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Ben sorumsuz, zalim ve kibirliyim Büyük bir uyanÕúÕn kralÕyÕm KasÕrgayÕm, ben tahribatÕm, Büyük korkuyum, dünyanÕn belasÕ Merhametim yok Her úeyi parçalar ufalarÕm Aúk hastalÕ÷Õna tutulmuúlarÕn zÕmbalanmÕú ruhuyum, DullarÕn kalbindeki acÕ gözyaúÕyÕm ùanssÕzlarÕn merhamet sayhalarÕyÕm Evsiz barksÕz mahvolmuúlarÕn ÕzdÕrabÕyÕm KÕrgÕn bir kalbin úiddetli elemiyim Terkedilmiú sevgilinin yanan ÕzdÕrabÕ ve delisiyim Bu sefil dünyayÕ zahmetsizce kökünden sökece÷im BarÕú ve mutluluk dolu yeni bir kâinat yarataca÷Õm. ³3DNLVWDQ 3RVWDVÕ´ ¶QGD EHOLUWLOGL÷LQH J|UH 1D]UXO¶XQ 7DJRUH¶D RNXGX÷X EX úLLULQ ³%LMROL´ YH ³%KDUDW´ DGOÕ JD]HWHOHUGH \D\ÕQODQPDVÕ\ODúDLUDUWÕN³$VL´ODNDEÕ\ODWDQÕQPD\DEDúODU(Q|QHPOLVLGH ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN X÷UXQD VDYDúPD\Õ J|]H DODQ KUUL\HW PFDKLWOHUL LoLQ1D]UXO DUWÕN ELU NDKUDPDQ KDOLQH JHOLU 1LWHNLP 7DJRUH¶XQ 1D]UXO øVOkP¶D ³øONEDKDU´ SL\HVLQL LWKDI HWPHVL EXQXQ ELU LVSDWÕGÕU øOHUOH\HQ \ÕOODUGD %DQJODGHú¶WH ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN VDYDúoÕODUÕ 1D]UXO¶X 7DJRUH LOH HúGH÷HU WXWPD\D EDúODUODU 14 Söyle yi÷idim! De ki dik tutarÕm baúÕmÕ. Himalayalar önümde saygÕyla e÷er doruklarÕnÕ. De ki deler geçerim evrenin uçsuz, bucaksÕz gö÷ünü, AyÕn, yÕldÕzlarÕn, güneúin ve gezegenlerin ötesindeyim. … Asinin biriyim, acÕmasÕz, küstah Yedi püsküllü belayÕm, kasÕrgayÕm Büyük balÕ÷Õm, küçükleri yutarÕm Öldüren tedhiúim, yeryüzünün lanetiyim Tuz-buz ederim her úeyi Kural tanÕmam, pervasÕzÕn biriyim Yap’larÕn, yapma’larÕn zincirlerini kÕrarÕm øtaat etmem kanunlara Gemileri denizin dibine oturturum. … FÕrtÕnayÕm, hortumum Ezerim yoluma çÕkanÕ Coúturan ahengim, hayatÕn boú zevkiyim. Evet arkadaúÕm aklÕma eseni yaparÕm, HÕsÕmlarÕmla kucaklaúÕrÕm ya da güreú tutarÕm, Zalimlerin korkulu rüyasÕyÕm, yeryüzünün öcüsü Aniden çÕkan fÕrtÕnayÕm, zararlÕ deliyim, VebayÕm, kitlerin yÕkÕmÕyÕm Sönmeyen ateúim … Söyle yi÷it savaúçÕ De ki baúÕm yüksekte … Buyruk altÕna giremem, tehlike de neymiú? Zulme karúÕyÕm her daim Her zaman a÷zÕna kadar umut dolu. KurbanlÕk koçum, yuvayÕm, sonum, gecenin sonu Bir elimde flüt, öbüründe kös bo÷azÕm zehir øçmekten kara AcÕnÕn nasibini almÕú Söyle yi÷idim! De ki baúÕm yüksekte Bedeviyim, Cengizim, gök gürültüsüyüm. Kimseye eyvallahÕm yok øsrafil’in mahveden suruyum Evreni yakan orman yangÕnÕyÕm 15 … Bazen sakin bazen yerinde duramayan Bazen acÕmasÕz, inatçÕ kanÕ deli gençli÷im TanrÕnÕn önünde secdeye varanÕm FÕrtÕnanÕn coúkusu, güçlü okyanus dalgalarÕyÕm Daima parlayacak aydÕnlÕ÷Õm Su üzerinde küçük kabarcÕklarÕm DalgalarÕn deveranÕyÕm Kuyu baúÕndaki endamÕn gözlerindeki kÕvÕlcÕmÕm Genç kÕzlarÕn saç örgüleri, dullarÕn kalbindeki AcÕlÕ iç çekmelerim Topra÷Õm ruhum, yaúlanmam, ölümsüzüm, yorulmam Vazgeçilmeyenim, bile÷i bükülmeyen Ben yorgun savaúçÕ, yalnÕz, Ezilenlerin feryadÕ havayÕ ve gö÷ü yÕrtmadÕ÷Õnda Dinlenebilece÷im Zalimin hançeriyim KÕlÕcÕnÕn sesleri savaú alanÕnda duyulmadÕ÷Õnda øúte o gün, sükûnet içinde dinlenecek Savaúmaktan yorgun isyankâr yanÕm øVOkP %HQJDOHGHEL\DWÕQGDGHYULPXQVXUODUÕQÕQHQVÕNNXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ|UQHNOHUGHQ ELULRODQ1D]UXOøVOkP¶ÕQ³øV\DQ´úLLULQLQDUNDSODQÕQGD%DQJODGHú¶LQVRV\R SROLWLNYHHNRQRPLN NRúXOODUÕQÕQHWNLVLYDUGÕU ùDLUE|OQPHPLú +LQGLVWDQ øQJLOL] \|QHWLPLQGH NXUWXOXú PFDGHOHVLQH GHVWHN YHUPHN LoLQ LQVDQODUÕ PRWLYH HWPH\H oDOÕúÕU'HYULPH RGDNODQPÕú EX GL]HOHU 1D]UXO¶X oD÷GDúODUÕQGDQIDUNOÕNÕODUYHRQDVÕUDGÕúÕELUNLPOLNND]DQGÕUÕU³øV\DQ´DGOÕ úLLUGHWDEXODUÕQ\ÕNÕOÕSDGDOHWVL]OLNHúLWVL]OLNEDVNÕ\ROVX]OXNV|PUEDWÕO LQDQoODUYHÕUNoÕOÕNWDQX]DNELUGQ\DJLELPRWLIOHULQHOHDOÕQPDVÕKHPúDLULQ WDQÕQÕUOÕ÷ÕQÕ DUWÕUÕU KHP GH |]JUO÷H GDLU WRSOXPGD \HQL XPXWODU \HúHUWLU (OEHWWH úDLULQ EX DVL YH JHUoHNoL GXUXúXQXQ QHGHQOHUL DUDVÕQGD GR÷D VHYJLVLQLQ |QHPOL ELU HWNLVL YDUGÕU gUQH÷LQ V|] NRQXVX³øV\DQ´ úLLULQGH GR÷D\OD ED÷ODUÕQÕ KHQ] NRSDUPDPÕú VÕUDGDQ ELU LQVDQÕQ úDUNÕVÕGLOH JHWLULOLUNHQ HúLWVL]OLNDGDOHWVL]OLN JLEL NDYUDPODUÕQ DFÕVÕ RNX\XFXODU WDUDIÕQGDQ DOÕPODQÕU +DTXH YH 7DOXNGHU¶H J|UH ³øV\DQ´ úLLUL +LPDOD\D GDQ E\NO÷ J|N JQHú D\ YH \ÕOGÕ]ODUGDQ \FH J|QOOO÷ \DúDPLoLQÕúÕ÷ÕJQHúD\YH\ÕOGÕ]ODUGDQDOÕU%XQDHNRODUDN WRSUDN DQDGDQ DQQHOLN VHYJLVLQL NDVÕUJD GHSUHP YRONDQ YH VHOGHQ \ÕNÕPÕ |÷UHQLU'DOJDOÕoDONDQWÕOÕJHOJLWOHUOH\DúDPD\ÕRN\DQXVWDQLoLQGHNÕYÕOFÕP EDUÕQGÕUPD\Õ DWHúWHQ VDNLQOHúPH\L JQH\ HVLQWLVLQGHQ PDVXP NDODELOPH\L \HúLOOLNOHUGHQPHUKDPHWOLROPD\ÕoLoHNOHUGHQHGLQLU%|\OHFH GR÷D LOH KHS 16 ELU ED÷ODQWÕ KDOLQGH \DúDU NHQGL |]Q GR÷DQÕQ HQHUMLVL LOH NRUXPDDOWÕQD DOÕU7RSOXPXQPDUX]NDOGÕ÷ÕV|PUJH\HDGDOHWVL]OL÷HYH\R]ODúPD\DúDKLW ROGXNoD GR÷DGDQ DOGÕ÷Õ LOKDP RQX DVLOHúWLULU %X ED÷ODPGD 1D]UXO¶X |]JUONDGDOHWYHHúLWOLNLoLQVDYDúPDVÕJHUHNWL÷LQHLQDQGÕUDQJFQGR÷D VHYJLVLQH GD\DQGÕ÷ÕQÕ V|\OHPHN \DQOÕú ROPD] øQVDQR÷OXQD RODQ JYHQLQL \LWLUPLú ELU úDLU RODUDN DKODN YH |]OHQHQ LQVDQOÕN HUGHPOHULQL \HQLGHQ GR÷DGD EXOPD\D oDOÕúÕU )DNDW EXUMXYD G]HQGH DoJ|]OO÷ SDUD\D RODQ WXWNX\XDFÕPDVÕ]OÕNYH]XOP PHGHQL\HW|UWVDOWÕQGDJL]OHQPLú EXODúÕFÕ ELUKDVWDOÕNRODUDNJ|UPHNWHQNHQGLQLDOÕNR\DPD] ùDLU 1D]UXO øVOkP VDGHFH ³øV\DQ´ úLLULQGH GH÷LO D\QÕ ]DPDQGD GL÷HU úLLUOHULQGH GH D\QÕ VOXS |]HOOL÷L LOH GLNNDW oHNHU *DQGKL QLQ øQJLOL] KLPD\HVLQL +LQGLVWDQ GDQ oÕNDUPDN LoLQ LúELUOL÷L \DSPDPD KDUHNHWLQL EDúODWWÕ÷Õ VÕUDGD +LQGLVWDQ¶GD øQJLOL] KNPHWLQLQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ VRQODQGÕUPDN LoLQFHVXUYHKHYHVOLJ|UQHQLQVDQODUÕQ1D]UXO XQHVHUOHULQLWDNGLUHWPHOHUL EXQD|UQHNRODELOLU GHLONúLLUDQWRORMLVL³$JQL9LQD´ 4 Nazrul ðslâm, Kshudiram Basu’yu Bengal’in devrimci ğehidi olarak kabul eder. Basu, Kshudiram (1889-1908) Midnapur ilçesine baßlñ Habibpur köyünde doßmuğtur. Altñ yağñnda annesi Lakshmipriya Devi'yi ve bir yñl sonra babasñ Trailokyanath Basu'yu kaybettißi için en büyük kñz kardeği tarafñndan büyütülmüğtür. ðlkößrenimini köy okulunda tamamladñktan sonra, sñrasñyla Tamluk Hamilton Okulu'na ve daha sonra 1903'te Midnapur Collegiate School'da eßitim görür. Özgürlük ve vatanseverlik konularñndaki duyarlñlñßñndan ve Bengal’in bölünmesine karğñ oldußundan Swadeshi Hareketi’nin etkisinde kalarak gizli bir toplulußa katñlmak için okulu bñrakñr. Birkaç arkadağñyla birlikte fiziksel, ahlaki ve politik eßitimin yanñ sñra ateğli silahlarñn kullanñmñ konusunda eßitim alñr. Kshudiram, bölünme karğñtñ eylemlerin bir parçasñ olarak, ðngiliz imalatçñlarñnñn ürünlerini yakma tuz tağñyan ðngiliz gemilerini batñrma eylemlerinde bulunur. Bir polis memuru tarafñndan 1906'nñn bağlarñnda Midnapur'da bir tarñm fuarñnda siyasi broğür daßñtñrken yakalansa da kaçmayñ bağarñr. Ancak aynñ yñl kñsa süre sonra Nisan ayñnda tutuklanñp yargñlansa da yağñ küçük bulundußundan serbest bñrakñlñr. 1907 bağlarñnda Hatgachha'da posta daßñtñm çantalarñnñn yaßmalanmasñ ve 6 Aralñk 1907'de Bengal Valisi’nin Narayangarh tren istasyonu yakñnlarñndaki özel kompartñmanñna düzenlenen bombalñ saldñrñ olaylarñnda ismi geçer. 1908'de ulusal devrimcilerin temsilcilißini üstlenen Jugantar Partisi, Kalküta Bağ hâkimi Kingsford'u öldürmek için Prafulla Chaki ve Kshudiram Basu'ya görev verir. Kingsford, Swadeshi Hareketi sempatizanlarñna ve bölünme karğñtñ gösterilerde bulunanlara karğñ ğiddet içeren insanlñk dñğñ, haksñz ve kinci kararlarñn arkasñndaki kiği olmasñ sebebiyle, ulusal devrimciler için hedef haline gelir. Bu görevi uygulamak üzere harekete geçen Prafulla Chaki ve Kshudiram Basu, 30 Nisan'da, 17 1D]UXO øVOkP GH LNL KDIWDGD ELU ³'KXPNHWX´ .X\UXNOX <ÕOGÕ] JD]HWHVLQL \D\ÕQODU YH %DQJODGHúOL SROLWLNDFÕ JD]HWHFL \D]DU 0X]DIIDU $KPDG JD]HWHGH +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ oHúLWOL VL\DVL VRUXQODUÕ ]HULQH ELU GL]L PDNDOHOHU NDOHPH DOÕU .ÕVD ]DPDQGD %HQJDO¶GH oD÷GDú UDGLNDOOHULQ VHVL ROPD\ÕEDúDUDQJD]HWHQLQEDúODQJÕoWDG|UWVD\IDOÕNELUIRUPDWÕROVDGDNÕVD ELU VUH VRQUD EX VHNL] VD\ID\D oÕNDUWÕOÕU ³'KXPNHWX´ QXQ \D\ÕQ KD\DWÕQD EDúODPDVÕ5DELQGUDQDWK7DJRUHYH6KDUDW&KDQGUD&KDWWRSDGK\D\JLEL|QGH JHOHQD\GÕQODUWDUDIÕQGDQGDPHPQXQL\HWOHNDUúÕODQÕU%XJD]HWHDUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD .D]L 1D]UXO øVOkP KNPHWLQ V|PUJH SROLWLNDODUÕQD NDUúÕ PXKDOLI J|UúOHULQL YH ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN NRQXOX úLLUOHULQL JHQLú NLWOHOHUH GX\XUPD IÕUVDWÕ HOGH HGHU %X GXUXP ELU \DQGDQ JD]HWHQLQ SRSOHUOL÷LQL DUWWÕUÕUNHQ GL÷HU WDUDIWDQKNPHWLQWHSNLVLQHQHGHQROXU 1D]UXO XQ ³$QDQGDPD\LU $JDPDQL´ DGOÕ GHYULPFL úLLUL ³'KXPNHWX´ JD]HWHVLQLQ³$JDPDQL´VD\ÕVÕQGD\D\ÕQODQÕU.DVÕP GD\DVDNODQPDNDUDUÕ oÕNDUÕODQ'KXPNHWX¶GD³'LZDOL´PHVHOHVLøQJLOWHUH%DúEDNDQÕ QÕQ7UNOHUH NDUúÕ X\JXODGÕ÷Õ SROLWLND YH 5DELQGUDQDWK 7DJRUH XQ ÕOÕPOÕ VL\DVL GXUXúX HOHúWLULOLU%XQXQELUVRQXFXRODUDNGDúDLU2FDN WHPHYFXW\|QHWLP G]HQLQLER]PD\D\|QHOLNIDDOL\HWOHUGHEXOXQGX÷XLGGLDVÕLOHWXWXNODQÕSELU \ÕO KDSVH PDKNP HGLOLU ùDLULQ WXWXNODQPDVÕQÕQ DUGÕQGDQ JD]HWHQLQ 2FDNVD\ÕVÕ³1D]UXO´VD\ÕVÕRODUDN\D\ÕQODQÕUYHJD]HWHQLQ\D\ÕQKD\DWÕELU VUHOL÷LQH DVNÕ\D DOÕQÕU 6DYFÕ ùDLULQ HGHEL HVHUOHULQH EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN GHYULP YH ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN JLEL NRQXODUÕQ HOH DOÕQGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU +NPHW.DUúÕWOÕ÷Õ .D]L 1D]UXO øVOkP¶ÕQ PXKDOLI V|\OHPOHULQH GXUXúPD VDORQXQGD GD GHYDP HWPHVL RQXQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN NRQXVXQGDNL NDUDUOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ YH FHVDUHWLQL J|VWHUL\RUGX0DKNHPHKH\HWLQH 6L] KDúPHWOL øQJLOL] .UDOÕ¶QÕQ D\OÕNOÕ KL]PHWNkUODUÕVÕQÕ] %HQ LVH NUDOODUÕQ NUDOÕ KkNLPOHULQ KkNLPL YH HGHEL KDNLNDW RODQ 7DQUÕ¶\D Avrupa Kulübü kapñsñnñn önünde Kingsford'unkiyle aynñ görünümlü bağka bir araca bomba fñrlatñrlar. Saldñrñda Kingsford yerine sivil Avrupalñ bir kadñn ve kñzñ yanlñğlñkla öldürülür. Olay sonrasñ pusuya düğürülen Kshudiram, tutuklanñr. Bombalamanñn tüm sorumlulußunu üstlenir ve 11 Aßustos 1908'de Muzaffarpur Hapishanesi'nde idam cezasñna çarptñrñlñr (http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Basu,_Kshudiram, 05 Aralñk 2020’de eriğildi). 5 Nazrul ðslâm, ðngiliz hükümetinin Hindistan’daki uygulamalarñna Tagore’un yeterince muhalif olmadñßñnñ düğünüyordu. Bkz. http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhumketu, 05 Aralñk 2020’de eriğildi. 18 DUNDPÕ GD\DGÕP %HQ EXJQH NDGDU GLOH JHWLULOPHPLúKDNLNDWOHULKD\NÕUPDNLoLQJ|QGHULOPLú ELU úDLULP ùDLULQ VHVLQL $OODKNRUXU%HQLP YD]¶HWWLNOHULPKDNLNDWLQWDNHQGLVLGLUøQJLOWHUH.UDOÕ YH RQXQ KL]PHWNkUODUÕ EX VHVL IHVDW WRKXPODUÕ\OD VVO J|UHELOLU .UDO DGÕQD NXUXODQ EX PDKNHPH VHVLPL YH LGHDOOHULPL PDKNP HWPH\H \HOWHQHELOLU /DNLQEXVHVLODKLDGDOHWYHHGHELKDNLNDWLQVHVLGLU +DSLVWH JHoLUGL÷L VUH ER\XQFD +LQWøQJLOL] KNPHWL NDUúÕWÕ V|\OHPOHULQH DUD YHUPH] YH PDKNPODUD RNXGX÷X úLLUOHU KDSLVKDQHGH GH \DQNÕ EXOXU øQJLOL] KNPHWLQLQ IDDOL\HWOHULQL SURWHVWR HWPHN YH ]XOP J|UHQ0VOPDQODUÕQVHVLQHVHVROPDNLoLQNÕUN LNL JQONDoOÕNJUHYLQGH EXOXQXU6HYHQOHULQLQULFDVÕ\OD|]HOOLNOHGHVWDQQHVLQLQLVWH÷L\OHNÕUNLNLQFL JQ VRQXQGD DoOÕN JUHYLQL EÕUDNPD NDUDUÕ DOÕU 'L÷HU WDUDIWDQ úDLU 7DJRUH 1D]UXO øVOkP¶D .XUVHRQJ KDSLVKDQHVLQGH LNHQ J|QGHUGL÷L WHOJUDIWD ³DoOÕN JUHYLQH VRQ YHU HGHEL\DWÕPÕ]ÕQ GDKD VHQGHQ EHNOHGL÷L úH\OHU YDU´ GL\HUHN H\OHPL VRQD HUGLUPHVLQL ULFD HGHU $QFDN EX WHOJUDI KNPHW VDQVUQH X÷UDGÕ÷ÕLoLQ1D]UXO¶XQHOLQHXODúDPD] 7HYHWR÷OX 1D]UXO øVOkP PLOOv NDKUDPDQOÕN úLLUOHULQL YH EHVWHOHGL÷L úDUNÕODUÕQÕ WXWXNOXOXN G|QHPLQGH GH NDOHPH DOPD\D GHYDP HGHU (VHUOHUL DUDVÕQGD ³'XKVKDVKRQHU´ =DOLPOHULQ.DQÕQÕøoPH ³%DQJHU*DQ´ =XOPQùDUNÕVÕ |QHPOL ELU \HUH VDKLSWLU 6DYFÕ¶QÕQ LIDGH HWWL÷LQH J|UH ³%DQJHU *DQ´DGOÕHVHUHJQP]GHGHúDLULQDQPDW|UHQOHULQGH\HUYHULOPHNWHGLU 7XWXNOXOXN G|QHPLQGHELOHúDLULQ \D]PDNWDQ JHUL GXUPDPDVÕ +LQGLVWDQ JHQHOLQGHNL øQJLOL]KNPHWLQL\ÕSUDWPDN LoLQ\RUXOPDN ELOPH\HQoDEDVÕQÕ J|VWHUPHNWHGLU hONHVLQLQ V|PUJHFLOL÷LQ SHQoHVLQGHQ NXUWXOPDVÕQÕ DU]XOD\DQúDLUVHUEHVWEÕUDNÕOGÕNWDQVRQUDGD\HQLHVHUOHUUHWPH\HGHYDP HGHUHN ³5DMEDQGLU -DEDQEDQGL´ 6L\DVL0DKNPXQ øPKD (GLOPHVL ¶\L NDOHPH DOÕU *HQHO RODUDN úDLULQ HVHUOHULQH EDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD ELU |]JUON VDYDúoÕVÕQGDQ]L\DGHSUROHWHUVÕQÕIDED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕNDU]XVXQXDúÕOD\DQYHH]LOHQ LQVDQODUÕ V|PUJHFL HJHPHQOL÷LQ ]LQFLUOHULQGHQ NXUWDUPDN LVWH\HQ PLOOvELU X\DQÕúÕQL]GúPJ|UOPHNWHGLU ¶WHHYOHQHQúDLUEXG|QHPGH³%LQVKHU%LúHU%DQVKL%DQoL´ =HKLU )OW úLLULQL\D\ÕQODUYHúLLULQRGDNQRNWDVÕ\LQHDGDOHWGX\JXVXROXU $\UÕFD EX úLLUGH \HWNLOLOHU WRSOXPX KDN KXNXN YH DGDOHW JLEL GH÷HUOHU HNVHQLQGH\|QHWPHGL÷LLoLQHOHúWLULOLU 19 \ÕOÕQGD ³/DQJDQ 6DSDQ´ DGOÕ KDIWDOÕNELUJD]HWH oÕNDUÕU \ÕOÕQGDJD]HWHQLQDGÕ³.LWOHOHULQ6HVL´RODUDNGH÷LúWLULOLU \ÕOÕQDNDGDU úLLUOHULQL LNL DQWRORMLGH ELU DUD\D JHWLULU YH ELULQFLVL ³(úLWOL÷H øQDQ´ DGÕ\OD \D\ÕQODQÕU %X HVHULQGH ELUH\ KDQJL GLQH PHQVXS ROXUVD ROVXQ +ÕULVWL\DQ 0VOPDQ \D GD %XGKLVW WP LQVDQODUD HúLW VRV\DO KDNODU YHULOPHVL JHUHNWL÷LQLQ DOWÕ ELU NH] GDKD oL]LOLU øNLQFL DQWRORMLGH LVH oLIWoL YH LúoLOHUL KDNODUÕQÕ DUDPDGDVDYXQPDGD GDKD FHVXU GDYUDQPDODUÕ JHUHNWL÷L \|QQGH WHúYLN HGHU 'L÷HU |QHPOL HVHUOHUL DUDVÕQGD ³2KDNUDEDN´ ³3UDOD 6KLNOD´ 7DKULE(GHQ$OHY \HUDOÕU %LULQFL 'Q\D 6DYDúÕ VRQUDVÕQGD \DúDQDQ HNRQRPLN VÕNÕQWÕODU WP GQ\DGDROGX÷XJLEL%DQJODGHú¶WHNL0VOPDQODULoLQGHE\NIHODNHWOHUH \RODoPÕúWÕøQJLOL]KkNLPL\HWLQGHNLE|OJHOHUGHQKHU\|QGHQNÕVÕWODQPÕúELU \DúDPD PDKNP HGLOHQ %DQJODGHú KDONÕ NXUWXOXú LoLQ XPXGX 1D]UXO¶XQ úLLUOHULQGHEXOXUøQJLOL]OHUHNDUúÕPXKDOLIWXWXPXD\QÕ]DPDQGDúDLULQDQD GLOLQHRODQ\DNODúÕPÕ 6XOWDQD LOHGHLOLúNLOLGLU \ÕOÕQDNDGDU øQJLOL]OHULQ NÕVÕWOD\ÕFÕ SROLWLNDODUÕQGDQ GROD\Õ %HQJDO HGHEL\DWÕQGD 0VOPDQODU UDKDWoD \HUHO GLOOHULQL NXOODQDPD] KDOH JHOPLúOHUGL%X ED÷ODPGD úDLU1D]UXO¶XQ \RNVXOOXN YH VHIDOHWH WHUN HGLOHQ LQVDQODUD NDUúÕ NHQGLQL VRUXPOX KLVVHGHUHN NDOHPH DOGÕ÷Õ ³'DULGUR´ $FÕ 0XVWDID.HPDO$WDWUN 7UNOHUH YH 0XVWDID .HPDO $WDWUN¶H NDUúÕ GX\GX÷X VHYJL\L GUDPD WUQGHPÕVUDOÕN³.HPDO3DúD´HVHULQGHNDOHPHDODQúDLU1D]UXOøVOkP EXUDGDELUWRSOXPXQGLULOLúLQLNRQXHGLQLU6DYDúWDQ\RUJXQDPD\DUDOÕODUÕQÕ 20 úHKLWOHULQL RPX]ODUÕQGD JXUXUOX PX]DIIHU YH GLPGLN WDúÕ\DQ LQVDQODUÕ EHWLPOHU $\UÕFD ELU WRSOXPXQ VHYLQoOH úHYNOH GLOOHULQGH ]DIHU úDUNÕODUÕ\OD .HPDO3DúD¶\DRODQ|YJOHULQLGLOHJHWLULU&HSKHGHQG|QHQDVNHUOHULQX]XQ ELU \ROFXOXNWDQ VRQUD .HPDO 3DúD¶QÕQ EXOXQGX÷X NDUDUJkKD XODúPDVÕ YH DVNHUOHULQ]DIHUJHoLGLE\NELUFRúNX\ODDQODWÕOÕU%|\OHFHELUNDKUDPDQOÕN GHVWDQÕQÕQ DQODWÕOGÕ÷Õ PDUú QLWHOL÷LQGHNL EX úLLUGH ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕ÷D YH ]DIHUH \U\HQ7UNOHU%HQJDOKDONÕLoLQ|UQHNJ|VWHULOLU 6LKGHU Ey KahÕrlÕ ananÕn yi÷it o÷lu Kemal kardeú! KararlÕydÕ, kararlÕ ve kÕzgÕn Düúman siperlerinde bir telaú bir bozgun CanÕnÕ kurtarmak beyhude oyun Harikalar yarattÕn sen Kemal, harikalar Harikalar yarattÕn sen Kemal kardeú, harikalar Hurra hey! Hurra ho! 6LKGHU … “.HPDO 3DúD´ DGOÕ úLLULQGH KHU \] PÕVUDGD ELU úX QDNDUDW WHNUDU HGLOPHNWHGLU 6DYFÕ øúte, kardeú Kemal! VatanÕna delicesine aúÕk, cesur, Yeminli zafere ulaúmaya Düúman kampÕndaki kalabalÕk Elden geleni ardÕna koymaz ama gayret boúuna. Harikalar yarattÕn sen Kemal, harikalar! Harikalar yarattÕn sen Kemal, harikalar! Yürüyüú baúladÕ, çavuú: -sol, sa÷! sol, sa÷! diye emir veriyor. … Bravo, kardeú! Bravo! Keskin kÕlÕcÕnÕ de÷er övmeye Bir amma, pir vurup düúmanÕn topunu YolladÕn cehennem diyarÕna. Zaferinden bahset, kardeú, bahset haydi durma! Türk kÕlÕcÕndan korkmayan bir millet göster bana. Türk kÕlÕcÕndan korkmayan bir millet göster bana. Askerler hep bir a÷Õzdan úarkÕya baúlarlar: Bravo, kardeú! Bravo! Korkak nesli sildin kökünden 21 Varol kardeú, varol! Güruhun böylesiyle baúa çÕkar Kemal gibi kumandan. Harikalar yarattÕn sen Kemal, harikalar! $VNHUOHUWHNUDUúDUNÕ\DEDúODUODU Kan içindeyiz tepeden tÕrna÷a; Kim aldÕrÕr korkak ÕrkÕn ah’larÕna, vah’larÕna… HastalÕklÕ ve zayÕf hasmÕ bir biz vurduk, bir de yer çarptÕ; Bak, dostum kÕzÕl ÕúÕk saçan güneú úuradan battÕ… BaúkasÕnÕn topra÷Õna göz dikmenin eúkÕyalÕktan farkÕ ne? Böyle eúkÕyalÕ÷Õn kötektir bedeli. Öyle de÷il mi kardeúim, aziz Kemal! Öyle de÷il mi kardeúim, aziz Kemal! Askerler sa÷a dönerler: Geldiler hür halkÕ esir etmeye, Geldiler hür vatanÕ zincirlemeye… Boú meydana at oynatana bir müddet Türk dansÕnÕ oynatacaklar elbet… Varol, Kemal, varol! 2UGXúDUNÕ\DGHYDPHGHU Allah bile i÷rendi çok ba÷ÕrÕp Az iú gören müstevliden. Cesaret ve kelime; ùirret demeli böylesine. Yi÷it bir millete göz koymuú tavuk kadar korkak olan Ha, ha, ha , ha, ha, ha! 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VatanÕna delicesine âúÕk, cesur, Yeminli zafere ulaúmaya Düúman kampÕndaki kalabalÕk Elden geleni ardÕna koymaz ama gayret boúuna. Harikalar yarattÕn sen Kemal, harikalar! Harikalar yarattÕn sen Kemal, harikalar! 6DYFÕ .DGÕQYH+RúJ|U 1D]UXOøVOkP¶ÕQ%DQJODGHúLQVDQODUÕQDGX\GX÷XGHULQVHYJL\L IDUNOÕELU VOXSODGLOHJHWLUPHVLQLQ\DQÕVÕUDNDGÕQKDNODUÕNRQXVXQGDNLúLLUOHUL\OHGH G|QHPLQLQHQ|QHPOLúDLUOHULQGHQELULRODUDNJ|VWHULOPHNWHGLU.DGÕQODUDKDN HWWL÷L VD\JÕ\Õ J|VWHUPHQLQ KHU ]DPDQ |QHPLQL YXUJXOD\DQ úDLU ³1DUL´ .DGÕQ DGOÕúLLULQGHNDGÕQHUNHNHúLWOL÷LNRQXVXQDGLNNDWoHNHU Herhangi bir fark görmüyorum Bir erkekle bir kadÕn arasÕnda Ne kadar büyük ya da hayÕrsever Bu dünyadaki baúarÕlar Bir yarÕsÕ bir kadÕn Di÷er yarÕsÕ erkek tarafÕndan6 +DTXH 6 Bkz. https://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/kazi-nazrul-islâm-the-eternal-rebel-lives-on_3523.html, 02 Ocak 2021’de eriğildi. 23 .DGÕQD VD\JÕQÕQ JHUHNOLOL÷LQL EHOLUWHQ EX VDWÕUODU 1D]UXO XQ HJHPHQ DWDHUNLO GQ\DGD NDGÕQ KDNODUÕ LoLQ ND\JÕODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUPHNWHGLU .DGÕQODUÕQGDoDOÕúPDGQ\DVÕQGDELU\HUHVDKLSROPDVÕLQDQFÕQGDRODQúDLU NDGÕQODUÕQ HYLQ LoLQGH oDOÕúDQ oRFXNODUÕQÕ GR÷XUDQ YH NRFDVÕQD KL]PHW HWPHNWHQ |WH ELU GH÷HUL ROPD\DQ ELU NLPVH RODUDN J|UOPHVLQL UHGGHGHU 1LWHNLP úDLULQ %DQJODGHú¶WH NDGÕQ UXKXQX \FHOWPHN YH RQODUD FHVDUHW YHUPHN LoLQ ³%LUDQJRQD´ )DKLúH DGOÕ HVHULQGH KD\DW NDGÕQODUÕQD ³DQQH´ GL\HVHVOHQPHVLRQODUÕQGDGDWRSOXPGDYDUROGXNODUÕQDGLNNDWoHNPHLVWH÷L RODUDN\RUXPODQÕU³%LUDQJRQD´úLLULLoLQ\|QHOWLOHQHOHúWLULOHUHUD÷PHQJHUL DGÕP DWPD\DQ 1D]UXO XQ LGHRORMLVLQLQ GL÷HU oD÷GDúODUÕQGDQ IDUNOÕ ROGX÷X DoÕNWÕU +HU ELUH\LQ GH÷HUOL ROGX÷XQX YH RQD VD\JÕ GX\XOPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷LQL GúQHQúDLUHVHUOHULQGHKD\DWúDUWODUÕQÕQLQVDQODUÕVUNOHGL÷LIHODNHWOHUHYH EXIHODNHWOHUGHQGHWPWRSOXPX\|QHWHQOHULQVRUXPOXROGX÷XQDKHUIÕUVDWWD YXUJX \DSDU +Lo NLPVHQLQ NDWLO ROPDN LoLQ GQ\D\D JHOPHGL÷L JLEL D\QÕ úHNLOGH KLoELU NDGÕQÕQ GD LIIHWVL] GR÷PD\DFD÷ÕQD GLNNDW oHNHUHN 1D]UXO HUNHNOHUH\|QHOLNVHUWLIDGHOHUL\OH ³%LUDQJRQD´úLLULQGHNDGÕQODUDúXúHNLOGH GHVWHNYHUPHNWHGLU Sana kim fahiúe diyor anne? Sana kim tükürür? Birisi tarafÕndan emzirilmedin mi? Senin kadar iffetli ... Ve iffetli bir annenin kÕzÕ 'gayri meúru' ise øffetsiz bir babanÕn o÷lu da öyle7 +DTXH g]HWOHPHNJHUHNLUVH%DQJODGHú LQHQ|QHPOLúDLUOHULQGHQ.D]L1D]UXO øVOkPHWUDIÕQGDNLWPROXPVX]OXNODUODPFDGHOHHGHUNHQ\HQLELUEDúODQJÕo XPXGX\OD %DQJODGHú¶WH KDONÕQ PDUX] NDOGÕ÷Õ DGDOHWVL]OL÷H HúLWVL]OL÷H EDVNÕ\D V|PU\H YH úLGGHWH NDUúÕ NDOHPL\OH RQXUOX ELU GXUXú VHUJLOHU )DUNOÕGXUXúXLOHWRSOXPGDEDUÕúYHKX]XULoLQGH\DúD\DELOPHNLoLQ+LQGXLOH 0VOPDQ VW VÕQÕI LOH DOW VÕQÕI \|QHWHQ LOH \|QHWLOHQ YH ]HQJLQ LOH IDNLU DUDVÕQGDNL XoXUXPX RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUPDN JHUHNWL÷LQL VDYXQXU %X ED÷ODPGD 1D]UXO XQHVHUOHULQGHNLDQDL]OHNOHUGHQELULGHLQDQoNRQXVXGXU%HQJDOKDON P]L÷L HúOL÷LQGH 0VOPDQ YH +LQGXODUD DLW PDQHYL GH÷HUOHUL |Q SODQGD WXWDU³6KDPD6DQJHW´³%KDMDQ´YH³.LUWDQV´JLELHVHUOHULQGHE|OQPHPLú +LQGLVWDQ 7 Bkz. https://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/kazi-nazrul-islâm-the-eternal-rebel-lives-on_3523.html, 02 Ocak 2021’de eriğildi. 24 Gel Hindu kardeúim! 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ArtÕk tartÕúmayalÕm8 +DTXH 8 Bkz.https://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/kazi-nazrul-islâm-the-eternal-rebel-lives- on_3523.html, 02 Ocak 2021’de eriğildi. 9 Bülbül diye de bilinir. 25 0X]DIIDU $KPDG ÕQ WHúYLNL\OH ³%DQJLR 0XVHOPDQ 6DKLW\D 6DPLWL´ DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD\D\ÕPODU0X]DIIDU$KPHG LQLGHRORMLVLYHNLúLOL÷LQGHQHWNLOHQLU øVOkP YH $UHILQ 0X]DIIDU $KPDG YH DUNDGDúODUÕQGDQ DOGÕ÷Õ GHVWHNOH ¶GH ³1DEDMXJ´ 26 .D\QDNoD +DTXH $PLQXO YH 7DOXNGHU 7DVQLD ³$ &RPSDUDWLYH 6WXG\ %HWZHHQ 1D]UXO¶V³7KH5HEHO´ %LURGKL DQG6KHOOH\¶V³2GHWRWKH:HVW:LQG´ 9RLFH $JDLQVW &RUUXSWLRQ´ International Journal of English, Literature and Social Scienses (IJLES) 4(6): +DTXH)DUKDQD ³)LHUFH/LWHUDU\:RUNVRI.D]L1D]UXOøVOkP $5HEHOOLRXV ,GHQWLW\LQWKH'RPDLQRI%DQJOD/LWHUDWXUH´International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL) 4(8): øVOkP1D]UXO 7KH5HEHO$QGRWKHU3RHPVdHY%&KDNUDYDUW\.DONWWD 6DKLW\D$NDGHPL øVOkP1D]UXO Evet AdÕm øsyandHY0&H\ODQøVWDQEXO )LGH 27 KWWS HQEDQJODSHGLDRUJLQGH[SKS"WLWOH 'KXPNHWX $UDOÕN WDULKLQGH HULúLOGL KWWSV LVOkPDQVLNORSHGLVLRUJWUQH]UXOLVOkP$UDOÕN¶GHHULúLOGL KWWSV VVUQFRPDEVWUDFW ͕2FDN¶GHHULúLOGL KWWSV ]HHQHZVLQGLDFRPH[FOXVLYHND]LQD]UXOLVOkPWKHHWHUQDOUHEHOOLYHV RQBKWPO2FDN¶GHHULúLOGL 28 %+$6+$$1'2/$1$.,0,1,1%$1*/$'(ù ø1.858/0$ 6h5(&ø1((7.ø6ø1('$ø5%ø5ø1&(/(0( Davut ùAHBAZ *LULú 'LO NOWU ROXúXPXQXQ HQ |QHPOL SDUoDODUÕQGDQ ELUL YH V|] NRQXVX WRSOXOX÷XQ PLOOHW QLWHOL÷LQH HULúHELOPHVLQLQ ]DUXUL JHUHNOLOLNOHUL DUDVÕQGD J|VWHULOLU $\UÕFD WRSOXPODUÕQ XOXV GHYOHWLQúDVÕ VUHFLQGH YD]JHoLOPH] ELU XQVXU RODUDN KD\DWL ELU |QHP WDúÕPDNWDGÕU g\OH NL ELUoRN PLOOHW \HQL ELU GHYOHW NXUPD VHUYHQOHULQH LON RODUDN NHQGLOHULQL ELUELUOHULQH ED÷OD\DQ YH LOHWLúLP NXUPDODUÕQÕ VD÷OD\DQ PúWHUHNELUGLO NXOODQÕPÕQD \R÷XQODúDUDN EDúODPÕúWÕU*HOLúWLUPLúROGXNODUÕED÷ÕPVÕ]GLOKDUHNHWOHULXOXVODúPDODUÕQDYH NHQGLOHULQHDLWED÷ÕPVÕ]ELUGHYOHWNXUDELOPHOHULQHRODQDNVD÷OD\DFDNJHQLú oDSOÕELU|]JUOHúPH VUHFLQLQ ILOL]OHQPHVLQH |Q D\DN ROPXúWXU .KXEFKDQGDQL +LQGLVWDQ0VOPDQODUÕGD+LQGLVWDQ¶GDNLGL÷HU HWQLNYH GLQLWRSOXOXNODUGDQNHQGLOHULQLIDUNOÕNÕOPDYHEXIDUNOÕOÕN]HULQH D]ÕQOÕNRODUDN\DúDPDN]RUXQGDNDOPD\DFDNODUÕELUøVODPGHYOHWLLQúDHWPH QL\HWLQH JLUPLúOHUGLU øON Lú RODUDNGD8UGX GLOLQL +LQGLVWDQ¶GD NXOODQÕODQ GL÷HU GLOOHUGHQ D\UÕ ELU PDNDPD \HUOHúWLUPLúOHUGLU %X GLOLQ NXOODQÕPÕQÕ PLOOHWOHúPH VUHoOHULQH YH GLQ PHUNH]OL GHYOHW NXUPD WRS\DODUÕQÕQWHPHOL \DSPÕúODUGÕU $KWDU $QFDN+LQGLVWDQ0VOPDQODUÕ FLKDW SROLWLNDVÕ LOHøVODP¶ÕQELUOHúWLULFLoDWÕVÕDOWÕQGDELUDUDGDWRSOD\DUDN+LQGXODUÕQVL\DVLYH HNRQRPLN EDVNÕQOÕ÷ÕQGDQ NXUWXOPD oDEDVÕQD JLULúPLúOHULGLU 0VOPDQ OLGHUOHU ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕNODUÕQÕ ND]DQPD KXVXVXQGD |QHPOL ELU EDúDUÕ HOGH HWPLúOHUVH GH $÷XVWRV WDULKLQGH 3DNLVWDQ¶ÕQ ELU øVODP GHYOHWL VÕIDWÕ\OD NXUXOPDVÕQÕQ KHPHQ DUGÕQGDQ GLOGH ELUOLN YH WHNOLN X\JXODPDODUÕ GROD\ÕVÕ\OD RQDUÕOPDVÕ ]RU VÕNÕQWÕODU LOH EDú EDúD NDOPDNWDQ NXUWXODPDPÕúODUGÕU =LUD IDUNOÕH\DOHWOHUGHNL0VOPDQODUÕQWHNDPDo Arağ. Gör. Dr., Ankara Üniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih Coßrafya Fakültesi, Doßu Dilleri ve Edebiyatlarñ Bölümü, Urdu Dili ve Edebiyatñ Anabilim Dalñ. 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Bengalcenin Urdu dili ile birlikte Pakistan devletinin resmî dillerinden olarak kabul edilmesi temeline dayanan, dilde özgürleğme temalñ bir akñm olarak tanñmlanñr. Bununla birlikte Bhasha Andolan, tek bir dil hareketine karğñlñk gelmez. Özellikle 1948 yñlñnda olgunlağan ve Bangladeğ’in kurulmasñna kadar geçen sürede farklñ kiğilerce ve farklñ bağlñklar altñnda kuramsallağtñrñlan Bengalce Dil Hareketlerinin bütününe, dilsel baßñmsñzlñk sürecine karğñlñk gelen bir ifade olarak anlağñlmalñdñr. 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Dr., Ankara Üniversitesi; Asya-Pasifik Çalñğmalarñ Uygulama ve Arağtñrma Merkezi (APAM) ve Dil ve Tarih-Coßrafya Fakültesi, Doßu Dilleri ve Edebiyatlarñ Bölümü, Hindoloji Anabilim Dalñ, [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-4917-3530. 1 Cavaharlal Nehru’nun (1889-1964) Keğmirli bir Brahman olan babasñ Motilal, varlñklñ bir avukat ve Kongre siyasetçisiydi; Nehru, Cambridge Trinity Collage’de ößrenim gördü ve 1912’de dava vekili oldu. M. K. Gandhi taraftarlñßñnñn yani sñra bir sosyalist olan Nehru, çeğitli itaatsizlik hareketlerine katñldñ ve Hindistan Ulusal Kongre’sinin bağkanlñßñnñ yürüttü. 1940’larñn bağñnda Gandhi, Nehru’yu halefi ilan etti ve Nehru, Aßustos 1947’de baßñmsñz Hindistan’ñn bağbakanñ oldu. Bağbakanlñßñ döneminde ülkede demokrasi kurumsallağtñ, devlet idaresinde ekonomik kalkñnma politikasñ uygulandñ. Soßuk Savağ sñrasñnda baßlantñsñzlarñn yanñnda yer alan bir dñğ politika siyaseti tercih etmiğti (Metcalf, B. D. & Metcalf T. R. 2012: 296). 2 Ticaretle ußrağan bir aileden gelen Muhammed Ali Cinnah (1875-1948), Londra’da hukuk ößrenimi gördükten sonra 1896’da Hindistan’a döndü. Bombay Barosu’nun önde gelen isimlerinden biriydi ve Kongre siyasetinde aktif bir rol oynamñğtñr. Gokhale ile yakñn iliğkide olan Cinnah, 1913’te Müslüman Birlißi’ne katñldñ. Siyasi hayatñ boyunca seçimlerde Müslümanlara ayrñ seçim bölgesi uygulanmasñ ve sandalye ayrñlmasñ için çalñğtñ. Gandhi’nin direniğ ve sivil itaatsizlik yöntemlerine katñlmadñ; Hilafet Hareketini desteklemesi ve Kongre’yle Müslümanlara verilecek anayasal güvenceler konusunda anlağmazlñßa düğtü. 1940’dan sonra baßñmsñz ve ayrñ bir Müslüman siyaseti üzerinde çalñğtñ. Pakistan’ñn ilk genel valisi (1947-1948) oldu (Metcalf, B. D. & Metcalf T. R. 2012: 295). OLGHUOL÷LQGHNL 0VOPDQ %LUOL÷L WD +LQGLVWDQ LoLQ D\UÕ ELU 0VOPDQ YDWDQRODFDNRODQ3DNLVWDQLGHDVÕQÕ\DUDWDUDNLNLGHYOHWOLELUo|]P\ROXQX DU]XODPDNWD\GÕ %X GXUXP øQJLOL] V|PUJHVLQH NDUúÕ ELUOLNWH KDUHNHWHGHQ +LQWKDONÕDUDVÕQGDE\NELUJHUJLQOL÷H\RODoPÕú \ÕOÕQDJHOLQGL÷LQGH KHU LNL WDUDI GD NDUúÕOÕNOÕ RODUDN ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕNODUÕQÕ LODQ HGHUHN øQJLOL]OHULQ HVDUHWLQGHQNXUWXOPD\ÕEDúDUPÕúODUGÕ$QFDNEXJHOLúPHDGÕJHoHQONHOHU DUDVÕQGD VL\DVL RODUDN PXWODN YH GDLPL ELU KX]XU \D GD VXOK RUWDPÕQÕ \DUDWDPDPÕúWÕ 2JGHQ %X oDOÕúPD +LQGLVWDQ YH 3DNLVWDQ ÕQ D\UÕ D\UÕ ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕNODUÕQÕ ND]DQGÕNWDQ VRQUD LOJLOL VUHoWH |QFHOLNOH 'R÷X 3DNLVWDQ RODUDN DQÕODQ DQFDN GH 3DNLVWDQ GDQ D\UÕODUDN ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQÕ LODQ HWPLú RODQ %DQJODGHúLOH+LQGLVWDQDUDVÕQGDNLLOLúNLOHULQWDULKVHOER\XWXQXJ|]OHU|QQH VXQPDN DPDFÕ\OD KD]ÕUODQPÕú EHWLPVHO ELU oDOÕúPDGÕU %X VHEHSOH PDNDOHGH |QFHOLNOH NÕVDFD +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN PFDGHOHVL VUHFLQH DUGÕQGDQ3DNLVWDQYH+LQGLVWDQRODUDNDQÕODQLNLD\UÕED÷ÕPVÕ]GHYOHWLQWDULK VDKQHVLQH oÕNÕúÕQD VRQUDVÕQGD GD 'R÷X 3DNLVWDQ VRUXQX YH QLKD\HWLQGH %D÷ÕPVÕ] %DQJODGHú YH +LQGLVWDQ LOLúNLOHULQH D\UÕ D\UÕ GH÷LQLOPH\H oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU %X NURQRORMLN VÕUDODPD \DSÕOÕUNHQ \HUL JHOGLNoH +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ E|OJH VL\DVHWLQGH YH NDGHULQLQ EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH VWOHQPLú ROGX÷X|QHPH GLNNDW oHNLOPHN LVWHQPLúWLU $PDFÕPÕ] JQP]Q *QH\ $V\D VÕQGDNL FR÷UDIL VÕQÕUODUÕQ EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH V|] NRQXVX GHYOHW YH XOXVODUÕQ L]OHPLú ROGXNODUÕ\ROXEHWLPOH\LFLELUVOXSODRUWD\DNR\PDNROPXúWXU 7DULKVHO6UHoWH+LQGLVWDQ ÕQ%LU3DUoDVÕ2ODUDN%HQJDO %HQJDO%|OJHVL QLQ 48 Britanya'nÕn hizmetine sunmaktadÕr 0HWFDOI%' 0HWFDOI75 7DULKVHO VUHoWHNL GR÷XúX YH JHOLúLPL DoÕVÕQGDQ %DQJODGHú WDULKLQL +LQGLVWDQ YH 3DNLVWDQ WDULKLQGHQ D\ÕUW HGHUHN PPNQ GH÷LOGLU $QFDN JQP]%DQJODGHú¶LQLQoDONDQWÕOÕHUNHQG|QHPSROLWLNWDULKL\DGDGL÷HUELU GH÷LúOHED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕNPFDGHOHVL3DNLVWDQLOHELUOLNWHHOHDOÕQPDN]RUXQGDGÕU 3DNLVWDQ¶ÕQ VL\DVL RODUDN JHOLúLPL DOW NÕWDQÕQ GL÷HU NDUGHú GHYOHWL RODQ +LQGLVWDQ¶ÕQNLQHJ|UHROGXNoDIDUNOÕYHVRUXQOX\GX%LUEDNÕúDoÕVÕQDJ|UH 3DNLVWDQ¶ÕQ WHPHOOHUL 0g ¶OL \ÕOODUD GD\DQDQ YH GDKD VRQUD 0VOPDQODUÕQ*DQM2YDVÕ¶QDJHOLúLYH3HQFDS¶WDKNPVUPH\HEDúODGÕ÷Õ GúQOHQ G|QHP LWLEDUL\OH ]DWHQ DWÕOPÕúWÕ 'L÷HU J|Uú LVH 0VOPDQ %LUOL÷L¶QLQ ¶ODUGD0VOPDQODUÕQELUDQDYDWDQWDOHSOHUL\OHVRQXoODQDQ /DKRUd|]P\OH LOLúNLOL\GL$VOÕQDEDNÕODFDNROXUVD ¶WDNL+LQGLVWDQ 0VOPDQODUÕQD \DSÕOPÕú RODQ ELU DQDYDWDQ YDDGL QHW ELU GXUXP GH÷LOGL %LUOL÷LQ R \ÕO NL NDUDUÕQGD ¶ODUGD ELU &DPEULGJH |÷UHQFLVL RODQ &KDXGKU\5DKPHW$OL¶QLQEXOPXúROGX÷XELULVLPRODQ3DNLVWDQ¶GDQDoÕNoD EDKVHGLOPHGL÷L JLEL DQDYDWDQÕQ NXUXODFD÷Õ úDUWODUÕ EHOLUOH\HQ |]HO ELU JLULúLPGH GH EXOXQXOPDPÕúWÕ /DKRU d|]P VDGHFH JHOHFHNWHNL KHU WUO DQD\DVDO G]HQOHPHOHULQ +LQGLVWDQ 0VOPDQODUÕQÕQ ELU XOXV ROGX÷X JHUoH÷LQLQ NDEXO HGLOPHVL JHUHNWL÷LQL |QH VUPú 0VOPDQODUÕQ oR÷XQOXNWDROGX÷XNX]H\GR÷XYHNX]H\EDWÕH\DOHWOHULQGHED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕNLGGLD HGHELOHFHNOHUL |QJ|UOPú 6WHLQ EX WHRUL JQP] *QH\ $V\D¶VÕQÕQ VÕQÕUODUÕQÕQ EHOLUOHPHVLQGH KD\DWL ELU URO R\QDPÕúWÕU 7DVODNWD EDKVL JHoHQ .X]H\GR÷X 0VOPDQODUÕ EXJQ 3DNLVWDQ .X]H\EDWÕ 0VOPDQODUÕLVH%DQJODGHúWRSOXPXQXROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ NX]H\L YH GR÷XVX E\N ELU NDUÕúÕNOÕ÷D VUNOHQLUNHQ %ULWDQ\D%DúEDNDQÕùXEDW GH/RUG0RXQWEDWWHQ LVRQJHQHOYDOLRODUDN DWDGÕ÷ÕQÕ LODQ HWPLúWL +D]LUDQ LWLEDUÕ\OD \|QHWLPL GHYUHWPHVLHPUL YHULOPHVLQH UD÷PHQ NÕVD VUH VRQUD EX WDULK $÷XVWRV ¶\HoHNLOGL $QDYDWDQGDNL PXKDID]DNkUODU EX NDoÕúD NDUúÕ oÕNÕ\RUODUGÕ )DNDW %ULWDQ\D QÕQVDYDúWDQVRQUDNL\ÕOODUGDGDKDGDN|WOHúHQHNRQRPLNGXUXPX J|] |QQH DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD \|QHWLPLQ DFLOHQ GHYULQH \|QHOLN JoO ELU VHEHS ROXúPXú YH WDP GD R JQOHUGH %ULWDQ\D QÕQ VRQ YDOLVL HNLEL LOH ELUOLNWH *QH\ $V\D QÕQ NDGHULQL EHOLUOH\HFHN RODQ NDUDUODUÕ DOPDQÕQ HúL÷LQH JHOPLúWL $\UÕFD +LQGLVWDQ DQD\DVDO G]HQLQGH \HUL ROPD\DQ YH GR÷UXGDQ WDKWD ED÷OÕ RODQ SUHQVOLNOHULQ JHOHFHNOHULQLQ QH RODFD÷ÕQD GDLUELUNDUDU 3 Ayrñntñlñ bilgi için bakñnñz: Sarkar, Sumit (1989) Modern India: 1885–1947; Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). The Idea of Pakistan. 4 Ayrñntñlñ bilgi için bakñnñz: Christoph Jaffrelot (Ed.) (2005), A History of Pakistan and Its Origins; Stanley Wolpert (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. 49 YHULOPHOL\GL 0HWFDOI%' 0HWFDOI75 %|\OHOLNOH+LQW WDULKLQGHSUHQVOLNOHU\DGDWDULKVHOOLWHUDWUGHUDFDOÕNODUGHUHEH\OLNOHU\DGD E|OJHVHONUDOOÕNODURODUDNDQÕODQVL\DVLLGDUHOHULONNH]\HQLGQ\DG]HQLQLQ VL\DVDOROXúXPYHG|QúPVUHFLQLQLoHULVLQHGkKLOHGLOPLúRODFDNWÕ %DQJODGHú¶LQ%D÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN0FDGHOHVL 0RXQWEDWWHQ J|UHYH EDúODGÕ÷ÕQGD ELUOHúLN ELU +LQGLVWDQ LKWLPDO GkKLOLQGH GH÷LOGL IDNDW LNL GHYOHWLQ D\UÕ D\UÕ YDUOÕNODUÕQÕ VUGUS VUGUHPH\HFH÷LGHNHVLQOLNOHELOLQHPL\RUGX%DúODQJÕoWDNL%DONDQODúWÕUPD SODQÕQDJ|UH0RXQWEDWWHQRG|QHP+LQGLVWDQ ÕQÕNHQGLLoHULVLQGHoRNVD\ÕGD NoNGHYOHWH E|OPH\L|QHUPLúWL$QFDN+LQGLVWDQ ÕQEXúHNLOGHE|OQHUHN JHUoHN DQODPGD ELU %DONDQODúWÕUPD\D X÷UDPDVÕQÕ LVWHPH\HQ 1HKUX 0RXQWEDWWHQLOH \DVDVÕoHUoHYHVLQGH\XPXúDNELUJHoLúVD÷ODQPDVÕLoLQ LNWLGDUÕQ øQJLOL] 0LOOHWOHU WRSOXOX÷XQD ED÷OÕ NDODFDN LNL GRPLQ\RQD DNWDUÕOPDVÕNRQXVXQGDDQODúPD\DYDUGÕ%XQRNWDGDGL÷HULNLVHoHQHNWDULKH NDUÕúDFDNWÕ %LULQFLVL X]DNWDNL 3HQFDS¶D ED÷ODQPDN LVWHPH\HQ %HQJDOOL 0VOPDQ OLGHUOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ RUWD\D DWÕODQ ELUOHúLN ED÷ÕPVÕ] %HQJDO PRGHOL\GL $QFDN &KDWWHUMHH QLQ GH |QH VUG÷ ]HUH NRQJUH HQ D]ÕQGDQ %DWÕWDUDIÕQÕQGHQHWLPLQLHOHJHoLUHELOPHNLoLQONHQLQYLOD\HWOHUHH\DOHWOHUH E|OQPHVLQGHQ\DQD\GÕ2\VDNL WHEXILNUHúLGGHWOHNDUúÕoÕNPÕúODUGÕYH %HQJDO¶GHNLE|OQPHQLQVRUXPOXVXHVDVRODUDNJ|UQúWHE|OQPH\H NDUúÕ RODQODUGÕ .DoÕUÕODQ GL÷HU IÕUVDW 3DNLVWDQ NDUDUÕ\OD GD |QJ|UOHQ GR÷XGD ED÷ÕPVÕ] ELU 0VOPDQ GHYOHWLQLQ NXUXOPDVD\GÕ $QFDN GH &LQQDK¶ÕQ LNL 8OXV WHRULVLQH RODQ ED÷OÕOÕ÷Õ WDP DNVL ELU VRQXo YHUGL 6ÕQÕU .RPLV\RQX¶QXQ.DONWD¶\Õ+LQGLVWDQ DYHUPHVLLOH'R÷X%HQJDOLKUDFDWÕQÕ UHWPH YH QDNOHWPH LPNkQÕQGDQ \RNVXQ NDOGÕ÷ÕQGDQ DVOÕQGD HNRQRPLN DQODPGD\HWHUVL]ROGX÷XDQODúÕOGÕ 50 *HULOLP]DPDQODDoÕNELUVDYDúKDOLQLDOPÕúWÕ +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ.HúPLU¶GH ELU KDON R\ODPDVÕ \DSPD\Õ UHGGHWPHVLQH |INHOHQHQ 3DNLVWDQ |QFH +LQGLVWDQ¶OD *QH\ VÕQÕUÕQÕ ROXúWXUDQ .Xo %|OJHVL¶QH ELU NHúLIELUOL÷L J|QGHUPLú H\OOGH E|OJH\H JHOHQ JHULOOD NXYYHWOHULQLQ DUGÕQGDQ G]HQOL ELUOLNOHU .HúPLU¶H JLUPLúWLU +LQGLVWDQ EX KDPOH\H VÕQÕUODUÕQD NDGDUNL E|OJHGH \HU DODQ 3HQFDS RYDODUÕQD WDQNODU J|QGHUHUHN \DQÕW YHUPLúWL VDYDúÕ +LQGLVWDQ ÕXOXVODUDUDVÕG]HQOH \DNÕQODúPD\D LWPLúYHGDKD\DUDUFÕ ELU GÕú SROLWLND\D \|QOHQGLUPLúWLU $\UÕFD ED÷ODQWÕVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQ ID\GDODUÕQÕ VRUJXODWPÕú +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ NRQXPXQX ]D\ÕIODWPÕúYHDVNHUv KDUFDPDODUÕQ DUWPDVÕQD VHEHS ROPXúWXU WH 1HKUX |OPú YH VRUXQXQ EDUÕúoÕO\ROODUODo|]OPHVLLoLQ\DSÕODQJLULúLPOHUHUD÷PHQ WH3DNLVWDQ \HQLGHQ .HúPLU¶L HOH JHoLUPHN LoLQELUVDYDú EDúODWPÕúWÕU +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ ND]DQGÕ÷Õ EX NÕVD VUHOL oDWÕúPD VRQUDVÕQGD %LUOHúPLú 0LOOHWOHU DWHúNHVL LP]DODQPÕúYH 7DúNHQW'HNODUDV\RQXLOHEDUÕúVD÷ODQPÕúWÕU1HKUX¶GDQ VRQUDNÕVDVUHOLEDúEDNDQOÕNJ|UHYLQLVWOHQHQ/DO%DKDGXU6KDVWULELUNDOS NUL]LVRQXFX|OQFH\HULQH1HKUX¶QXQNÕ]ÕøQGLUD*DQGKLEDúEDNDQROPXúWXU 0HWFDOI%' 0HWFDOI75 3DNLVWDQ GDNL $UDOÕNVHoLPOHULQLWDNLEHQ'R÷X3DNLVWDQ ÕQPXKDOLI JUXSODUÕ %DQJODGHú LoLQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN oD÷UÕVÕ \DSPÕúWÕU 3DNLVWDQ KNPHWL E|OJHGH VÕNÕ\|QHWLP LODQ HWPLú YH V|] NRQXVX ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN KDUHNHWOHULQL EDVWÕUPÕúWÕU %X PGDKDOH ELQOHUFH |OPOH VRQXoODQPÕú +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ NX]H\GR÷X H\DOHWOHULQH GHY ELU POWHFL DNÕQÕ EDúODPÕúWÕU øQGLUD *DQGL EX KDUHNHWOLOLN]HULQH Bir insan komúusunun evinde yangÕn çÕkÕnca sadece ve sadece endiúeli olur GL\HUHN +LQGLVWDQ¶ÕQ GXUXPGDQ GX\GX÷X ND\JÕ\Õ EHOLUWPLúWLU'HPRJUDILNLVWLNUDUVÕ]OÕNWDQNRUNDQ'HOKLKNPHWL]DWHQHWNLQ RODQ 0XNWL%DKLQL g]JUOHúWLUPH *oOHUL PLOLVOHULQL H÷LWPLú V|] NRQXVX ELUOLNOHU(\OO GH'R÷X3DNLVWDQ¶DWRS\HNQELUVDOGÕUÕG]HQOHPLúWLU +LQW NXYYHWOHULQFH \DSÕODQ VDOGÕUÕODUÕQ GD QHWLFHVLQGH 'R÷X 3DNLVWDQ |]JUOHúWLULOPLú \DQL %DQJODGHú GHYOHWLQLQ NXUXOPDVÕQÕQ |Q WDPDPÕ\OD DoÕOPÕúWÕU %X ³g]JUOHúWLUPH +DUHNkWÕ´ +LQGLVWDQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQÕQ SUHQVLSOHULQLRUWD\DNR\PXúYHV|]NRQXVXWDYÕUKkOkXOXVODUDUDVÕLOLúNLOHUGH 5 Cavaharlal Nehru’nun tek çocußu olan ðndira Gandhi, Lal Bahadur Shastri’nin 1966’daki vefatñyla bağbakan olmuğtur; idari tecrübesi olmasa da babasñnñn resmi asistanlñßñnñ ve Gençlik Kongresi liderlißi yapmñğ, siyasetle ilgilenmiğti. 1967’de seçimleri kñl payñ kazandñktan sonra Kongre liderlißiyle yollarñnñ ayñrdñ ve iki yñl sonra ayrñ bir Kongre Partisi kurdu. Popülist bir söylemle yoluna devam eden ðndira’nñn Kongre Partisi, 1971 seçimlerini kazandñ. Dñğ siyasette oldukça bağarñlñ oldu ve Bangladeğ’in baßñmsñzlñk mücadelesinde izledißi politikayla Bengal halkñnñn da sempatisini kazandñ. 1975’te anayasal yönetimi askñya alarak olaßanüstü hal ilan etti ancak 1977 seçimlerini kaybetti. 1980’de tekrar iktidara gelse de 1984’te iki korumasñ tarafñndan öldürüldü (Metcalf, B. D. & Metcalf T. R., 2012: 294). 51 GHYOHWWHQGHYOHWHLQVDQLPGDKDOHQLQHQGHUEDúDUÕOÕ|UQHNOHULQGHQELULRODUDN WDULKHJHoPLúWLU3DNLVWDQ ÕQHOLWOHULLoLQ ROD\ODUÕLNLWUOELUE|OQPH ROXSEXGD.HúPLU¶LQJHULDOÕQPDVÕQÕKHU]DPDQNLQGHQGDKD|QHPOLELUGÕú SROLWLNDKHGHILRODUDNNDEXOHWPHOHULQHQHGHQROPXúWXU *DQJXO\ $NWDUDQ 2JGHQ +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ 'R÷X 3DNLVWDQ GDNL ED÷ÕPVÕ] GHYOHW WDOHSOHULQL GHVWHNOHPHVLQLQ KHPHQ DUGÕQGDQ 3DNLVWDQ¶OD oDWÕúPDODU GH WHNUDU EDúODPÕú D\QÕ \ÕOÕQ H\OO D\ÕQGD +LQGLVWDQ JoOHULQLQ VDOGÕUÕVÕQÕ WDNLEHQ 'R÷X 3DNLVWDQ ÕQ ELU NÕVPÕ HOH JHoLULOPLú YH 3DNLVWDQ DWHúNHV LVWHPHN ]RUXQGDEÕUDNÕOPÕúWÕU%XROD\ÕQDNDELQGH%DQJODGHúUHVPHQED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQÕ LODQHWPLúWLU+LQGLVWDQ ÕQV|]NRQXVXIDDOL\HWOHULDVOÕQGD*QH\$V\DRODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ E|OJH\H VL\DVL RODUDN KkNLP ROPD LVWH÷LQLQ ELU VRQXFX RODUDN J|UOPHNWHGLU =LUD +LQGLVWDQ ÕQ GH 'R÷X 3DNLVWDQ¶ÕQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQD NDYXúPDVÕQGDR\QDGÕ÷ÕUROQDUGÕQGDQ \ÕOÕQGDNL\DúDQDQVL\DVLNUL]GH GH ROGXNoD |QHPOL YH HWNLQ ELU VL\DVHW L]OHGL÷L ELOLQPHNWHGLU 6|] NRQXVX SROLWLN LOLúNLOHU GH %DQJODGHú LQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQÕ ND]DQGÕNWDQ KHPHQ VRQUD EX ONH LOH LP]DODQDQ ³%DUÕú 'RVWOXN YH øúELUOL÷L $QODúPDVÕ´ oHUoHYHVLQGHJHUoHNOHúWLULOPLúWLU (OEHWWH NL oDOÕúPDPÕ]ÕQ NRQXVXQX ROXúWXUDQ |]JUONo PFDGHOHQLQ JHUoHN NDKUDPDQODUÕ %HQJDO KDONÕ \DQL 0VOPDQODUÕ\GÕ 6|] NRQXVX PHY]XQXQEDúOÕEDúÕQDPQIHULWELUNRQX\DGDoDOÕúPDEDúOÕ÷ÕRODUDND\UÕFD LQFHOHQPHVL JHUHNLU $QFDN \HUL JHOPLúNHQ %DQJODGHú %D÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN KDUHNHWLQLQ OLGHUL 0XFLEXU 5DKPDQ¶ÕQ VWOHQPLú ROGX÷X ROD÷DQVW PLV\RQGDQ GD NÕVDFD EDKVHGLOPHOLGLU 0XFLEXU 5DKPDQ %HQJDO GLOL YH NOWUQH ED÷OÕOÕ÷Õ ]HULQGHQ \ROD oÕNWÕ÷Õ NXUWXOXú PFDGHOHVLQGH 'R÷X 3DNLVWDQ KDONÕQÕQ JYHQLQL ND]DQPÕú WRSUDNODUÕQÕQ E|OQPHVLQL LVWHPH\HQ 3DNLVWDQ¶D NDUúÕ EDúODWÕODQ úLGGHWVL] PFDGHOHQLQ VRQXFXQGD KDONÕQÕ YH ONHVLQL |]JUO÷H NDYXúWXUPXúWXU g\OH NL 0XFLEXU 5DKPDQ 0DUW¶WDNL NRQXúPDVÕ\OD KDONÕQÕ |]JUONOHUL LoLQ VLYLO LWDDWVL]OLN NDPSDQ\DVÕ \UWPHOHUL LoLQ \UHNOHQGLUPLúWLU 'HYOHW GDLUHOHUL EDQNDODU úLUNHWOHU RNXOODUIDEULNDODUDW|O\HOHUGkKLOROPDN]HUHKHUWUONXUXPYHNXUXOXú %DQJDEDQGKX GL\H GH DQÕODQ 5DKPDQ¶ÕQ |]JUON KDUHNHWLQLQ ELU SDUoDVÕ ROPD\Õ NDEXO HWPLúWL dDWÕúPD RUWDPÕQGDQ NDoDELOHQ KDONÕQ ELU NÕVPÕ 6 Ayrñntñlñ bilgi için bakñnñz: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (2018). The Unfinished Memoirs. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The University Press. Bu biyografik eser, Atatürk Arağtñrma Merkezi tarafñndan Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tamamlanmamñğ Anñlar adñyla, 2018 yñlñnda Türkçeye de çevirtilerek yayñmlanmñğtñr. Ayrñca Mujibur Rahman’ñn 7 Mart 1971’de yapmñğ oldußu zafer konuğmasñ (söz konusu bilgi ve yönlendirme için Prof. Dr. A. Merthan Dündar’a teğekkürlerimi sunarñm) için de bakñnñz: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9vUulq4tZI (Eriğim Tarihi: 23.03.2021’de eriğildi). 52 +LQGLVWDQ¶DVÕ÷ÕQPÕú %HQJDOOL0XNWL%DKLQL g]JUON6DYDúoÕODUÕ GLUHQLú |UJW YH +LQW RUGXVXQXQ \DUGÕPÕ\OD 3DNLVWDQ RUGXVXQXQ %DQJODGHú¶WHNL IDDOL\HWOHULGXUGXUXOPXúWXU %DQJDEDQGKX ùH\K 0XFLEXU 5DKPDQ %DQJODGHú¶LQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGD KHUNHVOHGRVWROPD\ÕYHNLPVH\OHGúPDQROPDPD\ÕEHQLPVH\HQEDUÕúoÕELU OLGHUGL 2QXQ GLSORPDWLN \DNODúÕPÕ VD\HVLQGH %DQJODGHú øQJLOL] 0LOOHWOHU 7RSOXOX÷X %D÷ODQWÕVÕ]ODU +DUHNHWL øVODP øúELUOL÷L 7HúNLODWÕ YH %LUOHúPLú 0LOOHWOHU¶H NDWÕOPÕú YH GQ\D ONHOHULQLQ oR÷X WDUDIÕQGDQ WDQÕQPÕúWÕU \ÕOÕQGD %DQJDEDQGKX NUHVHO EDUÕúÕ WHúYLN HWPH oDEDODUÕ VHEHEL\OH µ-ROLRW &XULH %DUÕú gGO¶QH OD\ÕN J|UOPúWU \ÕOÕQGD &H]D\LU¶GHNL %D÷ODQWÕVÕ]ODU +DUHNHWL =LUYHVL¶QGH %DQJDEDQGKX¶\X NXFDNOD\DQ .EDOÕ OLGHU )LGHO &DVWUR HimalayalarÕ görmedim ama ùeyh Mucib’i gördüm. Bu adam kiúili÷i ve cesaretiyle HimalayalardÕr. 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KWWSV GRLRUJMHDS 0LQLVWU\ RI )LQDQFH %DQJODGHVK (FRQRPLF 5HYLHZ 'KDND %DQJODGHVK )LQDQFH'LYLVLRQ0LQLVWU\RI)LQDQFH*RYHUQPHQWRI%DQJODGHVK 0ROODK$ZDO+RVVDLQ ³5ROHRI3DUOLDPHQWDQG*RYHUQDQFHLQ%DQJODGHVK 3UREOHPVDQG3URVSHFWV”Journal of International Politics Volume 2, Issue 2 0RQJDED\/LVWRI&RXQWULHV%\/DQG0DVV/DVWXSGDWHG'HFHPEHU $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS ZZZPRQJDED\FRPLJDSRZRUOGBVWDWLVWLFVBE\BDUHDKWP >$FFHVVHG -XQH@ 96 0XNXO 6KDULI $ ³$ 1HZ (VWLPDWH RI &DUERQ IRU %DQJODGHVK )RUHVW (FRV\VWHPV ZLWK 7KHLU 6SDWLDO 'LVWULEXWLRQ DQG 5('' ,PSOLFDWLRQV´ International Journal of Research on Land-use Sustainability,1 2(&2(&%DQJODGHVK %*' ([SRUWV,PSRUWVDQG7UDGH3DUWQHUV$WODV 0HGLD $YDLODEOH KWWSV RHFZRUOGHQSURILOHFRXQWU\EJG DFFHVHG -DQXDU\ 3HWHUVHQ / DQG 6 6KLUHHQ 6RLO DQG :DWHU 6DOLQLW\ LQ WKH &RDVWDO $UHD RI %DQJODGHVK65', 3ODQQLQJ&RPPLVVLRQ YDULRXVLVVXHV 7KH6XFFHVVLYH)LYH 97 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $UVHQLF 3ROOXWLRQ RI *URXQG :DWHULQ%DQJODGHVKKHOGRQ)HELQ'KDND 7%&&,KWWS ZZZWEFFLQHW"SDJHBLG >(ULúLP7DULKL @ 7UNL\H &XPKXUL\HWL (NRQRPL %DNDQOÕ÷Õ 'DNND 7LFDUHW 0úDYLUOL÷L ùXEDW KWWSV ZZZHNRQRPLJRYWUSRUWDOFRQWHQWFRQQ8&0XXLGG'RF1DPH (. >øQGLUPH7DULKL @ 8OODK5 ³%DQJODGHúYH7UNL\H øNLOLøOLúNLOHULQELU$QDOL]L´Sosyal ve Beúerî Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1) :RUOG%DQN 5LVLQJJOREDOLQWHUHVWLQIDUPODQG FDQLW\LHOGVXVWDLQDEOHDQG HTXLWDEOH EHQHILWV" :DVKLQJWRQ '& 7KH :RUOG %DQN $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS VLWHUHVRXUFHVZRUOG EDQNRUJ,17$5'5HVRXUFHV(6:B6HSWBILQDOBILQDOSGI >$FFHVVHG 6HSWHPEHU@ 98 7h5.ø<(¶'(+$=,5/$10,ù2/$1³%$1*/$'(ù´.218/8 /ø6$16h67h7(=/(5øh=(5ø1(%ø5'(ö(5/(1'ø50( Ilgaz HAKMAN* Giriğ Bangladeğ, 16 Aralñk 1971 tarihinde baßñmsñzlñßñnñ ilan etmiğ olmasñna raßmen; Türkiye-Bangladeğ siyasi iliğkileri biraz daha geç bir tarihte bağlayabilmiğtir. Söz konusu diplomatik iliğkiler 22 Ğubat 1974’te gerçekleğtirilen ðslam ðğbirlißi Teğkilatñ Zirvesi sñrasñnda bağlamñğ ve Türkiye, Pakistan ile birlikte Bangladeğ’i resmen tanñmñğtñr (Sarñsñr 2019: 568). Öncelikle Büyükelçilikler düzeyinde ve karğñlñklñ politik temaslar aracñlñßñyla bağlatñlan yakñn siyasi iliğkiler; 7 Temmuz 1976 yñlñnda imzalanan Ticaret Anlağmasñ ile birlikte yñllar içerisinde artarak devam etmiğtir (Ullah 2017: 37). Ayrñca ticaretin iki ülke arasñndaki geliğimini desteklemek için anlağmanñn aksayan yönlerinin tespit edilmesi amacñyla bir Karma Komite kurulmasñna da karar verilmiğtir. Ekim 1978 yñlñnda Bangladeğ Cumhurbağkanñ Ziya-ür Rahman’ñn Türkiye’ye gerçekleğtirdißi resmî ziyaret sonrasñnda, ekonomi alanñnda kurulan iliğkiler siyasi olarak da güçlenerek devam etmiğtir (Sarñsñr 2019: 584). Bu çalñğmada Türkiye-Bangladeğ iliğkilerinin eßitim ve akademik çalñğmalar boyutundaki geliğimine dikkat çekmek istenmiğtir. Bu baßlamda, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yüksek Ößretim Kurulu Bağkanlñßñ; “Tez Merkezi Veri Tabanñnda” yer alan ve bağlñßñnda Bangladeğ sözcüßü geçen lisansüstü tezler (yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri) incelenmiğtir; Türk literatürüne yapñlan katkñlar deßerlendirilmeye çalñğñlmñğtñr. Yapñlan ön incelemede söz konusu tezlerden on dört tanesi yüksek lisans ve dokuz tanesi de doktora tezi olmak üzere toplamda yirmi üç farklñ lisansüstü tezinin akademiye kazandñrñlmñğ oldußu anlağñlmñğtñr. Konu bazlñ deßerlendirme de ise dört, sosyal bilimler; üç, iletiğim; on dört, iktisadi idari bilimler ve iki, * Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doßu Dilleri ve Edebiyatlarñ (Hindoloji) Anabilim Dalñ, Doktora Ößrencisi, [email protected] mühendislik bilimleri alanlarñnda hazñrlanmñğ olduklarñ tespit edilmiğtir. Makalemiz konusu ve amacñ itibariyle, Türkiye-Bangladeğ iliğkilerinin eßitim ve baßlantñlñ olarak yüksekößretim alanñndaki üretilmiğ tezlerin tamamlayñcñ ve açñklayñcñ üslûpla oluğturulmuğ nitel bir çalñğmadñr. Bu sebeple de çalñğmamñza konu olan tezler konularñna göre sñnñflandñrñlarak tasnif edilmiğtir. Çalñğmamñzñn sñradaki bölümünde öncelikle sosyal bilimler alanñnda yapñlmñğ tezleri içerikleri hakkñnda bilgi verilecektir. 1. Sosyal Bilimler Alanñnda Yapñlmñğ Tezler Sosyal Bilimler disiplini içerisinde din, sosyoloji, güzel sanatlar ve sosyal hizmetler adlñ bilim dallarñ kapsamñnda tezler hazñrlanmñğ ve günümüzden, geçmiğe kronolojik bir sñralama takip edilmiğtir. 2019 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen Saeyd Rashed Hasan Chowdury tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ olan yüksek lisans tezi; Bangladeğ'te Tasavvufun ve Tarikatlarñn Deßerlendirilmesi, Sosyal Geliğimleri ve Oynadñklarñ Rol: Yirmi Birinci Yüzyñlda Bir Vak'a ðncelemesi bağlñßñnñ tağñmaktadñr. Din arağtñrmalarñ alanñnda hazñrlanmñğ olan bu tezde özetle ağaßñdaki konu iğlenmiğtir; %DQJODGHú WH IDUNOÕ GLQL WRSOXOXNODU EDUÕú LoLQGH ELUDUDGD \DúDPDNWDGÕUODU YH EX NOWU HVNL ]DPDQODUGDQ EHUL EX úHNLOGH GHYDP HGHJHOPHNWHGLU 1IXVXQXQ \DNODúÕN GDQ ID]ODVÕQÕ 0VOPDQODUÕQ ROXúWXUGX÷X %DQJODGHú WH D\UÕFD RUDQÕQGD +LQGX RUDQÕQGD %XGLVW RUDQÕQGD +ULVWL\DQ QIXV \DúDPDNWDGÕU gWH \DQGDQ EXQODUÕQ \DQÕQGD D] VD\ÕGD GD .DGÕ \DQL YH ùLL JUXSODU EXOXQPDNWDGÕU +HU GLQL JUXEXQ IDUNOÕ GLQL JQOHUL YH NXWODPDODUÕ YDUGÕU YH KHSVL |]HO JQOHULQL |]JU ELU úHNLOGHNXWODPDNWDGÕUODU%DQJODGHú WHNLKHUGLQLQPHQVXSODUÕQÕQ NHQGL GLQL HWNLQOLN YH ED\UDPODUÕQD RODQ \R÷XQ NDWÕOÕPÕ GLQL SOUDOL]PLQYHGLQLKRúJ|UNOWUQQGQ\DoDSÕQGDNLLVWLVQDL ELU |UQH÷LQL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU %DQJODGHú WHNL IDUNOÕ GLQL WRSOXOXNODUÕQEDUÕúoÕOELUúHNLOGHELUDUDGD\DúDPDVÕ YHYDURODQ GLQL KRúJ|U 7DVDYYXIXQ WRSOXPGDNL HWNLVLQLQ ELU VRQXFXGXU gWH \DQGDQ %DQJODGHú WHNL 7DVDYYXI GR÷UXGDQ %DQJODGHúOL 0VOPDQODUÕQLQDQoODUÕQDWDULKLQHYHNOWUQHED÷OÕGÕUdQN 7DVDYYXI %DQJODGHú WH \ÕOGDQ ID]OD ELU JHoPLúH VDKLSWLU 7DVDYYXI %DQJODGHú KDONÕ DUDVÕQGD KHU WUO GLQL QHIUHWL IDQDWL]PL YH N|NWHQGLQFLOL÷L D]DOWPD\D NDWNÕGD EXOXQPXúWXU +DON ]HULQGH GH VRV\DO YH HNRQRPLN HWNLOHUL YDUGÕU $\QÕ ]DPDQGD %DQJODGHú WH WDVDYYXIXQ JHOLúLPL\OH YH RUDGD \DúD\DQODU DUDVÕQGD EDUÕúoÕO LOLúNLOHULQ NXUXOPDVÕ\OD LOJLOHQHQ QO 6XILOHULQ WDULKLQH RGDNODQPDNWDGÕU %X oDOÕúPD 100 %DQJODGHú WH IDUNOÕ GLQH YH J|UúH PHQVXS NLúLOHULQ ELUOHúPHVL LoLQ\ROEXOPD\D\|QHOLNELUJLULúLPGLU7DVDYYXIXQoHúLWOLWDULNDW OLGHUOHULE|OJHOHUGHWDVDYYXIDUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\ODøVODP ÕWDQÕWPDNLoLQLON RUJDQL]HIDDOL\HWOHUL\UWPúWU%XQXQODELUOLNWHD]L]ILJUOHU YH HIVDQHYL |\NOHU %DQJODGHú LQ NÕUVDO N|\OHULQGH +LQGX NDVW WRSOXOXNODUÕQD LOKDP ND\QD÷Õ ROPXúWXU *QP]GH LODKL PDQHYL\DW YH NR]PLN X\XP NDYUDPODUÕQÕQ DOJÕODQÕúÕ YH EXJQ 6XIL DGÕ\OD RUWD\D oÕNDQ ED]Õ JUXSODUÕQ IDDOL\HWOHUL KDONOD oDWÕúPD\D EDúODPÕúWÕU YH EX GXUXP KDOD GHYDP HWPHNWHGLU %X WH] 7DVDYYXIXQ YH øVODPÕQ PLVWLN ELU DQOD\ÕúD NDYXúPDVÕQD \DUGÕPFÕ RODQ %DQJODGHú L EXJQ 6XIL NOWU LoLQ oD÷GDú ELU PHUNH] VV KDOLQH JHWLUHQ VD\ÕVÕ] HWNL\L WDUWÕúPDN LoLQ WHPDWLN ELU \DNODúÕPÕ EHQLPVL\RU %X DQODPGD oDOÕúPDPÕQ VRQXFX 7DVDYYXIXQ NLWOHOHU DUDVÕQGD VWDW HúLWOL÷L VHYJL YH NDUGHúOLN VD÷ODGÕ÷ÕQÕ YH LQVDQODUD %DQJODGHú WH ELUELUOHULQLQ GLQLQH GX\JXODUÕQD YH X\JXODPDODUÕQD VD\JÕ GX\PDODUÕQÕ |÷UHWWL÷LQL J|VWHUL\RU $UDúWÕUPDPGD \]\ÕOGDQ \]\ÕOD NDGDU %DQJODGHú WH GLQL X\XPXQ YH KRúJ|UQQ VD÷ODQPDVÕQGD 7DVDYYXIXQ HWNLVLQLQ RUWD\D NRQXOPDVÕ DPDoODQPDNWDGÕU &KRZGXU\ Sosyal bilimler kapsamñnda hazñrlanmñğ olan bir dißer tez sosyoloji anabilim dalñnda yapñlmñğ olan bir doktora tezidir. Mozharul ðslam tarafñndan 2016 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen tez; Fiziksel ve Sosyal Çevre Üzerine ðklim Deßiğiklißinin Etkileri: Bangladeğ Kñyñ Bölgesinde Adapte Olma Süreci Üzerine Bir Çalñğma bağlñßñnñ tağñmaktadñr. 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Funda Altñn tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ olan tezin bağlñßñ; Hindistan, Bangladeğ ve Nepal'de Yüksekößretim Seviyesinde Güzel Sanatlar Eßitimi ğeklindedir. Bu tez kapsamñnda; güzel sanatlar eßitimine dair ilgili konu özetle ğu ğekilde aktarñlmñğtñr: %X DUDúWÕUPDQÕQ DPDFÕ +LQGLVWDQ %DQJODGHú YH 1HSDO¶GH VDQDWoÕWDVDUÕPFÕ \HWLúWLUPHN LoLQ JQP]GH \NVHN|÷UHWLP VHYL\HVLQGH \UWOPHNWH RODQ VDQDWWDVDUÕP H÷LWLPLQL LQFHOHPHN YH 7UNL\H¶GHNL HúGH÷HU VHYL\HGH VDQDWWDVDUÕP H÷LWLPLQH\HQLEDNÕúDoÕODUÕND]DQGÕUPDNWÕU%XONHOHULQWDULKL HNRQRPLN VRV\DO YH IHOVHIL ROD\ODUÕQÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD LoLQGH EXOXQGXNODUÕFR÷UDILE|OJH\LJ|]|QQGHEXOXQGXUPDNH÷LWLP SROLWLNDODUÕQÕ YH X\JXODPDODUÕQÕ DQODPDN LoLQ JHUHNOLGLU 6|] NRQXVX E|OJHQLQ JHQLú FR÷UDI\DVÕQÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD EX ONHOHULQ ELUELUOHUL LOH RUWDN \DNÕQ JHoPLúOHUL YH LOLúNLOHULQGHQ GROD\Õ DUDúWÕUPDQÕQ NDSVDPÕ PHUNH]LQL +LQGLVWDQ¶ÕQ ROXúWXUGX÷X %DQJODGHú YH 1HSDO LOH VÕQÕUOÕ WXWXOPXúWXU %X o ONHGH oDOÕúPDQÕQ HYUHQLQL WHPVLO HGHELOHFHN DOW\DSÕ YH \HWNLQOL÷H VDKLS ROGX÷XQD NDQDDW HGLOHQ \NVHN|÷UHWLP NXUXPXQXQ H÷LWLPVLVWHPOHUL\DNÕQGDQLQFHOHQPLúVRQXoNÕVPÕQGD7UNL\H YH $YUXSD¶GDQ UHIHUDQVODU YHUHUHN ELU GH÷HUOHQGLUPH \DSÕOPÕúWÕU VHQHVLQGH DUDúWÕUPDFÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ V|] NRQXVX 102 ONHOHUGH \DSÕODQ D\OÕN DODQ oDOÕúPDVÕ EX DUDúWÕUPDQÕQ WHPHOLQL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU $ODQ oDOÕúPDVÕQÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD ND\QDN WDUDPDVÕQGDHOGHHGLOHQYHULOHUELUDUD\DJHWLULOHUHNoDOÕúPDQÕQ WHRULN DOW\DSÕVÕ WDPDPODQPÕúWÕU 6DQDWWDVDUÕP |÷UHQFLOHULQLQ NLúLVHO|]HOOLNOHULQHED÷OÕRODUDNVDQDWDYHVDQDWH÷LWLPLQHGDLU GúQFHOHULQL WHVSLW HWPHN DPDFÕ\OD 7UNL\H +LQGLVWDQ %DQJODGHú YH 1HSDO¶GHNL J]HO VDQDWODUWDVDUÕP IDNOWHVL |÷UHQFLOHULQH DUDúWÕUPDFÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ JHOLúWLULOHQ ELU DQNHW X\JXODQPÕúWÕUdHYULPLoLRODUDNX\JXODQDQDQNHWWHQHOGHHGLOHQ VRQXFXQ LVWDWLVWLNVHO DQDOL]L WHN \|QO YDU\DQV DQDOL]L W WHVWL YH /6' WHVWOHUL LOH \DSÕOPÕúWÕU (OGH HGLOHQ YHULOHU QHWLFHVLQGH |÷UHQFLOHULQ FLQVL\HWOHULQH NDOGÕNODUÕ \HUH YH QRW RUWDODPDODUÕQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN VDQDW YH VDQDW H÷LWLPLQH GDLU GúQFHOHULQGHDQODPOÕIDUNODUROPDGÕ÷Õ X\UXNODUÕ\DúODUÕGLQL LQDQoODUÕ RNXGXNODUÕ IDNOWHHQVWLW PH]XQ ROGXNODUÕ OLVH YH H÷LWLPOHULQLQ GÕúÕQGD oDOÕúÕS oDOÕúPDPDODUÕQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN LVH VDQDW YH VDQDW H÷LWLPLQH GDLU GúQFHOHULQGH DQODPOÕ IDUNODU RUWD\DoÕNWÕ÷ÕJ|UOPúWU$\UÕFDEXoONHQLQVDQDWWDVDUÕP H÷LWLPOHULQLQDOW\DSÕVÕQÕROXúWXUDQ]HQJLQNOWUYHIHOVHIHVLQH ED÷OÕ RODUDN EX E|OJH\H RGDNODQDQ DUDúWÕUPD oDOÕúPDODUÕQÕQ DUWWÕUÕOPDVÕQÕQ |QHPOL ROGX÷X NDQDDWLQH YDUÕOPÕúWÕU $OWÕQ Syade Umme Jakera Malik tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ olan ve 2011 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen tez ise; Kadñnñn Potansiyel Yoksullußunda Temel Faktörler: Dakka, Bangladeğ Örneßi bağlñßñna sahip bir dißer doktora tezidir. ðlgili tez Sosyal Hizmetler Anabilim dalñnda hazñrlanmñğ olup sosyoloji ve kadñn çalñğmalarñ alanlarñnda çalñğan arağtñrmacñlar için de bir örnek teğkil etmektedir. Tezin konusu özetle ğu ğekildedir: 7DULKVHO RODUDN NDGÕQODU YH NÕ]ODU WHPHO LQVDQ KDNODUÕ\OD NRUXQPD ND\QDN YH KL]PHWOHUGHQ HúLW ID\GDODQPD KDNNÕQD VDKLS ROPDPÕ]ODUGÕU 6RV\DO KL]PHW X]PDQODUÕ SURIHV\RQHO HWLNOHUL oHUoHYHVLQGH NDGÕQODUÕQ YH NÕ]ODUÕQ JHOLúPHVLQL KHGHIOHPHNWHGLUOHU %X VRV\DO KL]PHW GH÷LúPH VUHFL\OH NDGÕQODUÕQ SRWDQVL\HO \RNVXOOX÷XQX |QFHGHQ EHOLUOHPH oDOÕúPDVÕGÕU 3RWDQVL\HO \RNVXOOXN WHULPL D\UÕPFÕOÕN YH VRV\R HNRQRPLN KDNODU LOH GR÷UXGDQ LOLúNLOLGLU 6RV\DO KL]PHW X]PDQÕQ J|UHYL VDGHFH LQVDQODUD \DUGÕP HWPHNOH VÕQÕUOÕ GH÷LOGLU RQODUÕQ J|UHYL ELOJLOHULQL DUWÕUPDN YH D\UÕPFÕOÕ÷Õ D]DOWPDN LoLQ NXUDPVDO DQDOL] \DSPDN YH WRSOXPGDNL LQVDQ KDNODUÕQÕ JHOLúWLUPHNWLU %X oDOÕúPD NDGÕQODUÕQ SRWDQVL\HO \RNVXOOXNODUÕQÕQ HWNLOH\HQ IDNW|UOHUL LOJLOL OLWHUDWUGHQ HOGH HGLOHQ ELOJL YH DUDúWÕUPDODU GD\DQÕU %XUDGD ³3RWDQVL\HO 103 \RNVXOOXN´\RNVXOROPDøKWLPDOLQHNDUúÕOÕNJHOLU%D]HQ³ULVN´ NHOLPHVL GH \RNVXO ROPD LKWLPDOL LoLQ NXOODQÕOÕU %X oDOÕúPD QLYHUVLWH PH]XQX RODQ NLúLOHUOH \DSÕOPÕúWÕU dDOÕúPDQÕQ SUREOHPL %DQJODGHúOL QLYHUVLWH PH]XQX NDGÕQODU HUNHNOHUH J|UH GDKD oRN SRWDQVL\HO \RNVXO RODELOHFH÷L LOH LOJLOLGLU %DQJODGHúOL QLYHUVLWH PH]XQX NLúLOHULQ J|UHOL ELU \DúDP GXUXPXEXoDOÕúPDQÕQWHPHOQRNWDVÕGÕU%DQJODGHúOLQLYHUVLWH PH]XQX LQVDQODUÕQ J|UHOL \DúDP NDYUDPÕ KHQ] WDQÕPODPDPÕúWÕU EX \]GHQ oDOÕúPD %DQJODGHúOL QLYHUVLWH PH]XQXLQVDQODUÕQ \DúDPGXUXPXEHOLUPHNLoLQoJ|VWHUJH\L WHPHO DOÕU dDOÕúPDQÕQ J|VWHUJHOHUL KDQH KDONNLúLVHO JHOLUL VRV\DO HWNLOHúLP YH VRV\DO JYHQOLNWHQ ROXúXU +DQH KDONÕ J|VWHUJHOHULDLOHQLQJ|UHOLGXUXPXQXNLúLVHOJ|VWHUJHOHUELUH\LQ J|UHOL GXUXPX J|VWHUPHVLQH \DUGÕPFÕ ROXU *|UHOL KDQH KDON GXUXPX J|UH D\UÕFD \RNVXOOXN G]H\L GH ROXúWXUXOPXúWXU %X \RNVXOOXN G]H\L KDQH KDONÕNLúLVHO \RNVXOOXN VHYL\HVLQLQ \NVHN GúN RUWD ULVNL YH KLo ULVN ROPDPDVÕ GXUXPXQX J|VWHULU $UDúWÕUPDQÕQ DPDFÕ %DQJODGHú WHNL \DúDP GXUXPXQX EHOLUOHPHN LoLQ QLYHUVLWH PH]XQX HUNHN YH NDGÕQODUÕQ SRWDQVL\HO \RNVXOOX÷X LOH LOJLOL IDUN YH EX IDUNÕ HWNLOH\HQ HWNHQOHUL EHOLUOHPHNWLU 104 2. ðletiğim Alanñnda Yapñlmñğ Tezler ðletiğim alanñnda yapñlmñğ olunan tezler ise Reklamcñlñk ve Gazetecilik konularñ kapsamñnda hazñrlanmñğtñr. Bu tezlerin incelenmesi de kronolojik olarak günümüzden geçmiğe doßru yapñlacaktñr. Öncelikle Gazetecilik Anabilim Dalñ’nda gerçekleğtirilmiğ olan Bangladeğ Basñnñnda Türkiye ðmgesinin ðncelenmesi bağlñklñ yüksek lisans tezi, Mobassera Jahan Fatima tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğtñr. 2019 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen ilgili tezin; Bangladeğ kamuoyunda Türkiye algñsñnñ yansñtmasñ bakñmñndan önem tağñdñßñnñ düğünülmektedir. Tezin özeti kñsaca ğu ğekilde aktarñlmñğtñr: %XoDOÕúPDGD7UNL\HYH%DQJODGHú LQWRSOXPVDOHNRQRPLNYH VL\DVDO LOLúNLOHUL WDULKVHO VUHoWH RUWD\D NRQDUDN \ÕOÕQGD &XPKXUEDúNDQÕ $EGXOODK *O YH G|QHPLQ %DúEDNDQÕ 5HFHS 7D\\LS (UGR÷DQ ÕQ %DQJODGHú ]L\DUHWOHUL HNVHQLQGH %DQJODGHú EDVÕQÕQGD 7UNL\H LPJHVL DQDOL] HGLOPHNWHGLU $UDúWÕUPDQÕQ WHPHODPDFÕ%DQJODGHúEDVÕQÕQÕLQFHOH\HUHN7UNL\H QLQVL\DVL OLGHUOHUL]HULQGHQ7UN7UNL\HLPJHVLQLRUWD\DNR\PDNWÕU%X DUDúWÕUPD NDSVDPÕQGD WDULKVHO ELU \DNODúÕPOD |QFHOLNOH LPJHQLQ QH ROGX÷X WDUWÕúÕOÕS VRQUD %DQJODGHú YH 7UNL\H NOWUOHULQLQ HUNHQ G|QHPOHULQGH 7UN LPJHVLQLQ WDULKVHO N|NHQOHUL DoÕNODQPD\D oDOÕúÕODUDN 7UNL\H WDKD\\O HOH DOÕQPDNWÕU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD øPJH %DQJODGHú 7UNL\H %DQJODGHú7UNL\H øOLúNLOHUL YH %DQJODGHú %DVÕQÕ NDYUDPODUÕ ED÷ODPÕQGD GDKD |QFH \DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODUGDQ ID\GDODQPDN LoLQ OLWHUDWU WDUDPDVÕ \DSÕOPÕúWÕU $QFDN EX NRQXGD\DSÕODQLONoDOÕúPDROPDVÕVHEHEL\OHROGXNoDNÕVÕWOÕELU OLWHUDWU PHYFXWWXU )DNDW 7UNoHGH %DQJODGHú EDVÕQ WDULKL ]HULQGHJQFHOELUDNDGHPLNoDOÕúPDEXOXQPDPDVÕVHEHEL\OH EX oDOÕúPD GQGHQ EXJQH %HQJDO YH %DQJODGHú EDVÕQÕQÕ PHUDN HGHQ YH EX NRQX ]HULQGH DUDúWÕUPD \DSPDN LVWH\HQ DNDGHPLV\HQOHU LoLQ |QHPOL ELU ND\QDN RODFDNWÕU dDOÕúPD NDSVDPÕQGD %DQJODGHú LQ JQON JD]HWHOHULQGHQ GRNX] WDQHVL 'DLQLN ,WWHIDT 'DLQLN 3URWKRP $OR 'DLQLN 6DPDNDO 'DLQLN %KRUHU .DJRM 'DLQLN -XJDQWRU 'DLQLN -DQDNDQWKD 'DLQLN ,QTLODE 7KH 'DLO\ 6WDU YH %DQJODGHú 2EVHUYHU LQFHOHQPLúWLU 6|] NRQXVX JD]HWHOHULQ LoHULNOHUL \ÕOÕQÕQ úXEDW YH NDVÕP D\Õ LOH VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU dDOÕúPDQÕQ EXOJXODUÕQGD QLWHOLNVHO LoHULN DQDOL]L \|QWHPL\OH LQFHOHQHQ V|] NRQXVX ]L\DUHWOHUH \|QHOLN\D]ÕODUÕQ KDEHUOHUEDú\D]ÕODUYHN|úH\D]ÕODUÕ WDPDPÕ ROXPOX EXOXQPXúWXU øNL ]L\DUHW HNVHQLQGH EHOLUOHQHELOHQ HQ EDVNÕQ EHú KDEHU WHPDVÕ WLFDUHW LúELUOL÷L HNRQRPL ]L\DUHW YH LNLOL LOLúNLGLU (Q |QHPOLVL %DQJODGHú EDVÕQÕQGD 7UNL\H LPJHVLQLQ ROXPOX ELU H÷LOLP LoLQGH ROGX÷X WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU 105 $\UÕFDG|QHPLQ&XPKXUEDúNDQÕ$EGXOODK*O QYHEDúEDNDQ 5HFHS7D\\LS(UGR÷DQ ÕQ]L\DUHWL%DQJODGHúEDVÕQÕQGDROXPOX NDUúÕODQPÕúWÕU )DWLPD 2018 yñlñnda Gazetecilik Anabilim Dalñ’nda savunulan bir dißer yüksek lisans tezi de Md Mahady Hasan tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ Güney Asya'da Medyanñn Politik Kullanñmñ: Bangladeğ Örneßi bağlñßñnñ tağñmaktadñr. ðlgili tezin konusu ise ğu ğekilde özetlenmiğtir: %DQJODGHú WH EDVÕQ XOXVDO ILNLUOHULQ SURSDJDQGDFÕODUÕ LoLQ ELU DUDo DQFDN PLOOL |]JUOHúPH KDUHNHWOHUL NDSVDPÕQGD GHVWHNOH\LFL ELU XQVXUGXU %DVÕQ DVNHUL UHMLPLQ RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUÕOPDVÕ\OD ELUOLNWH OÕ \ÕOODUD NDGDU GHPRNUDWLN ELU GHYOHWLQ NXUXOPDVÕ KXVXVXQGD ROGXNoD |QHPOL ELU URO R\QDPÕúWÕU )DNDW GHPRNUDVL G|QHPLQGH PHG\D RUJDQODUÕ KDEHUOHULQLúHNLOOHQGLUGLNOHULVL\DVLSDUWLOHUHRODQED÷OÕOÕNODUÕQD J|UH LNL IDUNOÕ EOR÷D E|OQPúWU %X oDOÕúPDGD PHG\D YH VL\DVHW DUDVÕQGDNL LOLúNL LQFHOHQPLú YH PHG\DQÕQ VL\DVL LGHRORMLVL oHUoHYHVLQGH KDEHU \DSÕOÕUNHQ QDVÕO ELU SR]LV\RQ DOGÕ÷ÕVDSWDQPD\DoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU%XQXQODELUOLNWHEXoDOÕúPDLOH %DQJODGHú WH ROGX÷X JLEL GL÷HU *QH\ $V\D ONHOHULQGH GH LQNkUHGLOHPH]ELUJHUoHNRODQPHG\DQÕQ\DQOÕWXWXPXELUGL÷HU PHG\DQÕQ SROLWLN NXOODQÕPÕQGD JHOLQHQ G]H\L J|VWHUHQ IDNW|U RODUDN RUWD\D NRQXOPD\D oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU dDOÕúPD %DQJODGHú PHG\DVÕQÕWDUWÕúPD\ÕKHGHIOHQPHNOHELUOLNWHGHNRQXQXQGDKD QHW ELU J|UQPQ RUWD\D NR\DELOPHN DoÕVÕQGDQ *QH\ $V\D \Õ WHPVLO HGHQ YH %DQJODGHú LQ GH NHQGLVLQGHQ NRSDUDN ED÷ÕPVÕ] ELU ONH ROPDGDQ |QFH ELU SDUoDVÕ ROGX÷X +LQGLVWDQ PHG\DVÕQGDQDOÕQDQ|UQHNOHPLGHLoHUPHNWHGLU9HULOHUKHULNL ONH PHG\DVÕ ]HULQGHQ VHoLOPLú JD]HWH YH WHOHYL]\RQ |UQHNOHPOHULQGH \DSÕODQ LoHULN DQDOL]L \|QWHPL\OH $÷XVWRV WDULKOHUL DUDOÕ÷ÕQGDNL QVKD YH \D\ÕQODUGDQ WRSODQPÕúWÕU (OGH HGLOHQ EXOJXODUD J|UH KHU LNL ONH PHG\DVÕQÕQ GD SROLWLN DQODPGD ROGXNoD \DQOÕ ELU SROLWLND L]OHGLNOHULQL WP SROLWLN JQGHPL \DOQÕ]FD NHQGL SHUVSHNWLIOHULQGHQ GH÷HUOHQGLUGLNOHULQL RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGÕU 'Q\DQÕQ SHN oRN \HULQGH ROGX÷X JLEL *QH\ $V\D GD GD PHG\DQÕQ KDEHUH \DNODúÕPÕ YH \D\ÕQ SROLWLNDVÕ R PHG\D NXUXOXúXQXQ VDKLS \D GD KLVVHGDUODUÕQÕQ VL\DVDO LOLúNL YH oÕNDUODUÕGR÷UXOWXVXQGDEHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU +DVDQ 2014 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen Sorwar Alam tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ yüksek lisans tezinin bağlñßñ; Geliğmekte Olan Ülkelerde Yeni Medya Uygulamasñ: Bangladeğ Örneßi’dir. Bu tezin konusu ise ğu ğekilde özetlenmiğtir; 106 0HG\D KHU WRSOXPGD KHU oD÷GD WRSOXPXQ VHVL ROPD\D oDOÕúPÕúWÕU7HNQRORMLQLQGH÷LúLPLYHJHOLúLPLOHELUOLNWHPHG\D DUDoODUÕ YH VXQXú ELoLPL GH GH÷LúPLú YH JHOLúPLúWLU %X GH÷LúLPOHUONHOHULQVL\DVÕHNRQRPLNVRV\RNOWUHO\DSÕODUÕQD J|UHKÕ]ND]DQPÕúWÕU*HOLúPHNWHRODQONHOHUGHEXGH÷LúLPOHU KÕ]OD JHUoHNOHúLUNHQ JHOLúPHNWH RODQ YH D] JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH EX GH÷LúLPOHU ROGXNoD \DYDú ROPXúWXU %XQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN EX oDOÕúPDGD %DQJODGHú WHNL PHG\D WDULKL YH \HQL PHG\D X\JXODPDODUÕLQFHOHQPLúWLU.RQXLOHLOJLOL%HQJDOFDøQJLOL]FH YH7UNoHDNDGHPLNND\QDNODUÕWDUDPDVÕ\DSÕOGÕ%XoDOÕúPDGD 0HG\DWDULKLQLNÕVDFDGH÷HUOHQGLULOLS\HQLPHG\DPHFUDODUD\HU YHULOGL*HOLúPHNWHRODQONHOHUGHQ%DQJODGHú L|UQHNDODUDNEX ONHQLQ PHG\D WDULKLQL DQODWÕOGÕ %DQJODGHú H \HQL PHG\DQÕQ JHOLúLPL YH X\JXODPDVÕQÕ DQODWÕUNHQ EX DODQGD NDQXQODUÕQ oHúLWOLOL÷LQH GH÷LQGL hONHGH PHG\D LOH VL\DVHW DUDVÕQGDNL oDWÕúPDODU PXKDOLI PHG\D\D ]HULQGHNL EDVNÕODU NDQXQXQ NH\IL NXOODQÕPÕ LOH LOJLOL ELOJLOHUH \HU YHULOGL dDOÕúPD o E|OPGHQ ROXúPDNWDGÕU øON E|OP 0HG\DQÕQ WDULKL LNLQFL E|OP \HQLPHG\DPHFUDODUÕYHVRQE|OP %DQJODGHú WH\HQL PHG\DX\JXODPDODUÕúHNOLQGHKD]ÕUODQGÕ $ODP ðletiğim alanñnda hazñrlanmñğ olan tezlerin tamamñnñn ise yüksek lisans seviyesinde gerçekleğtirildißi görülmektedir. Bunun yanñ sñra bu tezlerin tamamñ Gazetecilik Anabilim Dalñ bünyesinde hazñrlanmñğtñr. 3. ðktisadi ðdari Bilimler Alanñnda Yapñlmñğ Tezler ðktisadi idari bilimler alanñnda; Ekonomi, ðğletme, Pazarlama, Kamu Yönetimi, Uluslararasñ ðliğkiler, Sosyal Hizmetler ve Bankacñlñk disiplinlerinde tezler hazñrlanmñğtñr. Bu tezlerin incelenmesi dißer alt bağlñklarda oldußu gibi kronolojik olarak günümüzden geçmiğe doßru gerçekleğmiğtir. 2020 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen ve A.H.M. Ershad Uddin tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ olan doktora tezi; Bangladeğ'teki ðslam Bankacñlñk Uygulamasñnñn Fñkhî Açñdan ðncelenmesi bağlñßñnñ tağñmaktadñr. Bankacñlñk alanñndaki ilgili tezin özeti kñsaca ğu ğekildedir: øVODPv EDQNDFÕOÕN YH ILQDQV VLVWHPOHULQLQ NXUXOPDVÕ YH LúOHWLOPHVL øVODP KXNXNXQXQ WHPHO LONHOHULQH GD\DQPDNWDGÕU %X SUHQVLSOHU úHU¶L |OoOHUL HVDV DODQ LNWLVDGL KD\DWD \HQL ELU ER\XWND]DQGÕUPÕúWÕUøVODPvEDQNDFÕOÕNVLVWHPLQLQUHVPvILQDQV úHNOL \DNODúÕN \ÕO |QFH EDúODPÕú YH oD÷GDú øVODP kOLPOHUL EXQXQ PRGHUQ GQ\D LoLQ DOWHUQDWLI ELU EDQNDFÕOÕN VLVWHPL ROGX÷XQX NDEXO HWPLúOHUGLU *QP]GH øVODPv EDQNDFÕOÕN 107 HQGVWULVLQGHNL EX KÕ]OÕ E\PHQLQ VHEHSOHUL DUDVÕQGD øVODP ONHOHULQGHNLILQDQV|UOHULQúHU¶LXVOYHKNPOHUHX\JXQRODQ LNWLVDGLLONHOHULX\JXODPD\ÕEHQLPVHPHOHULROGX÷XV|\OHQHELOLU %X oDOÕúPDGD %DQJODGHú WH øVODPv EDQNDFÕOÕN VLVWHPLQGH X\JXODQDQ LNL WHPHO LúOHP LQFHOHQHFHNWLU %XQODUGDQ ELULQFLVL EDQNDQÕQ PúWHULOHUGHQ YHGvD YH PXGkUDED V|]OHúPHVL LOH SDUD WRSODPDVÕ LNLQFLVL LVH WRSODQDQ SDUDQÕQ PXUkEDKD EH\ PHFFHO E\H LVWLVQD EH\ VHOHP PúkUHNH JLEL oHúLWOL DNLWOHUOH \DWÕUÕPFÕ\DIRQRODUDNNXOODQGÕUÕOPDVÕGÕU'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD EXIRQWRSODPDYH\DWÕUÕPÕQoDOÕúWÕUÕOPDVÕQÕQIÕNÕKLOPLQHJ|UH WDKOLOHGLOPHVLoDOÕúPDPÕ]ÕQWHPHONRQXVXQXWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU %XQXQLoLQLONRODUDNøVODPvEDQNDFÕOÕNVLVWHPL\OHLOJLOLWHPHO NDYUDPODUHOHDOÕQPÕúDUGÕQGDQWH]OHLOJLOL NRQXODUIÕNÕKLOLPL DoÕVÕQGDQ LQFHOHQPLú VRQ RODUDN NODVLN YH VRQ G|QHPGHNL IDNLKOHULQ J|UúOHUL NODVLN IÕNÕK OLWHUDWU VLVWHPDWL÷L HVDV DOÕQDUDNNDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU 8GGLQ Syed Magfur Ahmad tarafñndan 2020 yñlñnda yapñlmñğ olunan tezin bağlñßñ ise; Bangladeğ'te Mikro Finansman: ðslami Mikro Finans Üzerine Bir Vaka Çalñğmasñ ğeklindedir. Yüksek lisans tezi ekonomi ve bankacñlñk alanñna aittir. Tez içerisinde konusu itibariyle ğu ğekilde özetlenmiğtir: %X WH] oDOÕúPDVÕ %DQJODGHú WHNL PLNUR ILQDQV IDDOL\HWOHULQL DQDOL]HWPH\LDPDoODPDNWDGÕU$\UÕFDoDOÕúPDJHQHOoHUoHYHGH øVODPL PLNUR ILQDQVÕQ YDND oDOÕúPDVÕ RGDNOÕ WHPHO G]H\GHNL HWNLVLQL LQFHOHPHNWHGLU %X WH] LNLQFLO YHULOHUH GD\DOÕ QLWHO \|QWHPOH DQDOL] HGLOPLúWLU %DQJODGHú LQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQGDQ EX \DQD ONHQLQ HNRQRPLN KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQGH ELUoRN LQLú YH oÕNÕú \DúDQGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU g]HOOLNOH EX ED÷ODPGD VRQ \ÕOODUGD ONHQLQ NLúL EDúÕQD GúHQ PLOOL JHOLUL \DNODúÕN $%' GRODUÕQÕ DúPDNWD ROGX÷X J|]OHQPHNWHGLU *6<+ GH WP NDONÕQPD J|VWHUJHOHUL \XNDUÕ \|QOGU (NRQRPLN E\PH LVWLNUDUOÕELoLPGH GHQ ID]ODJHUoHNOHúPHNWHGLU*HOLúPHNWH RODQ ONH VWDWVQGH RODQ %DQJODGHú¶LQ HNRQRPLN E\PHVLQGH PLNUR ILQDQVPDQ NRQXVX |QHPOL \HU WXWDU %DQJODGHú WH OHUGHQ EXJQH NDGDU PLNUR ILQDQV KL]PHWOHULQLQJHOLúPHVL\OH\RNVXOOXNRUDQÕGúPHNWHYHROXPOX VRQXoODU J|]OHQPHNWHGLU \ÕOÕQGD RODQ WRSODP \RNVXOOXN\ÕOOÕNRUWDODPDRUDQGúúOH\ÕOÕQDNDGDU H NDGDU LQPLúWLU %X WH]GH %DQJODGHú LQ VRQ RWX] \ÕOGD PLNUR ILQDQV DODQÕQGD E\N ELU LOHUOHPH ND\GHWWL÷L J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU 6RQ \LUPL \ÕO ER\XQFD øVODPL PLNUR ILQDQV ELUoRN ONHGH JHOHQHNVHO PLNUR ILQDQVÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD VRV\R HNRQRPLNNDONÕQPDGD|QHPOLUROVWOHQPLúWLU%XWH]GHøVODPL PLNUR ILQDQVÕQ ]HNkW VDGDND YH YDNÕI JLEL \DUGÕP ILQDQVPDQ DUDoODUÕ\OD \RNVXOOX÷XQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕQGDNL URO DoÕNODQPÕúWÕU 108 øVODPL PLNUR ILQDQV NXUXPODUÕ D\UÕFD NDU]Õ KDVHQ PXUDEDKD PXGDUHEH WHNDIO LMDUDK YH VHOHP JLEL øVODP KXNXNX SUHQVLSOHULQH GD\DQDUDN oHúLWOL \|QWHPOHU YDVÕWDVÕ\OD PLNUR NUHGL VXQPDNWDGÕU øVODPL PLNUR ILQDQV JLULúLPFLOHUL ILQDQVH HGHUHN HNRQRPLQLQ JoOHQGLULOPHVLQL GHVWHNOHPHNWH YH PXKWHPHO ULVNOHUL SD\ODúPDNWDGÕU %X GR÷UXOWXGD 6UGUOHELOLU .DONÕQPD +HGHIOHULQH XODúPDGD øVODP PLNUR ILQDQVLoLQE\NELUSRWDQVL\HOEXOXQPDNWDGÕU $KPDG ðğletme Bilim Dalñ’nda 2019 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen ve Moin Uddin Rony tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ; Bangladeğ'te Küçük ve Orta ðğletmelerin (KOBð) Toplam Kalite Yönetiminin Etkisi bağlñßñn tağñyan yüksek lisans tezi ise ğu ğekilde özetlenmiğtir: 7RSODP .DOLWH <|QHWLPL oDOÕúDQODUÕ YH SD\GDúODUÕ GDKD DNWLI KDOH JHWLUHUHN RUJDQL]DV\RQXQ HWNLOLOL÷LQL YH YHULPOLOL÷LQL DUWÕUDQ ELU VLVWHPGLU YH D\QÕ ]DPDQGD NXUXPXQ GL÷HU RUJDQL]DV\RQODUD J|UH UHNDEHW DYDQWDMÕ VD÷OD\DELOPHVL LoLQ LQVDQODUÕQEHFHULYH\HWHUOLOLNOHULQLX\JXODPD\D\DUGÕPFÕROXU $\UÕFD 7RSODP .DOLWH <|QHWLPL 7.< LOH VUGUOHELOLU UHNDEHW DYDQWDMÕ HOGH HGLOHELOLU +HU QH NDGDU úDúÕUWÕFÕ ELU úHNLOGH GR÷UX ROVD GD JHOLúPHNWH RODQ ONHOHUGH \DSÕOPÕú YH \D\ÕQODQPÕú oRN NoN ELU DUDúWÕUPD YDU $UDúWÕUPDQÕQ oR÷X JHOLúPLúONHOHUGHQJHOGL*HOLúPHNWHRODQONHOHUGH.oNYH 2UWD |OoHNOL HQGVWULOHU LVWLKGDP VD÷ODPDGD YH ONH HNRQRPLVLQLJHOLúWLUPHGHoRN|QHPOLELUUROR\QDPDNWDGÕU%X oDOÕúPDQÕQ DPDFÕ 7.< \H GD\DOÕ HQGVWUL LOH %DQJODGHúOL .2%, OHULQ7.< \HGD\DOÕROPD\DQHQGVWULDUDVÕQGDNLIDUNODUÕ RUWD\DoÕNDUPDNWÕUdDOÕúPDD\UÕFD%DQJODGHúOL.RELOHULQ7.< PGUQ HWNLOL ELU úHNLOGH WDNLS HGLS HWPHGLNOHULQL GH |÷UHQHFHN $\UÕFD EX oDOÕúPD 7RSODP NDOLWH \|QHWLPLQLQ \DSÕVÕQÕ YH 7.< PGUOHULQLQ %DQJODGHú WHNL NoN YH RUWD |OoHNOL LúOHWPHOHUGH .2%, JHQHO NXOODQÕPÕQÕQ \DSÕVÕQÕ EXOPDNLoLQELUDQNHWoDOÕúPDVÕNXOODQDFDNWÕU 5RQ\ 2019 yñlñnda Md Moynul Ahsan tarafñndan savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen doktora tezinin bağlñßñ; Bangladeğ ve Amerika Birleğik Devletlerinden Seçilmiğ Kñyñ Alanlarñnda Çevreden Kaynaklanan Göç ğeklindedir. Kent ve Çevre Bilimleri Bilim Dalñ alanñnda hazñrlanmñğ ilgili tez; kamu yönetimi ve uluslararasñ iliğkiler konularñnñ içermektedir. Özetle tezin konusu ğu ğekildedir: ;;, \]\ÕOGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ GR÷DO DIHWOHU NUHVHO oHYUHVHO GH÷LúLP YH |]HOOLNOH LNOLP GH÷LúLNOL÷LQL WHWLNOH\HUHN Lo J|o EDúWD ROPDN ]HUH LQVDQODUÕQ ]RUXQOX \HU GH÷LúWLUPHOHULQH \RO DoDQ JoO ELU HWPHQ KDOLQH JHOPLúWLU dHYUHVHO EDVNÕ 109 NDUúÕVÕQGD ELU WHSNL VWUDWHMLVL RODUDN KDUHNHW V|] NRQXVX ROGX÷XQGD GH÷LúLPGHNL KÕ] oHYUHGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ RODVÕ ]RUXQOX \D GD DFLO J|oQ IDUNOÕ WUOHULQL HWNLOHPHNWHGLU %X WH]GH NXOODQÕODQ OLWHUDWU WDUDPDVÕ \|QWHPL YH NDUúÕODúWÕUPDOÕ |UQHN oDOÕúPD WHNQL÷L LOH \HU GH÷LúWLUPH\H YH J|oH \RO DoDQ LWLFL QHGHQOHU XOXVDO YH \HUHO G]H\GH SROLWLN \DNODúÕPODU KDNODUÕ GLUHQoOLOL÷L YH \HQLGHQ \HUOHúLPL YXUJXODQPÕúWÕU %DQJODGHúNÕ\ÕDODQÕYH$%' GHNL/RXLVLDQDNÕ\ÕDODQODUÕQGDQ VHoLOPLú GHQL] VHYL\HVL \NVHOLúL NÕ\Õ HUR]\RQX YH NDVÕUJD |UQHNOHUD\UÕQWÕOÕELUúHNLOGHHOHDOÕQDUDNLQVDQODUÕQGR÷D\ODLo LoH NDOPDODUÕQÕ VD÷OD\DUDN \HU GH÷LúWLUPH SODQODPDVÕ \ROXQX WHúYLN HGHUHN YH GLUHQo RGDNOÕ JHOLúPH VLJRUWD YHUJL SROLWLNDODUÕ\OD WHúYLNOHUL LoHUHUHN J|oQ |QQH JHoLOPHVL JLEL IDUNOÕPGDKDOHOHUL\OHLOJLOLNRQXODUYXUJXODQPD\DoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU %X KXVXVODUÕ YXUJXOD\DUDN XOXVODUDUDVÕ G]H\GH \DVDO JD\UHWOHULQ JHUHNOL ROGX÷X oDOÕúPDGD RUWD\D NRQXOPXúWXU 'HYOHWSROLWLNDODUÕNDSVDPÕQGDJHOLúWLULOHQ\DVDOX\JXODPDODUÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD XOXVDO G]H\GH \HWHUOL SROLWLN \DNODúÕPODU YH |QOHPOHULQLQ JHOLúWLULOPHVLQLQ |QHPL YXUJXODQPÕúWÕU 0HYFXW SROLWLNDODU YH KDNODU LOH GLUHQoOLOLN YH \HQLGHQ \HUOHúWLUPH NRQXODUÕ HQWHJUH HGLOHUHN J|o |QOHPHQLQ QH NDGDU GR÷UX ELU \DNODúÕPROGX÷XDQODWÕOPÕú\HUHO\|QHWLPRWRULWHOHULQH\|QHOLN NDSDVLWHJHOLúWLUPHoDOÕúPDODUÕLOHVHoLOHQ|UQHNOHUGHLQVDQODUÕQ \HULQGHQ ROPDVÕQÕQ D]DOWÕODELOHFH÷L VRQXFXQD XODúÕOPÕúWÕU 6RQ RODUDNVDGHFHIDUNOÕoHYUHYHLNOLPVHOROD\ODUODEDúDoÕNDELOPH \HWHQH÷LQL LQFHOHQPHNOH NDOÕQPD\ÕS HNRORMLN DGDOHW YH WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWOHU \ROX\OD GR÷D ROD\ODUÕ LOH EDúD oÕNÕODELOLQHFH÷L YH GR÷D ROD\ODUÕ VRQXFXQGD NÕ\Õ DODQODUÕQGD \DúDQÕODELOLU ELU oHYUH ROXúWXUXODELOHFH÷L LúDUHW HGLOHUHN WRSOXPVDO GD\DQÕúPDQÕQ YH |UJWVHO KDUHNHWLQ |QHPL LIDGH HGLOPLúWLU $KVDQ 2018 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen ve Ehteshamul Haque tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ yüksek lisans tezinin bağlñßñ; Myanmar ve Bangladeğ'in Rohingya Sorununa Yönelik Politika Yaklağñmlarñnñ ðncelemek’tir. Bu tezde konu özetle ğu ğekilde iğlenmiğtir; %X oDOÕúPD 0\DQPDU YH %DQJODGHú LQ 5RKLQJ\D 0VOPDQODUD NDUúÕ EHQLPVHGL÷L SROLWLND \DNODúÕPODUÕ LQFHOHPHNWHGLU'Q\DPOWHFLVD\ÕVÕQGDNLHQGLúHYHULFLDUWÕúOD ELUOLNWH %DQJODGHú WH GH 5RKLQJ\D POWHFL VD\ÕVÕ DUWPÕúWÕU %LUOHúPLú 0LOOHWOHU 0OWHFLOHU <NVHN .RPLVHUOL÷L QLQ %00<. WDKPLQLQH J|UH \ÕOODUÕQGD 0\DQPDU GDNL ]XOPHGHQ NDoDUDN \DNODúÕN 5RKLQJ\D 0VOPDQÕ %DQJODGHú H VÕ÷ÕQPÕúWÕU øQVDQ +DNODUÕ |UJWOHUL $UDNDQ H\DOHWLQGHNL 5RKLQJ\D VLYLO N|\OHULQH NDUúÕ \UWOHQ 110 EX KDUHNHWL VLVWHPDWLN ELU NDWOLDP NDPSDQ\DVÕ RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUGL %|\OHFH 5RKLQJ\D 0VOPDQODU 0\DQPDU GD JYHQOLNOHULQL YH LVWLNUDUODUÕQÕ ND\EHWWLOHU ]LUD DVNHUL FXQWD 5RKLQJ\D0VOPDQODUDED÷ÕúoÕONHOHULQJ|QGHUGL÷LNDONÕQPD \DUGÕPODUÕQÕNÕVÕWODGÕ%XQXQ\DQÕVÕUDELUGL÷HU|QHPOLHWNHQ LVH 0\DQPDU DVNHUL \|QHWLPLQLQ HWQLN SROLWLNDVÕ E|OJHVHO YH NUHVHOSROLWLNDODUGDQPÕ\RNVDLooDWÕúPDODUGDQHWNLOHQGL÷LGLU %XSROLWLNDLOH5RKLQJ\D0VOPDQODUÕKHP0\DQPDUKHPGH %DQJODGHú WH NLPOLN \RNVXQOX÷X\OD NDUúÕ NDUúÕ\D NDOPÕúWÕU 5RKLQJ\D 0VOPDQ ODUÕQÕQ %DQJODGHú H VÕ÷ÕQPDVÕ KHU QH NDGDU RQODUD ELU JYHQ YH JHoLFL ELU NLPOLN ND]DQGÕUPÕú ROVD GD X]XQ VUH %DQJODGHú WH NDOGÕNODUÕQGD RUDGD \DSWÕ÷Õ HYOLOLNOHU \HUHO NOWUOH GLO |UIDGHW YE ND\QDúPD VUHFLQL KÕ]ODQGÕUDFDN YH E|\OHFH DVÕO NLPOLNOHULQL WHPHOOL ND\EHGHFHNOHU 0\DQPDU D NÕ\DVOD %DQJODGHú WHNL 5RKLQJ\D 0VOPDQODUÕQD \|QHOLN NDONÕQPD ED÷ÕúODUÕ YH LQVDQÕ \DUGÕP SURJUDPODUÕQÕ \UWPHN GDKD JYHQOLGLU DPD GL÷HU WDUDIÕQGD 5RKLQJ\DODUÕQ %DQJODGHú LQ JYHQOLN DoÕVÕQGDQ VRUXQ ROXúWXUDFD÷ÕQÕ LGGLD HGLOPHNWHGLU %X oDOÕúPD %DQJODGHú YH 0\DQPDU ÕQ 5RKLQJ\D PHVHOHVLQH \|QHOLN L]OHGL÷L SROLWLND \DNODúÕPODUÕQÕ \XNDUÕGD EDKVHGLOHQ DQOD\ÕúODUÕ ÕúÕ÷ÕQGD X\JXODPDNWDGÕU +DTXH ðğletme Anabilim Dalñ’nda 2018 yñlñnda Abdur Rob Razu tarafñndan savunulan yüksek lisans tezi ise; Filmler ve TV Programlarñnda Ürün Yerleğtirme: Bangladeğ'teki Tüketici Tutumu Üzerine Bir Çalñğma bağlñßñnñ tağñmaktadñr. Pazarlama konusunda hazñrlanmñğ olan ilgili tezin aynñ zamanda; Reklamcñlñk alana da katkñ saßladñßñ ifade edilmiğtir. Tezin konusu kñsaca ğu ğekilde özetlenmiğtir: hUQ \HUOHúWLUPH PRGHUQ UHNODP oD÷ÕQGD úLUNHWOHULQ PHVDMODUÕQÕ KHGHI PúWHULOHULQH LOHWPHN LoLQ HQ HWNLOL \HQL ELU SD]DUODPD WHNQL÷LGLU hUQ \HUOHúWLUPH ILOP YH\D 79 SURJUDPODUÕQÕQKLNk\HVLLOHELUOHúWLUHQELUWUWLFDULUHNODPGÕUYH ILOP\DGD79úRYODUÕQÕQWDGÕQÕoÕNDUPDNLVWH\HQVH\LUFLOHURQX J|UPH]GHQJHOHPH]OHUhUQ\HUOHúWLUPHGHUQOHULILOPYH79 úRYODUÕJLELDQDPHG\DLoHUL÷LQHNRQXPODQGÕUPDN\DYDú\DYDú úÕNOÕNODNXOODQDQELUX\JXODPDKDOLQHJHOPHNWHGLU%XoDOÕúPD LQVDQODUÕQ JHOHQHNVHO UHNODPODUD \|QHOGL÷LQL YH L]OH\LFLOHULQ NDQDO GH÷LúWLUHUHN 79 úRYODUÕ VÕUDVÕQGD UHNODP DUDODUÕQGDQ NDoÕQPD\D EDúODGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUPLúWLU %XQD HN RODUDN UQ \HUOHúWLUPH\L NXOODQDUDN UHNODP YHUHQOHU JHOHQHNVHO UHNODPFÕOÕN X\JXODPDODUÕQGDQ GDKD GúN PDOL\HWOH HWNLOL ELU úHNLOGH UHNODP YHUHELOPHNWHGLU %X oDOÕúPDQÕQ DPDFÕ %DQJODGHú LQ ILOP YH 79 SURJUDPODUÕQGD UQ \HUOHúWLUPH 111 NRQXVXQGDNL WNHWLFL WXWXPXQX DUDúWÕUPDNWÕU 9HULOHU ELULQFLO YHLNLQFLOND\QDNODUGDQWRSODQPÕúWÕU%LULQFLOYHULOHUoHYULPLoL DQNHWLQGHQ WRSODQPÕúWÕU .HúLI DUDúWÕUPDVÕ |QFHOLNOH ED]Õ SURIHV\RQHOOHUGHQ YH HQGVWUL X]PDQODUÕQGDQ ILOP YH 79 SURJUDPODUÕQGD UQ \HUOHúWLUPH KDNNÕQGD ELOJL YH DQOD\Õú ND]DQGÕUPDN DPDFÕ\OD \DSÕOPÕúWÕU $\UÕFD ILOP YH 79 SURJUDPODUÕQGDUQ\HUOHúWLUPH\H\|QHOLNWNHWLFLWXWXPXQXQ QHW ELU UHVPLQL HOGH HWPHN LoLQ WDQÕPOD\ÕFÕ DUDúWÕUPDODU \DSÕOPÕúWÕU 3RWDQVL\HO ROPD\DQ X\JXQOXN |UQHNOHPH WHNQL÷L NXOODQÕODUDN )DFHERRN JLEL VRV\DO PHG\D DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD DQNHWH NDWÕODQNLúLLOHJ|UúOPúWU%LULQFLOYHULOHULDQDOL]HWPHN LoLQWDQÕPOD\ÕFÕLVWDWLVWLNOHUoDSUD]WDEORODPDYHELU|UQHNOHP IUHNDQVDQDOL]LNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU$UDúWÕUPD%DQJODGHúOLVH\LUFLOHU LoLQ ILOP YH 79 SURJUDPODUÕQGD UQ \HUOHúWLUPH\H \|QHOLN JHQHO WXWXPODUÕQ ROXPOX ROGX÷XQX RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGÕU 5D]X Ghania Suhail tarafñndan 2017 yñlñnda savunulan yüksek lisans tezinin bağlñßñ; En Küçük Kareler Yöntemine Göre Kayñt Dñğñ Ekonomiyi Etkileyen Faktörlerin, Bangladeğ, Hindistan, Pakistan ve Türkiye ðçin Karğñlağtñrñlmasñ ğeklindedir. Ekonomi alanñnda hazñrlanmñğ ilgili tez Türkiye’nin dißer ülkelerle ekonomik iliğkilerinin tarihini aktarñlmasñ bakñmñndan deßerli addedilmiğtir. Tezin konusu özetle ğu ğekildedir: .D\ÕWGÕúÕHNRQRPLQLQWPHNRQRPLOHUGHKHPHNRQRPLN\DSÕ KHP GH HNRQRPL SROLWLNDODUÕ ]HULQGH ROXPVX] HWNLOHUL J|]OHQPHNWHGLU *QP]H NDGDU \DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODUGD YH DUDúWÕUPDODUGD D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGHNL ND\ÕW GÕúÕ HNRQRPLOHUHRGDNODQÕODUDNE\NO÷|OoOPúWU$QFDND\QÕ ]DPDQGDJHOLúPHNWHRODQONHOHULoLQGHND\ÕWGÕúÕHNRQRPLQLQ |OoOPHVLQH WDNLS HGLOPHVLQH YH |QHULOHU JHWLULOPHVLQH LKWL\Do GX\XOPDNWDGÕU%XoDOÕúPDJHOLúPHNWHRODQONHOHULQND\ÕWGÕúÕ HNRQRPLER\XWODUÕQÕQQHGHQE\NRUDQODUGDROGX÷XQGDQ\ROD oÕNDUDN ELULQFLE|OPGHND\ÕWGÕúÕHNRQRPLNDYUDPÕQÕQWDQÕPÕ QHGHQOHUL YH |QHPL LOH ELUOLNWH EX oDOÕúPDQÕQ DPDoODUÕ HOH DOÕQPÕú oDOÕúPDQÕQ LNLQFL E|OPQGH LVH OLWHUDWU WDUDPDVÕ \DSÕOPÕúWÕUhoQFG|UGQFYHEHúLQFLE|OPGH \ÕOODUÕQÕ NDSVD\DQ LNLQFL ND\QDNODUGDQ HOGH HGLOHQ YHUL NXOODQÕODUDNHQNoN NDUHOHU \|QWHPLQH J|UH YHUJL JHOLULQLQ LúVL]OLNRUDQÕQÕQHNRQRPLN|]JUONHQGHNVOHULQLQQIXVXQYH *D\UL 6DIL 112 EX oDOÕúPDGDNL WP ONHOHU LoLQ |QHPOL ROGX÷X YH ND\ÕW GÕúÕ HNRQRPLQLQ ER\XWXQXQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕQGD \NVHN NXUXPVDO QLWHOLNOHULQ NDoÕQÕOPD] ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUPLúWLU *HQLú ELU YHUJL WDEDQÕYHEDVLWYHUJLVLVWHPL%DQJODGHú+LQGLVWDQYH3DNLVWDQ D \DUGÕPFÕROXUNHQELOLúLPYHLOHWLúLPWHNQRORMLOHULNXOODQÕPÕQGD úHIIDIOÕN %DQJODGHú 3DNLVWDQ YH 7UNL\H GH ND\ÕW GÕúÕ HNRQRPLOHULQLQER\XWXQXD]DOWPD\D\DUGÕPFÕRODFDNWÕU 6XKDLO 2017 yñlñnda savunulan bir bağka yüksek lisans tezi de; Motivasyon Dilinin Bangladeğ'teki Organizasyonlarda Çalñğan ðğ Gücünün Üzerindeki Etkisini ve Yarattñßñ Memnuniyeti Arağtñrmayñ Hedeflemektedir bağlñßñnñ tağñmaktadñr. Mohammad Khairul ðslam Rasel tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ ilgili tez; ðğletme Anabilim Dalñ’nda yaptñrñlmñğtñr. Tez konusu ise ğu ğekilde özetlenmiğtir: %XSURMHPRWLYDV\RQGLOLQLQ%DQJODGHú WHNLRUJDQL]DV\RQODUGD oDOÕúDQLúJFQQ]HULQGHNLHWNLVLQLYH\DUDWWÕ÷ÕPHPQXQL\HWL DUDúWÕUPD\Õ KHGHIOHPHNWHGLU 0RWLYDV\RQ GLOL EWQ RUJDQL]DV\RQODUGD NDUPDúÕN RUJDQL]DV\RQHO J|UHY YH VRUXPOXOXNODUÕQ WDPDPODQPDVÕQÕ VD÷ODPDN LoLQ oDOÕúDQODUD GHVWHN YHUHQ |QHPOL ELU DUDoWÕU %X DUDúWÕUPD %DQJODGHú¶WH EXOXQDQ 'XWFK%DQJOD %DQN 1*2 %5$& YH 5)/ 3ODVWLF 3URGXFW &RPSDQ\ úLUNHWOHULQGH oDOÕúDQ oDOÕúDQ ]HULQGH JHUoHNOHúWLULOPLúWLU 113 ekonomideki yeri konusuna dikkat çekmektedir ve kñsaca ğöyle özetlenmiğtir: %DQJODGHú LQNDONÕQPDVÕQGD|]HOVHNW|U|QHPOLUROR\QDPÕúWÕU g]HO VHNW|U |QFO÷QGH HNRQRPL |QHPOL GHUHFHGH E\Pú YHLQVDQLNDONÕQPDGDE\NELUJHOLúPHND\GHGLOPLúWLU6RV\DO NDONÕQPD J|VWHUJHOHULQ JHOLúLPL EXQX DoÕNoD J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 114 \|QHOLNRODUDNX\JXODQDQDNWLIYHSDVLILVWLKGDPSROLWLNDODUÕQD GD \HU YHULOHUHN NRQXQXQ EWQVHO RODUDN LQFHOHQPHVL VD÷ODQPÕúWÕU 6H]HU 2012 yñlñnda Ekonomi alanñnda savunulmuğ olan bir dißer doktora tezi; Bangladeğ Saßlñk Sisteminin Ekonomik Sürdürülebilirlißinin ðncelenmesi ve Uluslararasñ Karğñlağtñrñlmasñ bağlñlñßñnñ tağñmaktadñr ve Saifuddin Mohammad Zahedul ðslam tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğtñr. ðlgili tezin konusu ğu ğekilde özetlenmiğtir; .UHVHOOHúPH LOH ELUOLNWH GQ\DGD \DúDQDQ WRSOXPVDO VL\DVDO YH HNRQRPLN JHOLúPHOHU VD÷OÕN KL]PHWOHUL DODQÕQ |QHPLQL DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU 6D÷OÕN KL]PHWOHULQGHQ \DUDUODQÕOPDVÕ \DúDPD KDNNÕQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN WHPHO LQVDQ KDNODUÕQGDQ ELULGLU %DúDUÕOÕ ELU VD÷OÕN VLVWHPL WRSOXPGDNL EWQ IHUWOHULQ EX KDNNÕ NXOODQPDVÕQÕ VD÷ODPDOÕGÕU 0HYFXW NÕW ND\QDNODUOD EXQXQ VD÷ODQDELOPHVLVD÷OÕNVHNW|UQHWDKVLVHGLOHQND\QDNODUÕQHWNLQ NXOODQÕOPDVÕQD ED÷OÕGÕU %LUH\OHULQ YH WRSOXPODUÕQ \DúDP NDOLWHVLQLQ HQ |QHPOL EHOLUOH\LFLOHULQGHQ ELUL RODUDN VD÷OÕN VHNW|U ONHOHULQ JHOLúPLúOLNOHULQH SDUDOHO RODUDN PLOOL JHOLU LoHULVLQGH|QHPOL\HUWXWDQELUDODQGÕU%XoDOÕúPDGD|QFHOLNOH VD÷OÕN NDYUDPÕ VD÷OÕN KL]PHWL VD÷OÕN VHNW|UQQ NDSVDPÕ YH WHPHO |]HOOLNOHUL KDNNÕQGD JHQHO ELOJLOHU YHULOPLú JQP]GH JHOLúPLú WRSOXPODUGD JLGHUHN |QHP ND]DQDQ VD÷OÕN HNRQRPLVL KDNNÕQGD DoÕNODPDODUGD EXOXQXOPXúWXU dDOÕúPDGD D\QÕ ]DPDQGDVD÷OÕNHNRQRPLVLQLQEDNÕúDoÕVÕ\OD%DQJODGHúVD÷OÕN VLVWHPL GH÷HUOHQGLULOPLúWLU YH LQFHOHPH \DSÕOÕUNHQ VD÷OÕN J|VWHUJHVLRODUDNEHEHN|OPRUDQÕGR÷XPGD\DúDPEHNOHQWLVL DQQH|OPRUDQÕJ|VWHUJHOHULNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU%DQJODGHú WHVD÷OÕN VHNW|ULOHLOJLOLJHQHOELUGXUXPWHVSLWL\DSÕOPÕúWÕUdDOÕúPDGD D\UÕFD VHoLOPLú ED]Õ ONHOHULQ VD÷OÕN G]H\OHUL VD÷OÕN J|VWHUJHOHUL EDNÕPÕQGDQ NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU 6D÷OÕN G]H\L ]HULQGH HWNLOL RODELOHFHN VRV\RHNRQRPLN IDNW|UOHUL VD÷OÕ÷ÕQ UHWLPLWHRULNoHUoHYHVLQGH G|QHPLQGHVHoLOPLú ONHOHU LoLQ GHQH\VHO RODUDN RUWD\D NR\PDNWÕU %X DPDoOD |QFHOLNOH VD÷OÕN G]H\LQLQ \NVHOWLOPHVLQLQ ELUH\ YH WRSOXP DoÕVÕQGDQ |QHPL RUWD\D NRQXOPDNWDGÕU 'DKD VRQUD GHQH\VHO oDOÕúPDQÕQ oDWÕVÕQÕ ROXúWXUDQ VD÷OÕN UHWLP IRQNVL\RQX WHRULN oHUoHYHVL DoÕNODQDUDN EX oHUoHYHGH VD÷OÕN oÕNWÕVÕ VHoLPL NRQXVXWDUWÕúÕOPDNWDGÕU øVODP 2011 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen Sonia Haq tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ tezin bağlñßñ; Bangladeğ’de Kamu Hizmeti Etißi: Uygulamalar, Sorunlar ve Öneriler ğeklindedir. Kamu yönetimi alanñnda ilgili doktora tezinin özeti ğu ğekildedir: 115 'L÷HU SHN oRN JHOLúPHNWH RODQ ONHGH ROGX÷X JLEL %DQJODGHú NDPX \|QHWLPLQGH HWL÷LQ JLGHUHN \R]ODúPDVÕ NDPX \|QHWLPLQGH HWNLQOL÷L YH HWNLOLOL÷L D]DOWPDNWDGÕU %X 7H]LQ DPDFÕ %DQJODGHú WH NDPX \|QHWLPLQGH HWL÷LQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕQGD KXNXNL\|QHWVHO NXUDOODUÕ XVXOOHUL YH NXUXPODUÕ WHVSLW HWPHN NDPX KL]PHWL HWL÷LQLQ VRV\RNOWUHO ED÷ODPÕQÕ YH X\JXODPDODUÕQÕ RUWD\D NR\PDN YH NDPX KL]PHWL HWL÷LQLQ L\LOHúWLULOPHVL LoLQ ED]Õ |QHULOHUGH EXOXQPDNWÕU 7H] NÕVPHQ WHPHO NDPX KL]PHWL NXUDOODUÕ LOH DQD\DVDO YH \|QHWVHO NXUXPODUÕQ oDOÕúPD XVXOOHULQLQ J|]GHQ JHoLULOPHVLQH GD\DQPDNWDGÕU %X QLWHO DQDOL]H LODYH RODUDN %DQJODGHú WHNL VRV\RNOWUHO ED÷ODPÕ YH NDPX KL]PHWL HWL÷L X\JXODPDVÕQÕ RUWD\D oÕNDUPDN LoLQ QLFHO ELU DQDOL] \DSÕOPÕúWÕU %X QLFHO DQDOL] EHú %DNDQOÕ÷ÕQ &KLWWDJRQJ (\DOHWL QGHNL RQ oNDPX NXUXOXúXQGDoDOÕúDQ6ÕQÕIPHQVXEXNDPXJ|UHYOLOHUL]HULQGH \R÷XQODúPÕúWÕU %X DQDOL]OHU RUWD\D oÕNDUPÕúWÕU NL NDPX J|UHYOLOHUL GUVWON KHVDS YHUHELOLUOLN úHIIDIOÕN YH NDPX \DUDUÕQÕ EHOOL EDúOÕ GH÷HUOHU RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLUOHU 0DOL NÕVÕWODUÕQJoNXOODQPDLVWH÷LQLQVL\DVDOJ|UúOHULQNLúLVHOYH DLOHYLoÕNDUODUÕQYHNLúLVHODKODNYHGH÷HUDQOD\ÕúÕQÕQHWLN GÕúÕ GDYUDQÕúÕQ DQD QHGHQOHUL ROGX÷XQX GúQPHNWHGLUOHU <|QHWLFLOHULQ NOWU YH ]LKQL\HWL H÷LWLPL WXWXP YH GDYUDQÕúÕ JHOLU G]H\LQLQ DUWÕúÕ VRV\DO KHVDS YHUHELOLUOLN YH VL\DVHW \|QHWLP D\UÕOÕ÷Õ JLEL IDNW|UOHU HWL÷LQ GHVWHNOHQPHVLQGH URO R\QD\DELOPHNWHGLU 'HYOHW oDOÕúDQODU YH VLYLO WRSOXP EX DQODPGDDQDDNW|UOHUGLUøVWDWLVWLNLDQDOL] NDPX J|UHYOLOHULQLQ ED]Õ DOJÕODUÕQÕQ ELUELUOHUL\OH oDWÕúWÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %X oDWÕúPDODU HVDV RODUDN NXUDOODU HWLN UHKEHUOLN YH KHGL\H DOÕQPDVÕ KXVXVODUÕQGD RUWD\D oÕNPDNWDGÕU %DQJODGHú NDPX \|QHWLPLQGHHWL÷LQDUWÕUÕOPDVÕLoLQNDPXJ|UHYOLOHULQLQ]LKQL\HW ELoLPOHUL GH÷LúWLULOPHOL VL\DVDOODúPD RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUÕOPDOÕ .DPX <|QHWLPL .DQXQX LOH øIúDDWÕQÕQ .RUXQPDVÕ .DQXQX 7DVDUÕODUÕ \DVDODúWÕUÕOPDOÕ NDPX GHQHWoLVL DWDQPDOÕ YH 8OXVDO 'UVWON 6LVWHPL HWNLOL ELU úHNLOGH WHVLV HGLOPHOLGLU +DT ðktisat Anabilim Dalñ’nda 2011 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenen yüksek lisans tezinin bağlñßñ; Grameen Bank Mikrokredi Programñnñn Kadñnlarñn Ekonomik Açñdan Güçlendirilmesi Üzerine Etkisi: Bangladeğ ve Türkiye ðçin Olgu ğeklindedir. Hemin Ashrafi tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ olunan ilgili tez; Bankacñlñk ve Ekonomi konularñna deßinmektedir. Tez içerisinde konu özeti ağaßñdaki gibidir: 0LNURNUHGLNDYUDPÕQÕQGQ\DoDSÕQGDELURGDNQRNWDVÕKDOLQH JHOPHVL \ÕOÕQGD %DQJODGHú WH *UDPHHQ %DQN ÕQ 116 NXUXOPDVÕ\OD PH\GDQD JHOPLúWLU 7UNL\H GH *UDPHHQ UHSOLNDV\RQ SURJUDPÕ \ÕOÕQGD 7UNL\H *UDPHHQ 0LNUR NUHGL 3URMHVL 7*03 QLQ KD\DWD JHoLULOPHVL\OH EDúODPÕúWÕU *UDPHHQ %DQN ÕQ VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ PLNURNUHGL KL]PHWOHUL \ROX\OD NDGÕQODUNHQGLQH\HWHQJoOHQPLúELUH\OHUKDOLQHJHOHELOPHNWH D\QÕ ]DPDQGD DLOHOHULQLQ VRV\RHNRQRPLN GXUXPODUÕQÕ \NVHOWHELOPHNWHGLU 6RQXo RODUDN PLNURNUHGL WRSOXPXQ HQ IDNLU NHVLPOHULQLQ HNRQRPLN DoÕGDQ JoOHQPHOHUL LoLQ E\N ELU IÕUVDWWÕU %X WH]LQ DPDFÕ %DQJODGHú WH NXUXOPXú RODQ *UDPHHQ%DQN *%% YH7UNL\H GHNXUXOPXúRODQ7*03 QLQ \RNVXOOX÷XQ JLGHULOPHVL YH NDGÕQODUÕQ HNRQRPLN RODUDN JoOHQGLULOPHVLDODQODUÕQGDNLUROHWNLLúOHPHPHNDQL]PDVÕYH VUGUOHELOLU EDúDUÕVÕQÕ LQFHOHPHN YH GH÷HUOHQGLUPHNWLU dDOÕúPD7*03\HOHULGXUXPXQGDNUHGLSHUIRUPDQVODUÕ KHP YHULOHQ NUHGLOHULQ SDUDVDO PLNWDUÕ KHP GH YHULOHQ NUHGL VD\ÕVÕ ED]ÕQGD LOH \HOLN VUHVL DUDVÕQGDNL LOLúNL\L LQFHOHPHNWHGLU 3URJUDP \HOHULQLQ NUHGL\L DOPDODUÕQGDQ VRQUD JHoHQ VUH\H ED÷OÕ RODUDN HNRQRPLN LOHUOHPH YH JoOHQPHOHULQLQ |OoOG÷ ELU UHJUHV\RQ PRGHOL \ROX\OD DPSLULN ELU oDOÕúPD \DSÕOPÕúWÕU 6RQXoODU 7*03 NUHGL SURJUDPÕ LOH LOLúNLQLQ \HOHULQ NUHGL SHUIRUPDQVÕ ]HULQGH SR]LWLI ELU HWNLVL ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %X oDOÕúPD D\UÕFD 7*03 WDUDIÕQGDQ \D\ÕQODQDQ ED]Õ J|VWHUJHOHUL NXOODQDUDN \HOHULQ NDGHPHOL RODUDN VRV\RHNRQRPLN JFH QDVÕO NDYXúDELOHFH÷LQL LQFHOHPHNWHGLU *HQHO GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHU IDNLUOL÷LQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕQGD *%% YH 7*03 QLQ SR]LWLI ELU HWNLVL ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU%XoDOÕúPDKHP*UDPHHQ%DQNKHPGHRQXQ UHSOLNDV\RQX RODQ 7*03 LOH LOLúNL VD\HVLQGH NDGÕQODUÕQ NHQGLQH\HWHQELUH\OHURODELOHFH÷LYHHNRQRPLNJFHNDYXúDUDN \RNVXOOXNODUÕQGDQ NXUWXODELOHFHNOHUL VRQXFXQD YDUPDNWDGÕU $VKUDIL Son olarak; ilgili Tez Veri Tabanñndaki ðktisadi ðdari Bilimler Alanñnda yapñlmñğ en eski çalñğma olan; Md. Noor ðslam tarafñndan hazñrlanmñğ ve Mikrofinans Uygulamalarñnda Bangladeğ Örneßi ve Türkiye'de Bağarñ Koğullarñ bağlñklñ doktora tezi 2006 tarihinde gerçekleğtirilmiğtir. Ekonomi alanñndaki tezde konu ğu ğekildedir: 117 ELULGLU 0LNURILQDQV X\JXODPDVÕ WHPHO RODUDN |]HO NXUXPODU |]HO SURMH YH SURJUDPODU YH |]HO EDQNDODU WDUDIÕQGDQ HOH DOÕQPDNWDGÕU0LNURILQDQVVHUYLVOHULIRUPDOILQDQVDOVLVWHPLQLQ NDSVDPÕGÕúÕQGDRODQLQVDQODUD\DWÕUÕPVLJRUWDYHGHSR]LWRJLEL JHQLúNDSVDPOÕILQDQVDOKL]PHWOHULVXQPDNWDGÕU0LNURILQDQVÕQ WDOHELQL NDUúÕOD\DELOHFHN HIHNWLI NXUXPODUD LKWL\DFÕ YDUGÕU 7UNL\H GHQIXVXQE\NELUE|OPQQILQDQVDOKL]PHWOHULQH HULúLPL \RNWXU %X WH] 7UNL\H YH %DQJODGHú WHNL JHOLúWLUPH SURJUDPODUÕQÕ LQFHOHU YH 7UNL\H GHNL PLNURILQDQV VHNW|UQQ JHOLúWLUPH RODQDNODUÕQÕ VÕUDODU %X WH] PLNURILQDQV KDNNÕQGD ELOJL VXQPDN YH 7UNL\H GH X\JXODQDELOLU ELU PLNURILQDQV PRGHOL WDQÕWPDNWD \DUGÕPFÕ ROXU 7H] D\UÕFD VHNW|UQ JHOLúPHVL LoLQ PDOL SL\DVDODUGD \HQLOLNOHULQ WHúYLN HGLOPHVL RUWDPÕQ JoOHQGLULOPHVL YH PLNURILQDQV KL]PHWOHULQLQ VD÷ODQPDVÕQÕQ WLFDUL RODUDN NDUOÕ ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUHFHN NXUXPODUÕQ NXUXOPDVÕQD GHVWHN ROXQPDVÕ JLEL PDOL VHNW|UQ JHOLúPHVLQL GHVWHNOHPH\H \|QHOLN WDYVL\HOHU GH LoHUPHNWHGLU øVODP Bütün bu örnekler çerçevesinde; Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yüksek Ößretim Kurulu Bağkanlñßñ Tez Merkezi veri tabanñnda yer alan, bağlñßñnda Bangladeğ sözcüßü geçen lisansüstü tezlerin çoßunlußunun; ðktisadi ðdari Bilimler alanñnda hazñrlandñßñ anlağñlmñğtñr. Çalñğmanñn son alt bağlñßñ içerisinde ise Mühendislik Bilimleri alanñnda gerçekleğtirilmiğ tezlere dair bilgiler aktarñlmñğtñr. 4. Mühendislik Bilimleri Alanñnda Yapñlmñğ Tezler Mühendislik Bilimleri alanñnda hazñrlanmñğ tezlerin ilki; 2013 yñlñnda savunularak tez merkezi veri tabanñna yüklenmiğtir. Gamze Aydñn tarafñndan Fizik Mühendislißi alanñna ait olan yüksek lisans tezinin bağlñßñ; Etiyopya, Bangladeğ ve Hollanda ðçin Ortalama Yaßñğ ve Sñcaklñk Projeksiyonu ğeklindedir. Tez konusu ğu ğekilde özetlenmiğtir; %XJQLoLQ|QHPOLELUVRUXQRODQLNOLPGH÷LúLNOL÷LJHOHFHNLoLQ GH oRN |QHPOL ELU VRUXQ ROPD\D GHYDP HGHFHNWLU %X WH]LQ DPDFÕ FR÷UDILN RODUDN |QHPOL RODQ o ONHGH (WL\RS\D %DQJODGHú YH +ROODQGD LNOLP PRGHOOHPHVL \DSDUDN JHOHFHN DQDOL]LQGH EXOXQPDNWÕU gQFHOLNOH VH]RQVDO LNOLP GH÷LúLNOL÷L DQDOL]L LoLQ E|OJHVHO LNOLP PRGHOOHPHVL RODQ 5HJ&0 NXOODQÕODUDN \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕ JQP] LNOLPLQL VLPXOH HWWLN %X VLPXODV\RQX \DSDUNHQ DWPRVIHULN NUHVHO LNOLP PRGHOL RODQ (&+$0L JLUGL YHULVL RODUDN NXOODQGÕN YH RUWDODPD \]H\ VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ YH \D÷Õú GH÷LúNHQOHULQL DQDOL] HWWLN 118 (OGH HWWL÷LPL] JQP] LNOLP PRGHOL VLPXODV\RQXQX J|]OHPVHO LVWDV\RQ YHULVL RODQ &58 LOH NDUÕODúWÕUÕOÕS PRGHOLPL]LQ GR÷UXOXOX÷XQX LQFHOHGLN 6RQXo RODUDN LNOLP PRGHOOHPHVLQGH FR÷UDILN |]HOOLNOHULQ LNOLP ROD\ODUÕQÕQ YH WRSRJUDI\DQÕQ |QHPOL ELU HWNLVL ROGX÷XQD NDUDU YHULOGL g]HOOLNOH RUWDODPD \D÷Õú PLNWDUÕQÕQ PRGHOOHPHVLQGH PH\GDQD JHOHQ IDUNOÕOÕNODU EL]H \D÷ÕúÕQ VÕFDNOÕNWDQ GDKD ]RU PRGHOOHQGL÷LQLJ|VWHUGL(WL\RS\D%DQJODGHúYH+ROODQGDLoLQ JQP]YHULOHULQLQGR÷UXODQPDVÕVRQUDVÕQGD(&+$0$% VHQDU\RVXYHULOHULNXOODQÕOÕS5HJ&0LOHJHOHFHN]DPDQ RODQ \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQD DLW RODQ LNOLP PRGHOLQLQ VH]RQVDO RUWDODPD \HU\] VÕFDNOÕN YH \D÷Õú GH÷HUOHUL HOGH HGLOPLúWLU*HoPLúYHJHOHFHNYHULOHULNDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕVRQXFX \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD VÕFDNOÕNWD |QHPOL DUWÕúODU RODFD÷Õ WHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU $\GÕQ Zaw Lin Soe tarafñndan 2002 yñlñnda savunulan yüksek lisans tezi ise, tez merkezimizdeki bağlñßñnda Bangladeğ sözcüßü geçen kayñtlñ en eski çalñğma olma özellißi tağñmaktadñr. ðlgili tez; Kuzey Bangladeğ'te Tam Teğekküllü Modern Bir Çimento Fabrikasñ ðnğaatñna Pratik Bir Yaklağñm bağlñßñna sahiptir. Tezin konusu kñsaca ğu ğekilde aktarñlmñğtñr; .X]H\ %DQJODGHú WH WDP WHúHNNOO PRGHUQ ELU oLPHQWR IDEULNDVÕLQúDDWÕQDSUDWLNELU\DNODúÕP%XoDOÕúPD%DQJODGHú JLEL JHOLúPHNWH RODQ ELU ONHGH LQúDVÕ GúQOHQ PRGHUQ WDP WHúHNNOOELUoLPHQWRIDEULNDVÕQDVLVWHPOLSURMHSODQODPDVÕYH IL\DWNRQWUROJLELVUHoOHULoLQDUDúWÕUPDODULoHUPHNWHROXSEX NRQXGD WHNOLIOHU VXQPXúWXU $\UÕFD VRV\DO GXUXPODU ULVN GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHUL oHúLWOL HOGH HWPH GXUXPODUÕ SURJUDPODPD WHNQLNOHUL YH HNRQRPLN \DWÕUÕP GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHULQL LoHUPHNWHGLU 7HNQLN YH ILQDQVDO IL]LELOLWH SURMH\OH DODNDOÕ VRUXQODUYHULVNOHULLoHUHQ.ULWLN%DVDQ )DNW|UOHUL $UDúWÕUPDVÕ GD LúOHQPLúWLU dDOÕúDQODUÕQ IDEULND H÷LWLPL \XUWGÕúÕ H÷LWLPL LOJLOL WHNOLIOHU GH VXQXOPXúWXU %X oDOÕúPDGD HOGH HGLOHQ EXOJXODUÕQ%DQJODGHú WHNXUXODFDNRODQ/DIDUJH6XUPDdLPHQWR 3URMHVLYHGL÷HUJHOLúPHNWHRODQONHOHUGHNLEHQ]HULSURMHOHULQ EDúDUÕOÕELUúHNLOGHSODQODQÕSX\JXODPD\DJLUPHVLLoLQELOJLYH ILNLUDODQÕQGDNDWNÕGDEXOXQPDVÕPLWHGLOPHNWHGLU%XoDOÕúPD VWUDWHMLN SURMH LGDUHVL NRQWURO SODQÕ YH SURMH\L ]DPDQÕQGD YH |QJ|UOHQ EWoH GkKLOLQGH WDPDPODPDNWD NXOODQÕODELOHFHN WHNQLN YH \|QWHPOHULQSODQODPDVÕYH JHOLúWLULOPHVLQH \DUGÕPFÕ RODFDNWÕU %X oDOÕúPD ]RU úDUWODUGD JHOLúWLULOHQ SURMHOHUGH ELU UHKEHURODUDNNXOODQÕODELOLU 6RH 119 Sonuç Türkiye’de yapñlan lisansüstü tezler incelendißinde yazarlarñn aßñrlñklñ olarak yabancñ uyruklu ve Türkiye Üniversitelerinde ößrenim görmüğ olan arağtñrmacñlar oldußu anlağñlmñğtñr. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yüksek Ößretim Kurulu Bağkanlñßñ Tez Merkezi Veri Tabanñnda yer alan lisansüstü tezler yñl bazlñ olarak 2020 yñlñnda, iki; 2019 yñlñnda, dört; 2018 ve 2017 yñllarñnda, üç; 2016 ve 2014 yñllarñnda, bir; 2013 yñlñnda, üç; 2012 yñlñnda, bir; 2011 yñlñnda, üç; 2006 ve 2002 yñllarñnda, bir adettir. Üniversite bazlñ deßerlendirme kapsamñnda bağlñßñnda Bangladeğ tağñyan lisansüstü tezler ðstanbul Üniversitesi’nde, yedi; Gazi ve Hacettepe Üniversitelerinde, üç; Marmara ve Ankara Üniversitelerinde, iki; Atñlñm, Ankara Yñldñrñm Beyazñt, Anadolu, ðstanbul Aydñn, Boßaziçi ve Ondokuz Mayñs Üniversitelerinin her birinde birer adet bulunmaktadñr. Bu veriler doßrultusunda, son yñllarda Bangladeğ hakkñnda yapñlan çalñğmalarñn belli bir sürekliliße sahip oldußu görülmüğtür. Özellikle 1976 yñlñnda gerçekleğtirilen Ticaret Anlağmasñ sonrasñnda; iki ülke arasñnda geliğen ekonomik iliğkilerin son yñllarda lisansüstü çalñğmalarla da desteklendißi, doßru orantñlñ bir artñğ seyrettißi görülmektedir. ðktisadi ðdari Bilimler kapsamñnda gerçekleğtirilmiğ olan tezlerin fazlalñßñ, Türkiye-Bangladeğ arasñndaki yakñn ekonomik iliğkilerin bir sonucu olarak yorumlanabilir. Köklü iliğkileri geliğtirmekte olan iki ülke arasñnda, ortak ekonomik atñlñmlarñn bulunmasñ da bu durumun sebeplerinden biri olarak deßerlendirilebilir. Sonuç olarak, son yñllarda Türkiye-Bangladeğ iliğkilerinin yüksekößretim baßlamñndaki lisansüstü tezler kapsamñnda deßerlendirildißinde; özellikle ekonomi alanñnda giderek yoßunlağan iki ülke iliğkilerinin, akademik çalñğmalara da yansñmñğ oldußu ğeklinde yorumlanabilir. 21. yüzyñlda da söz konusu iliğkilerin geliğtirilerek sürdürülmesi iki devlet arasñndaki baßlarñ güçlendirerek destekleyeceßi kanaatini tağñmaktayñz. 120 .D\QDNoD $KPDG6\HG0DJIXU Bangladeú'te Mikro Finansman: øslami Mikro Finans Üzerine Bir Vaka ÇalÕúmasÕ. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L øVWDQEXO øVWDQEXO hQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV $KVDQ0G0R\QXO Bangladeú ve Amerika Birleúik Devletlerinden Seçilmiú KÕyÕ AlanlarÕnda Çevreden Kaynaklanan Göç. 'RNWRUD7H]L$QNDUD $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV $ODP 6RZDU Geliúmekte Olan Ülkelerde Yeni Medya UygulamasÕ: Bangladeú Örne÷i. <NVHN/LVDQV7H]LøVWDQEXO øVWDQEXOhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO %LOLPOHU(QVWLWV $OWÕQ)XQGD Hindistan, Bangladeú ve Nepal'de Yüksekö÷retim Seviyesinde Güzel Sanatlar E÷itimi. 'RNWRUD 7H]L 6DPVXQ 2QGRNX] 0D\ÕV hQLYHUVLWHVL (÷LWLP%LOLPOHUL(QVWLWV $VKUDIL +HPLQ Grameen Bank Mikrokredi ProgramÕnÕn KadÕnlarÕn Ekonomik AçÕdan Güçlendirilmesi Üzerine Etkisi: Bangladeú ve Türkiye øçin Olgu. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L øVWDQEXO øVWDQEXO hQLYHUVLWHVL 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU (QVWLWV $\GÕQ *DP]H Etiyopya, Bangladeú ve Hollanda øçin Ortalama Ya÷Õú ve SÕcaklÕk Projeksiyonu. <NVHN/LVDQV7H]LøVWDQEXO %R÷D]LoLhQLYHUVLWHVL)HQ %LOLPOHUL(QVWLWV &KRZGXU\ 6DH\G 5DVKHG +DVDQ Bangladeú'te Tasavvufun ve TarikatlarÕn De÷erlendirilmesi, Sosyal Geliúimleri ve OynadÕklarÕ Rol: Yirmi Birinci YüzyÕlda Bir Vak'a øncelemesi. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L $QNDUD $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV )DWLPD 0REDVVHUD -DKDQ Bangladeú BasÕnÕnda Türkiye ømgesinin øncelenmesi. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L $QNDUD *D]L hQLYHUVLWHVL 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU (QVWLWV +DT 6RQLD Bangladeú’de Kamu Hizmeti Eti÷i: Uygulamalar, Sorunlar ve Öneriler. 'RNWRUD 7H]L $QNDUD +DFHWWHSH hQLYHUVLWHVL 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU (QVWLWV +DTXH(KWHVKDPXO Myanmar ve Bangladeú'in Rohingya Sorununa Yönelik Politika YaklaúÕmlarÕnÕ øncelemek. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L $QNDUD $QNDUD <ÕOGÕUÕP%H\D]ÕWhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV +DVDQ0G0DKDG\ Güney Asya'da MedyanÕn Politik KullanÕmÕ: Bangladeú Örne÷i. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L øVWDQEXO øVWDQEXO hQLYHUVLWHVL 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU (QVWLWV +RVVDLQ 0G 7DQMLP Bangladeú'in KalkÕnmasÕnda Özel Sektörün Rolü. <NVHN/LVDQV7H]L$QNDUD *D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV 121 øVODP 0G 1RRU Grameen Bank Mikrokredi ProgramÕnÕn KadÕnlarÕn Ekonomik AçÕdan Güçlendirilmesi Üzerine Etkisi: Bangladeú ve Türkiye øçin Olgu. 'RNWRUD7H]LøVWDQEXO øVWDQEXOhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV øVODP 0R]KDUXO Fiziksel ve Sosyal Çevre Üzerine øklim De÷iúikli÷inin Etkileri: Bangladeú KÕyÕ Bölgesinde Adapte Olma Süreci Üzerine Bir ÇalÕúma. 'RNWRUD7H]L$QNDUD +DFHWWHSHhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV øVODP 6DLIXGGLQ 0RKDPPDG =DKHGXO Bangladeú Sa÷lÕk Sisteminin Ekonomik Sürdürülebilirli÷inin øncelenmesi ve UluslararasÕ KarúÕlaútÕrÕlmasÕ. 'RNWRUD7H]LøVWDQEXO øVWDQEXOhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV 0DOLN 6\DGH 8PPH -DNHUD KadÕnÕn Potansiyel Yoksullu÷unda Temel Faktörler: Dakka, Bangladeú Örne÷i. 'RNWRUD 7H]L $QNDUD +DFHWWHSH hQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV 5DVHO 0RKDPPDG .KDLUXO øVODP Motivasyon Dilinin Bangladeú'teki Organizasyonlarda ÇalÕúan øú Gücünün Üzerindeki Etkisini ve YarattÕ÷Õ Memnuniyeti AraútÕrmayÕ Hedeflemektedir. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L øVWDQEXO øVWDQEXO$\GÕQhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV 5D]X $EGXU 5RE Filmler Ve Tv ProgramlarÕnda Ürün Yerleútirme: Bangladeú'teki Tüketici Tutumu Üzerine Bir ÇalÕúma. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L $QNDUD *D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV 5RQ\0RLQ8GGLQ Bangladeú'te Küçük ve Orta øúletmelerin (KOBø) Toplam Kalite Yönetiminin Etkisi. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L $QNDUD $WÕOÕP hQLYHUVLWHVL 6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV 6DUÕVÕU 6HUGDU ³7UNL\H¶QLQ %DQJODGHú¶L 7DQÕPDVÕ YH 7UNL\H%DQJODGHú øOLúNLOHULQLQøON<ÕOODUÕ ´Tarih AraútÕrmalarÕ Dergisi 66 (38) 6H]HU 1XUL\H Geliúmekte Olan Ülkelerde Özelleútirme UygulamalarÕnÕn østihdam Üzerine Etkileri: Bangladeú, Nijerya, Arjantin ve Türkiye Örnekleri. 'RNWRUD7H]LøVWDQEXO øVWDQEXOhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV 6RH =DZ /LQ Kuzey Bangladeú'te Tam Teúekküllü Modern Bir Çimento FabrikasÕ ønúaatÕna Pratik Bir YaklaúÕm. <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L øVWDQEXO 0DUPDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL)HQ%LOLPOHUL(QVWLWV 6XKDLO *KDQLD En Küçük Kareler Yöntemine Göre KayÕt DÕúÕ Ekonomiyi Etkileyen Faktörlerin, Bangladeú, Hindistan, Pakistan ve Türkiye øçin KarúÕlaútÕrÕlmasÕ. <NVHN/LVDQV7H]L(VNLúHKLU $QDGROXhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO %LOLPOHU(QVWLWV 8GGLQ $+0 (UVKDG Bangladeú'teki øslam BankacÕlÕk UygulamasÕnÕn FÕkhî AçÕdan øncelenmesi. 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Sen bir MüslümansÕn; dinî gerekliliklerini gerçekleútirirsin. Hindular, HÕristiyanlar, Buddhistler de dinî törenlerini özgürce yerine getirecekler. Bangladeú topraklarÕnda dinsizlik yok ama laiklik var. 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Introduction Bangladesh is the most densely populated lower-middle-income country in South Asia, with an area of 148,460 km2 (92nd within the world). In January 2021, its population increased to165 million (www.worldometers.info) ranking Bangladesh number 8 in the world. The total population in Bangladesh is equivalent to 2.11% of the entire world population. The population density of Bangladesh is approximately 1,265 per km2, which is the highest in Southern Asia. The total land area in Bangladesh is 130,170 km2 (50,259 square miles). Among the total population, 39.4% population is urban (64,814,953 people in 2020). The median age in Bangladesh is 27.6 years. Agriculture is called the backbone of the economy and is the largest employment sector in Bangladesh. Bangladesh’s rural economy, specifically agriculture, has been the most powerful driver of poverty reduction since 2000. The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) mentioned that the agricultural sector of Bangladesh supported almost 90% poverty reduction between 2005 and 2020. More than 70% of Bangladesh’s population and 77% of its total workforce still live in rural areas for their livelihood. About half of the workers in Bangladesh and two-thirds in rural areas are directly employed by the agriculture sector, and about 87% of rural households rely on agriculture for their daily income. Taking an insistent view, it is evident that the economic growth in Bangladesh has been stable over the past four decades. Following some instability within the years after independence in 1971 because of famine and natural disasters, overall economic progress since the 1990s has been good. The IMF forecasted that GDP per capita at the current prices of Bangladesh would be higher from 2023 to 2025 (Figure 1). The average GDP growth in Bangladesh has been on top of the world’s average GDP growth over the last three decades. This has been over the distinctive rate of growth in South Asia since 2010 (Figure 2). The average economic growth in Bangladesh has * Bangladesh Civil Service (General Education), Assistant Professor, Ministry of Education, Bangladesh & JDS Fellow, Graduate School of Economics, Yamaguchi University, Japan. steadily increased in each decade since 1980. In 2018 and 2019, Bangladesh emerged as one of the best and fastest growing economies in Asia and all over the world. Table 1 shows that the contribution of the agriculture sector to total GDP in Bangladesh has declined steadily from FY1980 to FY2018, while that of the manufacturing and services sectors has increased. In 1980, agriculture accounted for 33.21% and industry contributed 17.08% of the total GDP in Bangladesh. After 38 years, the contribution of the agriculture sector to GDP fell from 33.21% to 14.23% and industry increased from 17.08% to 33.66% of total GDP in FY2018 in Bangladesh. On the contrary, the contribution of the manufacturing sector to the total GDP in Bangladesh has increased by doubled times from FY1980 to FY2018. Figure 3 reflects that exports have been a blessing for the economy in Bangladesh since the 1990s. Exports have increased from US $2 billion in FY1992 to US $40 billion in FY2019. Growth increased (approximately) 20 times in 37 years. Figure 3 also shows that foreign remittances increased rapidly after 1991, from approximately US $764 million to over US $16.4 billion in FY2019. Although exports and remittances are key factors for Bangladesh’s recent economic success, few other initiatives also play a dominant role in the economic development of Bangladesh. 2. GDP Growth & Size of the Bangladesh Economy The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has dubbed Bangladesh as the fastest growing economy within the Asia-Pacific region, while forecasting an 8% gross domestic product (GDP) growth for the 2019-2020 financial year supported the continuing positive trend in exports and public investments (Asian Development Outlook, 2019). On the opposite hand, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) forecasted an 8.13% GDP growth for FY2019- 2020 before the COVID-19 pandemic started. GDP growth is anticipated to edge into 8% within FY2019 on robust private consumption aided by continued recovery, while growth in FY2020 is anticipated to stay solid at 8% as momentum from the previous year broadly continues, consistent with ADB’s forecast. On the provision side, further expansion in industry is predicted to drive growth within FY2019 as export growth accelerates, it added. The ADB also says strong private consumption buoyed by a recovery in remittances and public investment contributed to robust GDP growth, reflecting substantial progress in implementing large infrastructure projects. The Padma Bridge and Dhaka’s Metro Rail project are great examples of this case. According to the ADB, Bangladesh is also expected to post higher GDP growth in the fiscal year 2019-2020 compared to other Asian countries. For FY2019, ADB forecasted 8.0% GDP growth for Bangladesh, 7.2% GDP growth for India, 3.9% for Pakistan, 6.8% for Vietnam, 3.9% for Thailand, 4.5% for Malaysia, and 6.3% for China (Figure 4). Bangladesh will achieve also higher growth in 2020 compared to other Asian countries according to this report. The report also forecasted that average growth in the region will soften to 5.7% in 2019 and 5.6% in 2020, which is much lower than Bangladesh. Developing Asia’s average growth rate in 2018 was 5.9% and Bangladesh achieved a higher 7.9% growth rate which was 2% higher than Asian countries average. )LJXUH 5HJLRQDO*'32XWORRN 6RXUFH $VLDQ'HYHORSPHQW2XWORRN Table 2 shows that the GDP growth rate of Bangladesh has increased from 2000 to 2019. In 2000, the Annual GDP growth rate of Bangladesh was 5.3%, while the GDP growth rate in 2019 was 8.2% that shows the success story of Bangladesh. This annual GDP growth rate in Bangladesh is higher than any other South Asian countries, developed country Japan, middle-income country Turkey, and World average. Figure 5 reflects that Bangladesh is very consistent in the case of annual GDP growth trend compared to its neighbor countries, Turkey, Japan, and world average. 7DEOH *'3JURZWK DQQXDO &RXQWU\ $IJKDQLVWDQ %DQJODGHVK %KXWDQ ,QGLD -DSDQ 0DOGLYHV 1HSDO 3DNLVWDQ 6UL/DQND 7XUNH\ :RUOG 6RXUFH :RUOG%DQN )LJXUH *'3JURZWKUDWHWUHQG *'3JURZWKUDWHWUHQG ϭϰ ϭϮ ϭϬ ϴ ϲ ϰ Ϯ Ϭ ͲϮ ϭϵϵϬ ϮϬϬϬ ϮϬϭϭ ϮϬϭϮ ϮϬϭϯ ϮϬϭϰ ϮϬϭϱ ϮϬϭϲ ϮϬϭϳ ϮϬϭϴ ϮϬϭϵ 6RXUFH $XWKRU¶VRZQFDOFXODWLRQEDVHGRQ:RUOG%DQNGDWD Table 3 illustrates that Bangladesh has been achieved gradual success in the case of GDP per capita growth. The annual GDP per capita growth in Bangladesh was 3.1% in 1990, whereas it was 7.0% in 2019, which was more than double by this time. On the contrary, in 2019, the annual GDP per capita growth in Afghanistan was 1.5%, Bhutan 4.3%, India 3.1%, Japan 0.9%, Maldives 3.9%, Nepal 5.0%, Pakistan -1.0%, Sri Lanka 1.7%, Turkey -0.4%, and the world average was only 1.3%. According to World Bank provided data, this is very clear that Bangladesh’s annual GDP per capita is 5.38 times higher than the world average. Bangladesh is also successful compared to its neighbor countries in most recent years. 7DEOH *'3SHUFDSLWDJURZWK DQQXDO Country 1990 2000 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Afghanistan .. .. -2.7 9.0 2.0 -0.7 -1.6 -0.5 0.1 -1.2 1.5 Bangladesh 3.1 3.3 5.3 5.3 4.8 4.9 5.4 6.0 6.1 6.7 7.0 Bhutan 9.1 4.6 6.8 3.9 0.9 4.5 5.4 6.8 3.4 1.8 4.3 India 3.4 2.0 3.9 4.2 5.1 6.2 6.8 7.1 5.9 5.0 3.1 Japan 4.5 2.6 0.1 1.7 2.1 0.5 1.3 0.6 2.3 0.5 0.9 Maldives .. 1.7 4.4 -1.8 2.5 2.5 -1.6 1.7 2.7 4.1 3.9 Nepal 2.1 4.3 3.3 5.0 4.4 6.0 2.9 -0.3 6.8 5.0 5.0 Pakistan 1.4 1.5 0.6 1.3 2.2 2.5 2.6 3.3 3.4 3.7 -1.0 Sri Lanka 5.1 5.4 7.7 9.0 2.6 4.0 4.0 3.3 2.4 2.2 1.7 Turkey 7.4 5.3 9.5 3.1 6.7 3.2 4.3 1.7 5.8 1.4 -0.4 World 1.2 3.0 1.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.4 2.1 1.9 1.3 6RXUFH :RUOG%DQN According to official data from the World Bank and projections from Trading Economics (Table 4), the GDP in Bangladesh was worth 302.57 billion US dollars in 2019. The GDP value worth 302.57 billion US dollars of Bangladesh represents 0.25% of the world economy and GDP per capita was highest in 2019 so far. Table 4 shows utilities sector and service sectors contribute more to the GDP in Bangladesh in recent years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ccording to the World Economic Forum, Bangladesh’s economy will be the 24th largest in 2030. On the other hand, the UK’s Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR) has forecasted that Bangladesh will be the 28th largest economy in 2030 and 25th in 2035. The CEBR has said that the economic ranking of Bangladesh in 2021 will be 41st out of 193 countries. Although Bangladesh ranked 59th in 2010 and 48th in 2015, the ranking of Bangladesh will improve significantly to the 34th in 2025. Bangladesh’s annual GDP rate will accelerate to an average of 6.8% between 2021 and 2025 according to CEBR projections. According to this forecast, Bangladesh’s GDP at constant prices will stand at $313 billion by 2021. This will go up to $420 billion in 2025, $594 billion in 2030, and $855 billion in 2035. Bangladesh’s GDP at current prices will stand at $338 billion in 2021, $488 billion in 2025, $760 billion in 2030, and $1.2 trillion in 2035. 3. Five Year Plan in Bangladesh In recent years, Bangladesh is experiencing high national economic growth. The five-year plan of the Bangladeshi government plays a key role in its economic success.The government of Bangladesh's highest economic policymaking body approved the country's 8th five-year plan (8FYP) for the period from July 2020 to June 2025. 8FYP has also set a target to attain 8.51% (Table 5) GDP growth in 2024-2025 (July 2024-June 2025) as a part of the country's second Perspective Plan for 2021-2041. The duration of the Seventh Five-Year Plan (7FYP) was already completed in June 2020. The 8FYP titled promoting prosperity and fostering inclusiveness. This five-year plan focuses on a pro-poor growth strategy. This strategy includes seven themes which are labor-intensive, export-oriented manufacturing-led growth, agricultural diversification, dynamism in cottage, small and medium enterprises (SME), modern services sector, ICT-based entrepreneurship, and overseas employment for more foreign remittances. Priorities, themes, and techniques of the 8FYP are well-recognized to realize more economic development. The particular average gross domestic product (GDP) rate was 6.5% during the sixth five-year plan period (2011-2015). This growth rate increased to an average of 7.1% during the 7FYP (2016-2020). As a consequence, per capita GDP grew by 4.9% between 2011 and 2015 (6FYP) and 5.7% (provisional estimate) during the 7th Five-Year Plan. 7DEOH *URZWKSHUIRUPDQFHLQILYH\HDUVSODQ 3ODQ $QQXDO$YHUDJH*URZWK 7DUJHW $FWXDO )LUVWILYH\HDUSODQ )< )< 7ZR\HDUSODQ )< )< 6HFRQGILYH\HDUSODQ )< )< 7KLUGILYH\HDUSODQ )< )< )RXUWKILYH\HDUSODQ )< )< )LIWKILYH\HDUSODQ )< )< )<)< )<)< 6L[WKILYH\HDUSODQ )<)< 6HYHQWKILYH\HDUSODQ )<)< (LJKWKILYH\HDUSODQ )<)< «« 6RXUFH %DQJODGHVK%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV %%6 Besides, radical progress has also been made in the case of poverty reduction everywhere in the country. However, a variety of objectives for macroeconomic management and economic targets could not be achieved. The 8FYP aims to possess 8.51% GDP growth by 2025. There are targets for several indicators including inflation control, increase of public and personal investment, employment generation, poverty reduction, revenue and resource mobilization, prioritize allocation for the Annual Development Plan (ADP), and sectoral performance including education and health management. The 8FYP contains a lot of significance compared to the previous plans because it is often visiting be initiated at a time when Bangladesh is celebrating its golden jubilee of independence. Bangladesh expects that this plan will achieve its targets far better than the previous plans and the country will move on the right track to keep continue its gradual growth. 4. Shaping Industrial Policy in Bangladesh Traditional industrial policy mainly emphasizes targeted government intervention in trade, tariffs, import licensing, quotas, credit concessions, loan facilities, etc (Schwarzer, 2013). It accustomed engagement mechanisms and stimulation to extend productivity for optimum returns from capital and labor (Altenburg and Assman, 2017). However, government intervention and market monopolies could not even save the market from failure and financial crises within the past. The United States of America government, the EU Commission, and therefore the OECD have advocated reindustrialization and industry-oriented 'integrated' policies, since a minimum of the recent financial crisis (European Commission, 2010). Rapid industrialization has been happening in Bangladesh since the 1990s through many pre-industrial initiatives or pre-traditional industrial policy, especially within the period from 2000 to 2012 (Sarkar, 2017). However, continuous environmental degradation and contemporary global development strategies motivated the government of Bangladesh to redefine the commercial policy 2010 and to create a brand new industrial policy in 2016. The new industrial policy has 16 chapters with quite 170 clauses. The chapters like aims and objectives, investment incentives, the establishment of a piece of land, productivity and standard of products, creation of property, foreign investment, industrial technology, eco-friendly engineering science, and skill development reveal the character of the policy and entail the most tools of industrial policy- (1) subsidies in their many forms-from production subsidy to lower interest rates, protection from import goods; (2) direct public participation; (3) public procurement rules (e.g., “domestic sourcing” requirements); (4) targeted public investments, for instance in infrastructure; and (5) cluster policies and other sorts of innovation policies (Stephane et al, 2013). The three objectives of this policy are: (1) to enhance the socio- economic condition of the people by achieving industrial growth and creating employment through industrialization from public and personal initiatives; (2) increasing the contribution of the commercial sector and labor forces from 29% to 35% and 18% to 25%, respectively to the value; and (3) achieving inclusive growth through standard industrialization and income-centric employment (Ministry of Industry, 2016, Bangladesh). The goal of this industrial policy is to get maximum industrialization, but the question remains on the methods and tools. To realize sustainable development goals, a country's industrial policy must follow an environment-friendly process for the required economic process. Action plans (subsections 2.5) of the industrial policy 2016 are as follows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he contribution of the industry sector to GDP is progressively increasing in Bangladesh. According to the BBS, the contribution of the broad industry sector to GDP was estimated at 35.36% in FY2019-2020, which was 35.0% in FY2018-2019. In fact, the government is persistently taking comprehensive measures to develop and flourish all industrial sectors of the country like the manufacturing industry and fuel industries for energy security, agriculture and forestry, extraction and processing industry, tourism and repair industry, and ICT- based industry. So as to accelerate the pace of industrialization of the country, the government announced the ‘National Industrial Policy-2016’. The importance and underlying objectives of the Industrial Policy 2016 include sustainable and inclusive industrial growth through the generation of productive employment to form new entrepreneurs, mainstreaming women within the industrialization process, and international market linkage. The government of Bangladesh is continuing its efforts to realize this goal by providing loans and other ancillary supports through banks and other financial institutions. As a result, the quantity of both distribution and recovery of commercial loans is on the rise. The EPZs are playing a special role within the process of promoting rapid industrialization and attracting foreign direct investment. According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) estimates, the contribution of the broad industry sector to GDP stood at 35.0% in FY2018- 2019, which increased to 35.36% in FY2019-2020. Among the 15 sectors of GDP, the broad industry sector includes four sectors: mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water, and construction. The contribution of the manufacturing sector has been the highest in the GDP of Bangladesh in recent years. In FY2018-2019, the contribution of the manufacturing sector to GDP was 24.08% which increased to 24.18% in FY2019-2020. The volume and growth performance of the manufacturing sector from FY2011-2012 to FY2019-2020 are reflected in Table 6. 7DEOH 9ROXPHDQG*URZWK5DWHRI0DQXIDFWXULQJ6HFWRU $WFRQVWDQWSULFHVRI LQ&URUH%DQJODGHVKL7DND 7\SHRI,QGXVWU\ 6PDOODQG&RWWDJH 0HGLXP/DUJH 7RWDO 6RXUFH %DQJODGHVK%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV )LJXUHVLQSDUHQWKHVLVLQGLFDWHUDWHRIJURZWK 3URYLVLRQDO However, the ready-made garment industry continues to be a key factor in the country's phenomenal success story. This industry is still the country's largest employer, providing about 4.5 million jobs, and accounted for nearly 80% of Bangladesh's total merchandise exports in 2018. Traditionally, about 300 workers, mostly women, operate machines that embroider and add appliances to garments in Bangladesh. However, Bangladesh does not actually want 100% automation hopefully. Bangladesh can offset this impact by shifting more workers into value-added fields, applique, embroidery, and so on. Further investment is required if Bangladesh's garment industry is to stay competitive. Bangladesh remains dominated by more basic products and cotton, whereas growth worldwide has been in man-made fibers. Bangladesh's textile industry could gain if China's garment exports were hit by a chronic- USA with China trade war. Bangladesh's reliance on the garment sector could be a potential obstacle to future growth. This sector on a 10-year view faces the chance of cheap wage alternatives like Africa, automation, and also the loss of duty-free market access because of transitions from LDC status. For now, the main challenge is to develop other industrial sectors like the garment industry, with pharmaceuticals and business process outsourcing being two areas of promise. However, this may require rather more foreign investment and appropriate industrial policies need to be tailored. Go-ahead industries badly need more financing, which manages Frontier Fund, the country's only private equity fund. Innovation thrives on a robust private equity industry, which will channel funds to promising companies and help them list. Bangladesh has invested $200 million in communications infrastructure, garments, pharmaceuticals, shipping, and other growing sectors. Forty years ago, the apparel industry in Bangladesh started with some companies. Bangladesh is now exporting more than $30 billion worth from the garments industry only and is the second highest exporting country only after China. Bangladesh is now focusing to doing the same thing in the IT industry like the garment industry. Bangladesh is hoping to challenge India in the pharmaceutical industry, too. With its least developed country status, Bangladesh enjoyed a waiver on drug patents and these facilities continue after graduating from LDC status. This has fueled intensified competition between India and Bangladesh within the field of generic and bulk drugs. When the USA and Europe’s manufacturing plants are closing, they are coming to Asia due to quality and affordable drugs. Bangladesh has the standard and recognition from international regulatory bodies and is incredibly good for finished products. Bangladesh has undertaken to ascertain its own sovereign wealth fund worth $10 billion to bankroll long-term physical infrastructure development. This can be possible because its exchange reserves stand at quite $32 billion now, from $7.5 billion 10 years ago. However, the economy of Bangladesh has been transformed into an industrial economy to an excellent extent from the agro-economy, which has been achieving steady and high economic growth also for many years by damaging the price-worthy environment recklessly. To the current end, it is time for Bangladesh to travel for a green or suitable industrial policy because the intended beneficiary of the economic policy is neither bureaucrats nor business, but society at large (Rodrik, 2014). The green or suitable industrial policy envisages long-term strategies for sustainable industrialization and the integration of multidimensional knowledge for green industrialization and the overall benefits of Bangladesh. 5. Current Account Balance in Bangladesh The current account balance is the sum of the balance of trade (exports of products and services minus imports of products and services), net factor income (such as interest and four types of dividends), and net transfer payments (such as foreign aid and donation). This account of Bangladesh has three components: 1) the exports of products and services minus the imports of products and services; 2) the difference in income that countries pay to every other; and 3) the difference in transfers that countries make to every other. The present account surplus helps the exchange reserve to be robust in Bangladesh. Foreign investors' confidence in any economy is boosted if this account is in surplus. The present account surplus, rather than deficit, recently came as a blessing for an emerging economy like that of Bangladesh. The present account surplus followed a lower deficit as well as the next inflow of remittances, as was seen recently. Bangladesh, being an import-oriented economy, was not expecting that this account would be in surplus amid the pandemic. However, the current situation of this account will help attract Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh. Investors will never oversee the present account situation of any economy before making any attempt for investment. This represents the strength of Bangladesh economy. The present account balance, a measure of the economy's trade and financial flows with other economies, rose to US$ 3.3 billion at the top of August, 2020, according to the Bangladesh Bank (BB) provided data. During this period, exports were recorded at $6.7 billion and import payments at $7.4 billion. The amount of exports were at $ 6.6 billion, but imports soared by $1.2 billion to $8.6 billion in July-August of 2019. On the opposite hand, foreign remittance inflow during July-August period, 2020 was much higher at $ 4.6 billion against $3.0 billion within the same period a year earlier. However, Bangladesh recorded a current account balance surplus of 3.534 USD billion in October 2020, which was the highest surplus to date (Figure 6b and Table 7). But, Figure 6a reflects the data fluctuation of the current account balance from 1997 to 2018, where Bangladesh sometimes achieved surplus current account balance and sometimes deficit current account balance. Table 7 also shows that Bangladesh is still an import-oriented country where imports are BDT billion 77.60 are higher than exports. Although Bangladesh’s balance of payments or trade is a deficit, the country has reported a surplus current account balance due to its increasing foreign remittance flow. D)URP WR E)URP )LJXUH %DQJODGHVK¶V&XUUHQW$FFRXQW%DODQFH 6RXUFH ZZZFHLFGDWDFRP 7DEOH %DQJODGHVK¶V&XUUHQW$FFRXQW%DODQFH %DQJODGHVK7UDGH /DVW 3UHYLRXV +LJKHVW /RZHVW 8QLW %DODQFHRI7UDGH %'7%LOOLRQ &XUUHQW$FFRXQW 86'0LOOLRQ &XUUHQW$FFRXQWWR*'3 SHUFHQW ,PSRUWV %'7%LOOLRQ ([SRUWV %'7%LOOLRQ 7HUPVRI7UDGH SRLQWV &DSLWDO)ORZV %'7%LOOLRQ 5HPLWWDQFHV 86'0LOOLRQ *ROG5HVHUYHV 7RQQHV )RUHLJQ'LUHFW,QYHVWPHQW 86'0LOOLRQ &UXGH2LO3URGXFWLRQ %%/'. ([WHUQDO'HEW 86'%LOOLRQ 6RXUFH 7UDGLQJHFRQRPLFVFRP %DQJODGHVKEDQN 6. Remittance Inflow in Bangladesh Remittances income are considered a more valuable factor for any developing country like Bangladesh. It affects Bangladesh’s economy positively. Remittance is the greatest source of the reserve of foreign currency reserves. Bangladesh wants a large amount of foreign currency to meet its imports of food and food products, various commodities, machineries, raw materials of the industries, and technology. Bangladesh incorporates a huge shortage of domestic capital. So Bangladesh cannot increase its speed of the economy. Remittance helps to extend the flow of domestic capital and ensures more investment, which plays an important role in economic development. Bangladesh had regular and massive labor migration to overseas since 1960s and it is still one of the foremost remittance-gaining countries among the developing countries in Asia. Like overseas employment, remittance inflow has been increasing each year with its increased share in GDP and export earnings, which becomes a vital element for accelerating the economic development in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a huge labor surplus country and consequently participates in the supply side of the world labor market (Refugee and Migratory Movement Research Unit, 2008). Despite the country’s long history of migration, a rise in oil prices in the 1970s unfolded the vast scope for Bangladeshi migrants within the geographical area, which was later expanded to the newly industrialized countries of Southeast Asia (Siddiqui, 2003). Labor migration from Bangladesh was geared further for the government of Bangladesh, promoting international labor migration as a part of an overall development plan since 1976 (Refugee and Migratory Movement Research Unit, 2007). After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, formal migration started for employment in 1976. In 2013, over 7.8 Bangladeshis lived abroad-most in India (3.2 million), Saudi Arabia (1.3 million), United Arab Emirates (1.1 million), and Kuwait (279,000) (Migrant Policy Institute, Bangladesh, July 2014). In 2019, more than 10 million Bangladeshi lived as migrants among them around 95% of Bangladeshis were men (BPB, International Migration from Bangladesh). In FY 2010-2011, the flow of remittance increases by 519% over that of fiscal year (2000-2001) and reaches $11650.32 million (Table 8). After 10 years in 2019-2020 foreign remittance has been increased at $18205.01 million which is 65.69% more than FY 2009-2010. From these statistics, this is clear that remittance plays an important role for positive current account balance in Bangladesh as well as its GDP growth rate acceleration. 7DEOH 7DEOH 3HUVRQDO5HPLWWDQFH5HFHLYHG RI*'3 Remittances from migrant workers are still central to Bangladesh’s economy, making up the second-highest source of foreign currency earnings after garment manufacturing. Remittance develops volatility in exchange rates and plays an important role in macroeconomic stability. Bangladesh is still considered one of the major labor-exporting countries in the world, especially for cheap labor. In Bangladesh, remittances refer to inflows of migrants’ and short-term employee income transfers. Remittances from more than 10 million citizens abroad are very important for Bangladesh, and garment items exports are a key source of foreign exchange. Saudi Arabia has been the largest source of remittances, followed by UAE, USA, Kuwait, Malaysia, UK, Oman, Qatar, Italy, and Bahrain in 2018-2019 (Table 10). 7DEOH 5HPLWWDQFH ,QIORZV LQ %DQJODGHVK 7RS &RXQWULHV 5HFHLYHG 86' LQ 0LOOLRQ 6RXUFH %DQJODGHVK%DQN 7. Macro Economic Condition in Bangladesh Over the past decade, Bangladesh’s economic development has steadily increased from 6% to 8%. The worldwide novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has adversely affected the economy of Bangladesh. Remittance inflows grew by 10.87% that has reduced the present account deficit compared to the previous financial year. The rise in capital and current account inflows has led to a surplus in the overall balance of payments. As a result, foreign exchange reserves have increased significantly. As of June 30, 2020, the foreign exchange reserve stood at US$ 36.04 billion, which is the best ever. During this era, a marginal depreciation within the rate of taka with the US dollar was observed. To keep the country's economy afloat within the face of the continued coronavirus pandemic, extra spending on healthcare and emergency humanitarian assistance has materialized. Bangladesh has already announced a financial package of approximately BDT 1.2 Lakh crore for economic recovery. A number of the notable activities of this package are: creating special funds for export-oriented industries; providing assets facilities to the affected industry and repair sector organizations; providing assets facilities to small (including cottage industries) and medium industrial enterprises, increase the advantages of the Export Development Fund, increase coverage of social security, direct cash transfer to targeted people and formulation of various funds for the agricultural sector. As financial incentives, various activities, including policy support like reduction in tariff duty on COVID-19 related products and policy support to extend liquidity within the banking sector are provided. As a result of these actions taken by the government, the economy is predicted to show around. The Medium-Term Macroeconomic Framework (MTMF), 2020-21 to 2022-2023, has been formulated taking into account the recent dynamics of the global economy and the impacts on the domestic sector (Table 11). The global economy is at great risk due to COVID19, the impact of which is expected to be even greater than the 2008-2009 global financial recession. Countries are implementing incentive packages to address the unintended effects of coronaviruses on global growth and commodity markets. The government of Bangladesh has also announced various policy assistance, including incentives to deal with the situation and overcome it. The projections in the MTMF were formulated based on the following assumptions: First, the effects of COVID-19 will be controlled in the second half of 2020. Second, as in previous fiscal years, the main driving force for growth on the supply side will be the service and industry sectors and government investment and consumption expenditure in terms of the demand side. Third, due to coronavirus situation, export earnings and remittance inflows may decline in the coming months. The current growth trend in the agriculture sector will continue as a result of incentives for a 5% interest subsidy in agriculture, ensuring a timely supply of agricultural inputs, various activities for harvesting in the agricultural sector such as low-interest loans, and subsidies for mechanization agricultural input. In the MTMF, GDP growth has been projected to increase from 5.2% in FY2019-2020 to 8.2% in FY2020-2021. Investment is expected to be between 33% and 36% of the GDP in the next three fiscal years. Of this, investment in the public sector will be between 8% and 9% of the GDP, and investment in the private sector will be between 25%-28%. 7DEOH 0HGLXP7HUP0DFURHFRQRPLF)UDPHZRUN .H\,QGLFDWRUV 6RXUFH %DQJODGHVK(FRQRPLF5HYLHZ In the MTMF, the projected revenue mobilization for FY2020-2021 could reach 11.9% of GDP to 12.2% of GDP in FY2022-2023. The revised budget for FY2019- 2020 has set a target of 17.9% of GDP, which will be closer to the next three fiscal years. In FY2019-2020, the revised budget deficit is expected to remain at 5.5% of GDP. The budget deficit could reach 6.0% of GDP in FY2020-2021, due to increased government spending aimed at restoring the economy to overcome the effects of COVID-19, which will fall to 5% of GDP in the following years. Inflation is projected at 5.5% in the current FY2019-2020, which is expected to remain almost the same in the next three fiscal years. The target is to keep the private sector credit flow at 14.8% in FY 2019-2020, which is expected to increase gradually to 16.8% in FY2022-2023. Growth in remittances is projected at 5.0% in FY2019-2020, which is projected to be 10%-15% in the next three fiscal years. The possibility of a return to a strong position in the export sector has been considered in the medium-term macroeconomic framework. In addition, there is a domestic demand in the economy of Bangladesh. Therefore, it is expected that the development pace of the economy will be continued. 8. Perspective Plan of Bangladesh (2021-2041) The Perspective Plan of Bangladesh 2021-2041 (PP 2041) is a genuine vision and target of the government of the people’s republic of Bangladesh to transform Bangladesh from a lower middle-income country to an upper middle income country by 2031, after which a high-income country by 2041 under World Bank Classification. The other visionary goals are to eradicate extreme poverty by 2031 and zero poverty by 2041. The motto of PP 2041 is Making Vision 2041 a Reality. The key elements and key features of PP 2041 are explained in a short form. 8.1 Key Elements of PP 2041 Bangladesh will experience an accelerated pace of change that will be rapid and transformational for the country over the next two decades. Bangladesh will have to adjust with rapid transformational shifts in the modernization of agriculture, dynamic trade and technology-based industry, in quality education and sound healthcare, in sustainable transportation and communication, and in the way the country works and conducts competitive business. Fast growth will be well-adjusted in Bangladesh, with an emphasis on equitable distribution of the benefits of growth for all, especially the poor and vulnerable people in society. While these goals are pursued with strength, the government of Bangladesh will ensure that key natural resources like land, water, forestry, natural habitat, and air are used in a manner that avoids their depletion and degradation. As noted, two principal visions underpin PP 2041: (a) Bangladesh will be a developed country by vision 2041 with per capita income of over USD 12,500 in current prices; (b) Poverty will become less than 1%. The associated growth and poverty reduction targets are summarized in Table 12. 7DEOH *URZWK 3RYHUW\7DUJHWVIRU33 ,QGLFDWRU %HQFKPDUN)< 7DUJHW)< 7DUJHW)< 5HDO*'3*URZWK ([WUHPH3RYHUW\ 3RYHUW\ 6RXUFH 3ODQQLQJ&RPPLVVLRQ%DQJODGHVK ,QVWLWXWLRQV0DWWHU Historical evidence shows that the rapid and inclusive development of societies is driven by strong and effective institutions. Therefore, PP 2041 recognizes the criticality of institutions in Bangladesh’s development process. Policymakers now have a deeper appreciation of the underlying institutions that make markets work. Drawing from historical and research evidence, they conclude that economic institutions matter for economic growth because they shape the incentives of key economic actors in society. Vision 2041 and the associated PP2041 rely on four institutional pillars that will be harnessed by the people, who are the principal drivers of growth and transformation. These are (i) governance, (ii) democratization, (iii) decentralization and (iv) capacity building. Bangladesh’s path to prosperity as a developed nation must be founded on the strengths of these four pillars. 8.3 Macroeconomic management for accelerated inclusive growth According to this perspective plan, macroeconomic stability is considered an essential prerequisite for growth in Bangladesh. The prudent macroeconomic management reflected in a low inflation rate, low fiscal deficits, a comfortable balance of payments/trades, and low internal and external public debt are required to achieve this high growth path. 8.4 Zero Poverty Country According to PP 2041, growth in Bangladesh has to be inclusive and poverty-reducing. Extreme poverty will be eliminated or less than 2.3% by 2031, and the incidence of poverty will be minimal (3% or less) in Bangladesh by 2041. By 2041, all citizens in the country will guaranteed a minimum quality life, based on employment income for all who seek sound work and social protection benefits from the government for vulnerable population in the society and who cannot participate in labor market due to age and physical disabilities. 8.5 Human Development: Harnessing the Demographic Dividend PP 2041 puts a strong emphasis on improving human development both as a means to support GDP growth through a healthy and skilled labor force as well as to reduce poverty through productive employment. PP 2041 program for human development is driven by core growth and poverty targets to achieve a high-income status and mostly eliminate absolute poverty by 2041. Specifically, the program comprises the following: (a) institution of a knowledge-based economy; (b) population with 100% literacy rate; (c) universal free education for up to 12 years; (d) flexible supply of training institutions for all who seek to acquire job-based skills; (e) universal access to health insurance schemes at affordable prices; (f) 100% coverage of employment-based accidental and health insurance schemes for all workers in the organized sector; and (g) ensuring medical facilities for all at an affordable cost. 8.6 Sustainable Agriculture to ensure Food Security and Nutrition The economic sectors with the greatest influence on poverty reduction are agriculture and rural non-farm activities in Bangladesh. In keeping with the stylized facts of structural change during the development phase of Bangladesh's economy, the share of agriculture in GDP has been on a secular decline, from 60% in the 1970s down to only 13% in FY2019. However, agricultural growth has accelerated from less than 2.0% per year during the first two decades after independence to an average rate of about 3.9% per year during 2011-2018, exceeding population growth. While Bangladesh started its journey as a rice deficit country, perennially dependent on food aid to feed its population, the dire situation has been turned around by Bangladesh’s toiling farmers, supported by effective policies of the government. 8.7 Accelerated growth with industrialization and trade Growth acceleration now and in the future has to rely on the dynamism of industry and trade. Bangladesh’s future growth and prosperity lie in outward-looking industrialization to create good jobs and income by exploiting our competitive advantage. Bangladesh is already growing at an 8% plus annual rate and aspires to reach a 9%-10% rate. In this effort, Bangladesh will take advantage of the enabling effect of trade integration with the vast world economy. Industry will be the leading sector driving growth acceleration. 8.8 Creating an Innovation Economy Driven by growth with labor advantage over the last two decades, it is now time for Bangladesh to ride over technology, innovation, and digital opportunities to attain higher growth acceleration to reach upper-middle- income status by 2031 and to reach an advanced economic status by 2041. 8.9 Building Transport and Communications Infrastructure for sustained growth In today's globalized economy, low-cost and efficient transport services is a major determinant of the competitiveness of the economy, which influences trade and investment flows both internally within a country and externally. The development of an efficient and low-cost transport network is, therefore, a key determinant of the ability to achieve the growth and poverty targets of PP2041. 8.10 Managing Environment and Climate Change for sustainable growth Fundamentally, the main focus of the PP2041 environmental management strategy is to integrate environmental and climate change considerations into the growth strategy. The specific strategies, policies, and institutional reforms include: (a) integrating environmental costs into the macroeconomic framework; (b) implementing the delta plan to build resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change; (c) reduce air and water pollution; (d) removal of fuel subsidies; (e) adoption of green tax on fossil fuel consumption; (f) taxation of emission from industrial units; (g) prevention of surface water pollution; and (h) geospatial data analysis for evidence-based decision making. 9. Concluding Remarks Although Bangladesh has achieved tremendous economic progress in recent years, Bangladesh’s economic resilience has been tested by political instability, weak global markets, climate-related risk, corruption in the public sector, and structural constraints. In addition, more dependence on the ready- made garment industry and foreign remittance inflow is not suitable for Bangladesh in long term. An unstable political environment has hit the economy in Bangladesh hard. Direct production losses are estimated at around 1% of GDP because of disruptions in economic activities caused by political disturbances.The Bangladesh Bank has maintained good monetary policy continuity, but its success in reducing the vulnerability of the industry remains elusive. Tax income growth is weaker compared than in other neighboring countries. Growth remains below what is needed for Bangladesh to be within middle-income temperature by 2021. For that to happen, the common annual GDP rate has to rise to 7.5%-8% by creating more and better jobs. Faster growth for Bangladesh to keep continue will require: i. Increasing investment by a minimum of 5% of GDP from the present 28.7%; ii. Raising the feminine labor participation rate by easing market entry barriers for women; iii. Increasing returns on education by enhancing the standards and relevance of education; iv. Increasing efficient growth by accelerating the shift from agriculture to higher productivity manufacturing and services, through learning from the experiences of states and firms with higher productivity; v. Increasing outward orientation by deepening and diversifying labor-intensive exports; v. Moving forward, the most important challenge and precondition for accelerated, inclusive, and sustainable growth is ensuring political stability; vi. Preserving fiscal space, ensuring rate flexibility, and improving financial sector accountability through successful implementation of PP2041; vii. Boosting private investments through faster progress in establishing special economic zones; viii. Paying adequate attention to the private sector regulatory environment; ix. Improving land market functioning to confirm the supply of land for manufacturing enterprises outside SEZs, and x. 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ù+$..,1'$ Tuana Fulya ÖZMEN* 5HVLP %DúNHQW 'DNND 1IXV PLO\RQ .DGÕQ (UNHN PLO\RQ PLO\RQ 7DEOR <]|OoP NPð * Boßaziçi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Asya Çalñğmalarñ Programñ, yüksek lisans ößrencisi. 1 Resim1:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650940 (Eriğim Tarihi: 12.12.2020) 2 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/a1d32f13_8553_44f1_ 92e6_8ff80a4ff82e/Bangladesh%20%20Statistics-2018.pdf (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020) 3 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/a1d32f13_8553_44f1_ 92e6_8ff80a4ff82e/Bangladesh%20%20Statistics-2018.pdf (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020) 4 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-kunyesi.tr.mfa 8OXVDO 0DUúÕ \ÕOÕQGD 5DELQGUDQDWK 7DJRUH WDUDIÕQGDQ úDUNÕ RODUDNEHVWHOHQPLúWLUùDUNÕ³$PDU6RQDU%DQJOD´LONRODUDN\]\ÕOÕQLON \ÕOÕQGD JHUoHNOHúHQ 6ZDGHVKL +DUHNHWL HVQDVÕQGD SRSOHU ROPXúWXU 6RQUDVÕQGD \ÕOÕQGD VUJQGHNL %DQJODGHú KNPHWL WDUDIÕQGDQ XOXVDO PDUú RODUDN EHQLPVHQHQ EX úDUNÕ D\QÕ ]DPDQGD %D÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN 6DYDúÕ HVQDVÕQGDoRNoDNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU \ÕOÕQGDNL%DQJODGHú$QD\DVDVÕúDUNÕQÕQ LONVDWÕUÕQÕXOXVDOPDUúRODUDNNDEXOHWPLúWLU %D÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN7DULKL 0DUW <|QHWLPùHNOL 3DUODPHQWHU'HPRNUDVL hONHQLQ *HQHO 6L\DVL *|UQP %DúEDNDQ FXPKXUEDúNDQÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ SDUODPHQWR VHoLP VRQXoODUÕ J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXODUDN DWDQÕU 3DUODPHQWR\D YHNLO GR÷UXGDQ \HWLúNLQ R\ YHUHQOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ VHoLOLU 6HoLOPLúRODQYHNLOLVHNDGÕQYHNLOVHoHUYHE|\OHFHSDUODPHQWR YHNLOGHQ ROXúXU %DQJODGHú¶WH VHNL] LGDUL E|OJH PHYFXWWXU 'DNND &KLWWDJRQJ 5DQJSXU .KXOQD 5DMVKDKL %DULVDO 0\PHQVLQJK YH 6\OKHW +HU LGDUL E|OJH GH NHQGL LoLQGH LOOHUH E|OQPú ROXS WRSODP LO EXOXQPDNWDGÕU gQHPOL6L\DVL3DUWLOHU 8OXVDO0HFOLVWH7HPVLO(GLOHQ3DUWLOHU %DQJODGHú$ZDPL/LJL $/ %DQJODGHúøúoL3DUWLVL :3% %DQJODGHú6RV\DOLVW3DUWLVL -6',QX %LNDOSD'KDUD%DQJODGHú $OWHUQDWLYH6WUHDP %DQJODGHú7DULNDW)HGHUDV\RQX %7) -DWL\D3DUWL -30DQMX -DWL\D3DUWL (UVKDG %DQJODGHú0LOOL\HWoL3DUWLVL %13 +DON)RUXPX *RQR)RUXP %D÷ÕPVÕ] 7DEOR 5 http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=National_Anthem (Eriğim Tarihi: 14.12.2020) 6 https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/6dde350b-1ca6-4c69-becd-a3f12cf14ac1/Bangladesh--An- Introduction (Eriğim Tarihi: 14.12.2020). 7 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b2db8758_8497_412c a9ec_6bb299f8b3ab/2020-09-17-15-30-d0e641b2e659019f2aa44cbaf628caa8.pdf 8 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b2db8758_8497_412c a9ec_6bb299f8b3ab/2020-09-17-15-30-d0e641b2e659019f2aa44cbaf628caa8.pdf 9 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-siyasi-gorunumu.tr.mfa 10 Tablo 2: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-kunyesi.tr.mfa 164 h\HVL2OGX÷X8OXVODUDUDVÕ.XUXOXúODU $V\D$IULND 165 %LUOHúPLú0LOOHWOHUgUJWøVWLNUDU 0LV\RQX %D÷ODQWÕVÕ]ODUgUJW 1$0 øVODPøúELUOL÷L7HúNLODWÕ 2,& .LP\DVDO6LODKODUÕQ 166 &XPKXUEDúNDQÕ $EGXO+DPLG 5HVLP ;;,, %DQJODGHú &XPKXUEDúNDQÕGÕU 2FDN \ÕOÕQGD .DPDOSXU 0LWKDPRLQ8SD]LODúHKULQGHGQ\D\DJHOPLúWLU'DNND hQLYHUVLWHVL+XNXN )DNOWHVL¶QGHQ PH]XQ RODQ VD\ÕQ $EGXO +DPLG NDUL\HU KD\DWÕQD DYXNDW RODUDNEDúODPÕúWÕU\ÕOÕQGDJ|UHYHJHOPLúWLU \ÕOODUÕDUDVÕQGD LVH8OXVDO3DUODPHQWR6|]FVRODUDNJ|UHYDOPÕúWÕU 12 Resim 2: https://bangladeshembassy.dk/bangladesh/honble-president/ (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020). 13 https://bangladeshembassy.dk/bangladesh/honble-president/ (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020). 167 %DúEDNDQ ùH\K+DVLQD 5HVLP %DQJODGHú¶LQNXUXFXFXPKXUEDúNDQÕùH\K0XFLEXU5DKPDQ¶ÕQNÕ]ÕGÕU \ÕOÕQGD 7XQJLSDUD úHKULQGH GQ\D\D JHOPLúWLU 'DNND hQLYHUVLWHVL¶QGHQ \ÕOÕQGD PH]XQ ROPXúWXU øON EDúEDNDQOÕN \DSWÕ÷Õ G|QHP DUDVÕGÕU øNLQFL G|QHPL ¶WU hoQF G|QHPL DUDVÕGÕU$UDOÕN¶GHJHUoHNOHúWLULOHQJHQHOVHoLPOHUGHQ $ZDPL/LJL $/ |QGHUOL÷LQGHNLNRDOLV\RQJDOLSoÕNPÕúWÕUYHùH\K+DVLQD NHUH EDúEDNDQOÕ÷D VHoLOPLúWLU ùH\K +DVLQD \ÕOÕQGD 81(6&2 WDUDIÕQGDQ NDGÕQ YH NÕ] oRFXNODUÕQÕQ H÷LWLPLQH \DSPÕú ROGX÷X NDWNÕODUGDQ |WU³%DUÕú$÷DFÕ´|GOQHOD\ÕNJ|UOPúWU 14 Resim 3: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-46718517(Eriğim Tarihi:13.12.2020). 15 http://btrc.gov.bd/content/sheikh-hasina (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020). 168 'ÕúLúOHUL%DNDQÕ $EXONDODP$EGXO0RPHQ 5HVLP \ÕOÕQGD 6\OKHW¶GH GR÷PXúWXU 'DNND hQLYHUVLWHVL¶QGH (NRQRPL ]HULQH OLVDQV |÷UHQLPL J|UPúWU +DUYDUG hQLYHUVLWHVL¶QGH øúOHWPH YH 3D]DUODPD ]HULQH \NVHN OLVDQV H÷LWLPL DOPÕúWÕU 'RNWRUD GHUHFHVLQL LVH 1RUKHDVWHUQ hQLYHUVLWHVL¶QGH (NRQRPL ]HULQH WDPDPODPÕúWÕU $EXONDODP $EGXO0RPHQ \ÕOODUÕDUDVÕQGD%DQJODGHú¶LQ%LUOHúPLú0LOOHWOHU VUHNOLWHPVLOFLVLRODUDN1HZ 16 Resim 4: https://bengal.institute/team/a-k-abdul-momen/ (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020). 17 https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/bio4320.doc.htm (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020). 169 %D\UDN 5HVLP .RQXúXODQ'LOOHU hONHQLQUHVPLGLOL%HQJDOFHGLUYHKDONÕQ ¶L WDUDIÕQGDQ NRQXúXOXU øQJLOL]FH LVH \D\JÕQ RODUDN NRQXúXOXU YH KDONÕQ oR÷XQOX÷XWDUDIÕQGDQDQODúÕODELOPHNWHGLU øQDQÕODQ'LQOHU 0VOPDQ +LQGXL]P %XGLVW +ULVWL\DQ 'L÷HU 7DEOR (WQLN*UXSODU hONHQLQ ¶VL%HQJDOOL¶GLU.DODQ¶OLND]ÕQOÕN NÕVÕP LVH &KDNPDV 0DUPDV 6DQWDOV *DURV 0DQLSXUL 7ULSXUD YH 7DQFKDQJ\DDGÕYHULOHQ\HUHONDELOHOHUGHQROXúPDNWDGÕU 18 Resim 5: https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Bangladesh (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020). 19 https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/6dde350b-1ca6-4c69-becd-a3f12cf14ac1/Bangladesh--An- Introduction (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020) 20 Tablo4:https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/6dde350b-1ca6-4c69-becd-a3f12cf14ac1/Bangladesh- -An-Introduction (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020) sitesindeki bilgiler baz alñnarak düzenlenmiğtir. 21 https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/6dde350b-1ca6-4c69-becd-a3f12cf14ac1/Bangladesh-- An- Introduction (Eriğim Tarihi: 14.12.2020). 170 'Q\D6DDWL *07 8OXVODUDUDVÕ7HOHIRQ.RGX 'Q\D6ÕUDODPDODUÕQGD%DQJODGHú 1IXVoR÷XQOX÷XEDNÕPÕQGDQGQ\DGDVÕUDGD\HUDOÕ\RU 'Q\DGD0VOPDQQIXVXQHQoRNROGX÷XONH 1IXV\R÷XQOX÷XEDNÕPÕQGDQGDGQ\DGDVÕUDGD +LQWNHQHYLULUHWLPLQGHGQ\DGDLONVÕUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGÕU &R÷UDIL .RQXP %DQJODGHú *QH\ $V\D¶QÕQ NX]H\GR÷X NÕVPÕQGD EXOXQXU %DWÕGD +LQGLVWDQ 'R÷X¶GD LVH \LQH +LQGLVWDQ YH 0\DQPDU LOH NRPúXGXU +LPDOD\D 'D÷ODUÕ ONHQLQ NX]H\LQH \DNÕQGÕU %DQJODGHú¶LQ JQH\LQGH%HQJDO.|UIH]LEXOXQXU%DQJODGHúJHQHORODUDNG]DOY\RQOX HQJHEHVL]ELUFR÷UDILVDKLSWLU IDNDWONHQLQJQH\GR÷XVXGD÷OÕNWÕUhONHQLQ |QHPOL QHKLUOHUL 3DGPD 0HJKPD -DPXQD 6XUPD %UDKPDSXWUD .DUQDSKXOL 7HHVWD 6LWDODNK\D 5XSVKD 0DGKXPDWL *RUDL YH 0DKDQDQGD¶GÕU øNOLP %DQJODGHúLNOLPLVXEWURSLNDOPXVRQLNOLPLGLU<ÕOLoHUHVLQGHHQ QHWKLVVHGLOHQPHYVLPOHUNÕú\D]YHPXVRQG|QHPOHULGLU.ÕúÕQVÕFDNOÕN R&GHUHFHDUDVÕQGDVH\UHGHU 22 https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/6dde350b-1ca6-4c69-becd-a3f12cf14ac1/Bangladesh--An- Introduction (Eriğim Tarihi: 14.12.2020). 23 https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/6dde350b-1ca6-4c69-becd-a3f12cf14ac1/Bangladesh--An- Introduction (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020). 24 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b2db8758_8497_412c_ a9ec_6bb299f8b3ab/2020-09-17-15-30-d0e641b2e659019f2aa44cbaf628caa8.pdf (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020). 171 2UWDODPD 25 Tablo 5: http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/ a1d32f13_ 8553_44f1_92e6_8ff80a4ff82e/Bangladesh%20%20Statistics-2018.pdf (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020). 26 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/a1d32f13_8553_44f1 _92e6_8ff80a4ff82e/Bangladesh%20%20Statistics-2018.pdf (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020) 27 https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/6dde350b-1ca6-4c69-becd-a3f12cf14ac1/Bangladesh--An- Introduction (Eriğim Tarihi:14.12.2020). 28 https://transferwise.com/tr/compare/?sourceCurrency=USD&targetCurrency=BDT&sendA mount=1000 (Eriğim Tarihi:14.12.2020). 29 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-kunyesi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi: 14.12.2020). 30 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi: 14.12.2020). 31 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi: 14.12.2020). 32 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi: 14.12.2020). 33 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b2db8758_8497 _412c_a9ec_6bb299f8b3ab/2020-09-17-15-30-d0e641b2e659019f2aa44cbaf628caa8.pdf (Eriğim Tarihi: 13.12.2020). 172 %DQJODGHú¶LQ(QdRNøKUDFDW hONH$GÕ 7RSODP 7RSODP 'H÷HU 'H÷HU øWKDODWD2UDQÕ øWKDODWD2UDQÕ dLQ +LQGLVWDQ (QGRQH]\D 6LQJDSXU -DSRQ\D *QH\.RUH .XYH\W +RQJ.RQJ 0DOH]\D $OPDQ\D 7DEOR PLO\RQWN 34 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/a1d32f13_8553_44f1 _92e6_8ff80a4ff82e/Bangladesh%20%20Statistics-2018.pdf (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020). 35 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/a1d32f13_8553_44f1 _92e6_8ff80a4ff82e/Bangladesh%20%20Statistics-2018.pdf (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020). 173 %DQJODGHú¶LQ %DúOÕFD øKUDo (WWL÷L hUQOHU +D]ÕU JL\LP UQOHUL %DQJODGHú¶LQHQoRNLKUDoHWWL÷LUQOHUDUDVÕQGDLONVÕUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGÕU $UGÕQGDQ MW YH MW UQOHUL GRQGXUXOPXú GHQL] UQOHUL GHUL YH oD\ JHOPHNWHGLU %DQJODGHú¶LQ%DúOÕFDøWKDODW.DOHPOHUL 3HWURO\D÷ODUÕSDPXNWHNVWLO PDNLQHOHUL YH HNLSPDQODUÕ SODVWLN PDPXOOHU WDUÕP UQOHUL YH GHPLU oHOLNWLU 7UNL\HYH%DQJODGHúøNLOL7LFDULYH(NRQRPLNøOLúNLOHUL 7UNL\H¶QLQ%DQJODGHú¶OHøKUDFDWYHøWKDODWUDNDPODUÕ PLO\RQ <ÕO øKUDFDW øWKDODW +DFLP 'HQJH D\ 7DEOR %DQJODGHú¶H %DúOÕFD øKUDo UQOHULPL] 'HPLU oHOLN LQúDDW PDO]HPHOHUL SDPXN VW YH VW PDPXOOHUL HOHNWULNOL PDNLQD YH FLKD]ODU WHNVWLOPDNLQHOHULWHNVWLONLP\DVDOODUÕEDKDUDWODUYHMHQHUDW|UOHUGLU %DQJODGHú¶WHQ EDúOÕFD LWKDO UQOHULPL] gUOPHPLú JL\LP Hú\DODUÕ YHDNVHVXDUODUÕ|UPHJL\LPYHDNVHVXDUODUÕGRNXPD\DHOYHULúOLELWNLVHOOLIOHU MW YHVHUDPLNPDPXOOHULGLU 7UNL\H YH %DQJODGHú LNLOL LúELUOL÷L oHUoHYHVLQGH .DUPD (NRQRPLN .RPLV\RQ7RSODQWÕODUÕG]HQOHPHNWHGLUEXQODUGDQVRQXQFXVX .DVÕP WDULKLQGH $QNDUD¶GD G]HQOHQPLúWLU %DQJODGHú YH 7UNL\H DUDVÕQGD 7HUFLKOL 7LFDUHW $QODúPDVÕ 77$ LP]DODQPDVÕ JQGHPGHGLU %XQODUD HN RODUDN %DQJODGHú¶LQ NDONÕQPDVÕQD GHVWHN DPDFÕ\OD 7ø.$ 3URJUDP .RRUGLQDV\RQ 2ILVL \ÕOÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ %DQJODGHú¶WH IDDOL\HW 36 http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/a1d32f13_8553_44f1 _92e6_8ff80a4ff82e/Bangladesh%20%20Statistics-2018.pdf (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020). 37 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi:20.12.2020). 38 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi:20.12.2020). 39 Tablo 8: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020). 40 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020). 41 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020). 174 J|VWHUPHNWHGLU YH \ÕOÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ ¶GDQ ID]OD SURMH\L KD\DWD JHoLUPLúWLU 7UNL\H%DQJODGHú 6L\DVL øOLúNLOHUL øNL ONH DUDVÕQGDNL LOLúNLOHU %DQJODGHú¶LQ ¶GH NXUXOPDVÕQGDQ |QFH\H GD\DQPDNWDGÕU 7UN %D÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN6DYDúÕ¶QD\DUGÕPGDEXOXQDQ0VOPDQKDONODUGDQELULGHRODQ %HQJDOOLOHUGLU 7UNL\H %DQJODGHú¶L /DKRU¶GD G]HQOHQHQ øVODP øúELUOL÷L 7HúNLODWÕ øø72 G|QHPGHNL DGÕ\OD øVODP .RQIHUDQVÕ gUJW =LUYHVL YHVLOHVL\OH ùXEDW WDULKLQGH WDQÕPÕúWÕU \ÕOÕQGD 'DNND %\NHOoLOL÷LPL] \ÕOÕQGD LVH %DQJODGHú¶LQ $QNDUD %\NHOoLOL÷L DoÕOPÕúWÕU 42 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/banglades-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi: 20.12.2020). 43 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-banglades-siyasi_iliskileri.tr.mfa (Eriğim Tarihi:23.12.2020). 175
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