.1 Climate-change scenarios.....................................443 9.3.2 Socio-economic scenarios ....................................444 9.7 Conclusions: links between climate ...........457 change and sustainable development 9.4 Expected key future impacts and ...444 9.8 Key uncertainties, confidence levels, ......457 vulnerabilities, and their spatial variation unknowns, research gaps and priorities 9.4.1 Water .....................................................................444 9.8.1 Uncertainties, confidence levels and unknowns....457 Box 9.2. Climate, water availability and agriculture 9.8.2 Research gaps and priorities.................................458 in Egypt .................................................................445 9.4.2 Energy....................................................................446 ......................................................................460 References 9.4.3 Health ....................................................................446 434 Chapter 9 Africa Executive summary 350-600 million people by the 2020s and 2050s, respectively. [9.2.1, 9.2.2, 9.4.1] Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate Changes in a variety of ecosystems are already being change and climate variability, a situation aggravated by detected, particularly in southern African ecosystems, at a the interaction of ‘multiple stresses’, occurring at various faster rate than anticipated (very high confidence). levels, and low adaptive capacity (high confidence). Climate change, interacting with human drivers such as Africa’s major economic sectors are vulnerable to current climate deforestation and forest fires, are a threat to Africa’s forest sensitivity, with huge economic impacts, and this vulnerability ecosystems. Changes in grasslands and marine ecosystems are is exacerbated by existing developmental challenges such as also noticeable. It is estimated that, by the 2080s, the endemic poverty, complex governance and institutional proportion of arid and semi-arid lands in Africa is likely to dimensions; limited access to capital, including markets, increase by 5-8%. Climate change impacts on Africa’s infrastructure and technology; ecosystem degradation; and ecosystems will probably have a negative effect on tourism as, complex disasters and conflicts. These in turn have contributed according to one study, between 25 and 40% of mammal to Africa’s weak adaptive capacity, increasing the continent’s species in national parks in sub-Saharan Africa will become vulnerability to projected climate change. [9.2.2, 9.5, 9.6.1] endangered. [9.2.2, 9.4.4, 9.4.5] African farmers have developed several adaptation Climate variability and change could result in low-lying options to cope with current climate variability, but such lands being inundated, with resultant impacts on coastal adaptations may not be sufficient for future changes of settlements (high confidence). climate (high confidence). Climate variability and change, coupled with human-induced Human or societal adaptive capacity, identified as being low changes, may also affect ecosystems e.g., mangroves and coral for Africa in the Third Assessment Report, is now better reefs, with additional consequences for fisheries and tourism. understood and this understanding is supported by several case The projection that sea-level rise could increase flooding, studies of both current and future adaptation options. particularly on the coasts of eastern Africa, will have However, such advances in the science of adaptation to climate implications for health. Sea-level rise will probably increase change and variability, including both contextual and outcome the high socio-economic and physical vulnerability of coastal vulnerabilities to climate variability and climate change, show cities. The cost of adaptation to sea-level rise could amount to that these adaptations may be insufficient to cope with future at least 5-10% of gross domestic product. [9.4.3, 9.4.6, 9.5.2] changes of climate. [9.2, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6.2, Table 9.2] Human health, already compromised by a range of factors, Agricultural production and food security (including could be further negatively impacted by climate change access to food) in many African countries and regions are and climate variability, e.g., malaria in southern Africa and likely to be severely compromised by climate change and the East African highlands (high confidence). climate variability (high confidence). It is likely that climate change will alter the ecology of some A number of countries in Africa already face semi-arid disease vectors in Africa, and consequently the spatial and conditions that make agriculture challenging, and climate temporal transmission of such diseases. Most assessments of change will be likely to reduce the length of growing season health have concentrated on malaria and there are still debates as well as force large regions of marginal agriculture out of on the attribution of malaria resurgence in someAfrican areas. production. Projected reductions in yield in some countries The need exists to examine the vulnerabilities and impacts of could be as much as 50% by 2020, and crop net revenues could future climate change on other infectious diseases such as fall by as much as 90% by 2100, with small-scale farmers dengue fever, meningitis and cholera, among others. [9.2.1.2, being the most affected. This would adversely affect food 9.4.3 9.5.1] security in the continent. [9.2.1, 9.4.4, 9.6.1] Climate change will aggravate the water stress currently faced by some countries, while some countries that 9.1 Introduction currently do not experience water stress will become at risk of water stress (very high confidence). 9.1.1 Summary of knowledge assessed in the Third Climate change and variability are likely to impose additional Assessment Report pressures on water availability, water accessibility and water demand in Africa. Even without climate change, several The ThirdAssessment Report (TAR) of the IPCC identified countries in Africa, particularly in northern Africa, will a range of impacts associated with climate change and exceed the limits of their economically usable land-based variability, including decreases in grain yields; changes in water resources before 2025. About 25% of Africa’s runoff and water availability in the Mediterranean and southern population (about 200 million people) currently experience countries of Africa; increased stresses resulting from increased high water stress. The population at risk of increased water droughts and floods; and significant plant and animal species stress inAfrica is projected to be between 75-250 million and extinctions and
Recommended publications
  • National Drug Master Plan 2013 – 2017 and the Work Done by the Inter- Ministerial Committee on Alcohol and Substance Abuse Seek to Address These Challenges

    National Drug Master Plan 2013 – 2017 and the Work Done by the Inter- Ministerial Committee on Alcohol and Substance Abuse Seek to Address These Challenges

    NATIONAL DRUG MASTER PLAN 2013 – 2017 FOREWORD BY THE MINISTER OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT The impact of alcohol and substance abuse continues to ravage families, communities and society. The youth of South Africa are particularly hard hit due to increases in the harmful use of alcohol and the use and abuse of illicit drugs. The use of alcohol and illicit drugs impact negatively on the users, their families and communities. Alcohol and drugs damage the health of users and are linked to rises in non-communicable diseases including HIV and AIDS, cancer, heart disease and psychological disorders. Users are also exposed to violent crime, either as perpetrators or victims and are also at risk of long-term unemployment due to school dropout and foetal alcohol syndrome, being in conflict with law and loss of employment. The social costs for users are exacerbated due to being ostracised from families and their communities. In acute cases users are at risk of premature deaths due ill health, people involved in accidents as well as innocent drivers, violent crime and suicide. The harmful use of alcohol and drugs exposes non-users to injury and death due to people driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs and through being victims of violent crime. Socially, the families of addicts are placed under significant financial pressures due to the costs associated with theft from the family, legal fees for users and the high costs of treatment. The emotional and psychological impacts on families and the high levels of crime and other social ills have left many communities under siege by the scale of alcohol and drug abuse.
  • North America Other Continents

    North America Other Continents

    Arctic Ocean Europe North Asia America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Africa Pacific Ocean South Indian America Ocean Oceania Southern Ocean Antarctica LAND & WATER • The surface of the Earth is covered by approximately 71% water and 29% land. • It contains 7 continents and 5 oceans. Land Water EARTH’S HEMISPHERES • The planet Earth can be divided into four different sections or hemispheres. The Equator is an imaginary horizontal line (latitude) that divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres, while the Prime Meridian is the imaginary vertical line (longitude) that divides the earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. • North America, Earth’s 3rd largest continent, includes 23 countries. It contains Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, the United States of America, all Caribbean and Central America countries, as well as Greenland, which is the world’s largest island. North West East LOCATION South • The continent of North America is located in both the Northern and Western hemispheres. It is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north, by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. • It measures 24,256,000 sq. km and takes up a little more than 16% of the land on Earth. North America 16% Other Continents 84% • North America has an approximate population of almost 529 million people, which is about 8% of the World’s total population. 92% 8% North America Other Continents • The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of Earth’s Oceans. It covers about 15% of the Earth’s total surface area and approximately 21% of its water surface area.

  • Vulnerability: a View from Different Disciplines

    SP DISCUSSION PAPER NO.0115 23304 Public Disclosure Authorized </> - Vulnerability: A View from Different Disciplines Public Disclosure Authorized Jeffrey Alwang, Paul B. Siegel and Steen L. Jorgensen June 2001 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ionia ABOR MARKETS, PENSIONS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE T H E W O R L D B A N K VULNERABILITY: A VIEW FROM DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES Jeffrey Alwang Paul B. Siegel Steen L. Jorgensen June 2001 ABSTRACT Practitioners from different disciplines use different meanings and concepts of vulnerability, which, in turn, have led to diverse methods of measuring it. This paper presents a selective review of the literature from several disciplines to examine how they define and measure vulnerability. The disciplines include economics, sociology/anthropology, disaster management, environmental science, and health/nutrition. Differences between the disciplines can be explained by their tendency to focus on different components of risk, household responses to risk and welfare outcomes. In general, they focus either on the risks (at one extreme) or the underlying conditions (or outcomes) at the other. Trade-offs exist between simple measurement schemes and rich conceptual understanding. Key Words: vulnerability, risk, risk management, poverty dynamics. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The recent World Development Report (WDR) 2000/1 highlights the interface between empowerment, security, opportunity - and poverty. This approach to thinking about poverty brings the concepts of risk and its management to the center of the policy dialogue. At the same time, use of the term "vulnerability" has proliferated. This term refers to the relationship between poverty, risk, and efforts to manage risk. Social risk management (SRM) is a new means of looking at poverty, risk, and risk management that has recently been presented in the World Bank's Social Protection strategy.
  • Gendered Risks, Poverty and Vulnerability in Mexico

    Gendered Risks, Poverty and Vulnerability in Mexico

    3 Gendered risks, poverty and vulnerability in Mexico Contributions of the Estancias Infantiles para Apoyar a Madres Trabajadoras programme October 2010 Paola Pereznieto and Mariana Campos * Disclaimer: The views presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of DFID. Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7922 0300 Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 www.odi.org.uk Gendered Risks, Poverty and Vulnerability in Mexico Background and Acknowledgements This report is part of a research project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) (2008-2010) and the Australian Government, AusAID (under the Australian Development Research Awards 2008) (2008-2011), looking at gender and social protection effectiveness in Latin America, Sub Saharan Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia. DFID funded the primary research in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Mexico and Peru, as well as secondary research in Brazil, Chile, Columbia and Pakistan (with a focus on cash and asset transfer and public works programmes). AusAID funded research in Indonesia and Viet Nam (with a focus on subsidies). The research was carried out by ODI in partnership with the Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; the Indian Institute of Dalit Studies; SMERU Research Institute in Indonesia; the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Family and Gender Studies; the Department of Women and Gender Studies, University of Dhaka; the International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPCIG) in Brazil; and independent consultants in Ghana, Mexico, and Peru. For more information see: www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/details.asp?id=1020&title=gender-vulnerability-social-protection The following publications are available under this project series: Country case studies Amuzu, C., Jones, N.
  • Countries and Continents of the World: a Visual Model

    Countries and Continents of the World: a Visual Model

    Countries and Continents of the World http://geology.com/world/world-map-clickable.gif By STF Members at The Crossroads School Africa Second largest continent on earth (30,065,000 Sq. Km) Most countries of any other continent Home to The Sahara, the largest desert in the world and The Nile, the longest river in the world The Sahara: covers 4,619,260 km2 The Nile: 6695 kilometers long There are over 1000 languages spoken in Africa http://www.ecdc-cari.org/countries/Africa_Map.gif North America Third largest continent on earth (24,256,000 Sq. Km) Composed of 23 countries Most North Americans speak French, Spanish, and English Only continent that has every kind of climate http://www.freeusandworldmaps.com/html/WorldRegions/WorldRegions.html Asia Largest continent in size and population (44,579,000 Sq. Km) Contains 47 countries Contains the world’s largest country, Russia, and the most populous country, China The Great Wall of China is the only man made structure that can be seen from space Home to Mt. Everest (on the border of Tibet and Nepal), the highest point on earth Mt. Everest is 29,028 ft. (8,848 m) tall http://craigwsmall.wordpress.com/2008/11/10/asia/ Europe Second smallest continent in the world (9,938,000 Sq. Km) Home to the smallest country (Vatican City State) There are no deserts in Europe Contains mineral resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, copper, lead, and tin http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/b/bf/Europe-large.png Oceania/Australia Smallest continent on earth (7,687,000 Sq.
  • Final Policy Paper

    Final Policy Paper

    Eve Gray ACHIEVING RESEARCH IMPACT FOR DEVELOPMENT A Critique of Research Dissemination Policy in South Africa, with Recommendations for Policy Reform Open Society Institute International Policy Fellowship Programme 2006-7 This policy paper was produced as the outcome of the OSI 2006-07 International Policy Fellowship programme. Eve Gray was a member of the Open Information Policy working group, which was directed by Lawrence Liang. More details of the policy research of the Open Information Working Group can be found at http://www.policy.hu/themes06/opinfo/index.html This report is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution, non-Commercial, No Derivative Works licence http://www.creativecommons.org The views contained in this report remain solely those of the author, who may be contacted at [email protected]. For a fuller account of this policy research project, please visit http://www.policy.hu/gray . International Policy Fellowship Program Open Society Institute Nador Utca 9 Budpest 1051 Hungary http://www.policy.hu ABSTRACT This paper reviews the policy context for research publication in South Africa, using South Africa’s relatively privileged status as an African country and its elaborated research policy environment as a testing ground for what might be achieved – or what needs to be avoided - in other African countries. The policy review takes place against the background of a global scholarly publishing system in which African knowledge is seriously marginalised and is poorly represented in global scholarly output. Scholarly publishing policies that drive the dissemination of African research into international journals that are not accessible in developing countries because of their high cost effectively inhibit the ability of relevant research to impact on the overwhelming development challenges that face the continent.
  • Climate Change, Development, and Migration: an African Diaspora Perspective

    Climate Change, Development, and Migration: an African Diaspora Perspective

    THINK TANK & RESEARCH Discussion Draft Climate change, development, and migration: an African Diaspora perspective Awil Mohamoud, Alpha Kaloga & Sönke Kreft 2 Germanwatch Brief Summary This paper represents an input to sensitize Diaspora around issues of climate change and development. Diaspora communities can instigate policy change both in their old and new homelands. Especially in the fight against climate change, they can play a bridge function so that European and African countries play together their climate policy action. In order to achieve this, the paper consists of three sections. The first part of the paper fo- cuses on the specific vulnerability of the African continent and its interaction with chal- lenges such as development and migration. The second part consists of an overview of rele- vant policy fora and opportunities to drive change. The third part concludes with proposing a step-wise approach to capacitate Diaspora communities as active change agents in the fight against climate change. Imprint Authors: Awil Mohamoud, Alpha Kaloga & Sönke Kreft; with contribution of Dominic Sett & Gundula Haage Layout: Daniela Baum Publisher: Germanwatch e.V. Office Bonn Office Berlin Kaiserstr. 201 Stresemannstr. 72 D-53113 Bonn D-10963 Berlin Phone +49 (0) 228 60492-0, Fax -19 Phone +49 (0) 30 2888 356-0, Fax -1 Internet: http://www.germanwatch.org E-mail: [email protected] April 2014 Purchase order number: 14-2-06e This publication can be downloaded at: www.germanwatch.org/en/8456 Prepared with financial support from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Climate change, development, and migration: an African Diaspora perspective 3 Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................
  • Shilliam, Robbie. "Africa in Oceania." the Black Pacific: Anti-Colonial Struggles and Oceanic Connections

    Shilliam, Robbie. "Africa in Oceania." the Black Pacific: Anti-Colonial Struggles and Oceanic Connections

    Shilliam, Robbie. "Africa in Oceania." The Black Pacific: Anti-Colonial Struggles and Oceanic Connections. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. 169–182. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 27 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474218788.ch-009>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 27 September 2021, 09:12 UTC. Copyright © Robbie Shilliam 2015. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 9 Africa in Oceania Māui and Legba Hone Taare Tikao, an Ngāi Tahu scholar involved in Te Kotahitanga, the Māori Parliament movement of the late nineteenth century, puts the pieces together: Māui must have visited Africa in one of his epic journeys.1 For once upon a time Māui had turned a thief called Irawaru into a dog, and since then some Māori have considered the dog to be their tuākana (elder sibling). In the 1830s a trading ship from South Africa arrives at Otago harbour. On board is a strange animal that the sailors call a monkey but that the local rangatira (chiefs) recognize to be, in fact, Irawaru. They make speeches of welcome to their elder brother. It is 1924 and the prophet Rātana visits the land that Māui had trodden on so long ago. He finds a Zulu chief driving a rickshaw. He brings the evidence of this debasement back to the children of Tāne/ Māui as a timely warning as to their own standing in the settler state of New Zealand. It is 1969 and Henderson Tapela, president of the African Student’s Association in Aotearoa NZ, reminds the children of Tāne/Māui about their deep-seated relationship with the children of Legba.
  • The Mineral Industries of Africa in 2005

    The Mineral Industries of Africa in 2005

    2005 Minerals Yearbook AFRICA U.S. Department of the Interior August 2007 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF AFRICA By Thomas R. Yager, Omayra Bermúdez-Lugo, Philip M. Mobbs, Harold R. Newman, and David R. Wilburn The 55 independent nations and other territories of continental • Uganda—Department of Geological Survey and Mines, and Africa and adjacent islands covered in this volume encompass a • Zimbabwe—Chamber of Mines. land area of 30.4 million square kilometers, which is more than For basic economic data—the International Monetary Fund in three times the size of the United States, and were home to 896 the United States. million people in 2005. For many of these countries, mineral For minerals consumption data— exploration and production constitute significant parts of their • British Petroleum plc, economies and remain keys to future economic growth. Africa is • Department of Minerals and Energy of the Republic of richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second South Africa, in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial • MEPS (International) Ltd., and diamond, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), • U.S. Department of Energy in the United States. vermiculite, and zirconium. For exploration and other mineral-related information—the The mineral industry was an important source of export Metals Economics Group (MEG) in Canada. earnings for many African nations in 2005. To promote exports, groups of African countries have formed numerous trade blocs, General Economic Conditions which included the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the Economic and Monetary Community of Central In 2005, the real gross domestic product (GDP) of Africa Africa, the Economic Community of Central African States, the grew by 5.4% after increasing by 5.5% in 2004.
  • May 2008 Violence Against Foreign Nationals in South Africa

    May 2008 Violence Against Foreign Nationals in South Africa

    MAYY 2000088 VIIOLLEENCE AGGAAIINNSSTT FOORREEIIGGNN NNAATTIOONNAALLSS IINN SSOUTTHH AAFRRICCAA UNNDDEERSSTANNDDINNGG CCAAUUSSEES AANNDD EEVVAALUUAATTIINNG REESPPONNSSEESS By Jean Pierre Misago, Tamlyn Monson, Tara Polzer and Loren Landau April 2010 Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (CoRMSA) and Forced Migration Studies Programme MAY 2008 VIOLENCE AGAINST FOREIGN NATIONALS IN SOUTH AFRICA: UNDERSTANDING CAUSES AND EVALUATING RESPONSES Jean Pierre Misago, Tamlyn Monson, Tara Polzer and Loren Landau Forced Migration Studies Programme (FMSP), University of the Witwatersrand and Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (CoRMSA) April 2010 2 This research report was produced by the FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES PROGRAMME at the University of the Witwatersrand. The report was written by Jean Pierre Misago, Tamlyn Monson and Tara Polzer. The research was conducted by Jean Pierre Misago, Tamlyn Monson, Vicki Igglesden, Dumisani Mngadi, Gugulethu Nhlapo, Khangelani Moyo, Mpumi Mnqapu and Xolani Tshabalala. This report was funded by the Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (CoRMSA) with support from Oxfam GB and Atlantic Philanthropies South Africa. All statements of fact and expressions of opinion in the report are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Oxfam GB. Based in Johannesburg, the Forced Migration Studies Programme (FMSP) is an internationally engaged; Africa-oriented and Africa-based centre of excellence for research and teaching that helps shape global discourse on migration; aid and social transformation. The Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (CoRMSA) is the South African national network of organisations working with refugees and migrants. For more information about the FMSP see www.migration.org.za .
  • Climate Change, Energy, and Sustainable Development in South Africa: Developing the African Continent at the Crossroads Edson L

    Climate Change, Energy, and Sustainable Development in South Africa: Developing the African Continent at the Crossroads Edson L

    Sustainable Development Law & Policy Volume 9 Article 17 Issue 2 Winter 2009: Climate Law Reporter 2009 Climate Change, Energy, and Sustainable Development in South Africa: Developing the African Continent at the Crossroads Edson L. Meyer Kola O. Odeku Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/sdlp Part of the Energy and Utilities Law Commons, Environmental Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Natural Resources Law Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Edson L and Kola O. Odeku. “Climate Change, Energy, and Sustainable Development in South Africa: Developing the African Continent at the Crossroads.” Sustainable Development Law & Policy, Winter 2009, 49-53, 74-75. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sustainable Development Law & Policy by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLIMATE CHANGE , ENE R GY , AN D SU S TAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AF R ICA : DEVELOPING THE AF R ICAN CONTINENT AT THE CR O ssr OA ds by Professor Edson L. Meyer* & Dr. Kola O. Odeku** IN T RO D UC ti ON Interestingly, it is not only African leaders who believe that arious scientific research has confirmed that climate developing countries should vigorously pursue energy intensive change has started affecting the atmosphere and, in par- economic activities. Some African pundits and their collabora- Vticular, the African continent.1 International concerns tors have also supported this position by asserting that “whether regarding climate change are now overwhelming as various gov- climate change proves benign or harmful, attempting to control ernments of the world create policies and measures to reduce the it through global regulation of emissions would be counterpro- carbon dioxide emissions that cause climate change.
  • Adaptive Strategies of Desert Plants in Coping with the Harsh Conditions of Desert Environments: a Review

    Adaptive Strategies of Desert Plants in Coping with the Harsh Conditions of Desert Environments: a Review

    International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 31(5): 1-8, 2019; Article no.IJPSS.52649 ISSN: 2320-7035 Adaptive Strategies of Desert Plants in Coping with the Harsh Conditions of Desert Environments: A Review K. U. Ekwealor1*, C. B. Echereme1, T. N. Ofobeze1 and G. C. Ukpaka2 1Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria. 2Department of Biological Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author KUE is the main author, structured the write-up. Author CBE is the main internal editor. Author TNO managed the literature searches. Author GCU and all other authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/IJPSS/2019/v31i530224 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Kofi Agyarko, Associate Professor, College of Agricultural Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana. (2) Dr. Olanrewaju Folusho Olotuah, Professor, Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. (3) Dr. Abigail Ogbonna, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria. Reviewers: (1) Delian Elena, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Bucharest, Romania. (2) Acaye Genesis, Cyan International, India. (3) Danni Guo, South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), South Africa. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/52649 Received 25 September 2019 Accepted 30 November 2019 Review Article Published 07 February 2020 ABSTRACT The low and erratic precipitation of desert habitats and the resultant drought have been a huge environmental challenge to the desert flora. Because these organisms must harmonize their structures and functions to thrive in their environments, they have evolved a range of strategies to survive the drought that characterizes the desert ecosystem.