DOCSLIB.ORG

Communist Movement and Communal Question in India, 1920-1948

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Communist Movement and Communal Question in India, 1920-1948 COMMUNIST MOVEMENT AND COMMUNAL QUESTION IN INDIA, 1920-1948 ABSTRACT y/y OF THE ,__ /< 9<,, THESIS ^Jp SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF ^^A'Sottor of pijilo^opJjp x\\ f^ IN ^' \-\ i ' HISTORY J f. \ \ ^'- '• i.. v-€f\.>-^. s^. <j »•> BY . ./ - ,j / « HABIB MANJAR Under the Supervision of DR. ISHRAT ALAM CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2008 ABSTRACT OF THESIS In colonial and post colonial India, the question of communalism is/ has been a vexing question. It was/ is the communists who addressed this question more comprehensively than any other political formation. Precisely because of this, a study of the "Communist Movement and Comruinal Question in India, 1920-48" holds great importance. The present study, consisting of 6 chapters, has made an enquiry into the question dividing its developt^ent in various phas^a It has elaborated ipon how the Communist Party of India perceived Hindu-Muslim problems vis-a­ vis its role in the National movement during these years. The first chapter is an introduction to the study which has analysed and scrutinized the existing major works e.g. M.R. Masani, John H. Kautsky, Gautam Chattopadhyay, Bipan Chandra, B.R. Nanda, Bhagwan Josh and Suranjan Das. These works have not focused adequately on the communal question/Hindu-Muslim relations. Some of these works ue confined to specific regions, that too addressing only marginally on ihe communal question. The 'Introduction' of the present study therefore attempts to look into the relationship of the League, Congress and Communists on the one hand and the Communist Party's attitude towards the question of 'Pakistan', on the other. The famous 'Adhikari thesis' on 'National Self-determination has been analyzed and an attempt is made to see the changing views o' tlie Communist Party on this issue. The second chapter, 'Establishment and Growth of Communist Ideology and Party' deals with the whole historical context of the foundation of the Communist party of India, since the world war I, from Tashker t to Kanpur, 1918-1925. It elaborates upon how the revolutionaries went abroad, their 'Hijrat movement', and how the splinter groups of revolutionaries came together after concretizing their ideological/tactical differences. The Kanpur conspiracy Case (1924) was a sort of major landmark in the ideologi(;al- organizational emergence of the Communist party. This chapter therefore, devotes a whole separate section on it. It has derived much from hitherto untapped vernacular sources available with the NMML. Then the chapter concludes with the first Communist Conference of Kanpur (December 1925). The third chapter, 'Communist Party in India, 1925-39' deals mairly with the various workers and peasant parties, which explains how tie communists underlined the economic basis of the class identity rather than any other social basis of the identities. The WPPs also addressed the communal question, which ahs been taken up here also. This phase is marked by the Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929-33), therefore, there is a whole sub-section on this aspect, and then it takes up the Draft Piatfor n of Action of CPI, 1930. From here onwards. Left sectarianism can be distinctly traced. Having elaborated upon the ideological, organizational progress of the CPI, locating the communal question, in the communist politics becomes convenient and explanatory as well. This chapter, therefore, produces an exclusive sub-section on CPI's concern with the communal question dunng 1920s-30s. It is a well known fact to the students of Indian History that the decade of 1920s was most fatal in terms of the rise of communalism in India. G.R. Thursby and almost all text-books/reference books on the social- political history of late colonial India deals with this aspect. But the roles/ attitude of the communist parties have not been dealt adequately. This :^ap has been sought to be filled up in this chapter. This may be mentioned here that the CPI was first political formation of colonial India to have passed a resolution against dual membership, which prohibited its members agaiast joining any communal organization. For example, Hasrat Mohani and S D. Hasan were asked to quit the Muslim League in 1927, characterizing the dual association as 'splintered consciousnesses.' Same restriction was imposed on K.N. Joglekar for having association with Brahmin Sabha. During 1934-37, the CPI suffered from state repression. This aspect has oeen explored with the help of many archival documents not used before. Having found many significant archival documents pertaining to it, this sub-settion of the chapter looks deeply into the communist activities in different regions. The fourth chapter, 'Imperialist War to People's War 1939-1945' deals ^v1th this period (1939 to 1945) witnessed the ascendancy of imperialists; it ilso saw a paradigm shift in CPI's assessment which characterized the World War-ll as 'imperialist war'. It has tried to look nto continuation/discontinuation of their succumbing to the anti-imperialist plan of the communist movement during this time to clear the wrong impression of their support to the British war efforts. This was also a phase when the Muslim League made a rapid rise after the formation of ministries (19^"'- 39). Addressing this problem became vital both for the Congress and he Communists, hence a detailed treatment of the subject in the chapter. The period between 1940 and 1948 saw the partition of the couniry along communal lines. This fatal decade witnessed dreaded faces of communalism. The fifth chapter, 'Communist Party, Muslim League and the Question of Pakistan', therefore, deals exclusively with the CPI's engagement with the League's Separatism, Pakistan Question and historically much debated position of the CPI on the issue. During this phase the CPI came out with the question of right to self- determination for nationalities, which posed serious problems before the theoretical position of the CPI. Having insisted on class identity, the CPI was questioned for having taken this kind of position, which, prima fc<cic\ contradicted the economic basis of class identity. This chapter has trie i to explain all these aspects in detail. The last chapter concludes the whole work. The Communist Party's acknowledgement of the existence of nationalities and acceptance of ri|;ht to self-determination for nationalities, unleashed a process to understand the economic and political problems of the minorities, the problem of communalism and some hitherto ignored aspects of partition. The questions of communalism and of nationalities came to be seen as linked inextricably v\ith each other. It, therefore clarifies that on the question of Pakistan, the CPI's attitude did not provide any concession to any political group on the basis of aspirations premised exclusively on religious considerations. At the same time it was not averse to the provisions of safeguarding their concrete political and economic interests in the face of their backwardness and under- representation in power structure. The CPI always put primacy on the economic issues like poverty, which remained central to its agenda, which was in contrast with other contesting parties. Subsequently, in the post colonial period, the quest on of self-determination continued to be discussed by the party. COMMUNIST MOVEMENT AND COMMUNAL QUESTION IN INDIA, 1920-1948 THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF HBoctor of pi)iIos;opl)p IN HISTORY BY HABIB MANJAR Under the Supervision of DR. ISHRAT ALAM CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2008 2 7 OCl 2014 T8675 CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM LfNIVERSITY ALIGARH- 202 002 DR. ISHRAT ALAM Lecturer (Selection Grade) Dated: September 23, 2008 C^ERTIFICApPE This is to certify that the thesis ^* Communist Movement and Communal • ' ," •' - • • .• ^ .... I Question in India, 1920-1948^ by Mr. Habib Manjar is the original research work of the candidate, and is suitable for submission to the examiners and for the award of the Ph.D. Degree. (Dr. Ishrat Alam) Supervisor Telephones: (0571) 2703146 (O), 9411465137 (Mob.); Fax No. (0571) 2703146; Internal: 1480 and 1482 Acknowledgement It is a great pleasure for me to acknowledge the guidance, assistance & help I have received from my supervisor. Dr. Ishrat Alam, whose valuable comments were instrumental in making this thesis a reality I take this opportunity to express my special gratitude to my illustrious teacher Prof Irfan Habib for his encouragement and invaluable guidance I must admit that my knowledge of the subject was always expanded 5y interaction with Prof Iqtidar Alam Khan. I am extremely grateful to Prof Shireen Moosvi, for all the encouragements I received from her dunng the entire course of my thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Nonica Datta for her valuable comments & suggestions on the theme. I must acknowledge my indebtedness to late Dr l.G. Khan who initiated me into the cause of the deprived sections of Ihe society. 1 always remember him for all his goadings to write the thesis a id his sympathies for fellow human beings I am also grateful to Dr Mohammad Perwez, Dr. Mohammad Sajjad, Dr. Jaya Menon and Mr Faiz Habib for their help and encouragement. I am extremely grateful to Rajendra Prasad, Managing Editor of Soc al Scientist for printing my paper entitled "Communist Party Policy duri ig Imperialist War (1939-41)" and allowing me to include the same in the present thesis. I am also grateful to Dr. P.K. Shukla, former Member Secretary, ICHR, for his timely and valuable suggestions. During the course of research I have visited several archives aid libraries for collecting material for my thesis. I take this opportunity to thank library staff of National Archives of India, New Delhi; P.C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MINOR POLITICAL PARTIES and the LANGUAGE of POLITICS in LATE COLONIAL BENGAL(L921-194?); ATTITUDE, ADJUSTMENT and REACTION
    MINOR POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE LANGUAGE OF POLITICS IN LATE COLONIAL BENGAL(l921-194?); ATTITUDE, ADJUSTMENT AND REACTION THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL BY KOUSHIKIDASGUPTA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF GOUR BANGA MALDA UPERVISOR PROFESSOR I. SARKAR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL RAJA RAMMOHANPUR, DARJEELING WEST BENGAL 2011 IK 35 229^ I ^ pro 'J"^') 2?557i UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL Raja Rammohunpur P.O. North Bengal University Dist. Darjeeling - 734013 West Bengal (India) • Phone : 0353 - 2776351 Ref. No Date y.hU. CERTIFICATE OF GUIDE AND SUPERVISOR Certified that the Ph.D. thesis prepared by Koushiki Dasgupta on Minor Political Parties and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial Bengal ^921-194'^ J Attitude, Adjustment and Reaction embodies the result of her original study and investigation under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge and belief, this study is the first of its kind and is in no way a reproduction of any other research work. Dr.LSarkar ^''^ Professor of History Department of History University of North Bengal Darje^ingy^A^iCst^^a^r Department of History University nfVi,rth Bengal Darjeeliny l\V Bj DECLARATION I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled MINOR POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE LANGUAGE OF POLITICS IN LATE COLONIAL BENGAL (l921- 1947); ATTITUDE, ADJUSTMENT AND REACTION being submitted to the University of North Bengal in partial fulfillment for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in History is an original piece of research work done by me and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for any other degree in full or part of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Bengal's Rise and Fall
    kheya bag RED BENGAL’S RISE AND FALL he ouster of West Bengal’s Communist government after 34 years in power is no less of a watershed for having been widely predicted. For more than a generation the Party had shaped the culture, economy and society of one of the most Tpopulous provinces in India—91 million strong—and won massive majorities in the state assembly in seven consecutive elections. West Bengal had also provided the bulk of the Communist Party of India– Marxist (cpm) deputies to India’s parliament, the Lok Sabha; in the mid-90s its Chief Minister, Jyoti Basu, had been spoken of as the pos- sible Prime Minister of a centre-left coalition. The cpm’s fall from power also therefore suggests a change in the equation of Indian politics at the national level. But this cannot simply be read as a shift to the right. West Bengal has seen a high degree of popular mobilization against the cpm’s Beijing-style land grabs over the past decade. Though her origins lie in the state’s deeply conservative Congress Party, the challenger Mamata Banerjee based her campaign on an appeal to those dispossessed and alienated by the cpm’s breakneck capitalist-development policies, not least the party’s notoriously brutal treatment of poor peasants at Singur and Nandigram, and was herself accused by the Communists of being soft on the Maoists. The changing of the guard at Writers’ Building, the seat of the state gov- ernment in Calcutta, therefore raises a series of questions. First, why West Bengal? That is, how is it that the cpm succeeded in establishing
    [Show full text]
  • Chap 2 PF.Indd
    Credit: Shankar I ts chptr… The challenge of nation-building, covered in the last chapter, was This famous sketch accompanied by the challenge of instituting democratic politics. Thus, by Shankar appeared electoral competition among political parties began immediately after on the cover of his collection Don’t Spare Independence. In this chapter, we look at the first decade of electoral Me, Shankar. The politics in order to understand original sketch was • the establishment of a system of free and fair elections; drawn in the context of India’s China policy. But • the domination of the Congress party in the years immediately this cartoon captures after Independence; and the dual role of the Congress during the era • the emergence of opposition parties and their policies. of one-party dominance. 2021–22 chapter 2 era of one-party dominance Challenge of building democracy You now have an idea of the difficult circumstances in which independent India was born. You have read about the serious challenge of nation-building that confronted the country right in the beginning. Faced with such serious challenges, leaders in many other countries of the world decided that their country could not afford to have democracy. They said that national unity was their first priority and that democracy will introduce differences and conflicts. In India,…. Therefore many of the countries that gained freedom from colonialism …hero-worship, plays a part “ experienced non-democratic rule. It took various forms: nominal in its politics unequalled democracy but effective control by one leader, one party rule or direct in magnitude by the part army rule.
    [Show full text]
  • India Freedom Fighters' Organisation
    A Guide to the Microfiche Edition of Political Pamphlets from the Indian Subcontinent Part 5: Political Parties, Special Interest Groups, and Indian Internal Politics UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA A Guide to the Microfiche Edition of POLITICAL PAMPHLETS FROM THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT PART 5: POLITICAL PARTIES, SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS, AND INDIAN INTERNAL POLITICS Editorial Adviser Granville Austin Guide compiled by Daniel Lewis A microfiche project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Indian political pamphlets [microform] microfiche Accompanied by printed guide. Includes bibliographical references. Content: pt. 1. Political Parties and Special Interest Groups—pt. 2. Indian Internal Politics—[etc.]—pt. 5. Political Parties, Special Interest Groups, and Indian Internal Politics ISBN 1-55655-829-5 (microfiche) 1. Political parties—India. I. UPA Academic Editions (Firm) JQ298.A1 I527 2000 <MicRR> 324.254—dc20 89-70560 CIP Copyright © 2000 by University Publications of America. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-829-5. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................. vii Source Note ............................................................................................................................. xi Reference Bibliography Series 1. Political Parties and Special Interest Groups Organization Accession #
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism in India Lesson
    DC-1 SEM-2 Paper: Nationalism in India Lesson: Beginning of constitutionalism in India Lesson Developer: Anushka Singh Research scholar, Political Science, University of Delhi 1 Institute of Lifelog learning, University of Delhi Content: Introducing the chapter What is the idea of constitutionalism A brief history of the idea in the West and its introduction in the colony The early nationalists and Indian Councils Act of 1861 and 1892 More promises and fewer deliveries: Government of India Acts, 1909 and 1919 Post 1919 developments and India’s first attempt at constitution writing Government of India Act 1935 and the building blocks to a future constitution The road leading to the transfer of power The theory of constitutionalism at work Conclusion 2 Institute of Lifelog learning, University of Delhi Introduction: The idea of constitutionalism is part of the basic idea of liberalism based on the notion of individual’s right to liberty. Along with other liberal notions,constitutionalism also travelled to India through British colonialism. However, on the one hand, the ideology of liberalism guaranteed the liberal rightsbut one the other hand it denied the same basic right to the colony. The justification to why an advanced liberal nation like England must colonize the ‘not yet’ liberal nation like India was also found within the ideology of liberalism itself. The rationale was that British colonialism in India was like a ‘civilization mission’ to train the colony how to tread the path of liberty.1 However, soon the English educated Indian intellectual class realised the gap between the claim that British Rule made and the oppressive and exploitative reality of colonialism.Consequently,there started the movement towards autonomy and self-governance by Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • NDA II 2019 Important Questions (Solution)
    www.gradeup.co NDA II 2019 Important Questions (Solution) 1. Ans. D. * Sthanakvasi is a sect of Svetambara Jainism founded by merchant named Lavaji in 1653 AD. * The sthanakvasi do not believe in idol worship. As such they do not have temples but only sthankas, prayer halls, where they carry on their religious fasts, festivals. * This is because this sect believes that idol worship is not essential in the path of soul purification and attainment of nirvana/ moksha. 2. Ans. B. The tribes mentioned in the Rigveda are described as semi-nomadic pastoralists. During the successful in the early power-struggles between the various Aryan and non-Aryan tribes so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts. 3. Ans. C. * Panini is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known eight chapters, the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of the historical Vedic religion. * The Mahabhasya attributed to Patanjali, is a commentary on selected rules of Sanskrit grammar. * Kashika Vritti of Jayaditya is considered the "fourth great grammar" of Sanskrit, after Pāṇini himself (4th century BC), Patanjali's Mahabhasya (2nd century BC) and Bhartrhari's Vakyapadiya (6th century AD). 4. Ans. C. Hiuen Tsang (also Xuanzang, Hsuan Tsang) was the celebrated Chinese traveler who visited India in Ancient Times. 5. Ans. C. · Yaudheya as we know it were an ancient republican city state or tribe of traders and warriors. The name ‘Yudha’ itself means a proficient fighter.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxism, Bengal National Revolutionaries and Comintern
    SOCIAL TRENDS137 Journal of the Department of Sociology of North Bengal University Vol. 5, 31 March 2018; ISSN: 2348-6538 UGC Approved Marxism, Bengal National Revolutionaries and Comintern Bikash Ranjan Deb Abstract: The origin and development of national revolutionary movement in India, particularly in Bengal, in the beginning of the twentieth century constituted one of important signposts of Indian freedom struggle against the colonial British rule. The Bengal national revolutionaries dreamt of freeing India through armed insurrection & individual terrorism. But in spite of supreme sacrifices made by these revolutionaries, almost after thirty years of their movement, in the thirties of the twentieth century, they came to the realisation about the futility of the method which neglected involvement of the general masses so long. In the first half of the thirties most of these revolutionaries were detained. While in detention in different jails & camps for a pretty long period many of the revolutionaries came in contact with Marxist literature there. Imbibed by the Marxist view of social change they gave up ‘terrorism’ as a method altogether after coming out of jails/camps in 1938 or later. However, a sharp debate developed among them on the perception of the Communist International (CI), its colonial policy in general and the policy with respect to the Indian freedom struggle in particular. Further, CPI’s policy of following Comintern decisions as its national section also came under scrutiny. A large number of revolutionary converts questioned the applicability of the Comintern formulations in the perspective of late colonial Bengal. They were not ready either to accept CPI as a real communist party or to pay unquestionable obedience to the dictates of the Comintern.
    [Show full text]
  • India in South Asia: Interaction with Liberal Peacebuilding Projects
    Article India Quarterly India in South Asia: 74(2) 160–178 © 2018 Indian Council Interaction with Liberal of World Affairs (ICWA) SAGE Publications Peacebuilding Projects sagepub.in/home.nav DOI: 10.1177/0974928418766731 http://journals.sagepub.com/home/iqq Monalisa Adhikari Abstract In fragile and conflict-affected States1 (henceforth FCAS) in South Asia, two distinct forms of international engagement have worked simultaneously—the engagement of India, the regional hegemon, and that of Western states that promote liberal peacebuilding projects. From Norwegian engagement in Sri Lanka to European Union (EU) and United Nations (UN) engagement in Myanmar, to the UN-led international engagement in Nepal, liberal peacebuilding, despite its fault lines, has ubiquitous presence in South Asia, a region fraught with different forms of conflict and fragility. The norms, practices and modalities of engagement of India as well as of liberal peacebuilding projects have their distinct specificities in their normative foundations, practices and modalities of engagement. This article contends that the current interaction, though often unacknowledged, is marked by uncertainties, contrasts, instrumental use of norms, lack of coordination and even unexpected overlaps. This article primarily argues that in order for India to play a constructive role in the region, it needs to devise a policy on how it engages with liberal peacebuilding norms and its diffusion in practice through a variety of organisational and institutional networks. Keywords South Asia, India, conflict, fragility, liberal peacebuilding Introduction Studies on India’s engagement in South Asian countries have largely focused on three themes: domestic imperatives, India’s bilateral relations with smaller countries in its neighbourhood and Indian responses to American or Chinese engagement in the region (Cohen, 2001; Ganguly, 2012; Hagerty, 1991; Muni, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Pages.Qxd
    State Formation and Radical Democracy in India State Formation and Radical Democracy in India analyses one of the most important cases of developmental change in the twentieth century, namely, Kerala in southern India, and asks whether insurgency among the marginalized poor can use formal representative democracy to create better life chances. Going back to pre-independence, colonial India, Manali Desai takes a long historical view of Kerala and compares it with the state of West Bengal, which like Kerala has been ruled by leftists but has not experienced the same degree of success in raising equal access to welfare, literacy and basic subsistence. This comparison brings historical state legacies, as well as the role of left party formation and its mode of insertion in civil society to the fore, raising the question of what kinds of parties can effect the most substantive anti-poverty reforms within a vibrant democracy. This book offers a new, historically based explanation for Kerala’s post- independence political and economic direction, drawing on several comparative cases to formulate a substantive theory as to why Kerala has succeeded in spite of the widespread assumption that the Indian state has largely failed. Drawing conclusions that offer a divergence from the prevalent wisdoms in the field, this book will appeal to a wide audience of historians and political scientists, as well as non-governmental activists, policy-makers, and those interested in Asian politics and history. Manali Desai is Lecturer in the Department of Sociology, University of Kent, UK. Asia’s Transformations Edited by Mark Selden Binghamton and Cornell Universities, USA The books in this series explore the political, social, economic and cultural consequences of Asia’s transformations in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Calcutta Killings Noakhali Genocide
    1946 : THE GREAT CALCUTTA KILLINGS AND NOAKHALI GENOCIDE 1946 : THE GREAT CALCUTTA KILLINGS AND NOAKHALI GENOCIDE A HISTORICAL STUDY DINESH CHANDRA SINHA : ASHOK DASGUPTA No part of this publication can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the author and the publisher. Published by Sri Himansu Maity 3B, Dinabandhu Lane Kolkata-700006 Edition First, 2011 Price ` 500.00 (Rupees Five Hundred Only) US $25 (US Dollars Twenty Five Only) © Reserved Printed at Mahamaya Press & Binding, Kolkata Available at Tuhina Prakashani 12/C, Bankim Chatterjee Street Kolkata-700073 Dedication In memory of those insatiate souls who had fallen victims to the swords and bullets of the protagonist of partition and Pakistan; and also those who had to undergo unparalleled brutality and humility and then forcibly uprooted from ancestral hearth and home. PREFACE What prompted us in writing this Book. As the saying goes, truth is the first casualty of war; so is true history, the first casualty of India’s struggle for independence. We, the Hindus of Bengal happen to be one of the worst victims of Islamic intolerance in the world. Bengal, which had been under Islamic attack for centuries, beginning with the invasion of the Turkish marauder Bakhtiyar Khilji eight hundred years back. We had a respite from Islamic rule for about two hundred years after the English East India Company defeated the Muslim ruler of Bengal. Siraj-ud-daulah in 1757. But gradually, Bengal had been turned into a Muslim majority province.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxist Praxis: Communist Experience in Kerala: 1957-2011
    MARXIST PRAXIS: COMMUNIST EXPERIENCE IN KERALA: 1957-2011 E.K. SANTHA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SIKKIM UNIVERSITY GANGTOK-737102 November 2016 To my Amma & Achan... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the outset, let me express my deep gratitude to Dr. Vijay Kumar Thangellapali for his guidance and supervision of my thesis. I acknowledge the help rendered by the staff of various libraries- Archives on Contemporary History, Jawaharlal Nehru University, C. Achutha Menon Study and Research Centre, Appan Thampuran Smaraka Vayanasala, AKG Centre for Research and Studies, and C Unniraja Smaraka Library. I express my gratitude to the staff at The Hindu archives and Vibha in particular for her immense help. I express my gratitude to people – belong to various shades of the Left - who shared their experience that gave me a lot of insights. I also acknowledge my long association with my teachers at Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur and my friends there. I express my gratitude to my friends, Deep, Granthana, Kachyo, Manu, Noorbanu, Rajworshi and Samten for sharing their thoughts and for being with me in difficult times. I specially thank Ugen for his kindness and he was always there to help; and Biplove for taking the trouble of going through the draft intensely and giving valuable comments. I thank my friends in the M.A. History (batch 2015-17) and MPhil/PhD scholars at the History Department, S.U for the fun we had together, notwithstanding the generation gap. I express my deep gratitude to my mother P.B.
    [Show full text]
  • His5b09 History of Modern India Module-4 Topic
    HIS5B09 HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA MODULE-4 TOPIC- The Ghadar Party Prepared by Dr.Arun Thomas.M Assistant Professor Dept of History Little Flower College Guruvayoor • The Ghadr Party was a revolutionary group organized around a weekly newspaper ‘The Ghadr’ with its headquarters at San Francisco. • These revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and peasants who had migrated from the Punjab to the USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities. • Ghadr was established in 1913 by the efforts of Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatulla & Bhai Parmanand. • To carry out revolutionary activities, the earlier activists had set up a ‘Swadesh Sevak Home’ at Vancouver and ‘United India House’ in Seattle. • The Ghadrites intended to bring about a revolt in India with their plans encouraged by two events in 1914—the Maru incident and the outbreak of the First World War. • Komagata Maru Incident • The importance of this event lies in the fact that it created an explosive situation in the Punjab. • Komagata Maru was the name of a ship which was carrying 370 passengers, mainly Sikh and Punjabi Muslim would-be immigrants, from Singapore to Vancouver. • They were turned back by Canadian authorities after two months of privation & uncertainty. • It was generally believed that the Canadian authorities were influenced by British Government. • The ship finally anchored at Calcutta in September 1914 but the inmates refused to board the Punjab-bound train. • In the ensuing with the police near Calcutta, 22 persons died. • Inflamed by this and with the outbreak of the War, the Ghadr leaders decided to launch violent attack on British rule in India.
    [Show full text]