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Diplomová Práce Vysoká škola CEVRO Institut DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Bc. Dominik Kalcovský Praha 2019 Vysoká škola CEVRO Institut Katedra bezpečnostních studií Šíitské milice pod vlivem Íránu Bc. Dominik Kalcovský Studijní program: Veřejná správa Studijní obor: Bezpečnostní studia Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Tomáš Pojar, M.A. Diplomová práce Praha 2019 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci zpracoval samostatně, uvedl v ní všechny použité prameny a zdroje a v textu řádně vyznačil jejich použití. V…………………dne………………………………. Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval Mgr. Tomáši Pojarovi, M.A. za vedení mé diplomové práce. Dále bych rád poděkoval své rodině za jejich podporu a trpělivost. Resumé Purpose of this thesis is analyze the influence of Iranian support on Shiite militias on his regional policy. In thesis will be analyze particulary the largest and most powerful Shiite militias, which can be considered as major regional actors. The thesis mainly deals with the Middle East, with the greatest emphasis on countries such as Lebanon, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria and Palestinian National Authority. Resumé Cílem této diplomové práce je analyzovat, jaký má vliv íránská podpora šíitským milicím na jeho regionální politiku. V práci budou analyzovány zejména ty největší a nejsilnější šíitské milice, které se dají považovat za významné regionální aktéry. Diplomová práce se zabývá hlavně oblastí Blízkého východu, s důrazem na státy Libanon, Jemen, Afghánistán, Pákistán, Irák, Sýrie a Palestinská autonomie. Obsah ÚVOD .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1 HISTORIE A VNITROPOLITICKÝ VÝVOJ ÍRÁNU ...................................................... 3 1.1 PŘEDREVOLUČNÍ OBDOBÍ ................................................................................................. 3 1.2 ÍRÁNSKÁ ISLÁMSKÁ REVOLUCE........................................................................................ 5 1.3 KONSOLIDACE NOVÉHO REŽIMU ...................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Politický systém a nejvyšší duchovní vůdce ................................................................ 6 1.4 IRÁCKO-ÍRÁNSKÁ VÁLKA ................................................................................................. 7 1.5 POVÁLEČNÁ ÉRA .............................................................................................................. 8 2 ÍRÁNSKÉ REÁLIE V ČÍSLECH ........................................................................................ 9 3 OZBROJENÉ SÍLY ÍRANU ............................................................................................... 10 3.1 ÍRÁNSKÉ VÝDAJE NA OBRANU ........................................................................................ 11 4 ÍRÁNSKÁ „SOFT POWER“ .............................................................................................. 12 4.1 ÍRÁNSKÁ IDEOLOGIE A POJEM MUČEDNICTVÍ ................................................................. 12 5 DRUHY MOTIVACÍ STÁTNÍ PODPORY A JEJICH FORMY ................................... 15 5.1 MOTIVACE PODPORY ...................................................................................................... 15 5.1.1 Regionální vliv .......................................................................................................... 16 5.1.2 Změna režimu ............................................................................................................ 16 5.1.3 Odplata a vnitřní bezpečnost .................................................................................... 17 5.1.4 Zajištění si vlivu uvnitř opozice................................................................................. 17 5.1.5 Prestiž a materiální zisky .......................................................................................... 18 5.1.6 Podpora souvěrců a stejného etnika ......................................................................... 18 5.2 FORMY PODPORY ........................................................................................................... 20 5.2.1 Bezpečné útočiště a pohyb ........................................................................................ 20 5.2.2 Finanční podpora ...................................................................................................... 21 5.2.3 Politická podpora a propaganda .............................................................................. 21 5.2.4 Přímá vojenská podpora a výcvik ............................................................................. 22 5.2.5 Vojenský materiál a zbraně ....................................................................................... 22 5.2.6 Zpravodajské informace a organizační pomoc ......................................................... 23 5.2.7 Inspirace ................................................................................................................... 23 6 ÍRÁNSKÁ ZAHRANIČNÍ PODPORA OZBROJENÝM SKUPINÁM ......................... 25 6.1 VÝDAJE ÍRÁNU NA ZAHRANIČNÍ PODPORU ..................................................................... 25 6.2 ZPROSTŘEDKOVÁNÍ PODPORY ........................................................................................ 25 6.2.1 Qassem Soleimani ..................................................................................................... 26 7 LIBANON ............................................................................................................................. 28 7.1 HIZBALLÁH .................................................................................................................... 28 7.1.1 Vznik Hizballáhu ....................................................................................................... 28 7.1.2 Organizační struktura ............................................................................................... 29 7.1.3 Formy íránské podpora Hizballáhu .......................................................................... 30 7.1.4 Angažmá Hizballáhu v zahraničí .............................................................................. 32 7.1.1 Motivace íránské podpory ......................................................................................... 34 8 JEMEN.................................................................................................................................. 36 8.1 OBČANSKÁ VÁLKA V JEMENU ........................................................................................ 36 8.2 ÍRÁN A HÚTHIOVÉ .......................................................................................................... 37 8.2.1 Íránská motivace ....................................................................................................... 38 9 AFGHÁNISTÁN .................................................................................................................. 40 9.1 ÍRÁNSKÉ PŮSOBENÍ V AFGHÁNISTÁNU ........................................................................... 40 9.2 AFGHÁNSKÉ ŠÍITSKÉ MILICE........................................................................................... 42 9.2.1 Fátimovská brigáda .................................................................................................. 43 10 PÁKISTÁN ........................................................................................................................... 45 10.1 ÍRÁNSKÝ VZTAH K PÁKISTÁNU ...................................................................................... 45 10.2 BRIGÁDA ZAINABIYOUN ................................................................................................ 47 11 IRÁK ..................................................................................................................................... 48 11.1 ÍRÁNSKÉ PŮSOBENÍ V IRÁKU .......................................................................................... 48 11.2 IRÁCKÉ ŠÍITSKÉ MILICE .................................................................................................. 50 11.2.1 Mahdího armáda a Muqtada al-Sadr ................................................................... 50 11.2.2 Badrova organizace (Badr Organization) ............................................................ 52 11.2.3 Kataib Hezbollah, KH (Brigáda Boží strany) ....................................................... 53 11.2.4 Asaib Ahl al Haq, AAH (Liga Spravedlivých) ...................................................... 54 11.2.5 Harakat Hezbollah al Nujaba, HHN (Hnutí vznešených ze strany Boží) ............. 55 11.2.6 Kataib Imam Ali, KIA (Brigády Imáma Aliho) ..................................................... 55 11.2.7 Kataib Sayyad al Shuhada, KSS (Mistři mučednických Brigád) .......................... 56 11.2.8 Lidové mobilizační síly, PMF (Popular Mobilization Forces) ............................. 57 12 SÝRIE ................................................................................................................................... 59 12.1 ÍRÁNSKY VZTAH K SÝRII ................................................................................................ 59 13 PALESTINSKÁ AUTONOMIE ......................................................................................... 63 13.1 VZTAH ÍRÁNU A PALESTINSKÉ AUTONOMIE ................................................................... 63 13.2 ÍRÁNSKÁ PODPORA PALESTINSKÝM OZBROJENÝM SKUPINÁM ........................................ 64 13.3 HAMÁS
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