Index1

NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS al-Zaafran, 67 20-Year Perspective Document, 54 Ali e Ahmad, Jalal, 13 AML, see Anti-Money Laundering Ansar-e-, 43 A Anti-Access/Anti-Denial (A2/AD), 36 A2/AD, see Anti-Access/Anti-Denial Anti-Money Laundering (AML), 100 Abadgaran, 9, 32 Arabian Peninsula, 15, 179 , 181 Arab Spring, 35, 62, 63, 144, Aerospace Force, 30–32, 54, 130 166–168, 196, 197, 245 Aerospace Industries Organization Araghi, Abdullah, 43 (AIO), 97 Arak heavy water research Afghanistan, 15, 33, 52, 122, reactor, 28, 33 124, 234 Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq, 117, 130 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 4, 14, 40, Assad regime, 64, 67, 68, 71, 54, 62, 63, 87, 121n21, 122, 157, 208 218, 218n9, 218n10, 243 Astana, 69, 71, 155, 156n39, 204, AIO, see Aerospace Industries 205, 235, 245 Organization Aydon, 67 al-Amiri, Hadi, 125 Azarakhsh, 57 Al-Latamneh, 67 Azim Gostaresh Hormoz Shipbuilding al-Rastan, 67 Industry, 90

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s) 2019 247 F. Rezaei, ’s Foreign Policy After the Nuclear Agreement, Middle East Today, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76789-5 248 INDEX

B CISADA, see Comprehensive Iran Baath Battalions, The, 147 Sanctions, Accountability, and Bab al-Mandeb, 35, 39, 169, 171, 177 Divestment Act al-Baghdadi, Abu Omar, 126, 127 Citibank, 23 Bahai, 42 Coalition of Islamic Societies, 7 Bahrain, 166, 167, 169, 175, Command and Control, Battle 176, 182 Management, Communications Bandar bin Sultan, Prince, 181 (C2BMC), 178 Bank Melli Iran (BMI), 17, 100 Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Bank Refah, 24 Accountability, and Divestment Bank Saderat, 22 Act (CISADA), 23 Bank Tejarat, 24 Council of Ministers, 1 Baquba, 155 Countering Iran’s Destabilizing BARJAM, see Barname Jame Eghdam Activities Act of 2017 Moshtara (CIDAA-­2017), 96, 97 Barname Jame Eghdam Moshtarak (BARJAM), 25 Basij, 3, 5–10, 42, 43, 102, 103, 145, D 147, 167, 173, 216n2, 217 Damascus, 64, 71, 132, 132n49, Battalions of Hezbollah, 117 141–148, 155, 198, 202, 205, Bonyad Mostazafan, 4 227, 230 Bonyad Shahid va Omur-e Janbazan, 4 Davutoglu, Ahmet, 198–200 Bush, George W., 85, 114, 120, 144 Dehnavi, Hassan Zareh, 42 Bushehr reactor, 51 Dehqhan, Hossein, 60 Deir al-Zour, 155 Deir Fol, 67 C Dialogue among Civilizations, 8 C2BMC, see Command and Control, Dunford, Joseph, 72, 156 Battle Management, Communications Cavasoglu, Mevlut, 204 E CENTCOM, see Central Command ECHR, see European Convention on Center for Borderless Security Human Rights Analysis, 14 ElBaradei, Mohammed, 87 Central Command (CENTCOM), 26, EU, see European Union 39, 121, 176, 179 Europäisch-Iranische Handelsbank, 24 China, 29, 53, 54, 58, 69, 71, European Convention on Human 87, 98 Rights (ECHR), 102 Chizari, 145, 147 European Union (EU), 24, 28–30, CIDAA-2017, see Countering 85–89, 95–98, 101–106, 170, Iran’s Destabilizing Activities 196n18, 244 Act of 2017 Executive Order (EO), 24, 25 INDEX 249

F Hezbollah, 9, 10, 15, 43, 65, 73, 141, Fatemiyoun Brigade, 147, 150 144, 146, 147, 149–151, 155, FDI, see Foreign Direct Investment 219–221, 219n12, 219n13, Firuzabadi, Hassan, 104 225–236, 225n30, 225n31, Flynn, Michael T., 31 226n33, 226n34, 227n35, Fordow, 27–29 227n36, 228n39, 228n40, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 17 231n45, 232n48, 234n52, Foreign terrorist organization 235n55, 244 (FTO), 15 Holocaust, 87, 221–223 Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Homs, 71, 149, 151, 155, 198 Affairs, 4 Houthis, 15, 165, 168–170, 179, France, 29, 69, 84, 87, 89, 92, 181, 201, 230 94, 98, 102 HSBC, 23 (FSA), 67, 145–146, Human Rights Reform, 43n53 149, 198, 198n24, 199, 201 HWPP, see Heavy Water Power Plant FSA, see Free Syrian Army FTO, see Foreign terrorist organization Future Bank, 24 I IAEA, see International Atomic Energy Agency G IDF, 219, 220, 227, 227n35, 229, Gasht-e Ershad, 42 231–233, 233n51, 235, 245 Gazprom, 57 Idlib, 70, 71, 154, 155, 204–207, General Intelligence Directorate 205n45 (GID), 147, 179 IDRO Group, 4 Germany, 2, 29, 69, 84, 87–89, 94, ILSA, see Iran-Libya Sanctions Act 98, 99, 195 Imam Hossein Brigade, 150 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 52 Imam Hossein University, 14, 150, Great Britain, 29, 84, 85, 87 151, 227 Great Satan, 21, 26n11 IMF, see International Monetary Fund Green Movement, 10, 16, 145 Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), 117 Improvised Rocket-Assisted Mortars H (IRAMs), 117 al-Hakaymah, Mohammad Khalil, 124 India, 15, 25, 53, 57, 58, 69n45 al-Hakim, Abdul Aziz, 118, 120, Industrial Development and 120n18, 121 Renovation Organization of Iran Hama, 67, 146, 198n23 (IDRO), 4, 61 Haqqani, 8, 15, 22, 43, 101, 148, International Atomic Energy Agency 173, 218, 219, 244 (IAEA), 16, 27–30, 33, Heavy Water Power Plant (HWPP), 28 85–87, 195 Hezb-e Kaargozaaraan-e Saazandegi, 35 International Monetary Fund Hezb Etedal va Tose, 16 (IMF), 95 250 INDEX

Investment Co-operation 130n40, 131n42, 131n45, Commission, 94 131n46, 132n47, 132n48, IR-1, 27 133n51, 133n52, 141–144, 146, Iran, 1–3, 5–7, 9, 10, 12, 14–17, 148–150, 155, 164, 165, 168, 21–45, 52–74, 52n2, 54n8, 176, 192–193, 199–200, 54n9, 54n10, 55–56n12, 56n13, 203–208, 216, 234, 244–245 58n18, 59n20, 59n21, 60n22, IRGC, see Islamic Revolutionary 60n23, 60n26, 61n27, 71n50, Guards Corps 71n51, 83–106, 113–125, IRGC Aerospace Force (IRGCAF), 30 114n4, 116n8, 116n9, 117n10, IRGCAF, see IRGC Aerospace Force 118n12, 118n14, 119n15, IRGC-QF, see Islamic Revolutionary 119n16, 121n21, 122n22, Guards Corps and Quds Force 123n25, 129–136, 129n38, ISIS, see Islamic State of and 130n40, 131n42, 131n44, Islamic Republic, 1, 2, 15, 15n20, 21, 131n45, 131n46, 132n47, 26, 33n30, 36, 40–42, 51, 55, 132n48, 132n49, 133n51, 83, 89n15, 95, 105n61, 113, 134n53, 141, 163–167, 114, 119n16, 143, 145, 198, 169–172, 175–177, 179–183, 207, 216n5, 218n9, 221, 222 189–208, 215–218, 216n5, Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps 218n9, 219n13, 221–223, (IRGC), 2–5, 7, 10–12, 14, 15, 221n17, 222n19, 223n22, 23, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36n36, 39, 223n23, 223n24, 224n26, 225, 43, 63–65, 72, 73, 101, 102, 225n30, 226, 226n32, 229–231, 114–124, 126, 128, 129, 229n42, 229n43, 231n45, 131–136, 141–143, 145, 148, 234–236, 243–246 150–155, 157, 165, 167–170, Iranian-European Economic 175–177, 180, 181, 193, 199, Cooperation Center (IEECC), 94 204, 217, 218n8, 219, 220, Iranian Rail Industries Development 222, 224, 226–230, 234, Co. (IRICO), 93 235, 245, 246 Iran-Khodro, 92 Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA), 85 (IRGC) and Quds Force (QF), Iran Sanctions Act (ISA), 95, 96n34 14, 15, 34, 64, 65, 105, Iran’s Central Bank, 17 114–116, 118, 119, 121, 123, Iran’s foreign policy, 18, 27, 52 128, 131, 133, 134, 144–146, Iraq, 3, 5, 6, 14, 27, 35, 51, 52, 55, 148–150, 153, 154, 156, 165, 65, 69n45, 83, 85, 113–116, 166, 171, 173, 181, 200, 202, 116n9, 117n10, 117n11, 205, 207, 219, 220, 227–230, 118–136, 118n12, 118n14, 234, 235, 244–246 120n17, 120n18, 120n19, and Syria (ISIS), 121n20, 121n21, 122n22, 32, 35, 67–69, 72, 72n53, 122n23, 122n24, 123n25, 125n27, 126n30, 127n32, 123n26, 125n28, 126n31, 127n33, 128–131, 128n37, 127n35, 129n38, 130n39, 130n41, 133, 134, 136, 148, INDEX 251

149, 154, 155, 157, 176, 177, Khomeini (Ayatollah), 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 180, 201–204, 201n35, 208, 245 21, 52, 53, 164, 166, 180, Israel, 15, 16, 27, 28, 31, 32, 62, 73, 244–246 87, 96, 129, 143, 144, 149, 150, Khomenist movement, 2 153, 165, 180, 181, 190–193, Khorramshahr, 30, 31, 93, 131 191n5, 207, 215–226, 216n2, Kobani, 155, 202 217n7, 218n8, 218n9, 220n16, Kremlin, 43, 65 223n25, 224n26, 224n27, Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP), 201 228–232, 228n39, 231n46, Kurdish problem, 194 232n48, 232n49, 233n50, Kurdish Workers Party (PKK), 234–236, 234n52, 234n53, 191–193, 196, 200, 206, 207 235n55, 235n56, 244, 245 Kurdistan Free Life Party, 193

J L Jafari, Mohammad Ali, 43, 142, Larijani, Ali, 10, 56, 99 167, 217 Latika, 155 Jahad-e Khodkefayee, 53 Lebanon, 15, 27, 35, 64, 69n45, 116, Jahangiri, Eshaq, 16 117, 122, 129, 141, 142, 144, Jannati, Ahmad (Ayatollah), 8, 21 155, 171, 219, 219n14, 220n16, Jazayeri, Massoud, 63 221n17, 226, 228, 228n39, 229, JCPOA, see Joint Comprehensive Plan 232–235, 232n50, 234n52, 245 of Action Liwa Zulfiqar Brigade, 147, 150 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 12, 16, 17, 26–30, 33–35, 42, 85, 88, 89, 95, M 97–99, 103, 106, 129, 168, 179, Mahdi Army, 117, 118, 130, 134 224, 244, 246 Majlis, 2, 8, 16, 32, 99, 153, 166, Jordan, 15, 69n45, 100, 124, 133, 199, 222 169, 178, 181, 205, 236 MAPNA, 90, 122 Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB), 32 K Mattis, James, 26, 133 Karbaschi, Gholam Hossein, 35 Mawlana Jalaleddin al-Rumi, 190 Kataib Hezbollah, 117, 130, 132, McMaster, R. H., 26 147, 150 Mehr News Agency (MNA), 122n24, KDP, see Kurdish Democratic Party 123n26, 199, 199n28, 201n35, Khamenei, Ali (Ayatollah), 3, 54, 84, 207n51, 222n20, 222n21 86, 115, 116, 116n7, 164, MEK, see Mujahedin-e Khalq 202, 215 Organization Khatami, Mohammad, 6–12, 15, 53, Mersad, 32 84, 86, 116, 143, 164, 165, 190, Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammed Taqi 192, 246 (Ayatollah), 8, 9, 148, 173 252 INDEX

Middle East, 14, 27, 54, 56, 57, Nasrallah, Hassan, 220, 221, 227, 62–65, 84, 93, 96, 97, 99, 115, 234, 234n53 119, 143, 146, 149, 163n1, Nateq Nuri, Ali Akbar, 6 164n2, 165n4, 166n7, 169n13, NEDSA, 36, 38, 39, 151 171, 177n31, 189n1, 190n3, Negotiated political order, 1–19 192n7, 194n13, 197, 198n25, Neisari, Afarin, 42 199n29, 200, 200n32, 204, Neo-protectorate, 154 204n42, 222n19, 230n44, New Syrian Force (NSF), 147 234n52, 235 Nimr, Sheikh, 167, 168n10, 173, Ministry of Information, 173n22 and Security, 84 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 16, Ministry of Intelligence and Security 22, 28, 30, 195 (MOIS), 7, 8, 10, 11, 32, 43, North Africa, 15, 96, 189n1 103, 116, 117, 180 North Korea, 27, 56 Missile Defense Agency (MDA), 178 North-South Transit Corridor Missile Technology Control Regime (NSTC), 56 (MTCR), 31 NPT, see Non-Proliferation Treaty MOAB, see Massive Ordnance NSTC, see North-South Transit Air Blast Corridor Moghiseh, Mohammad, 42 Mohseni-Ejei, Gholam Hossein, 43 Mohtashami-Pur, Ali Akbar, 141, 220 O MOIS, see Ministry of Intelligence and OFAC, see Office of Foreign Assets Security Control Montazeri, Ali (Ayatollah), 3 Office of Foreign Assets Control Montazeri, Hossein Ali (OFAC), 97 (Grand Ayatollah), 6 OPEC, 56, 164 Montazeri, Mohammed, 141 Operation Euphrates, 201–204, 203n40 Motalefe- e Hey’atha- e Islami, 7 Operation Praying Mantis, 35 Mottaki, Manouchehr, 11 OSSMINT, 67 Mousavi, Mir Hossein, 16 Ottoman Empire, 189, 197 MTCR, see Missile Technology Control Regime Mujahedin-e Khalq, 85, 146 P Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization Pahlavi Foundation, 4 (MEK), 85, 101, 146, 148 Pakistan, 15, 53, 57, 234 Mustazafin, 11 Palmyra, 132, 151, 155 Partiya Jiyana Azad (PJAK), 193 Party of Development and N Moderation, 16 al-Naji, Abu Bakr, 124 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), Namazi, Bahger, 42 135, 200, 207 Namazi, Siamak, 42 PBS, 23 INDEX 253

People’s Protection Units (YPG), 201 Rouhani, Hassan, 12, 15–18, 26, 31, Persia International Bank, 17, 24, 100 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, Pirabbassi, Yahya, 42 57, 58, 87, 89, 92, 94, 95, 98, Pivoting to the East, 54 100–103, 129, 130, 134, 135, PKK, see Kurdish Workers Party 148, 151–154, 157, 158, 166, Post Bank, 24 168, 171–174, 180, 200, 201, Principalism, 9 207, 221–224, 221n18, 224n26, Principalist, 9, 12, 16, 32, 148, 243, 224n29, 235, 236, 243–246 244, 246 Russia, 29, 43, 44, 51, 53–74, 88, 89, Promised Day Brigade (PDB), 98, 149n22, 151n27, 156, 157, The, 117 192, 205, 205n45, 208, 225, Prudent, 16 244, 245 PUK, see Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Putin, Vladimir, 53, 58, 59, 62–65, 64n32, 149 S Sacred Defense, 149 Saddam Hussein, 52, 85, 114, 115, Q 118, 125, 141, 144, 164, 190 Qamishli, 155 al-Sadr, Muqtada, 117, 117n10, 130, Qasemi, Bahram, 156 134n54, 148 Qhadr-F, 30 Safavi, Yahya Rahim, 7 Qhadr-H, 30 Salavati, Abolghassem, 42 Qomi, Hassan Kazemi, 118, 122, 123 Salmia, 67 Quds Day, 101, 217, 221, 224 Saraya al-Ashtar, 175 Quds Force (QF), 5, 14, 63, 116, Saraya al-Mukhtar, 175 119, 122, 129, 130n39, Saraya al-Muqawama al-Shabiya, 175 131n43, 165 SBIG, see Shahid Bagheri Industries Quroob al-Basta, 175 Group SCIRI, see Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq R Secretary of Défense, 26 Rabia, 155 Seif, Valiollah, 17 Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi, 2–6, 3n4, Semnan, 31 12, 15, 16, 51, 52, 84, 86, 87, Sepah Bank, 17, 100 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 172, Setad, 6, 11 173, 190, 216, 216n5, 243, 246 Shahid Bagheri Industries Group Rahbar’s Office, 6, 7, 10 (SBIG), 97 Reformist Executives of Construction Shahroudi, Mahmoud Hashemi, 8, 113 Party, 35 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Reliant Mermaid, 191 (SCO), 53, 58 Revolutionary Guards’ Neyroye Sharafkandi, Mohammad Sadegh, 84 Daryaee Sepah-e Iran, The, 36 Shariati, Ali, 14 254 INDEX

Shaytan-e Bozorog, 21 Supreme National Security Council Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad (SNSC), 6, 10, 116, 129, 174 al-Thani, 182 SWIFT, see Society for Worldwide Sheikhattar, Alireza, 54 Interbank Financial Shiite, 14, 39, 113–118, 120, 120n19, Telecommunication 121, 123–130, 132–134, 141, Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), 72, 143, 150, 152, 155n37, 165, 149, 154, 156, 201 166, 172, 200, 203, 204, 208, Syrian Social Nationalist Party 215, 219, 219n13, 236, 245 (SSNP), 147 Shirqat, 132, 155 Sinjar, 155 SNSC, see Supreme National Security T Council Tadbir, 16 Society for Worldwide Interbank Taeb, Hossein, 43 Financial Telecommunication Talabani, Jalal, 135, 200 (SWIFT), 24, 25, 94 Tal Afar, 132, 155 Soviet Union, 1, 52, 62 Talbeisa, 67 Special Investigative Directorate TARGET, see Trans-European (SID), 125, 126 Automated Real-time Gross SSNP, see Syrian Social Nationalist Settlement Express Transfer Party System Standard Chartered, 23 Tasnim News Agency, 26n11, 32n28, Straits of Hormuz, 35, 171 91, 99n46, 101n51, 130n41, Strategic Framework Agreement 168n10, 177n31, 197n22, (SFA), 126 224n28 Strategic Tringle Maritime, Irregular Tepe-Akfen-Vie, 7 Warfare (MIW), 35 Tillerson, Rex, 27 Sukhna, 132, 155 Tolol al-Humr, 67 Suleimani, Qassem, 65, 71, 116, 118, Trans-European Automated Real-time 121, 122, 122n22, 129, 129n38, Gross Settlement Express Transfer 145, 146, 146n14, 171, 220, 245 System (TARGET), 94–95 Supreme Council for the Islamic Trump administration, 33, 175 Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), Trump, Donald J., 26, 71 113–115, 118 Turkey, 15, 64, 68, 69, 71, 145, 149, Supreme Leader, 2, 3, 5–12, 16–18, 157, 158, 189–208, 230, 244 21, 26n11, 31, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 52, 56, 101, 104n58, 113, 116, 129, 142, 144, 146, 152, U 157, 163, 165, 166, 171, 172, UANI, see United Against Nuclear 174, 180, 196, 215–217, 221, Iran 224, 235, 236, 243, 245, 246 Ummah, 14, 124, 163 INDEX 255

United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI), W 96, 97 Wafadari, Karen, 42 United Nations Security Council Wang, Xiyue, 42 (UNSC), 15, 22, 30, 33n30, 63, Washington, 23–26, 27n13, 28n16, 71, 83, 87, 98, 195 31, 51, 59, 69, 72, 73, 86, 95, United States, 8, 9, 15, 16, 21, 115n5, 118n14, 121, 125n28, 22, 24–26, 28–30, 32, 35, 143, 157, 163, 168, 175–179, 40, 43, 44, 52, 54, 62, 68, 194, 195, 197n21, 198, 198n25, 69, 83–88, 95, 96, 98, 99, 219n12, 225n30 102, 104, 106, 116, 119, Westoxication, 14 119n16, 120, 124, 125, White House, 26, 32–34, 68, 154, 128, 135, 141, 143, 144, 156, 157, 177 146, 149, 152, 155, 163–165, 177–179, 190, 191, 193, 195, 201, 219, Y 221, 232, 234, 244 Yemen, 15, 27, 35, 37, 39, 142, UNSC, see United Nations Security 151n28, 165, 166, 168–171, Council 174, 179, 201, 201n35, 230, 234 UNSC Resolution, 22n3, 30 YPG, see People’s Protection Units U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, 97 Z Zarif, Javad, 99, 174, 200, 201, 201n34, 221, 223, 223n23, 223n24 V Zarqawi, 124–126 Velayati, Ali Akbar, 3, 54, 57, 142, Zeinabiouyn Brigade, 147 142n4, 144, 144n9, 199 Zero problems, 194